2017年中国林业科学研究院博士研究生入学考试2005森林培育考博真题
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2014博士多元统计分析
共3页 第1页中国林业科学研究院2014年博士学位研究生入学考试 多元统计分析 试题 注意：所有答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效。
一、 填空题（每题5分，共25分）1、 设2~(,)X N μ∑，其中12(,)X x x =，12(,)u μμ=，211ρσρ⎛⎫∑= ⎪⎝⎭，则121(,)C o v x x x x +-= 。
2、 已知1,...,n x x 是从均值为0，协方差矩阵为∑的p 元正态分布总体中抽取的样本，假定相互独立，则∑=-∑'ni i i x x 11服从自由度为 。
3、 设1234,,,X X X X 来自正态总体2~(,)X N μσ的样本，则随机变量34()/~Y X X =- 。
4、 设3~(,)i X N μ∑，1,...,10,i =则101()()T i i i W X X μμ==--∑服从 。
5、 设两个相互独立的样本1,,n X X ⋅⋅⋅，与1,...,m Y Y 分别取自正态分布总体2(1,2)N 与(2,1)N ，2x S 与2y S 分别是两个样本的方差(例如：22()1i x x x S n -∑=-)。
令2x x k aS =，2()y y k a b S =+，已知2~(20)x k χ，2~(4)y k χ，则a = ，b = 。
二、在汪清林业局灌木生物量调查实验中，随机抽取6株刺五加，记录每株刺五加的鲜重1x 及对应的每株刺五加干重2x ，见表1。
假设12(,)T X X X =服从正态分布，且有均值12(,)T μμμ=及协方差∑，求：（1）μ与∑的极大似然估计及∑的无偏估计；（5分）（2）1X 与2X 间的相关系数2r ；（5分）。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2017博士物理化学
共2 页第1 页
中国林业科学研究院
2017年博士学位研究生入学考试物理化学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1. 系统和环境
2. 焓
3. 节流膨胀
4. 熵增原理
5. 理想稀溶液
6. 原电池电动势
7. 一级反应
8. 布朗运动
9. 电迁移率
10. 弯曲液面的附加压力
二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1. Langmuir 吸附等温式的四个基本假设是什么？
2. 一定量101325Pa、100℃的水变成同温、同压下的水蒸气，若视水蒸气为理想气
体，因过程的温度不变，则过程的ΔU=0、ΔH=0 。
此结论对不对？为什么？
3. 化学势在解决相平衡和化学平衡上有什么用处？
4. 请就以下三个方面比较克拉佩龙方程与克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程：①应用对象；
②限制条件；③
5. 测定原电池的电动势时，为什么要在通过的电流趋于零的条件下进行？否则会产
生什么问题？
三、计算题（每题10分，共40分）
1. 某乙醇水溶液，含乙醇的摩尔分数x（乙）=0.0300 在97.11℃时该溶液的蒸气总。
2017年中国林业科学研究院木材学考研真题
共3 页第1 页中国林业科学研究院2017年硕士研究生入学考试木材学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效一、判断题（正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”。
每题1分，共15分。
）1、幼龄材产生于幼树，存在于树干由基部到树梢的整个部分。
（）2、木材的触觉特性包括木材表面的光泽感、冷暖感、粗滑感和软硬感。
（）3、在热带，一年间的气候变化很少，树木生长受雨季和旱季的影响，四季几乎无间断，一年之间可形成几个年轮。
（）4、侵填体来源于射线或轴向薄壁组织细胞，存在于与之相邻的导管中。
（）5、初生壁是细胞增大期间所形成的壁层，次生壁沉积在初生壁上后，细胞才停止增大。
（）6、正常材的管胞呈多角形，而应压木的管胞呈圆形。
（）7、所有的阔叶树材均具有导管。
（）8、纤维素结晶区与非结晶区之间无明显的绝对界限，而是在纤维素分子链长度方向上呈连续的排列结构。
（）9、构成半纤维素的最基本的糖基主要有：戊糖、己糖、己糖醛酸和脱氧己糖。
（）10、不同树种木材之间的实质密度具有显著差异。
（）11、木材的纤维饱和点随树种不同、木材构造与化学组成的改变而变化。
（）12、木材发生干缩或湿胀时，细胞腔的尺寸几乎保持不变。
（）13、在相同的温湿度条件下，由解吸过程达到的木材平衡含水率总会低于由吸湿过程达到的平衡含水率。
（）14、木材的导热系数随着含水率的增加而降低。
（）15、木材的电导主要取决于自由离子浓度和离子迁移率。
（）二、填空题（每空1分，共25分）1、树木的直径生长主要由形成层向平周方向分裂，它在生长季节向内分生新的（1）细胞，向外分生新的（2）细胞。
2、在一个年轮内早晚材管孔的大小没有显著区别，分布也比较均匀，或是渐变的。
这种管孔排列类型的木材称为（3）。
3、在组成木材的细胞中，针叶树材的（4）占绝大部分，阔叶树材的（5）占大部分。
4、正常材次生壁各层的微纤丝与细胞轴形成的夹角不同：一般地，次生壁外层（S1）的微纤丝与细胞轴呈（6）角，次生壁中层（S2）微纤丝与细胞轴呈（7）角，次生壁内层（S3）的微纤丝与细胞轴呈（8）角。
中国林业科学研究院博士入学考试植物学真题
中国林业科学研究院2009年博士学位研究生入学考试植物学试题一、名词解释（10分，每小题1分）：1.凯氏带2. 四强雄蕊3.初生生长4.细胞分化5.假种皮6.维管组织7. 大孢子8.白色体9.乔木10.合轴分枝二、填空题（10分）1. 仙人掌的刺是_____的变态，食用的马铃薯是_____的变态，食用的胡萝卜是_____的变态。
2. 一个成熟的胚珠是由______、______、______、______和______等几部分组成。
3. 被子植物受精作用完成后___发育为种子、____发育为果实。
4 每一个雌蕊由____、____ 和____三部分组成，构成雌蕊的单位为____。
5. 毛茛属_____科，月季属_____科，酸枣属_____科，玉米属_____科。
6. 石细胞属于_____组织，叶肉细胞属于_____组织，腺毛属于_____结构。
7. 一个完整的花可分为______、______、______、______和______五个部分。
8. 双子叶植物茎的次生韧皮部主要由______、______、______、______和______等组成。
9. 国际上所采用的植物学名由______所创立的“双名法”，即植物的学名由______和______组成，并统一用拉丁文表示。
10. 以下拉丁文对应的中文属名分别为：Quercus_______; Larix______; Picea______;Pinus________; Betula_______; Populus_______。
三、选择题（15分）1. 被子植物中，具有功能的死细胞是______。
A. 导管分子和筛管分子B. 筛管分子和纤维C．导管分子和纤维 D. 纤维和伴胞2. 松、杨的分枝方式归为______。
A. 单轴分枝B. 合轴分枝C．假二叉分枝 D. 二叉分枝3. 侧根起源于______。
A. 表皮B. 外皮层C．内皮层 D. 中柱鞘4. 一朵花中，缺少花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊四部分中任一部分的花叫_____。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2017博士园林植物学
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2017博士园林植物
学
共1 页第1 页
中国林业科学研究院
2017年博士学位研究生入学考试园林植物学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1. 生活型
2. 隐头花序
3. 假植
4. 植物的感温性
5. 物候与物候期
6. 树木的离心生长
7. 植物命名的双名法
8. 芽的异质性
9. 花前成熟期
10. 植物基因组测序
二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1. 在花卉常规育种过程中防止品种混杂或退化的措施有哪些？
2. 攀缘植物按攀援习性分为哪几类？并简述攀缘绿化植物的功能、应用形式。
3. 什么是植物温度三基点？简述其在园林植物栽培养护中的作用和意义。
4. 简述园林植物新种质创制的技术方法及发展趋势。
5. 耐旱植物通常在形态上有何特征？这些特征如何适应旱生环境？
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）
1. 试分别以兰花、竹子两类我国传统园林植物为例，论述其科学研究和产业发展现
状、存在问题及其解决途径。
2. 什么是水生植物？该类植物为适应环境所进化出的形态特征及生长发育习性有哪
些？根据其生态类型，可分为哪几大类？并阐述水生植物如何在人工湿地中发挥净化作用。
中国农业科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附答案解析)
★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。
中科院2017年博士入学考试试题及答案：生态学
中科院2017年博士入学考试试题：生态学简答：1、生态保护、生态修复异同点？所谓生态修复是指对生态系统停止人为干扰，以减轻负荷压力，依靠生态系统的自我调节能力与自组织能力使其向有序的方向进行演化，或者利用生态系统的这种自我恢复能力，辅以人工措施，使遭到破坏的生态系统逐步恢复或使生态系统向良性循环方向发展；主要指致力于那些在自然突变和人类活动影响下受到破坏的自然生态系统的恢复与重建工作，恢复生态系统原本的面貌，比如砍伐的森林要种植上，退耕还林．让动物回到原来的生活环境中。
这样，生态系统得到了更好的恢复，称为“生态修复”。
2、人为干扰、人为调控区别与联系？人为干扰是人类生产发展过程中改变生态系统组成、结构和功能,使生态系统处于一种过渡状态,并引起生态系统发生演替的人类活动,它是把自然生态系统改造成适合人类生存和发展的一种不可避免的影响活动。
由于干扰的强度和方式的不同,产生的效果可能是增益性的—优化结构、增强功能,对无序干扰行为产生的不良影响的补偿也可能是破坏性的—劣化结构、削弱功能,使生态系统遭到破坏,不利于人类生产活动。
人为干扰是人类为了生存和发展而不断改造自然生态系统的一种影响活动。
它在人类生产发展过程中改变了生态系统组成、结构和功能,使生态系统处于一种过渡状态,引起生态系统演替。
由于干扰的强度和方式的不同,产生的效果可能是增益性的—优化结构、增强功能,对无序干扰行为产生的不良影响的补偿也可能是破坏性的—劣化结构、削弱功能,使生态系统遭到破坏,不利于人类生产活动。
人为干扰具有广泛性、多变性、潜在性、协同性、累积性和放大性等特征和性质。
生态系统调控是指：是在人类的干预下,利用社会资源和自然资源来调节生物群落与非生物环境的关系,通过合理的生态结构和高效的机能进行物质循环和能量转化,以此达到保护生态系统的目的,并且按人类的目进行生产的综合体系.3、生物群落结构及稳定性原理？群落是指在特定空间或特定生境下，具有一定的生物种类组成及其与环境之间彼此影响、相互作用，既有一定的外貌及结构，包括形态结构与营养结构，并具有特定生物功能的生物集合体。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2016博士林火管理
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中国林业科学研究院
2016年博士学位研究生入学考试林火管理试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1. 燃烧三要素
2. 扑火危险环境
3. 火演替
4. 火顶级
5. 特殊火行为
6. 森林火险
7. 飞火
8. 火爆
9. Byram火线强度公式
10. Rothemal 火蔓延速度公式
二、简答题（每题10分，共50分）
1. 简述厄尔尼诺现象对我国森林火灾的影响
2. 简述我国森林火灾时间地理分布
3. 简述目前国内外扑救森林大火的技术措施
4. 简述生物防火主要内容
5. 简述火生态主要内容
三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）
1. 扑火人员安全防范措施及避险技术
2. 我国林业新形势下的林火特点与对策机制。
中国林科院历年考博真题
中国林业科学研究院2006年博士学位研究生入学考试植物生理学试题一、名词解释（30分，每词2分）1.内膜系统（endomembrane system）2.土壤—植物—大气连续体（soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, SPAC）3.胞饮作用（pinocytosis）4.光补偿点（light compensation point, LCP）5.氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）6.质醌穿梭（plastoquinone shuttle, PQ穿梭）7.转移细胞（transfer cell）8.抗氰呼吸（cyanide resistant respiration）9.三重反应（triple response）10.感性运动（nastic movement）11.双重日长植物（dual daylength plant）12.无融合生殖（apomixis）13.渗透调节（osmoregulation, osmotic adjustment）14.盐碱土（anline and alkaline soil）15.生长曲线（growth curve）二、问答题（40分，每题5分）1.A,B,C三种土壤的田间持水量分别是38%，22%，15%，其永久萎蔫系数分别为18%，12%，3%。
用这3种土分别盆栽植株大小相同的同一种植物，浇水到盆底流出水为止，此后不再浇水，请问那种土壤中的植物首先萎蔫？为什么？2.已知樟树的光合速率和蒸腾速率分别为0.123mgCO2·m-2·s-1和21.55mgH2O·m-2·s-1，那么樟树的蒸腾系数和蒸腾效率分别是多少？3.某树木在严冬时不易受冻害，而晚秋和早春遭到寒流却易收到冻害，为什么？4.引起植物衰老的可能因素有哪些？5.白天和夜晚硝酸还原速度是否相同？为什么？6.光合电子传递是如何与光合磷酸化相偶联的？7.高等植物体内信号长距离运输的途径有哪些？8.如何用实验证明植物感受光周期的部位？三、论述题（30分，每题10分）1.试述植物呼吸代谢的多样性及其生理意义。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2017博士林木遗传育种
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中国林业科学研究院
2017年博士学位研究生入学考试林木遗传育种试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）
1. 前向选择（Forward selection）
2. 转换与颠换
3. 杂交不亲和
4. 近亲交配与杂种优势
5. 重复率与遗传率
二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1. 制定林木育种策略的原则是什么？
2. 遗传平衡定律的主要内容是什么？
3. 简述细胞质遗传的主要特点。
4. 遗传力的主要用途是什么？
5. 引起遗传基础变异的主要途径有哪些？
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）
1. 试以针叶树为例，详细说明林木杂交育种的整个过程。
2. 杂交育种中杂交组合和杂交母树的选择应该分别遵循什么原则？。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-博士英语(样题)
中国林业科学研究院博士研究生入学考试（样题）请将客观题部分的36-44题以及主观题部分的答案写在答题纸上，其余部分填在答题卡上，答在试卷及草稿纸上无效。
Part I. Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are 10 sentences. Each has something missed out. Below each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Their production of Macbeth was the most visually ________ performance I've ever seen.A. imperiousB. strikingC. demandingD. equitable2. The government's ________ of commitment to the environment seem less believable every day.A. professionsB. occupationC. responsibilityD. hype3. _________ the ceasefire, rebel troops are again firing on the capital.A. In defiance ofB. In accord withC. In excuse ofD. On the face of4. Since the championship began in 1987, they have finished ________ in ninth, seventh and fifth position.A. recessivelyB. successivelyC. subsequentlyD. predominantly5. "That doesn't concern you!" she _________ and left alone angrily.A. reflectedB. distortedC. questionedD. retorted6. We are only interested in the parts of the proposals that _________ to local issues.A. adhereB. correspondC. pertainD. object7. The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from _________ into the wood beneath.A. pertainingB. permeatingC. prevailingD. preparing8. It’s natural for Judy to _________ towards the end of a hard day’s work.A. clear offB. loosen offC. slack offD. back off9. Planes bombed the guerrilla positions yesterday in an attempt to _________ out snipers fromunderground tunnels.A. cleanseB. wipeC. rushD. move10. The company who was always described as “a stranger in Wall Street” _________ itself for havingtaken on so many new employees last year.A. keenedB. preemptedC. neatenedD. preenedSection B (5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest to the meaning of the underlined one. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. The National Zoo announced yesterday that Tai Shan would leave the zoo and be sent to China, inaccordance with previous agreements.A. currentB. formerC. presentD. formal12. She was deeply frustrated by the amount of criticism her play received.A. baffledB. deportedC. involvedD. deprived13. Nick trailed his hand in the water; it felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.A. hidedB. wettedC. dippedD. dragged14. Nothing Helen says is ever spontaneous. She always thinks carefully before she speaks.A. improvisedB. homogenousC. rigorousD. simultaneous15. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in wantof a wife.A. in need ofB. in ownership ofC. in process ofD. in charge of16. I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good humored as Lydia.A. endowedB. enjoyedC. naturedD. discerned17. Whole chunks of the past are erased from the textbooks, leaving history thoroughly sanitized.A. sectsB. sheetsC. lumpsD. trends18. The digital and the physical worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven.A. tangibleB. corporalC. subsidiaryD. reliable19. Capital from past successes is being recycled too, through investors from abroad.A. stockB. metropolisC. capriceD. wealth20. From science to Shakespeare, excellent television program are available in abundance to teachers.A. suspenseB. depravityC. plenitudeD. operationPart II. Reading Comprehension (39 points)Section A (30 points, 2 point each)Directions: There are three reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1He has influenced generations of artists but John Baldessari’s own celebrity came relatively late. A physically imposing 79 year old, he seemed slightly uncomfortable at a press conference at the Metropolitan Museum, where a traveling retrospective of his work has just opened for its final stop. Asked to distil his art for the many who have not heard of him, he responded cheerfully that it was not the job of an artist of “spoon-feed” viewers but to make them feel intelligent.For decades Mr. Baldessari has made art that challenges convention. Though his work is heavily conceptual, it is not designed to alienate---and is often very funny. In the wake of abstract expressionism, when painting was all, Mr. Baldessari was investigating what it meant to make a painting, what the rules were, and how far he could stretch them, In the 1960s he created a series of works that featured mostly text on canvas, painted by sign professionals. One, in black letters on canvas, reads “PURE BEAUTY”. The words sit there like an irony, a question, a declaration.“I don not believe in screwing the bourgeoisie,” Mr. Baldessari explained in an interview. The irony inhis work is not designed to reveal what is vacant in art, or what is silly about those who buy it. He just wants people to question what they are looking at. He pokes fun at the art establishment, but he lets viewers in o the joke. Art, he says, supplies “spiritual nourishment”. Asked if a show at the Met sat uncomfortably with his subversive streak, Mr. Baldessari did not miss a beat: “I would be happy to hang in a broom closet at the Met. It’s a huge honor.”Mr. Baldessari attributes some of his experimentation to having grown up in National City, California, a suburb just north of the Mexican border and well beyond the reach of any art scene. He was culturally isolated, but also free from the pressures of rejection. “I was trying to find out what was irreducibly art.”His boldest early work was his “Cremation Project” in 1970, when he ceremonially burned nearly all the paintings he had made between 1953 and 1966. “I really thing it’s my best piece to date,” he wrote of it at the time.He supported himself by teaching, mainly at the progressive California Institute of the Arts in Valencia. He earned a reputation for being a revolutionary and generous teacher who inspired students to renounce painting and view art as something that happens in the brain. “Artists are indebted to him,” said Marla, who organized the show at the Met. He taught countless people how to make art form the ordinary stuff of life. Now the man himself is finally getting his due.Questions21. The main idea of this passage is _______.A. what the progress of Baldessari’s art creating isB. how Baldessari defines artC. why Baldessari investigate the rules for artD. how Baldessari became famous22. The word “spoon-feed” (Line 5, Para.1) means________.A. showing the ideas to people by means of holding a spoonB. forcing people to accept the ideasC. providing people with materials to create artD. cheering up the people seeing the pictures23. Which of the following is not the principal feature of Baldessari’s work?A. ConceptualB. IronicC. IsolatedD. Funny24. What’s the purpose of John Baldessari’s using irony in his works?A. He hopes people can challenge what they see.B. He uses irony to attract people to buy them.C. He wants to make his work really funny.D. He uses it to reveal what really matters in art.25. The highlight of John Baldessari’s job as a teacher is that _______.A.he needs much more money to run his traveling showsB.he wants students to readjust their perspective on artC.he thinks school is the best place to create artD.he wants to talk students into giving up painting。
《森林培育学》04—05 试题B卷及答案
一、基本概念（10分，每题2分）1 森林培育学2 种子休眠3 母树林4 森林更新5 森林立地二、多项选择题（20分，每题2分）1 按林种划分，防护林包括（）等A 水源涵养林B 风景游憩林C 水土保持林D 固沙林2 按树配置方式划分，人工混交林类型主要包括（）等A 行状混交B 针叶树种与针叶树种混交C块状混交 D 阔叶树种与阔叶树种混交3 适地适树的途径主要包括（）等A 改树适地B 立地的选择和调控C 合理的抚育经营D选树适地4 种子催芽方法包括（）等A层积催芽 B 浸水催芽C 化学催芽D打破休眠5 影响种子生理休眠的主要因素包括（）等A 种皮机械障碍B 生理后熟C 抑制物质D 损失水分6山地带状整地方法包括（）等A 反坡梯田整地B 鱼鳞坑整地C 水平沟整地D高垄整地7 农林复合系统的垂直空间结构包括（）等A 水陆交互结构B 平原多层结构C 丘陵和山地多层次结构D镶嵌斑块混交结构8 混交林中树种种间相互作用方式包括（）等A 机械作用B生物化学作用C 促进生长方式D 相互伴生方式9 提高森林生产力水平的主要途径包括（）等A 林农间作B遗传改良C 立地的选择与调控D 调整林分结构10 按立地条件分类，我国次生林主要类型包括（）等A 硬阔叶混交林B 灌木林C 干燥马尾松林D 潮湿肥沃的山杨林三、简答题（20分，每题4分）1 林地管理和林木管理各有哪些主要环节？2 检验种子生活力的主要方法有哪些？3 我国目前六大林业工程的名称是什么？4 我国目前有哪些主要的造林方式？5 标准化苗圃中培育大田裸根苗都有那些工作程序？四、论述题（30分，每题10分，任选3题）1 影响种子寿命的因素包括那些？2 与裸根苗相比，容器苗有何优缺点？3 生产中根据哪些原则确定人工林的密度？4 比较渐伐和择伐主伐更新的优缺点。
5 举例说明在抚育间伐中如何确定采伐木？五、应用题（20分，每题10分）1 人工林混交方式有哪些？举例说明在人工林营造中为什么大力推行混交林？2 举例分析如何进行人工林抚育效果评价。
林科院历年博士真题答案-森林生态
林科院历年博士真题答案-森林生态一、名词解释1、森林简单来说，森林是以多年生高大木本植物为主的生物群落或生态系统。
是天然的或者为生产木材及其他林产品、为保护环境及游憩而经营的木本植物群落；森林具有一定的面积、密度、高度和生产力,更重要的是森林中的各种成分不是孤立存在的，各生物成分之间、生物与非生物成分之间通过各种生态关系和能量过程发生必然联系，形成森林生态系统。
2、生物入侵由于人类有意识或无意识地把某种生物带入适宜其栖息和繁衍的地区，其种群不断扩大，分布区域逐步稳定的扩展，这种过程成为生物入侵。
3、耐阴性指树种在林冠庇荫条件下是否能够正常发育并完成更新的能力。
二、简答1、NDVI及其计算方法和生态学意义NDVI是指归一化的植被指数，是反映土地覆盖植被状况的一种遥感指标（包括是否有植被覆盖，以及植被覆盖的程度等），是反映农作物涨势和营养信息的重要参数之一。
为近红外波段反射率减去红波段反射率之差除以二者之和NIR-RNDVI=—-—-NIR+R根据NDVI可以检测植被的生长状态、植被覆盖度及消除部分辐射误差等，根据该参数，可以知道不同季节农作物对氮的需求量，对合理施氮肥具有重要的指导作用；另外还能反映出植物冠层的背景影响，如土壤、潮湿底面、雪、枯叶、粗糙度等。
2、Ecotone（群落交错区）的特性及功能效应群落交错区又称生态交错区或生态过渡带，是两个或多个群落之间（或生态地带之间的）过渡区域。
群落交错区是一个特殊的区域，具有相邻群落的特征又有自己独特的特征；群落交错区是一个交叉地带或种群竞争的紧张地带，种的数量及一些种的密度有增大的趋势，也即边缘效应。
生态学意义：目前，人类活动正大范围的改变着自然环境，形成许多交错带，如城市的发展、工况的建设、土地的开发均使原有的景观界面发生变化。
新的交错带可以控制不同系统间的物种、能量域信息的流通，对生态系统交错区生物多样性、能流、物流及信息流的研究，有利于了解生态交错区对全球气候变化、土地利用、污染物的反应及敏感性，也有助于对变化的环境中怎样对生态交错带加以管理。
森林培育学习题及答案
森林培育学习题及答案一、选择题1、下列哪一项不是森林培育的重要性？A.维持生态平衡B.保护野生动物C.木材生产D.气候调节正确答案：C.木材生产。
2、以下哪一种方法不属于森林培育的方法？A.种子园B.人工林C.天然林D.城市森林正确答案：C.天然林。
3、在进行森林培育时，下列哪一项措施是错误的？A.选择合适的种源B.使用化肥和农药C.定期进行修剪和清理D.采用基因工程方法进行改良正确答案：B.使用化肥和农药。
二、简答题4、简述森林培育的主要步骤。
答案：森林培育的主要步骤包括：选择合适的种源、进行种子处理、选择合适的种植地点、进行整地、合理密植、科学施肥、进行病虫害防治、定期进行修剪和清理以及必要的采伐管理等。
41、简述森林培育的主要目标。
答案：森林培育的主要目标是维护和提高森林的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益，包括提供木材、保护野生动物、维护生态平衡、防止水土流失、调节气候等。
同时，森林培育也是保护和恢复自然生态系统的手段之一。
货币金融学习题及答案一、单项选择题1、以下哪个不是货币金融学的研究对象？A.货币制度B.金融市场C.金融机构D.宏观经济政策正确答案：D.宏观经济政策。
解释：货币金融学主要研究货币制度、金融市场、金融机构等主题，而宏观经济政策只是其中的一个方面。
2、以下哪个不是货币的定义？A.货币是一种交换媒介B.货币是一种价值储存手段C.货币是一种支付手段D.货币是一种生产手段正确答案：D.生产手段。
解释：货币的定义是它作为交换媒介、价值储存和支付手段的功能。
生产手段是生产过程中使用的工具和设备，不属于货币的定义。
3、下列哪个国家实行金本位制？A.美国B.中国C.英国D.以上都不是正确答案：D.以上都不是。
解释：目前世界上没有一个国家实行金本位制。
金本位制是指以黄金作为本位货币的制度，历史上曾广泛实行，但现在已经不存在了。
4、下列哪个机构不是中央银行的职能机构？A.管理银行间市场B.制定货币政策C.管理外汇储备D.发行货币正确答案：A.管理银行间市场。
2017年中国林业科学研究院博士研究生入学考试2003有机化学考博真题
共3 页第1 页中国林业科学研究院2017年博士学位研究生入学考试有机化学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1. 酯交换反应2. 自由基3. 休克尔（Hückel）规则4. 外消旋体5. 相转移催化剂6. n+1规律二、完成反应式（每空1分，共30分）1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.三、完成机理题（每题8分，共16分）1. Vilsmeier-Haack反应是一种在苯环上直接引入甲酰基的方法：请写出该反应的反应机理。
2. 请写出下面反应的机理。
四、结构分析题（共8分）某无色有机液体化合物，具有类似茉莉清甜的香气，在新鲜草莓中微量存在，在一些口香糖中也有使用。
MS分析得到分子离子峰m/z为164，基峰m/z为91；元素分析结果如下：C（73.15%），H（7.37%），O（19.48%）；其IR谱中在3080 cm-1处有中等强度的吸收，在1740 cm-1及1230 cm-1有强的吸收；1H NMR的数据如下：δ 7.20（5H，m），δ 5.34（2H，s），δ 2.29（2H，q，J = 7.1 Hz），δ 1.14（3H，t，J = 7.1 Hz）。
该化合物水解产物与FeCl3水溶液不显色。
请根据上述相关数据推导该有机物的结构。
五、合成题（共28分）1. 由苯或甲苯及其它合适的试剂制备下列化合物：（12分）（a）（b）2. 由丁醛、丙醛和适当的试剂合成3-溴-庚-4-酮：（8分）3. 以苯、不超过两碳的有机试剂和适当的无机试剂合成下面的化合物：（8分）。
《森林培育学》试题
1、种子萌发胚根，胚根形成主根。
( )2、种子千粒重是指1000粒种子的重量。
( )3、良种是指遗传品质优良种子。
( )4、从主根上产生的根为不定根。
( )5、处于休眠状态的种子，其一切生理活动均已停止。
( )6、生理成熟的种子应具备发芽的能力。
（）7、种皮致密是种子被迫休眠的主要原因。
（）8、苗木分级可在任意地方进行。
( )9、遮荫是培育任何实生苗都必须的一项抚育措施。
( )10、一般认为含脂肪、蛋白质多的种子寿命较短，而含淀粉多的种子寿命长。
( )11、在同一枝条上，中下部的枝条扦插后生根较好。
( )12、用材林对树种选择上的要求集中反映在“速生、优质、萌蘖能力强”（）13、山南、日喀则大部分地区都可在夏季造林。
（）14、造林地区和造林地立地条件极端严酷或特殊的地方，只能营造纯林。
（）15、种子呼吸作用越弱，生命力越短。
（）16、在西藏林木种子调制多采用机械进行调制。
（）17、苗木叶色黄绿而薄，茎杆矮小、细弱，下面老叶枯黄、脱落，枝梢生长停滞是缺P所致。
（）18、种肥宜用化学肥料。
（）19、根外追肥宜选在晴天进行。
（）20、西藏造林地整地宜采用块状和穴状整地。
（）21、分殖造林就是利用林木的营养器官进行造林的方法。
（）22、有机肥料的肥效相比化学肥料而言它是速效的。
（）四、单项选择题1、核桃宜用( )净种。
A、水选B、风选C、筛选D、粒选2、种批是指在( )。
A、同一树种B、相似的立地条件C、相同时间内采集且种实的处理和贮藏方法也相同D、以上A、B、C3、种子贮藏适宜条件的组合应是( )。
A、温度0-5℃，湿度25-65%B、温度-5-0℃，湿度0-10%C、温度-10-5℃，湿度10-25%D、温度5-10℃，湿度0-10%4、影响种子贮藏寿命的主要因素是( )。
A、种子成熟度B、种皮结构C、含水量D、内含物成分5、不能促进扦插生根的物质是( )。
A、硼酸、蔗糖B、吲哚乙酸吲哚丁酸C、二氧化锰氧化锰D、硫酸亚铁、硝酸银6、嫁接育苗，砧木一般用( )苗。
2017年中国林业科学研究院博士研究生入学考试2002高等木材学考博真题
共 1 页第1 页
中国林业科学研究院
2017年博士学位研究生入学考试高等木材学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1. Juvenile wood
2. Pitting
3. Reaction wood
4. Fiber saturation point
5. Specific gravity
6. Proportional limit
7. Allowable stress
8. Wood extractive
9. Weathering
10. Dimension lumber
二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）
1. 简述针叶树材与阔叶树材在解剖特征上的主要区别
2. 简述木材的主要化学成分、组成及其作用
3. 简述木材干缩湿胀各向异性的原因
4. 简述木材的主要环境学特性
三、论述题（共40分）
1. 论述木材主要结构特征对木材加工利用的影响（15分）
2. 请结合本人硕士阶段或者目前从事的研究工作，谈谈“木材科学”相关知识如何应用
在自己的研究领域，并从所学专业知识角度论述如何支撑木材加工产业可持续发展。
（25分）。