欧洲文化入门复习资料

一．细节知识点

（一）Greek ＆Roman

1.drama

●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修

斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon

●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，

Antigone

●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，

Trojan Women

●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds

2.Historian

●Herodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full of

anecdotes and dialogues ,interesting

●Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and

Athens to Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the

greatest historian that ever lived

3.philosophy and science

●Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything is

numbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，

surface，body，first proportion

●Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe

*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice into

the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sun

is new every day.

*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony

(二) Bible

translation

●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome

●English version：1382 John Wycliff

(三)Middle ages/ Medieval

1. AD 476 Roman power was gone

2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Church

3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years

4.learning：

● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：

*western and central Europe

*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800

*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林

*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monastery

schools

● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：

*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex

*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning

*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史

● St .Thomas Aquinas

*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学

*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》

*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’s

plenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers

● Roger Bacon罗杰培根

*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientific

research and observation

*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time

5．Literature

●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic

● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French

● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy

●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，

（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）

（四）Renaissance

1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy

2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism

3.masterpieces :

● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievement

of prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）

● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：

*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry

*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt for

the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters

●Giotto乔托：

*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space

*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s

●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus

（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary

result in this sphere)

●Leonardo da Vinci:

*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,

anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.

*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)