科技英语翻译-1

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科技英语翻译1—4

The four types of sustainability include human, economic, social, andenvironmental. All four are required to maintain the entirety of life on Earth. Althoughinterconnected, itis importanttonotethedifferences of eachinterms ofits nature and requirements.The very basic need of humansustainability is good reproductive healthandsafe childbearing.Those that reproduce have the responsibility of caring for their children, giving them access to proper education, and promoting their health and wellness. At some point, the childrenshould have enoughskills and knowledge suchthatthey cansustaintheir ownway of life. Itis atthatpointthatthey becomeconsidered as productive human capital as well as individuals that can go through the process of reproduction and rearing. As long as this process is maintained at a rate that all human systems can support, human sustainability should be no cause for concern.Insimple terms, economic sustainability is havinga set amount of capital for acertain period. Those who consume that capital must also conserve it so that they will continue to enjoy it towards the end of the specified period. This means thatwe must preserve all our resources as we consume them so that human beings inthe future can enjoy them as well. To achieve this, we must regenerate our resources at a rate that is equal to or faster than our consumption.Social capital is an important aspect of sustainability because it is through communities and civil societies that humankind can easily and inexpensively work together. Without proper levels of social capital, it can easily deplete and violence as well as mistrustcantake over. Whenthathappens, societies andeverythingelsethat depends on them will be destroyed. Through proper maintenance of and adherencetolaws, rules, andvalues thatsocieties havedevelopedfor thecommongood, social sustainability can be achieved.Environmental sustainability is important because it involves natural resources that humanbeings need for economic or manufactured capital. Materials takenfromnature are usedfor solutions that address humanneeds. If nature is depletedfaster than it can regenerate, human beings will be left without raw materials.Furthermore,environmental sustainability also involves ensuring that waste emissions areatvolumes thatnaturecanhandle. If not, all humans andother livingthings on Earth can be harmed to the point of extinction.可持续性分类四种可持续性包括人类可持续性，经济可持续性，社会可持续性和环境可持续性。

科技英语翻译--被动语态的译法 (1)

翻译技巧第九节被动语态的译法英汉对比研究表明，英语中被动语态的使用极为普遍，尤其是以科技英语为主。

这是英语区别于汉语的显著特点之一。

在英语中，大凡为了强调受事，以突出其鲜明位置，而无需提及主动者、无意点明主动者、无从说出主动者，为了上下文的衔接与连贯等等，或是出于礼貌措辞圆通等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁的，往往都采用被动语态。

例如：(1)When will we be interviewed?我们什么时候来参加面试呢?(2)New British and American films are often shown to English major juniors.常给英语专业的三年级的同学放映新的英美电影。

(3)The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。

(4)You are cordially invited to a dinner party to be given at the Workers’ Club in Xidan at 7 P. m.Nov. 23.谨定于11月23日晚上7时在西单工人俱乐部举行晚宴，敬请光临。

(5)The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak French. 这个计划特别受到愿多有机会说法语的人的支持。

在英语中，被动结构能给人以间接、客观的印象，因而在科技文献、政论文和新闻报道等文体中使用尤为频繁。

相比之下，被动语句在汉语中的使用范围小得多。

主要原因在于，在历史上，汉语被动语句主要用来表达对主语来说是如意或不希望发生的事情。

现代汉语的这种限制虽然在西方语言的影响下有所动，被动句式有时也用来表达中性甚至希冀之事，但是汉语采用的主要是语义型句式，大多数被动意义并不一定非得通过被动语句来表达，而可以通过形式上主动、语义上被动的句式予以体现。

科技英语翻译(1-3章)

科技英语翻译1.1翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.动力装置是船舶的心脏。

The power unit for driving the machines is a50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。

Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。

All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。

第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。

1.2对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。

（直译）All four(outer planets)probably have cores of metals,silicates,and water.这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。

科技英语翻译复习重点(1)

科技英语翻译复习重点（英译汉篇）一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.（直译法）紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。

2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.（直译法）机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。

3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.（增词法）20世纪70年代，集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸，降低了价格，同时加快了运行速度，提高了可靠性。

4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.（增词法）原子动力反应堆不需要油，因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果，而不是燃烧的结果。

5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.（省略法）机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件，包括三种基本类型，即：结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。

科技英语翻译ppt(1)

Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000.
--在2000年，六家专门厂商加上几家大公司的触控产品部门，以同时选用好几种技术”避免了直接在汉语的译文中使用被动句的情况。
The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for ATMs and indoor kiosks.Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using.
EST WRITITNGS ANALYSIS
1
At Your Fingertips 弹指之间
We use touch screens everywhere: tourist kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus inhouse departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and inexpensive.

科技英语阅读翻译

1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。

原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。

质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。

的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。

具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。

科技英语翻译(1)

科技英语写作与翻译
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically，“three peaks”in translation movements：东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。（ First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842） In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识，文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”

科技英语课文句子翻译Unit1-10

Sentence TranslationUnit 1Text A1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people orderbooks and other products to make money transactions.但是，因特网上的交易数量急速增长，人们从网上购书和其他的产品，进行资金交易。

2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems runby banks, telephone companies and even government departments.他们用电脑上网，寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。

3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulentmoney transaction on a credit card account.当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时，这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。

4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet securityinto one of general security.用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many areequally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码，同样地，也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。

科技英语中一词多义及其翻译技巧

科技英语中一词多义及其翻译技巧在科技领域中，有许多词汇具有多义性。

以下是一些常见的一词多义词汇及其翻译技巧：1. Chip:-义1：芯片（指电子器件上的集成电路）-义2：碎片（形容薄片状或小块状的物体）翻译技巧：根据上下文确定词义，如果是指电子器件上的集成电路，可翻译为"芯片"；如果指碎片，则可使用"碎片"或者具体描述其形状的词汇。

2. Cloud:-义1：云（指云计算和云存储技术）-义2：云彩（指大气中形成的可见水汽）翻译技巧：根据上下文确定词义，如果是指云计算或云存储技术，可翻译为"云"；如果指云彩，则可使用"云彩"或其他与天气相关的词汇。

3. Firewall:-义1：防火墙（计算机系统中用于保护网络安全的硬件或软件）-义2：防火墙（建筑物中用于阻止火势蔓延的隔离墙）翻译技巧：根据上下文确定词义，如果是指计算机系统中的防火墙，可翻译为"防火墙"；如果指建筑物中的防火墙，则也可使用"防火墙"，但需要通过上下文解释使读者明确其意义。

4. Terminal:-义1：终端（计算机中用于输入和显示数据的设备）-义2：终点（指旅行或运输中的最后一站或目的地）翻译技巧：根据上下文确定词义，如果是指计算机设备中的终端，可翻译为"终端"；如果指旅行或运输中的终点，则可使用"终点"或其他类似的词汇。

5. Patch:-义1：补丁（指修复软件中的漏洞或错误的程序代码）-义2：补片（指用于修复或加固物体的一小块材料）翻译技巧：根据上下文确定词义，如果是指修复软件中的漏洞或错误的程序代码，可翻译为"补丁"；如果指修复或加固物体的补片，则可使用"补片"或者具体描述其材料或用途的词汇。

以上是一些常见的科技英语一词多义的例子及其翻译技巧。

科技英语的翻译——01 科技英语的语法特点

科技英语的语法特点科技英语作为一种揭示客观外部世界的本质和规律的信息传递工具，具有准确、简明扼要和客观正式等特点。

科技文章文体的特点是：语言简练、结构严谨，逻辑性强，原理概念清楚，重点突出，段落章节分明。

具体而言，科技英语在用词、语法结构及表达方式上有其自身的特点，下面分别予以介绍。

1.词汇1）大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇，例如calculus（微积分学）, vector（矢量）, matrix （矩阵）等是专业词汇，而power, work等是半专业词汇，在不同的学科领域含义有所不同；2）大量使用词缀和词根，例如，上海科学技术出版社出版的《英汉现代科学技术词汇》中以tele-构成的词有177个；3）较多使用缩略词，如PCM(pulse-coded modulation，脉冲编码调制), VLSI(very large scale integration，超大规模集成), DSP(digital signal processing，数字信号处理)等；4）词性变换多，例如function一词常用作名词，作“函数、功能、作用”等解，但在例句Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold, and can function without an atmosphere中则用作动词，表示“起作用，行使职责”之意。

2．词法1) 常用一般现在时态表示真理或客观规律的普遍陈述。

[例句]Vector and matrix techniques provide the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering.[译文]矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架。

2) 广泛使用被动语态科技英语句子有三分之一用被动语态，为的是强调所论述的客观事物。

[例句] A characteristics feature of semiconductor is that their low electric conductivity can be substantially modified by the addition of minute quantities of impurities.[译文] 半导体的特征是：加入微量杂质可明显改变其低导电率。

科技英语课文翻译及课后答案

第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。

但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。

如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。

运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。

这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。

自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。

我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。

首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。

在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。

到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。

为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。

在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。

就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。

钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。

计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。

由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。

在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。

同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。

科技英语翻译

• 2. We do not think of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as being a great age of discovery in natural history; but they were. • 我们认为从自然史的角度来看，19世纪末，20世纪初并不是一个重要的时期，然而事实上该时期是非常重要的。
• 译文1：近来生物多样性是热点问题，主要是由于濒临灭绝的物种的数量，或者是自然造成的，或者是因为缺乏空间的人类将其生境破坏了。 • 译文2：近来生物多样性已成为已成为热点问题，其主要已成为原因是越来越多的越来越多的物种濒临灭绝，这种情况与这种情况与自越来越多的这种情况与然有关也与有关，也与有关也与人类因争夺空间而造成物种生境丧失有关有关。有关 • Which translated version is better?
Inversion
• As a translation technique, “inversion” means the change of the word order in a sentence according to the meaning and usage of the language to be translated into. • The change of the word order is often necessary or even inevitable in translation because each language has its own “natural word order” which must be followed.
• Since the days of American astronomer Edwin Hubble, observers have known that all but the nearest galaxies are moving away from us at a rapid rate. • 早在美国天文学家埃德温·哈勃的时代，观测者就已经了解到，除了距离我们最远的星系，所有的星系都在以很高的速度离我们而去。

科技英句子整理英语专业农大

科技英语翻译Week11.In computing work done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distance that are multiplied must be in the same direction.在计算所做的功时，用以相乘的力和距离必须沿同一方向，始终记住这一点是很重要的。

2.The motion of ions is the motion of such atoms as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions.离子的运动，也就是已经得到或失去电子的原子的运动，这种运动大多发生在化学溶液中。

3.Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做匀速直线运动。

4.Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.凡是物质，都具有重量和占有空间。

5.What is large and what is small is relative.。

大和小是相对的。

6.The report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and gallbladder.报告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易导致由高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病等引起的死亡。

大学科技英语课文翻译Unit 1-7

Unit1 Text A 石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。

含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。

2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。

比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。

3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。

生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。

其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。

4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。

在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。

5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。

而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。

石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。

若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。

有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。

1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。

6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。

而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。

7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。

石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。

8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。

9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。

内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。

最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。

科技英语翻译(1)修改版

Features
可见，同样的内容，科技文体的行文和日常英语
的表述方式有很大的差异。
日常英语表述主观，用词通俗易懂，句式简洁明
白，表达方式直观。
科技英语表述客观，行文简练，句式严整，用词
正式，专业术语多，名词性短语多，句中主要信息前置，通过主语传递主要信息。
Features
1. Vocabulary features
(7) 复杂长句使用频繁
Syntactic Features
(一)大量使用名词化结构(准确性)
《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在
论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实而非某一行为。
single-phase switch-mode inverter.
图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器（转换器）。
Syntactic Features
2) A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.
Syntactic Features
客观性（Objectiveness）准确性（accuracy）精练性(conciseness)
(1) 大量使用名词化结构 (2) 大量使用非谓语结构 (3) 多用后置形容词短语作定语 (4) 被动语句使用频繁 (5) 省略句使用频繁 (6) It句型和祈使句使用频繁
Vocabulary Features

科技英语阅读原文及翻译(李健版,单元1-7)

Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。

The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。

Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。

科技英语翻译10篇

Teach Predictions for 20101. Finally, Apple Unveils the TabletOfficially, Apple has never said a word about making a tablet computer. Yet for months, everyone in tech has been talking and writing and arguing about the Apple tablet as if it's already here. The product has already received more press than most products that actually exist. Bloggers debate its faults and flaws, its strengths and Shortcomings--such is life in the weird and wonderful world of Apple. And this does not happen by accident. Apple orchestrates this stuff. It did the same thing with the iPhone, remember? For a year before the prodtict was unveiled, rumors circulated and fake prototype photos popped up all over the place. Ifs all about creating hype, and wrapping a product in a cloud of mystery and drama, so that by the time you do unveil it people are dying to buy it just tosee what all the fuss is about.The great thing about Apple, however, is that usually the products live up to the hype. Certainly the iPhone has. Arguably, it is the single most important tech product of the past decade. Will the tabletbe as profound? We think it will be. Amazon's Kindle has pioneered the market for a portable reading device. But Kindle is far from perfect. Our bet is that Apple enters this space the way it did with the iPod and iPhone: it lets others do the pioneering work and make all the mistakes, then comes along with a product that blows the predecessors away. Better design. Better build quality. Better service. And a user interface experience that’s light years ahead of everyone else's on the planet.2. Murdoch Pulls out of GoogleThe biggest, most powerful, and once-thought-to-be indestructible print media outlets have arrived at their moment of reckoning. For a decade, the likes of the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and The New York Times (not to mention innumerable other oudets), have offered up their best work on a silver, online platter-- for free. Look at where it got them. The first is in jeopardy of closing up shop, the Post has shuttered its domestic bureaus, and the Gray Ladys just eliminated some 100 newsroom jobs, the second such move in two years. Enter Rupert Murdoch, theoutspoken Aussie head of News Corp whose empire spans from the Times of London to the most august business publication in the United States, The Wall Street Journal. For months now, he has been ranting about the free consumption of news online. His radical idea? Murdoch wants to stop Google from indexing his sites, and he wants Microsoft to pay for the privilege instead. In other words, he wants someone to pay for the stuff his journalists produce.A chorus of bloggers is crying that the old man's thinking cuts against the force of history--namely, that information wants to be free, and that any future-minded company ignores that fact at its peril. Techdirt says the news baron is a hypocrite. Boing Boing says Murdoch's threat to block searches and shroud his sites with paywalls is nothing more than a bluff. Think again. This isn't a doddering old coot who doesn't get the Web. Murdoch is a savvy business-man who just might lead an industry back into the reality-based community. With billions in cash on hand, he can afford short-term losses as his properties experiment with strategies that do not involve the essential untenability of giving the product away. And once he proves that a news publication can poke Google in the eye and survive, others will follow suit. After all, if they don't, Murdoch may be the only one left standing.3. Malw Disrupts FacebookWhen it comes to malware, the law of gravity is this: the bad guys go where the money is. That's why threats to computer users have evolved from viruses to botnets and phishing attacks--each iteration is more likely to produce profit. How does a piece of malware make money, exactly? In a number of ways, from rifling through your files for bank-account information and credit-card numbers, to turning your computer into a spam factory. The follow-the-money rule also helps explain why there aren't many threats for *Mac computers. They may have some security advantages over PCs, but mostly their market share isn't big enough to be worth malware creatorg time. )It follows that as we conduct more of our lives online, malefactors will follow us there. And where is the biggest action on the Web today? Facebook, which just signed up its 350 millionth user and shows no sign of slowing down. Facebook has seen malware before; the latest threat is an especially virulent edition of the "Koobface" worm that has bedeviled the social network for months. It's going to get worse from here. Facebook has a team of smart engineers dedicated to keeping malicious activity off the site, but with the network ballooning in size, they'll need to redouble their defenses in even greater proportion.4. Starbucks Will Stalk YouPrivacy is so passe. We've become addicted to broadcasting our lives to the world, and the mobile phone is our greatest enabler. That's especially true now that GPS is a standard feature. And today's hottest startups are racing to become the ankle bracelet of choice, doing everything they can to track our every move and indulge our shout-it-from-the-rooftops exhibitionism. Location-aware services like Foursquare, which awards points every time you check into a bar or restaurant, have become staples among the early-adopter crowd. Meanwhile, Twitter6 has added geolocation to its service, meaning each tweet is like a thumbtack on the map of your daily travels. Rumors have it that Facebook, with its 350 million users, is heading in the same direction. It's only a matter of time before advertisers follow. You can almost hear the screams of joy coming from marketing departments nationwide: soon companies will be able to target their ad campaigns based not just on who you are, but where you are. Passing by a Starbucks? Your phone just offered you 10 percent off a peppermint latte!5. Movie Downloads Stall Blu-rayBlu-ray may have won the war with its rival, HD-DVD---but does anyone care? While consumers were waiting for the two formats to duke it out--nobody wanted to plunk down several hundred bucks on a losing technology--they discovered that downloading movies to their homes has matured into a great way to watch their favorite titles. A Harris Interactive poll in June found that only 7 percent of consumers without Blu-ray players planned on buying one in the next year. Whafs holding back a format that everyone agrees is showstoppingly gorgeous to watch? Money is a big part of it, of course. Getting video over the Internet through iTunes9 or Amazon Video on Demand can be much cheaper than purchasing physical copies. Sometimes the value is truly insane: all it costs to binge out on seasons one, two, and three of Friday Night Lights is $ 8.99. That's the price of the cheapest monthly subscription to Netflix, which allows unlimited streaming of some shows and movies to your PC, or to your big screen if you own an Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, newer TiVo, or a similar device,Yes, a Blu-ray disk provides better quality picture and sound. But as Wired magazine argued in a recent cover story, consumers are enjoying a "Good Enough Revolution" : we're nuts about MP3s, even if they sound kind of crappy, and we can't watch enough YouTube clips, even though they're pixellated and choppy. The feverish pursuit of top quality is no longer our only concern. Sometimes convenience matters more.6. Your Phone Replaces Your WalletDuring its most recent pledge drive, the popular public-radio program This American Life followed a familiar script, exhorting its users to chip in $10, $ 5, even just $1, to help pay for its weekly broadcast. The pitch wasn't new, but one of the payment methods was instead of heading to your computer and entering your credit-card information, you could simply send $ 5 to the show via text message. Long promised, never realized, mobile payments will finally take off in the U. S. in 2010. Already the sector is a beehive of activity, with companies like Zong and mPayy enabling cus tomers to pay for online purchases with only a phone number. Obopay, another mobilepayments company, received $ 35 million from Nokia in 2009, and it will have a wide rollout on that company's phones. Perhaps the best sign that the sector is poised for takeoff is that Twitter creator and tech superstar Jack Dorsey has set his sights on it. His new company, Square, launched in December, allows merchants to accept credit-card payments with cell phones. True, Square doesn't untether us from plastic just yet, but it's only a matter of time before "Cash or credit?" becomes "Cash or cell?"7. Facebook Goes PublicAt only 25 years old, Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg has turned his donn-room idea into a global empire. Might he identify with Alexander the Great, who wept at the size of his dominion because there were no more lands left to conquer? Not just yet: he can still take the company public. In November, the social-networking company took a major step toward that event by announcing that it was creating two classes of stock: one class suitable for sale in an initial public offering, and one that is vested with 10 times the voting power. An IPO under those conditions would flood the company with cash while keeping control firmly in Zuckerbergs hands. If that sounds familiar, it's because the strategy is the same one used by Google before it went public in 2004. Zuckerberg is as cutthroat and super-ambitious as he is socially awkward that is to say, very--and he would stand to become an actual billionaire, not just a virtual one. His Personal wealth has yo-yo'd in line with various private valuations of his company over the years. Facebook also announced this year that it is cash-flow positive, and a successful IPO would cement the site as a viable business, while archrival Twitter stillscrambles for a business model.8. Twitter Use FlatlinesTwitter is almost synonymous with explosive growth. But there are signs that 2009's darling of the Internet has already begun to level off, a reversal that would have seemed impossible not long ago. In February 2oo9, Nielsen Online reported that Twitter's 7 million unique visitors constituted more than 1,000 percent growth in just a year's time. Ashton Kutcher, after beating CNN to the million-follower mark in a neckand-neck race, began blasting past later milestones with ease. (He's now at 4.1 million followers. ) And when Oprah Winfrey embraced the service in April, Twitter's popularity simply hockey-sticked.There were skeptics all along-- Nielsen also reported last spring that 60 percent of Twitter users failed to return after one month but excitement about the new mediurm's potential made them easy to dismiss. Now the data have become difficult to ignore. Twitters U. S. traffic actually declined from September to October, according to a range of measures. We're by no means Twitter haters--here's proof--but it seems clear that the service is in for a period of modest performance, as sign-ups of new users are measured against better estimates of existing users who neglect their accounts. One of the things that has made Twitter so successful is its wide-open API; ironically, that same transparency can provide a reality check on the number of people who have let their accounts go totally dormant who began tweeting during the Oprah bubble, but turned out to be making just a short stop at the birdbath.9. Microsoft Pushes Out Steve BallmerBallmer's 10th anniversary as CEO of Mierosoft arrives in January, but ifs hard to imagine he'll be celebrating. Mierosoft stock has dropped by nearly 50 percent on his watch, lagging not just other teeh eompanies but even the Dow Jones industrial average. Distracted by the Windows Vista fiasco, Ballmer has missed every big new tech market of the past decade. Google won the race for Internet search and keyword advertising. Apple won in MP3 players and online music sales, and now holds the high ground in mobile phones, while Windows Mobile fades away. Microsoft's Zune music player is a dud. Bing, Microsoft's search engine, will never catch Google. Ballmer is said to be a brilliant guy, but he got a black eye for the way he blundered and blustered and finally botched an attempted acquisition of Yahoo. He's a screamer and a bit of a bully--not the easiest guy to work for. If Microsoft were any other company, this guy would be in trouble. But the catch is, Ballmer was put into the job by Microsoft founder Bill Gates, and the two have been pals since their undergraduate days at Harvard. If Gates wants to get rid of Ballmer, he' 11 have to craft some kind of graceful exit that lets his buddy save face. Another problem: there's no heir apparent on the management team. Nevertheless, investors must be getting restless. Soon they'll start calling for a shake-up.10. Google Faces Antitrust SuitThe Feds are already looking at Google on a variety of fronts. Its deal with book publishers has drawn scrutiny. In 2009 it was hassled by the Federal Trade Commission over possible anticompetitive connections because it shared two board members with Apple, a situation that got resolved when Google CEO Eric Schmidt quit Apple's board, and Arthur Levinson, an Apple board member, quit the Google board. Regulators freaked out again when Google tried to make a search partnership with Yahoo. Supposedly the Feds were ready to bring charges, but then Google walked away from the deal.After facing this scrutiny in the past year, Google has launched a kind of ongoing publicity campaign, wooing the media and hoping to convince people that it isn't really a big bad company. It likes to say that it's operating in a highly competitive field and that its users can leave with the click of a mouse. But the fact is, Google handles two thirds of all searches in the United States. Whether that can legally be defined as a "monopoly" and whether Google can be shown to have abused its powerful market position remains to be seen. But regulators here and/or in the European Union will find Google so tempting a target that they will not be able to resist bringing a case to find out.Addicts of the Information AgeAmong everybody from our leaders to our teenagers, no habit is spreading faster than being connected 24/7 via a smart phone.[2] Its penetration in the U.S. is estimated at 18%, and it seems that everywhere you turn, people are using their smart phones in new ways and in new places. Samsung recently estimated that it expects 500 million global smart-phone users by 2012. Actual phone calls are becoming extinct compared with handheld texts and email messages--whoever thought people would prefer typing to talking? But the evidence appears to say they do.[3"] This has also given rise to a group of people--the top 10% of smart-phone users--who just can't stop. They are the smartphoniacsI, the true addicts of the information age.[4] Here are five tell-tale2 traits of Smartphoniacs :Do they take their smart phones with them when they get up from the table to go to the restroom---and do they take an awful lot of trips there?Do you receive messages from them while you know they are driving (increasingly being harmed in state after state), or at midnight on Saturday night?Do they come up with excuses in the middle of a conversation to pull out their smart phone--something like "let me jot something you said down so I don't forget it", and then sneak a look at all their messages?Are they suffering from sprained or elongated thumbs?Do they openly use their smart phones in inappropriate places, such as first dates, at Rosh Hashanah4 or Christmas dinner, in hospital delivery rooms, or on job interviews?[5 ] If your "friend" fits four out of five of these, then he or she is a smartphoniac. If he fits only two or three of them, he is just another typical user who stays connected on the street, in meetings and at the movies.[6] As these devices pop up everywhere, there has been a recent spate of articles about smart-phone "manners"--as if using your phone when your boss, or your mother, is talking to you is just a matter of poor training on their part. I don't think your boss or your mom ever said "go ahead, text while I'm talking to you". So it's just not a matter of manners. Ifs much more the result of a deeper disconnect anxiety, an irrepressible fear that you will miss something if you put it away.[7] I once worked with a candidate for Senate who emailed me from the podiums during a debate. Many 'CEOs communicate today primarily from their smart phones. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama used them on the campaign trail, while John MeCain didn't.[8] The famed red phone to call the Russian premier in the event of a national security emergency could now be replaced by a red smart phone. Imagine if the world's top leaders were all connected bysmart phones and they communicated directly and frequently about issues of mutual concern. It would revolutionize diplomacy.[9] But Smartphoniacs are an eclectic mix of the successful and powerful, busy professionals, teenagers and college students. All of them commtmicate incessantly.[10] In Korea, more than three in 10 youths who carry mobile phones are said to be addicted. In Germany, there are an estimated 380,000 texting addicts—folks who withdraw from the very family and friends their machines were supposed to connect them to. While there hasn't been a formal study of Smartphoniacs in America, we know that between the second quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2008, the North American smart-phone market grew 78.7%. About 139.3 million smart phones were sold world-wide last year, and half of U. S. smart-phone users report using their devices more today than they did just three months ago.[11] Last month, the National Texting Championship award and its $ 50,000 grand prize went to a 15-year-old who texts 500 times a day. A recent poll found that 42% of teens can text with their eyes closed. And based on other studies on the intensity of smart-phone use, we can guess that Smartphoniacs skew male, affluent and well-educated. Not since the television has any invention changed the lifestyle habits of Americans more than the smart phone. The recent movie Seven Pounds detailed the guilt of an executive who caused a fatal car crash because he emailed while driving.[12] To be sure, there are forces calling for temperance7. Some people refuse to date people who use smart phones. Many parents just say no. Legislators are getting into the act to protect public safety. But for the most part, Americans of every age and stage are wrapping themselves in apps, chcks and instantaneous communication as part of a social network. And some small but significant percentage of this group is going to take a one-way slide to the bottom, where the compulsion to use their smart phones is so strong that they can only hope their batteries last long enough to text a cry for help.[13] We're not far away from Smartphoniacs Anonymous or Mothers Against Smart Phones. We've been through this with TV, the Intemet and videogames. In the end it all works out and we successfully integrate them into our lives, even though we are never again the same. At least with smart phones, with all their usage counters, we will be able to tell who has recovered from the binges.。

科技英语翻译技巧一

科技英语翻译技巧一——————词义的选择1.Packaged software is developed to serve the specific needs of one user.包装软件是根据用户的特殊需求来开发的。

2.Noises may develop in a worn engine.磨损的引擎可能产生噪音。

3.Shorts frequently develop when insulation is worn.隔热材料磨损时容易发生短路。

4.Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease.果然，80%的植物遭遇了疾病的侵袭。

5.Other isolation methods are being developed.其他分离方法正在开发中。

6.In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing.在进行设计的同时，我们必须考虑加工过程的可行性。

7.After the war much of this knowledge was poured into the developing of the computers.战后，很多这方面的知识被投入研制计算机。

8. A mathematical or logical operation must meet a certain condition.一个数学或逻辑运算必须满足一定的条件。

9.Interactive programming conditions are now available for some commercial programminglanguages.交互编程环境现在可以用于商用编程语言。

10.The results of a biopsy indicate a rare nonmalignant condition.活体检查的结果显示一个罕见的良性健康情况。

科技英语阅读课文翻译UNIT1-8

科技英语阅读1-8单元译文：Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。

假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。

但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。

（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。

在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。

他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。

按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。

1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。

就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。

例如，我们可以用x代表整数，通过n 来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。

这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3<n<7}。

集合中的对象并不一定是数字。

我们也可让y={x：x是美国的一个男性居民}。

表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。

但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现x={a：a不再a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。

x它本身是在x的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。

当罗素发现了悖论，弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。

尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。

罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。

他解释说，悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。

所以，罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等等。

这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础，至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。

策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意公式A（x）和任意集合b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：x既在b中又满足A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式A（x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。