美英国国文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释Z
英美文学名词解释Z英美文学名词解释1. Epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Epic:Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor. Among noted epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。
在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。
2. Allegory（寓言）: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is Joh n Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul’s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet(十四行诗)A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>S hakespeare’s so nnets are well-known. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.In Greek and Roman civilization, man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the medieval philosophy, the humanists believed that it was justified to praise human nature and that human beings are glorious creatures capable of development in the direction of perfection. The world was theirs not to dislike but to question, explore and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the value of human beings and the important of the present life, the emphasized that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. The angel in the house（屋中天使）The Angel in the House is a narrative poem by Coventry Patmore, first published in 1854 and expanded until 1862. Although largely ignored upon publication, it becameenormously popular during the later 19th century and its influence continued well into the twentieth. The poem was an idealized account of Patmore's courtship of his first wife, Emily, whom he believed to be the perfect woman. Angel in the house are usually immensely sympathetic, immensely charming, utterly unselfish.6. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt and evil society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).7. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic,originall y in the sense of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto.8. Naturalism(自然主义)Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2) as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3) As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4) Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and hisElegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.10. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure; irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. 玄学诗：约翰?多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。
英美文学重要名词解释-英汉解释-综合整理版
名词解释ENGLISH &AMERICAN LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.marking stressed syllables in a line of poetry or prose. Used to emphasize meaning and thus can be effectively employed in oratory.the elements of historical truth they contain.knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited.down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s TheHeroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is masculine. 3) Use of the heroic coupletfollowed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.fourteen iambic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英美文学名词解释
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words. 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama. 反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。
在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。
本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。
一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。
常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。
2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。
现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。
3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。
自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。
4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。
浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。
二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。
象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。
2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。
现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。
3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。
后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。
4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。
英美文学名词解释
1.古英语：（Old English或Anglo-Saxon）是指从450年到1150年间的英语。
古英语和现代英语无论在读音、拼写、词汇和语法上都很不一样。
古英语的语法和德语比较相近，形态变化很复杂。
公元410年，罗马人结束了对英国的占领，随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落：昂格鲁人（Angles），撒克逊人，和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居．英语就是盎格鲁_撒克逊的人的语言．语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语，中英语，现代英语．古英语的名词有数和格的分别。
数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。
因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。
此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。
但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。
例如妇女就是阳性的。
2. 头韵(Alliteration)：是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。
头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.从应用范围、结构特征以及审美价值三个方面对其进行分析讨论,将有助于我们理解和欣赏这一辞格. 头韵在英语里叫alliteration，又叫initial rhyme，或head rhyme，是从拉丁语短语ad literam (根据字母)转化而来的，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。
若追本探源的话，恐怕押头韵手法可以上溯到古英语(Old English)时期。
大约五世纪时，盎格鲁萨克逊( Anglo-Saxons)入侵者给英国人带来了作为现代英语(Modern English)基础的盎格鲁萨克逊语，或许就在那时还带来一种新的诗歌形式，其主要特征就是频繁使用押头韵手法。
环球英美文学名词解释
环球英美文学名词解释
环球英美文学是指涉及英国和美国文学的范畴，包括了从古代到现代的各种文学作品和文学运动。
下面是一些环球英美文学中常见的名词解释：
1. 小说（Novel），一种长篇故事性散文作品，通常包含复杂的情节、丰富的人物描写和深入的主题探讨。
2. 诗歌（Poetry），一种以韵律、节奏和意象为特征的文学形式，通过语言的美感表达情感和思想。
3. 戏剧（Drama），一种通过对话和行动来呈现故事的文学形式，通常在舞台上演出。
4. 文学运动（Literary Movement），指在特定的时期和地域中出现的一系列文学作品和思潮，代表了一种共同的艺术追求和创作风格，如文艺复兴、浪漫主义、现代主义等。
5. 符号主义（Symbolism），19世纪末至20世纪初的一种文学运动，强调象征和隐喻的使用，追求超越直接表达的意义。
6. 现实主义（Realism），19世纪中期兴起的一种文学运动，试图以客观真实的方式描绘社会生活，关注社会问题和人性。
7. 自然主义（Naturalism），19世纪末的一种文学运动，强调环境和遗传对人性的影响，揭示社会底层的艰苦生活和人类的本性。
8. 象征主义（Imagism），20世纪初的一种文学运动，追求简洁、直接和精确的语言，注重意象和感官经验的表达。
9. 后现代主义（Postmodernism），20世纪后半叶兴起的一种文学思潮，挑战传统的叙事结构和真实性，强调多元性、相对性和模糊性。
以上仅是环球英美文学中一些常见名词的简要解释，实际上还有许多其他的名词和概念需要深入研究和理解。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。
它具有以下几个特点：1.多元化：英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。
从古典主义到浪漫主义，从现代主义到后现代主义，英美文学不断演变和发展，展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。
2.自由和开放性：英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考，在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。
自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。
3.注重个人感受和情感表达：英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达，通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑，展示了人性的复杂和多样性。
二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑，代表作品有：•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。
•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写，揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。
2. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末至19世纪初）浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段，代表作品有：•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》，强调对自然和个人感受的表达，展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。
•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》，通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写，呈现了封建社会的弊端。
3. 现代主义时期（20世纪初至中期）现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期，代表作品有：•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》，以流动的意识流体式叙述，探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。
•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》，通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索，反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。
三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，代表作品有：•《哈姆雷特》：探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常，是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。
英美文学名词解释1
英国Renaissance：The term originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) artsand sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义）. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Humanism:Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity ofhuman beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and deals with heroicadventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of medieval romances.University Wits: University Wits refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Agewho graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “University Wits”. Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the University Wits.Metaphysical Poetry:Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory(贬义的）term invented byJohn Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold(大胆的) and ingenious (有独创性的）conceits, imagery, complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox. The main themes are love, death, and religion. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.Cavalier Poets:The cavaliers are royalists, whose poetry was marked by courtliness,urbanity(雅致，礼貌）, and polish（优雅）. They were lyrical poets, and dealt chiefly with the theme of love and the theme of “carpe diem”(及时行乐）. The chief representative of this school was Ben Jonson.Neoclassicism: A revival in the 17th and 18th centuries of classical standards of order ,balance, and harmony in literature, John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school.British Romanticism:A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, andart in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Characteristics: subjectivism; spontaneity; singularity; worship of nature; simplicity.Modernism:It is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literarycriticism, which began in the late 19th century. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy(非理性哲学) and the theory of psycho-analysis(精神分析) as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual. The characteristics of modernists writings are as below: complexity and obscurity(晦涩); the use of symbols; allusion; irony.Stream of consciousness:“Stream-of-Consciousness”or “interior monologue”, isone of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted(模糊的）, distracted（心烦意乱的）and illusory（错觉的）psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings（沉思）of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.Black Humor: It is mostly employed to describe baleful(恶意的), naive, or inept(笨拙的)characters in a fantastic or horrible modern world playing out their roles in a“tragic farce(闹剧)”，in which the events are often simultaneous comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’ s Catch-22 can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.The Theater of the Absurd: It refers to a kind of drama that explains an existentialideology and presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.The Angry Young Man: The Angry Young Men is a journalistic catchphrase(标语)applied to a number of British playwrights and novelists from the mid-1950s. Their works mainly express the bitterness of the lower classes towards the established sociopolitical system and hypocrisy of the middle and upper classes. The playwright John Osborne was the example of these angry young men with his play Look Back in Anger.美国American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, the booming economy, the flourishing publications and a variety of foreign influences made its literary expansion possible and inevitable. Romantics shared some characteristics: moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.American Transcendentalism: American Transcendentalism is more than an attitudeof Transcendentalists. To transcend something is to rise above(克服) it , to pass beyond its limits. The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of the American Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows : First, transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in Universe; Second, they stressed the importance of individuals; Third, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.American Naturalism: The American Naturalism accepted the more negativeinterpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces. American Naturalism was evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing became less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Dreiser is a leading figure of this school.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period toan end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering(表现) of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of Puritans . TheAmerican puritans, like their English Brothers, are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.Local Colorism: Local Colorism or regionalism as a trend to first made its presence feltin the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to write or to present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Determinism: Determinism is the philosophical belief that events are shaped by forcesbeyond the control of human beings. Determinism, important to the literature at the end of the 19th century, assigns control especially to heredity and environment, without seeking their origins further than science can trace. Determinism usually leads to the tragic fate of the characters in novel.Psychological realism: It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into(探究） the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James’s novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism. And He nry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware.Imagism:Imagism was a poetic vogue(流行) that flourished in England, and even morevigorously in America. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London as a revolt against the sentimental and discursive(散漫的) poetry at the turn of the century. The typical imagist poetry likes to express the writers’momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered(提出) by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. The most imagist poem, In a station of the Metro is written by Ezra Pound.Southern Renaissance: The Southern Renaissance is the revival of American Southernliterature that began in the 1920s and 1930s until the 1950s. Much of the writings in this unit featured the struggle between those who embraced social changes and those who were more skeptical or challenged social change outright. The writers and intellectuals of the South after the late 1920s were engaged in an attempt to come to terms not only with the inherited values of the Southern tradition, but also with a certain way of perceiving and dealing with the past. The Lost Generation:This term has been used to describe the people of the postwaryears. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”or exiles. Writers like Hemingway were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. The Beat Generation: The Beat Generation refers to a loosely-knit group of poets andnovelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. They shared a set of social attitudes——anti-establishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literal, and moral values, and were in favor of unfettered(无拘无束的）self-realization and self-expression.Hemingway Code Hero: As a concept from Hemingway’s works, code hero is definedby Hemingway as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honour, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic(混乱的）,often stressful, and always painful.A code hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, a man who is sensitive and intelligent, a man of actions and of few words. This kind of people are usually spiritually strong,with certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.Jazz Age: The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918 to 1929, the years after the end ofWorld War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Great Depression in America. Among the prominent concerns and trends of the period are the public embrace of technological developments as well as new modernists trends in social behavior, arts and culture. The representative writer is F·Scott Fitzgerald with his novel The great Gatsby.Waste Land Painters: Waste Land Painters refer to such writers as F·Scott Fitzgerald,T·S Eliot, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner. With their writings, all of them paintsthe post-war western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless.。
外国文学名词解释
外国文学名词解释摘要：一、前言二、古希腊文学三、英国文学四、法国文学五、德国文学六、俄国文学七、美国文学八、拉美文学九、亚洲文学十、结语正文：【前言】外国文学是一个丰富多彩的世界，包括了古希腊、英国、法国、德国、俄国、美国、拉美以及亚洲等地的文学作品。
这些文学作品反映了各个时期、各个国家的社会风貌和文化特点，是世界文化宝库中的瑰宝。
【古希腊文学】古希腊文学是西方文学的起源之一，著名的作品有荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。
这两部史诗描绘了古希腊英雄时代的故事，对后世的文学产生了深远影响。
【英国文学】英国文学具有悠久的历史，包括莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、狄更斯等著名作家。
他们的作品展示了英国社会的历史变迁和人物性格的描绘，对世界文学产生了深远影响。
【法国文学】法国文学以其丰富的艺术形式和思想深度而著称，包括莫里哀、雨果、巴尔扎克等著名作家。
他们的作品反映了法国社会的变革和人物命运的描绘，对世界文学产生了重要影响。
【德国文学】德国文学以歌德、席勒、海涅等为代表，他们的作品展示了德国文化的独特性和对人类命运的关注，对世界文学产生了深远影响。
【俄国文学】俄国文学以列夫·托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等为代表，他们的作品描绘了俄国社会的变革和人物性格的深度剖析，对世界文学产生了重要影响。
【美国文学】美国文学以马克·吐温、海明威、菲茨杰拉德等为代表，他们的作品展示了美国文化的多样性和对人类命运的关注，对世界文学产生了深远影响。
【拉美文学】拉美文学以马尔克斯、博尔赫斯等为代表，他们的作品展示了拉美文化的独特性和对人类命运的关注，对世界文学产生了重要影响。
【亚洲文学】亚洲文学包括了印度、日本、中国等国家的文学作品，如泰戈尔、川端康成、鲁迅等著名作家。
他们的作品展示了亚洲文化的多样性和对人类命运的关注，对世界文学产生了深远影响。
【结语】总之，外国文学是世界各地文化交融的产物，是世界文学宝库中的瑰宝。
英美文学名词解释汉语版
英美文学名词解释汉语版
1. 小说 (Novel): 是一种长篇的虚构故事，通常以人物形象和情节为主要构成要素。
2. 散文 (Prose): 是一种以自由的、非诗歌形式的文学作品，通常有较为正式的句子结构和逻辑表达方式。
3. 诗歌 (Poetry): 是一种以押韵、节奏和音乐性为特点的文学形式，通常用比喻、象征和意象来表达作者的情感和观点。
4. 戏剧 (Drama): 是一种能够在舞台上演出的文学形式，通常包括对话、角色互动和舞台指导。
5. 悲剧 (Tragedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常描绘了主角在命运和自身缺陷之间的斗争，并以悲惨结局告终。
6. 喜剧 (Comedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常以幽默和滑稽情节为特点，旨在给观众带来愉快和欢笑。
7. 叙事诗 (Epic poem): 是一种长篇叙事诗歌，从古代传统英雄故事中派生而来，通常讲述了一个英雄或重大事件的史诗式叙事。
8. 短篇小说 (Short story): 是一种长度较短的虚构故事，通常聚焦于一个具体的事件或角色，呈现出作者的观点或主题。
9. 传记 (Biography): 是一种通过详细描述一个人的生平和事迹来记录他们的生活和成就的文学作品。
10. 自传 (Autobiography): 是一种以作者自己的经历和回忆为基础写成的传记，通常描绘了作者的成长经历和个人观点。
英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释英美文学名词解释1. Restoration Comedy: Restoration Comedy refers to a genre of drama that emerged in the late 17th century in England during the Restoration period. It is characterized by its witty and satirical nature, often mocking social conventions and manners of the time. Some prominent examples of Restoration comedies include "The Way of the World" by William Congreve and "The Country Wife" by William Wycherley.2. Romanticism: Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe, but also had a significant influence on English and American literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized the individual's emotional and imaginative connection with nature, celebrated the power of individualism, and often explored themes of love, passion, and the supernatural. Some notable Romantic poets include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron.3. Tragic Hero: A tragic hero refers to the protagonist of a tragedy who possesses noble qualities but also has a tragic flaw that leads to their downfall. They often undergo a reversal of fortune and experience great suffering as a result of their flaw. This concept was popularized by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and has been a recurring theme in English and American literature. Examples of tragic heroes in literature include Macbeth from Shakespeare's play "Macbeth" and Jay Gatsby from F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby".4. Victorian Novel: Victorian novel refers to a genre of fiction that emerged during the reign of Queen Victoria in the mid to late 19th century in England. It is characterized by its focus on social realism, moral issues, and often emphasized the conflict between individual desires and societal expectations. Prominent Victorian novelists include Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and the Brontësisters.5. Modernism: Modernism was an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily in Europe and the United States. It rejected traditional forms and conventions and experimented with new narrative techniques and styles. Modernist literature often explored themes of alienation, fragmentation, and the loss of traditional values in a rapidly changing world. Notable modernist writers include T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf.6. Beat Generation: The Beat Generation was a literary movement that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. It was characterized by its rejection of mainstream society and traditional values, and its embrace of nonconformity, spontaneity, and an exploration of alternative forms of spirituality. Prominent Beat Generation writers include Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs.7. Harlem Renaissance: The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in the 1920s in Harlem, New York, primarily among African American artists, writers, and musicians. It celebrated African American culture and heritage and sought to challenge stereotypes and promote racial pride. Notable writersassociated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen.These are just a few examples of important literary terms in English and American literature. There are many more that could be explored, each with their own unique contributions to the rich literary traditions of these countries.。
英美文学名词解释总结
英美文学名词解释总结Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。
Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
Couplet: It is a pair of rhyming verse lines, usually of the same length; one of the most widely used verse-forms in European poetry. Chaucer established the use of couplets in English, notably in the Canterbury Tales, using rhyming iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletsBlank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。
Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
英美文学名词解释总结中文版(东北师大重点)
名词解释1. Abby Theatre 阿贝剧院阿贝剧院是爱尔兰的国家剧院，由爱尔兰著名诗人William Butler Yeats和Lady Augusta Gregory创建。
该剧院上演爱尔兰剧作家的作品。
Lady Gregory是阿贝剧院的导演，同时也是个剧作家（dramatist）。
2.Aestheticism 唯美主义基本原则：Art for art’s sake.基本人物：英国运用该美学理论的第一人士Walter Pater。
Oscar Wilder（Picture of Dorian Gray）是该理论的杰出代表。
基本思想：唯美主义崇尚艺术高于生活，生活应该模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。
这是对Victorian工业发展时期宣扬的物质崇拜（materialism）和商业主义（commercialism）的一种反抗，也是艺术为道德或金钱而服务（art for money’s sake）的维多利亚传统的挑战。
3. Age of Enlightenment 启蒙时代1. 英国的18世纪又被称为启蒙时代，总的来说是资本主义反对封建主义的时代。
2. 启蒙运动是一场进步的思想运动，盛行于法国后传播到西欧。
3. 启蒙运动是15和16世界文艺复兴运动的延续和深入，它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观点启蒙整个世界。
4. 崇尚理性，平等，和科学，倡导大众教育。
文学在当时变成了非常受欢迎的公众教育的手段，带有强烈的说教和道德教育性质。
5. 代表人物：Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift。
4. Age of Realism现实主义时期1. 现实主义是对浪漫主义时期一种反抗，并铺就了通往现代主义文学的道路。
2. 在这一时期，新一代的作家对于老一辈的浪漫主义和感伤主义的思想非常不满，提出一个新的灵感，其特点就是在生活现实方面有着极大的兴趣。
它的目标是描写生活每一方面的现实，抛弃主观偏见，理想主义或者任何浪漫的色彩。
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史是研究英国和美国的文学发展及其作品的学科。
在这个领域中，有许多重要的名词需要解释和拓展。
以下是其中几个关键的名词解释：
1. 古典主义：指的是17世纪至18世纪初期的文艺复兴时期，以古希腊和古罗马文化为基础的艺术和文学风格。
这一时期的作品强调对古典文学的借鉴，追求理性、秩序和对称。
2. 浪漫主义：指的是18世纪末至19世纪初期的文学和艺术运动，强调个人情感、幻想和对自然的热爱。
浪漫主义作品追求超越现实的境界，注重情感表达和个人体验。
3. 现实主义：19世纪中期至20世纪初期的文学流派，强调对现实生活的描写和分析。
现实主义作品试图通过真实和客观的方式呈现社会问题和人类经验，反映现实世界的复杂性。
4. 自然主义：19世纪末至20世纪初期的文学流派，强调环境和遗传对人性的影响。
自然主义作品探讨人类行为和性格的原因，强调环境和遗传因素对人们的决定性作用。
5. 现代主义：20世纪初期至中期的文学运动，突破传统的文学形式和观念。
现代主义作品倾向于使用非线性结构、流派交叉和意识流等实验性的写作技巧，探
索意识、时间和现代社会的复杂性。
除了这些名词，还有许多其他重要的概念和作品，如文艺复兴、启蒙运动、维多利亚时代、现代派诗歌、战争文学等。
研究英美文学史可以帮助我们了解不同时期的文学发展和作品背后的思想、价值观和文化背景。
(完整word版)英美文学名词解释
01. Humanism(人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life。
Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴）The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth", it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome。
2〉the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03。
英美文学名词解释整理版 (1)
❖American Transcendentalism A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义：一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握❖English Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.❖ode in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.❖conceit 奇喻A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 。
A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
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1 Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
2. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung3 Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.3 Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.4. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。
5. Classicism (古典主义)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。
6. Comedy (喜剧)A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决7. Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。
8. Couplet (双韵体)A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.双韵体：包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位9.Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet.英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。
10. Essay (散文)A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personalview of the author.散文：内容通常论及一个主题的短小文章，通常表达作者个人的观点11. Figure of Speech (比喻)A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in literal sense. 比喻：不能直接按照字面意义理解的词语或表述方法。
12. Flashback(倒叙)A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.倒叙，闪回镜头：一种文学或电影的表现手法，往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情13. Free verse (自由诗体)Verses that has neither a metrical pattern or an regular pattern.自由诗体:既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律的诗体14. Iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格)A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb--that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.五步抑扬格:一种诗句形式，每行诗句包含五个抑扬格音步。
15. Imagery(意象)Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers‘ mind.意象：用来在读者的思维中唤起某种图示或形象的词汇。
16. Lyric (抒情诗)A poem, usually a short one, that exp resses a speaker‘s personal thoughts or feelings.抒情诗：一种用来抒发作者感情或思想的短诗。
17.Narrative Poem (叙事诗)A poem that tells a story.叙事诗：讲述一个故事的诗歌。
18. Naturalism (自然主义)The practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature, it is the extreme form of realism.自然主义：在文学中精确地描述人类现实环境的实践,现实主义的最高表现形式。
19. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint styles.新古典主义：17、18世纪晚期的文学复兴，以尊重古代典型的推理形式和严谨文体为特征20. Novel (小说)A book length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.小说：虚构的叙述性文章，有一定长度，较多的人物，和思想复杂的情节。
21 Octave (八行诗)An eight-line poem or stanza.22. Pastoral (田园诗)A kind of poem, that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. 田园诗：一种用理想的手法来体现牧羊人的乡村生活的诗歌。
23. Plot (情节)The plan of events or main story in a novel, narrative or drama.情节：在小说，故事,或戏剧中事件的概要或主要故事.24. Quatrain (四行诗)A stanza or poem of four lines.25. Realism (现实主义)The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现，而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化26. Rhyme (压韵)The repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.压韵：音在两个或两个以上的词汇或短语中的重复。
27. Rhythm (格律)The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.重读音节和非重读音节的固定排列模式。
28. Romanticism (浪漫主义)An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individual‘s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.浪漫主义：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种注重个人情感和想象力的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖.29. Sonnet (十四行诗)A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter.十四行诗：一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。
108. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体)A nine line stanza with the following rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.30. Stream of consciousness (意识流)The style of writing that at tempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‘s thoughts, feelings reflections, and mental images as the character experiences them. 意识流：一种模仿作品中人物思想，思维，精神活动的自然过程的写作技巧。