试论赛前紧张与焦虑情绪对运动竞赛成绩的影响中英文对照

试论赛前紧张与焦虑情绪对运动竞赛成绩的影响中英文对

照

Influence of pre-competition nervousness and anxiety on sports competition achievement in Chinese and English

心理训练是现代竞技体育训练中十分重要的训练环节，它是取得胜利的主要手段。一场运动竞赛的最后胜负，不单纯决定于技术和身体素质方面的差距，在很大程度上决定于运动员的心理素质。文章对此进行了分析。

Psychological training is very important part of modern sports training, it is the primary means of success. A sports contest the outcome of the final, not only depends on the technical and physical aspects of the gap, to a large extent depends on the players' psychological quality. This article analyzed.

【关键词】赛前紧张焦虑经验期望值竞赛成绩

[ keyword ] Pre-competition Anxiety experience expected value competition results

1 紧张和焦虑

The 1 tension and anxiety

情绪能激励运动表现，也能抑制运动表现。积极活跃的情绪能点燃你勇攀高峰的烈火，但当激情转化为焦虑或者兴奋转化为紧张时，就可能出现偏差。紧张和焦虑属于情绪状态的一种，是许多运动员在比赛前所表现出来的一种心理状态。紧张是人在某种压力环境的作用下所产生的一种适应环境的情绪反应。紧张反应可能是适宜的、积极的，也可能是不适宜的、消极的。

Emotional incentive to exercise performance, and also inhibited the sport performance. Active emotion can ignite your scaled new heights in the fire, but when passion into anxiety or excitement into nervous, may appear deviation. A kind of tension and anxiety to the emotional state, is a state of mind many athletes displayed before the competition. Tension is a kind of adaptive emotional reaction environment were generated in the pressure environment under the action of. Stress may be appropriate, positive, it may not be appropriate, negative.

2 紧张与焦虑的原因

Reason 2 stress and anxiety

2.1与个人心理气质特征有关

2.1 related to the personal psychological characteristics

气质是指个人心理活动的稳定的动力特征。心理活动的动力特征主要指心理过程的强度（例如，情绪体验的强弱，意志努力的程度），心理过程的速度和稳定性（例如，知觉的速度、思维的灵活程度，注意力集中时间的长短）和心理活动指向性（例如，有人倾向于外部事物，有人倾向于内心世界）等方面的特点。

The dynamic characteristics of temperament is refers to the individual psychological activity stability. Dynamic characteristics of psychological activities mainly refers to the psychological process of strength ( for example, the emotional experience of the strength, the will to the extent ), speed and stability of psychological processes ( e.g., perceptual speed, the flexibility of thinking, attention focused on the length of time ) and psychological activity directivity (for example, people tend to external things, some people tend to the inner world of characters etc. ).

2.2与运动员过去的比赛经验有关

2.2 athletes and about game of past experience

有些运动员参加比赛的机会不多或以前根本没有参加过正规的比赛，或是在参加过的一些比赛中有过紧张的现象，所以一到比赛就会产生恐惧的心理，心跳加速、呼吸急促、肌肉僵硬。严重影响正常发挥，影响竞赛成绩。

Some athletes are not many opportunities or before simply has not participated in the normal game, or in some games played in nervous phenomenon, so in the game will have a psychological fear, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, muscle stiffness. Seriously affect the normal play, affect the competition results.

2.3与运动员对比赛的期望值有关

2.3 expectations and the athletes on the value of

有的运动员给自己定的目标很高，一定要夺取冠军，一定要拿到名次，一定要拿下这场比赛等等。于是比赛时总担心自己不能如愿以偿，结果由于心理压力太大，引发了比赛前的紧张，反倒制约了自己能力的发挥。

Some athletes to set themselves the goal is high, must win the championship, must get the ranking, we must win this game. So the game always worried that they could not have got one's wish, as a result of too much psychological pressure, causing the game of tension, but constraining their ability.

2.4与平时训练、周围环境的影响有关

2.4 and peacetime training, the effect of the environment on the

在平时训练时，有的教练员只注重技术的训练，不注重心理训练；在平时，运动员在训练时周围的观众很少，气氛也很单调，但在比赛时，场外观众的起哄、比赛场上的气氛、比赛规模的大小等都会加深赛前运动员心理因素朝不良的方向发展。

In peacetime training, some coaches only focus on technical training, do not pay attention to the psychological training; in peacetime, athletes in training around the audience rarely, atmosphere is very monotonous, but in the game, the audience booed, game atmosphere, the size of the game will deepen the psychological factors of athletes before the match in the the undesirable direction.

2.5与比赛对手的强弱有关

2.5 and the opponents on the strength of

比赛对手的强弱也是影响运动员情绪的原因之一，如果比赛的对手的实力相对来说比较弱，那么运动员心理负担就会比较小，更容易发挥本身正常的水平；而如果比赛对手相对比较强大，那么无形中就会给运动员形成一种压力，就容易引起运动员赛前的紧张与焦虑。The opponents strength is one of reasons of athletes feeling, if the match opponent is relatively weak, so the athletes' psychological burden will be smaller, easier to play the normal level; and if the opponents relatively strong, so virtually will give players form a kind of pressure, it is easy to cause tension and anxiety pre-competition.

2.6自信心

2.6 confidence

自信心是运动能力得以充分发挥的重要心理因素，因为信心是一种相信自己或预料愿望一定能实现的心理状态，有信心能使心理活动过程积极起来，坚持下去，并富有创造性，从而激励运动员顽强的斗志。3 克服赛前紧张和焦虑的基本途径

Self-confidence is an important psychological factor to give full play to the athletic ability, because faith is a kind of believe in yourself or expected desire can realize the state of mind, have the confidence to make psychological activities actively, persist, and creative, thereby encouraging