Unit 3 Gricean Pragmatics Implicature格莱斯语用学会话含义

Implication
Definition:
Implication belongs to the
logical semantics, it discusses the relationship between two
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propositional logics.
Example:
p: The president was assassinated.
semantics
Logical implication （逻辑蕴含）
meaning
Pragmatics
Conversational implicature （会话含义）
Implicature & Implication
The word ‘implicature’, like its cognate(同源词) ‘implication’, is derived from the verb ‘to imply’. Etymologically speaking（从词源学 角度讲）, ‘to imply’ means ‘to fold something into something else’. What is implied, or ‘folded in’ has to be ‘unfolded’ in order to be understood.
Example sentences: natural meaning
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The number of concentric rings（年轮） means that the tree lived so many years.
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2 Those black c来自ouds mean rain.
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Example sentences: non-natural meaning
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Those three rings on the bell (of the bus)meant that the bus is full.
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2 Jack’s cough means that he is ill.
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Implicature & Implication
隐含和蕴含
Implicature & Implication
It is always tied up with some linguistic items.
Jack is an Englishman; he is, therefore, brave. Jack ‘s being brave is the consequence of his being Englishman.
Non-detachability
• A conversational implicature is attached to the semantics content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. It’ll not be separated from the utterance as a whole, even though the specific words may be
自然意义与非自然意义
Paul Grice
A British philosopher of language.
His work on meaning has influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
He is known for his theory of implicature.
Always associated with an expression so that on every occasion when the expression occurs, the meaning occurs.
Implicatures differ in terms of the way they are derivable.
example：
The dog is looking very happy.
Example sentence
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Features of Conversational Implicature
会话含义的特点
Conversational implicature
Cancellability (or defeasibility)
A conversational implicature is something which is implied in conversation. That is, something which is left implicit in actual language use.
Example:
Jack is an English man, so he is clever and brave One has to infer what the speaker implies, suggests, or means in a given context.
Characters:
Calculability
Cancellability
Non-detachability
Non-conventionality
SUMMARY
Logical implication does not correspond with what in everyday life we understand by ‘implicature’ or ‘implies’.
e.g. I walked into a house. +> The house is not my house. (一般会话含义)
Particularized implicature
PI arises from the act of flouting or violating the maxims. By flouting the maxims, the speaker wants to force the listener to draw extended implicature. Therefore, the interpretation of a particularized implicature has torely on certain specific context as in the following
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可取消性
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Non-detachability 不可分离性
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Non-conventionality 非规约性
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Indeterminacy 不确定性
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Calculability 可推导性
Cancellability
• cancellability (or defeasibility) • A conversational implicature is capable of being canceled, either by an
3.1 Standard (generalized) implicature
GI is the implicature that arises as a result of observing the maxims. This type of implicature can be understood and interpreted without making reference to any conversational contexts
Proposal:
The key ideas of implicature were proposed by Grice in 1967 and still only partially published. It was relatively brief and only suggestive of how future work might proceed.
Gricean Pragmatics: Implicature
2018.03.26
CONTENTS
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Natural & Non-natural
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Implicature & Implication
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Types of implicature Features of CI
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Natural & Non-natural meaning
In a word, logic and everyday life do not always look at things in the same way. Based on this distinction, we may say that ‘implicature’ is an inferred meaning which is different from the logical meaning (implication) of the original utterance.
Put forward the theory of Non-natural meaning in 1957.
Natural & Non-natural Meaning
meaning
natural
If X means P, X entails or denotes P
non-natural
If someone says X, he means something by saying X
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Types of Implicature
Categories of Implicature
Implicaures
Conventional Non-conventional
Non –conversational Conversational
Generalized
Particularized
Conventional Implicature
Conversational Implicature
20%
Users
Conversational implicatures are produced by relating to the context. To know what people mean, we have to interpret what they say. As Leech remarks, ‘interpreting an utterance is ultimately a matter of guesswork’.
explicit declaration that the speaker is intending to mean otherwise, implicitly, by the co-text and the context.最重要的一个特征。如果原 初的话语上加上某些前提，某种会话含义就会被取消。 • E.g. • Do you want some tea? • Tea would keep me awake. (But, I do want to stay awake tonight)
含q，只要p为真,q就不能被取消。
Example:
p: The president was assassinated .
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q: He is alive.
The president was assassinated.
However, he is still alive.
Implicature
Definition:
changed.
• 会话含义依附于话语的语义内容而不是话语的语义形式。即使某
些词改变，会话含义也不会从话语整体中分离出来。
Example Sentences
John’s a genius.
John’s an clever human being.
John’s an enormous intellect.
q: The president is dead. If the president was assassinated,
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then he is dead.
“ if p, then q ” or “p →q”.
Characters:
Implication can’t be canceled.
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在所有p为真的情况下，命题q 都为真，那么p蕴含q。如果p蕴