《轮胎轮毂产品手册》

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轮毂改装升级技术手册(二)

轮毂改装升级技术手册(二）
第三部分车轮升级改装技术第一章改装车轮的关键参数及配件一、改装车轮的主要参数
轮毂ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้装升级技术手册(二）
1、节圆直径（PCD）：必须一致的安装参数。德国车基本为5 孔，如奔驰（BENZ）基本上都是5×112mm，而宝马（BMW）多为5×120mm。而国内常见的车型4/5×100/114.3mm。越野车多为6×139.7mm，大排量的车型5孔较为合理，例如丰田（TOYOTA）陆地巡洋舰4700为5×150。 2、偏距（OFFSET/ET）：偏距有正偏距、零偏距及负偏距之分。偏距变小轮距也就变大，升级轮圈后根据轮辋宽度不同以及偏距的变化，轮距会随之改变。如果升级了轮辋，将要考虑车轮是否会和里面避震器和悬架零件，以及外面的挡泥板是否会干涉（这方面知识将在后面图解）。合适的偏距大小可以确保车轮不会发生干涉，例如奥迪（Audi）A8原款16×7.5为 ET38，18×8为ET35，19×8.5为ET30。
轮毂改装升级技术手册(二）
9、车轮测量工具 10、车轮安装定位销安装车轮（特别是德国的螺栓结构或者加偏距垫片时），是很难对位的，这个时候安装定位销就可以派上用场了。
轮毂改装升级技术手册(二）
第二章车轮轮胎升级和改装的优点作为汽车非常重要的零部件，四条轮胎凭着约四张明信片大小的面积与地面接触，就可以影响汽车行驶的舒适性和操控性。轮胎可以当之无愧地说是汽车上最重要的消耗材料（当然汽油除外）。整体来说，新车上装配的车轮和轮胎，都是车厂经过反复的道路测试之后选定的，为什么还需要升级更换呢？因为绝大部分原厂配备的轮胎，出于控制成本的考虑，车轮往往采用小尺寸铝合金车轮，甚至是钢轮；而轮胎方面，考虑到最佳发挥车辆的性能，很难以做到既舒适又耐磨。出于对平衡的考虑，原厂配备轮胎在性能、噪音、耐磨和舒适性等某一方面，必须有一定程度的妥协。因此，车轮及轮胎的升级，是改善车辆性能及美观的第一步。

Mile Marker 汽车胎环产品说明书

Vehicle Model/Year
3/4 Ton w/3500 axle ex. F/T ‘63 - ‘77 1 Ton Pickup ‘59 - ‘96 RDS 90 Axle ‘84 - ‘94 1 Ton Dana 50 & 60 Axle ‘76 - ‘04 (A,B)
GEO
Tracker (all)
TOYOTA
4 Runner ‘76 - ‘98 4 Runner 4x4 Pickup ‘86 - ‘94 Hillux ‘76 - ‘98 Land Crusier ‘63 - ‘98 Land Crusier ‘76 - ‘85 Land Cruiser - Through 1975 Pickup ‘76 - ‘85 Pickup ‘76 - ‘98 T-100 ‘93 - ‘98
11035
4.375
6
21
1.375
11162
5.563
8
34
1.750
11165
5.563
16
34
1.750
11166
5.375
8
34
1.750
11167
5.080
8
16
1.580
95-37044
4.500
5
19
1.250
HUB APPLICATION GUIDE
Vehicle Model/Year
27
1.210
427 4.500
5
23
1.016
428 4.50
5
27
1.206
430 3.260
6
27
1.094
432 3.750

汽车胎类产品操作指南说明书

TiresTo safely operate your car, your tires must be the proper type and size, in good condition with adequate tread,and correctly inflated. The following pages give more detailed information on how and when to check airpressure, how to inspect your tires for damage and wear, and what to do when your tires need to be replaced.InflationKeeping the tires properly inflated provides the best combination of handling, tread life and riding comfort. Underinflated tires wear unevenly, adversely affect handling and fuel economy, and are more likely to fail from being overheated.Overinflated tires can make your car ride more harshly, are more prone to damage from road hazards, and wear unevenly.We recommend that you visually check your tires every day and use the pressure gauge that came with your car to measure the air pressure at least once a month. If you think a tire might be low, check it immedi-ately.CONTINUEDMaintenanceTiresUse a gauge to measure the airpressure at least once a month. Even tires that are in good condition may lose one to two psi (10 to 20 kPa, 0.1to 0.2 kgf/cm 2) per month.Remember to check the spare tire at the same time you check all the other tires.Check the pressure in the tires when they are cold. This means the car has been parked for at least three hours. If you have to drive the car before checking the tire pressure,the tires can still be considered "cold" if you drive less than 1 mile (1.6 km).If you check the pressure when the tires are hot (the car has been driven several miles), you will see readings 4 to 6 psi (30 to 40 kPa, 0.3 to 0.4kgf/cm 2) higher than the cold reading. This is normal. Do not let air out to match the specified cold pressure. The tire will be underinflated.Use the pressure gauge that came with your car every time you check the tires. This will make it easier for you to tell if a pressure loss is due to a tire problem and not due to a variation between gauges.Recommended Tire Pressures for Normal DrivingThe following chart shows therecommended cold tire pressures for most normal driving conditions and speeds. Tire pressures for high speed driving are the same as for normal driving.The folding spare tire pressure is:Front:26 psi (180 kPa, 1.8 kgf/cm 2)Rear:32 psi (220 kPa , 2.2 kgf/cm 2)These pressures are also given on the tire information label on the driver's doorjamb.MaintenanceTiresTubeless tires have some ability to self-seal if they are punctured.However, because leakage is often very slow, you should look closely for punctures if a tire starts losing pressure.InspectionEvery time you check inflation, you should also examine the tires for damage, foreign objects, and wear.You should look for:Bumps or bulges in the tread or side of the tire. Replace the tire if you find either of these conditions.Cuts, splits, or cracks in the side of the tire. Replace the tire if you can see fabric or cord.Excessive tread wear.Your car's tires have wear indicators molded into the tread. When the tread wears down to that point, you will see a 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) wide band running across the tread. This shows there is less than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) of tread left on the tire. A tire that is this worn gives very little traction on wet roads. You should replace the tire if you can see the tread wear indicator in three or more places around the tire.MaintenanceTREAD WEAR INDICATORSINDICATOR LOCATION MARKSTiresMaintenanceIn addition to proper inflation,correct wheel alignment helps to decrease tire wear. If you find a tire is worn unevenly, have your dealer check the wheel alignment.The tires were properly balanced by the factory. They may need to be rebalanced at some time before they are worn out. Have your dealer check the tires if you feel a consis-tent vibration while driving. A tire should always be rebalanced if it is removed from the wheel for repair.Make sure the installer balances the wheels when you have new tires installed. This increases riding comfort and tire life. Your car'soriginal tires were dynamic or "spin"balanced at the factory. For best results, have the installer perform a dynamic balance.Improper wheel weights can damage your car's aluminum wheels. Use only Genuine Acura wheel weights for balancing.Tire RotationYou should not rotate your NSX's tires. The front wheels are 16"diameter and the rear wheels are 17"so they cannot be rotated front-to-rear. The original-equipment tires on your NSX have a unidirectional tread pattern, so they cannot be rotated side-to-side.Tire WearThe tires that came on your NSX were designed and constructed to provide superior grip duringacceleration, braking, and cornering.As a trade-off, they will wear more rapidly than tires used on ordinary passenger cars. Because of the car's weight distribution, and the fact that they are the driving wheels, you can expect the rear tires to wear more rapidly than the front tires.MaintenanceNOTICETiresThe tire mileage you can expect from your NSX is the same as comparable mid-and rear-engined sports cars, and it will vary greatly with your driving habits. If you drive moderately, the rear tires could last more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km).However, the mileage will besubstantially less if you tend to drive your NSX at the upper limits of its capabilities. You should carefully inspect your car's tires for wear,damage, and proper inflation every 7,500 miles (12,000 km) (see page 209).Replacing Tires and Wheels The tires that came with your car were selected to match the perform-ance capabilities of the car while providing the best combination of handling, ride comfort, and long life.You should replace them with radial tires of the same size, load range,speed rating, and maximum cold tire pressure rating (as shown on the tire's side-wall). Mixing radial and bias-ply tires on your car can reduce its braking ability, traction, and steering accuracy.It is best to replace all four tires at the same time. If that is not possibleor necessary, then replace the two front tires or the two rear tires as a pair. Replacing just one tire can seriously affect your car's handling.CONTINUEDMaintenanceTiresThe ABS works by comparing the speed of the wheels. When replacing tires, use the same size originally supplied with the car. Tire size and construction can affect wheel speed and may cause the system to work in-consistently.If you ever need to replace a wheel,make sure the wheel's specifications match those of the original wheel that came on your car. Replacement wheels are available at your Acura dealer.Wheels and Tires Wheels:Front:16 x 7 JJ Rear:17 x 8 1/2 JJ Tires:Front:215/45ZR16Rear:245/40ZR17See page 275 for information about DOT Tire Quality Grading.Winter DrivingTires that are marked "M + S" or "All Season" on the sidewall have an all-weather tread design. They should be suitable for most winter driving conditions. Tires without these markings are designed for optimum traction in dry conditions.They may not provide adequate performance in winter driving.For the best performance in snowy or icy conditions, you should install snow tires or tire chains. They may be required by local laws under certain conditions.MaintenanceTiresSnow TiresIf you mount snow tires on your Acura, make sure they are radial tires of the same size and load range as the original tires. Mount snow tires on all four wheels to balance your car's handling in all weather conditions. Keep in mind the traction provided by snow tires on dry roads may not be as high as your car's original equipment tires. You should drive cautiously even when the roads are clear. Check with the tire dealer for maximum speed recommen-dations.Tire ChainsBecause your Acura has limited tire clearance, mount only SAE Class "S"cable-type traction devices on the rear tires. Use traction devices only when required by driving conditions or local laws. Make sure they are the correct size for your tires.Metal link-type "chains" should not be used. No matter how tight they seem to be installed, they can come into contact with the body andsuspension, causing serious damage.When installing cables, follow the manufacturer's instructions and mount them as tightly as you can.Drive slowly with them installed. If you hear them coming in contact with the body or chassis, stop and investigate. Make sure the cables are installed tightly, and that they are not contacting the brake lines or suspension.Remove them as soon as you begindriving on cleared roads.Cables that are the wrong size orimproperly installed can damage your car's brake lines, suspension, body, and wheels. Stop driving if they are hitting any part of the car.MaintenanceNOTICE。

《轮胎常识手册》课件

轮胎的分类
按用途分类
汽车轮胎、摩托车轮胎、自行车轮胎等。
按结构分类
子午线轮胎、斜交轮胎等。
按材料分类
橡胶轮胎、合成橡胶轮胎等。
按花纹分类
纵向花纹轮胎、横向花纹轮胎、越野花纹轮胎等。
轮胎的规格与标识
01
轮胎规格通常由一系列数字和字母组成，包括轮胎宽度、高度、轮辋直径、速度等级等。
02
例如，205/55R16 91V表示轮胎宽度为205mm，高度为55%，轮辋直径为16英寸，速度等级为91V。
轮胎更换周期
了解轮胎规格和参数
不同品牌和型号的轮胎更换周期不同，了解自己车辆的轮胎规格和参数，有助于确定合适的更换周期。
注意轮胎生产日期
行驶里程和年限
一般来说，轮胎行驶里程达到或超过 5万公里，或者使用年限超过5年，就需要考虑更换轮胎。
购买新轮胎时应注意查看轮胎的生产日期，避免购买到过期轮胎。
要点二
详细描述
轮胎漏气可能是由于被钉子或其它异物扎破引起的，而慢撒气则可能是由于气门芯漏气或轮胎密封层损坏引起的。为了解决这个问题，车主应尽快检查轮胎并修复漏气点。同时，车主应定期检查气瓶压力和气瓶接口处是否漏气，以预防慢撒气问题的发生。在行驶过程中，如果发现轮胎漏气或慢撒气，车主应尽快停车检查并采取相应的措施。
03
标识还包括轮胎胎侧的制造厂商标识、认证标识、生产日期等。
02 轮胎使用与保养
轮胎的安装与拆卸
安装轮胎
选择合适的轮胎，检查轮毂是否清洁，使用正确的工具将轮胎从轮毂上安装到车辆上。
拆卸轮胎
使用合适的工具，按照规定的顺序和技巧将轮胎从轮毂上拆卸下来。
轮胎的充气与放气

汽车轮毂轮胎参数

70.1 +50 GMDAT 9592344 5483989 9594553 71 71 59.5 +52 +51 +49
锥口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺栓12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 正新正新正新正新正新
米其林普利司通米其林
205/65R15 215/55R17 93V ER13 215/55R16
5*114.3 66.6 +40
车型尼桑蓝鸟二代尼桑天赖尼桑SSS94款尼桑风度尼桑公爵王华晨金杯华晨金杯华晨中华华晨中华华晨宝马宝马745 宝马520 宝马530i 宝马530 15*6.5 14*6 15*6.5
普利司通普利司通
175/65R14 B391 235/75R15 195/60R15 205/70R15 185/70R14
67 +35
锥口螺帽12*1.5 平口螺帽12*1.5 普利司通
丰田皇冠（05款） 16*7
215/60R16
16*7 6*139.7 108 +15 15*6 15*6.5 15*6.5 15*6 15*6 16*6.5 15*6 1560 4*114.3 5*114.3 4*114.3 5*114.3 5*114.3 4*100 4*114.3 64 64 64 +55 +55 +50 S9A-560A 5T7560C SDA565A 565DAS8HIEC 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 球口螺帽12*1.5 锥口螺帽12*1.5 普利司通普利司通普利司通普利司通普利司通普利司通米其林 195/65R15 205/65R15 ER33 205/60R15 195/65R15 GR50 195/60R15 205/70R15 215/60R16 195/60R15 195/65R15 l=96mm h=22mm l=82mm h=22mm l=92mm h=25mm l=95mm h=24mm l=89mm h=23mm l=95mm h=20mm l=86mm h=66mm

佳通轮胎产品手册

强力尼龙斜交轮胎佳通轮胎产品手册2010斜交胎细分市场卡客车轮胎R17L05R18G212TR120R17公路型TR120纵向曲折的胎面花纹设计加强的胎体结构设计加宽的轮胎冠宽设计提高轮胎的抗沟裂性能提高轮胎综合性能提高轮胎耐磨性能注： SUPER 表示加强层级。

注：* 表示即将上市。

R18公路型11.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84016.012.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74016.910.00-2016PR 146/142G 7.5 3000/2630810/74021.411.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84022.312.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74023.3强力尼龙斜交轮胎卡车轮胎C08TC160TC161G218G216工矿型G218技术特点优势采用坏路专用胎面配方提高胎面耐刺扎、耐切割、耐撕裂性能注：*表示即将上市。

规格层级负荷指数单胎/双胎速度级别标准轮辋额定负荷(kg) 单胎/双胎额定气压(kPa)单胎/双胎沟深(mm)9.00-20 *16PR 145/140B 7.0 2900/2500880/81022.010.00-20 *18PR 150/145B 7.5 3350/2900910/84025.011.00-20 *18PR 153/148B 8.0 3650/3150910/84027.012.00-20 *20PR156/151B8.54000/3450880/81028.5工矿型强力尼龙斜交轮胎10.00-2016PR 146/142J 7.5 3000/2630810/74017.611.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84018.112.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74018.8G216强力尼龙斜交轮胎7.50-16 LT 14PRSUPER 122/118L 6.00G 1500/1320730/73017.48.25-16 LT16PR128/124L6.50H1800/1600730/73021.5注： SUPER 表示加强层级。

轮毂设计手册

轮毂设计手册轮毂最基本的参数在胎面会显示，读懂基本的参数是汽车轮毂设计的入门课主要有胎宽/扁平比/轮毂直径在实际项目涉及的OD（outerside diameter)指的是整个轮子的直径，而不是轮毂的直径，如果你能通过显示的基本参数计算出轮子的OD,就说明对这几个参数的理解到位了OD=轮毂寸数*25.4+胎宽*扁平比*2Example: 255/55 20寸轮子OD=20*25.4+255*0.55*2=788.5mm【扁平比越小代表胎皮越薄，胎皮越薄轮子越显大显运动，相反胎皮越厚越显小显臃肿但是开车越舒适滤震更好，因此一般的家用车扁平比较大追求舒适，轿跑性能车扁平比较小追求运动，胎宽越大抓地力越好因为面积更大，当然和表面的花纹也有关，胎宽越小抓地力越小，因此普通家用车胎宽较小，性能车胎宽较大】【ET/PCD/轮胎上边缘距翼子板Y/Z距离】此外还有几个比较重要的参数：ET值（offset值）/PCD值/轮子距翼子板Z/Y向距离ET值：轮子的ET值直接决定轮子是观感是凹的还是凸的，虽然现在的电动车都趋于做平，一般的家用车的ET值都是正的在35左右，ET值直接决定的就是安装面的位置，所以造型不能轻易改动的PCD值：PCD值安装螺栓的中心连线圆的直径轮子距离翼子板的Z/Y向距离：这两个值是造型非常关注的，轮子和翼子板的Z向越小，轮子越显大更精致，Y向值的理想值是0，这样轮子就是往外凸的，张力大视效轮子更饱满，但是受到护轮板法规的影响一般轿车在10mm左右，SUV在15左右【ET值和PCD值是工程的硬点，不能轻易改动的,而轮子上边缘距离翼子板Z/Y向的值是可以动的，虽然受到护轮板和轮胎包络的限制，但是造型始终希望这两个值做小】【车轮倾角】车轮倾角是每一辆车都会有的，可以用拔河的例子去理解车轮倾角，一般的都是外倾以增大整车的稳定性，家用车的倾角一般两三度左右，性能车可能会更大，具体值不一由于车轮存在倾角，所以建模的坐标系一定要注意不能搞错，胎皮工程一般会提供，根据胎皮确定坐标系，不建议先把轮毂按照竖直做，然后再整体转角度，这样做不准其次就是在做圆的时候一定要确保R值是等半径的，在alias中做圆的工具里面很多都是不等半径的，对于轮毂来说如果不等半径在一个单元旋转复制成五个的时候会出现单元与单元衔接有误差【在alias中建议勾选rationalflags，这样做出来的圆是绝对等半径的——轮毂加工工艺——轮毂的加工工艺比较简单也比较好理解，分为：普通重力铸造，低压铸造，旋压铸造，锻造对比三种制造工艺，低压铸造是最主流的，旋压铸造性能更优，锻造则是最高端的加工工艺，在各项指标上都是最优的【精车工艺细节要求】上面提到的只是基本的制造工艺，对于后期的精加工工艺比如精车/CNC，还有抛光，电镀，喷漆等工艺，对于造型影响最大的就是精车工艺，对于目前主流的轮毂来说，精车是提升品质的重要手段，但是精车工艺对于造型有很大的限制，原因是因为精车工艺是做旋转运动，只能车一个旋转表面，不能车内侧面，其次就是一些更加细节的要求，总结如下最重要的三个工艺参数就是精车面的最小宽度4mm，这个值具体取决于供应商的工艺水平精车面与铸造面的夹角在35-45度之间，精车面与铸造面的短差大于2mm【基本上所有的精车轮毂都会受到这几个参数的限制，因此视觉上精车面都有一个凸台感此外，对于铸造部分来说，也有一定的要求，首先就是出模角度比较大，一般在7度以上其次就是R角大小，一般在R2.5以上，这可能是不涉及外凸法规的最大工艺圆角】——重量及强度——轮毂除工艺之外的约束，最大的就是在重量和强度之间做平衡重量轻是为了能够更加轻便省油省电，想象一下如果你穿了一双20斤的鞋子走路废不废劲强度则是安全考虑，轮毂要通过强度，疲劳，刚度等实验，所以要在应力集中的部位做加强，最直接的办法就是做粗做大，但是重量肯定就会加重常用的减重手段就是安装盘背后做掏空，这种手法减重有限，还有就是采用锻造工艺，材料选择铝合金，这样也能减重，最后就是改设计了，减少辐数加大开口如保时捷的这款轮毂，辐条太宽太大，直接镂空减重【开口的另一个需求就是散热，刹车盘刹车产生的热量如果不及时散发出去，在高速情况下很容易损坏轮毂】关于强度，则要考虑的是轮毂的受力点，在受力点尽量保证够大够粗，在不受力的地方应该尽量做小，像特斯拉的这款轮毂，因为轮毂最主要的受力点在中间段，所以它在中间做得最粗，其它的地方都不重要就做得很细，这个轮毂就满足强度要求的同时很轻，同时开口很大易于散热，就好像自己穿了一双轻便的网孔跑步鞋，不容易脚臭轮毂的设计基本上就是围绕着减重和强度两个点，不停的一轮一轮的强度重量校核，不停的一轮一轮的减重直至身体被掏空，此外在一些高端车型上会有插件版轮毂，在轮毂的基础上增加插件，一是可以增加层次让轮毂更加精致，其次就是让开口封闭有利于疏导气流，比亚迪汉的插件就做得很丑，和小鹏P7一比明显处于下风，比亚迪的品质还是一如既往的差——轮胎——关于轮胎介绍一下轮胎的花纹，花纹对于胎噪，安全性等都是有影响的，同时不同的车型会采用不同花纹的轮胎，比如越野车的花纹会更粗间距更大，跑车的花纹比较弱，追求面积足够大以增大抓地力，关于花纹造型不怎么参与设计，对于外观的影响可以忽略不计更多的是工程的考虑，所以一般不用做花纹数据——轮毂的设计风格——【轮毂的设计思路有前辈总结过，图片来自CDS的文章】轮毂的设计门槛很低，随便一款轮毂单看都很好看，但是轮毂的设计一定要符合整车的设计风格，比如AION V这款车的轮毂设计还是很符合整车的风格，主机厂有没有花心思设计轮毂其实很容易看得出来，其实大部分主机厂对于轮毂设计都有存货，只不过需要根据不同的车型对号入座，而且轮毂的设计周期相对较短【电动车轮毂设计】对于电动车的轮毂设计个人觉得特斯拉的设计比较抢眼，没有用精车工艺，只是简单的做分色槽喷上不同的漆面，给人的感觉很不一样，仔细分析有三个原因：第一没有精车面摆脱同质化第二利用分色槽做假插件省成本第三颜色和漆面的选择，颜色采用少见的灰色显运动，漆面应该是车身漆和车身呼应材质有两个层次足够了符合电动化设计趋势，所以个人觉得这是电动车做得比较好的轮毂，在路上的回头率较高，因此一款好的轮毂设计另外posche的tycan也是电动车轮毂设计的标杆，最大的特点就是最先用白色在轮毂上，高级感很强，同时和电动车年轻简约的风格很搭，传统车轮毂主色调黑色，很沉闷且油腻的这要是工程师思维肯定会觉得太容易脏了，但是高端品牌并不会考虑这种东西就像五星级饭店的桌布大多是白色系的，其次白色的轮毂和车身的呼应很强，工艺并不难，只是分块喷漆难度不大虽然市面上也有用亮色的轮毂，符合年轻化的设计潮流，但总体上来说在车轮上白色是高级色，高级感很强，灰色/黑色是运动色，用得好也能显高级——【END]——这期是年前最后一期内容，也是外饰的最后一期，通过十来期内容将汽车外饰设计涉及的工程要点，对汽车造型设计的影响基本都涉及到了，虽然不能面面俱到，也没法做到面面俱到，因为外饰设计其实有太多太多的细节，只有当自己把每一个部件都做一遍并且举一反三，善于总结才能勉强理解所有工程对造型设计的影响，外饰的门槛可能不高，很多人都能画出几张看似不错的效果图，很多人都能建出一个看似不错的模型，但是外饰的上限却非常高，画图不错并不代表能把量产车设计做好，建模不错并不代表能够在把项目做好，现实很复杂并且残酷，保持良好心态很重要。

赫秦锐芯胎轮、增强移动设备和胎驾驶舱用户手册说明书

Purpose & Table of contents
This manual provides instructions for applicable field service procedures of Hutchinson 2-piece Wheel – Mobility Insert – and Tire.
Quick reference & Preparation • Wheel Assembly Specifications • Rim Specifications • List of Tools • Assembly preparation
EMD & Tire preparation • Tire lubrication • EMD Insertion
• Operating conditions & storage requirements • Maintenance requirements • Parts replacement criteria
Maintenance & Operation (EMD)
• Operating conditions & storage requirements • Maintenance requirements • Parts replacement criteria
WARNING: Failure to properly match tire and rim/ wheel sizes may result in serious injury or death. Mounting a smaller diameter tire on a larger rim diameter rim/wheel (for example, mounting a 16” tire on a 16.5” rim/wheel) can cause the bead to fail during mounting or when inflating the tire. The tire may then rupture during inflation or when placed in service on a vehicle. The resulting tire blowout can result in flying debris or cause loss of control of a moving vehicle. Be sure the diameter shown on the tire exactly matches the diameter stamped on the rim/wheel.

轮毂与配件技术手册说明书

Rim & AccessoRiesTechnical data of rims Tubes and flapsMounting and demountingTube-type tyre mounting / demounting Tubeless tyre mounting / demounting Tubeless rim valve mounting Rim &AccessoriesTecHNicAL MANUALTruck & Bus Tyre- The rim is part of the wheel which supports the tyre.riMsT echnical DaTa ofDROP-CENTRE RIMS WITH 5° TAPERED BEAD SEATSTube and Flap assemblyThe assembly procedure calls for correct line up of the valve stem to hole in the flap and valve stem hole in the rim. It is important, along with correct inflation procedure, so as not to tear or damage the valve stem base, valve stem or tube during the mounting process.(picture 1) shows the positioning of tyre bead, rim and valve base positioning with only 4-5 psI pressure inside the tube (enough to make it round, but not to properly seat the bead).(picture 2) shows the tyre bead seated properly to the rim which should happen as the tyre is further inflated. Finally, once the beads properly seat, the assembled tyre can be inflated to the recommended pressure.note : a tyre cage and remote air nozzle and length of air line should be used during inflation.New tyres should always use a new tube and flap.Places to lubricateTube and Flap mounTIng• mount the tube in a tyre and inflate it just until it becomes round (4-5 psI).• apply mounting lubricant on the exposed tube surface with a brush or sponge, taking care not to let lubricant stream down between the tyre and tube.• mount the flap, lining up the valve stem hole. Then align and mount the tyre/tube so that valve stem lines up with the rim valve hole.Tubes are used to contain the air pressure and carry the load in tube-type tyres.It is always important to use the proper size and type of tube to suit theapplication. Radial tyres with their more flexible sidewalls require the use of a radial tube of a size the same as the radial tyre. For example a 1000R2O tube is used for a 1000R2O radial tyre.As for flaps, they are used to protect the tube in the area between the rim and the tube. Refer to the product manual for correct size and selection information for radial flaps.TUBE AND FLAPTUBE AND FLAP ASSEMBL yTUBE AND FLAP ASSEMBL yImproper seat of rim and beadImproper seat of rim and beadFlap FlapValve baseValve base< Picture 1 >< Picture 2 >DeMoUNTiNgsaFeTy InsTRucTIonsdo not mount or demount tyres without proper training. Wall charts containing mounting and demounting instructions for all on-highway rims should be available through your normal rim supplier.REMOvE ALL CRACkED WHEELS FROM SERvICELUBRICATE AREAS SHOWN By ARROWS USE OF GG RING INDICATECORRECT MOUNTINGCROSS SECTION THROUGH TyPICAL DUAL INSTALLATIONPROPER SEqUENCE FOR TIGHTENING STUDRUTS ON AN 8 STUD SySTEMPROPER MATCHING OF RIM PARTSNOTE:always use a securely held safety cage and extension hose with clipon air chuck for airing the tyre. Rapid air loss can propel theassembly .Figure 3. 12 Correctand incornectmatching of rim parts Motor Wheel orAccuride "CR" or "FL"Side RingSection WidthOffsetOffsetTyreclearanceSpacerWidthMotor Wheel or Accuride"CR" or "FL" Lock RingAccuride 5° or Motor Wheel"CR" or "FL" FlangeMotor Wheel or Accuride "CR" or "FL" BaseSection Width Section WidthMoUNTiNgWheel pRepaRaTIonFor safety reasons check the following in regards to mounting and demounting tyres and wheels.• rim diameter, rim width and flange design must be that recommended mended for the tyre.• rim profile must be appropriate to the type of tyre(tube-type or tubeless) that is being used.• the angle and position of the tyre bead must seat properly to the rim.before mounting, the wheel should be inspected for any cracks, breaks, damage, misplaced parts or deformities or irregularities at the locking ring, rim flange, surfaces or valve hole.any signs of weak welds, dents, rough surfaces or rust should be corrected or a new or more suitable wheel should be used.If corroded, clean the rim with a wire brush, sand it smooth and paint it with anti-rust paint.any dents and rough surfaces must be smoothedNOTE : be careful to demount the tyre prior to attempting any wheel repair such as hammering, heating or welding of wheels.pRopeR mounTIng and demounTIngFollow all mounting and demounting procedures and equipment safety cautions. always keep tools and work areas clean and free of oil and grease.NOTE : Tyre mounting lubricant is necessary for mounting and demounting tyres.NOTE :use of any improper design, size or type of tube may cause tube breakage or damage to your hankook radial tyre.confirm that the tube is the proper type and size with the correct valve stem type to suitably fit the wheel hub and clearances for brakes and wheel parts.The valve stem should screw into the tube with a rubber bushing or washer. This should be a secure, clean attachment to the tube.do not screw the valve stem in the wrong direction or beyond the recommended tightness.The step-by-step mounting procedure should be followed :Insert the new tube in the dry clean tyre and inflate it slightly, just until the tube becomes round.a proper sized new flap should be used. definitely don't use used flaps that are brittle, cracked, broken or stretched.vALvE STEM ATTACHMENTrubber WasherNOTE : do not stand in front of any wheel while inflating the tyre.• Inflate slightly and recheck to ensure the assembled parts are in the proper position. Inflate slightly more and check to ensure tyre bead has seated (slid over to make complete contact with the rim flange). If not, deflate, lubricate and try re- assembly.• Release any air trapped between the tube, flap and tyre by deflating and then reinflate to get proper conforming fit of the flap.seTTIng FInalInFlaTIon pRessuReInstall a new valve core each time a new tyre is mounted. use a tyre safety cage and a remote operating air nozzle. Re-check that the assembly is going together properly at every stage of the process.Inflate in stages, re-checking that theassembly is going together properly at every stage until the recommended inflationpressure is reached. Then add a valve cap after adjusting to the final recommendedpressure.SAFETy CAGE NOTE :• use the safety devices at all times. do not stand in front of the tyre or the valve during inflation.• before final inflation, check the assembly condition carefully.• check if there is any air leakage.• use only the correct, clean mounting and demounting levers, paying attention that they are not oily or greasy which could cause them to slip.• use only the recommended equipment and do not apply excessive force or hammering.the tyre bead.Work around the tyre operating the lever between the tyre bead and the rim flange. avoid operating on the same place several times.after the bead and rim separate, put the lever in the groove at the base, separate the lock-ring and remove the side ring.TUBELESS TyRE MOUNTINGBASE PART OF TUBELESS RIMOUTSIDE BEAD ASSEMBL yBASE PART OF TUBELESS RIMThe Tubeless tyre rim Parts marked “///” are to be cleaned andrubricatedTyRe pRepaRaTIonIn the case of new tyres, wipe the beadclean with a dry cloth. checking at the same time that it is not damaged, kinked orbroken. apply the recommended lubricant to the tyre bead as per the illustration below.ouTsIde bead assemblystart the outside bead placement over the outside rim flange by hand. beginning at the point where the valve stem is located. once hand placement becomes difficult use the proper tubeless tyre bead mounting lever to complete the job as per the following illustrations.When mounting tyres, do not use excessive force and avoid heavy tools or impact such as hammering on the rim.Tubeless TyRe InFlaTIonuse an inflation gauge, suitable remote air hose nozzle and a safety cage when inflating the new mounted tyre. The lubricated bead should seat firmly to the rim flange at about 10 psIinflation. do not stand near or in front of tyre while inflating. use the safety cage and a safedistance for your protection. If the bead fails to seat first try, then rotate the tyre a fewdegrees around the rim, ensure the bead and rim flange is lubricated and try again. If for any reason the bead does not appear snugly and evenly seated, do not attempt to inflate further. Repeat the entire assembly process with perhaps more lubricant on the bead and rim areas.once it seats, and you are assured the bead and rim flange are a snug even fit all the way around. Then inflate the tyre to the recommended inflation pressure to the axle load. check that the tyre or valve are not leaking and tighten on a valve cap.the valve facing upward. Work the bead over the rim flange, using your hands and knees as in the illustration below. If it isdifficult to fit over the flange, use the proper tyre mounting lever as per the illustration.RIm pRepaRaTIonRims must not be broken or damaged.Remove the rubber bushing from the valve stem hole. Inspect the valve stem for any signs of damage or wear.Remove rust, dirt and any foreign materials from the rim. clean and sand smooth the area marked “/ / /” in the above picture. If rusted, clean and repaint the rim surface to protect it from rusting.If required, replace any worn or damaged valve stem.lubricate the inner parts of the rim surface where the tyre mounts (marked “///”).TyRE BEAD CROSSSECTIONMoUNTiNgT uBeless TyReDeMoUNTiNgbead demounTIngplace the tyre assembly on a clean flat surface with the valve facing upward. use a tyre demounting leverouTsIde bead demounTInguse the tyre demounting lever to pry the bead over the rim flange directly in line with the valve stem as per the following illustrations.a second lever is used about 30 cm around the rim from the first to pry the bead over the flange. Repeat the process around the tyre until the outside bead is fully demounted.InsIde bead demounTIngTurn the tyre assembly over. lubricate between the bead and the rim then insert the tip of the tyre lever between the tyre and rim and apply pressure. use the second lever about 15 cm around the edge of the rim. Repeat the order until that bead is completely demounted.The tyre should be completely deflated before demounting. This is done by loosening and removing the valve stem core, being careful that there is no foreign matter left in the valve and that the valve stem is not cracked or damaged. Do not stand near the valve stem during the deflating process.BEAD DEMOUNTINGOUTSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTINGINSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTINGbetween the tyre bead and rim flange.VALVe MoUNTiNga-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. apply a recommended lubricant to the rubber bushing of the valve. Insert the valve stem through the rim hole, assembling the washer and lock-nut on the inside and tighten the lock-nut with a wrench so that the valve stem is secured to the rim.c-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. as per the illustration below, lubricate the 0-ring and insert a new valve stem through the 0-ring and then through the valve stem hole in the rim from the inside. From the other side, securely hand tighten on the lock nut.b-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. as per the illustration below place a lubricated 0-ring on the valve stem, insert the stem into the valve stem hole in the rim so that the valve faces perpendicular to the rim. Then tighten the lock nut with a wrench from the opposite side of the rim until the valve stem is secure.C-TyPE RIM vALvEValve O-ringLock-nutValve capB-TyPE RIM vALvELock nutO-ringValve Valve capA-TyPE RIM vALvERubber bushing Washer Lock nut Valve capValve stem79TecHNicAL MANUALTruck & Bus Tyre78abouT Dual spacingDUAL spAciNga BouTMismatched duals have the same effect on the life of tyres as low inflation or overload. An underinflated tyre on a dual assembly shifts its share of the load to its mate, which then becomes overloaded and frequently fails prematurely.When mounting duals on a truck, there will generally be some difference in the diameter of the 2 tyres (within the limits described below).Mount the small tyre on the inside. The outside tyre wears faster than the inside tyre. As it wears its diameter will approach that of the inside tyre. Additionally, any crown on the road will favor the placement of the smaller diameter tyre on the inside.The difference in dimensions of the tyres on a dual assembly should never exceed the figures shown in table. The measurement and mating of duals is very important when mounting a new set of radial recaps. Just because the caps are all on the same type and all have the same overall diameter. The service they were subjected to prior to capping may have an effect on the size of the retreaded tyre.RIM WIDTH AND TyRE SPACING。

(轮胎)质量手册

JS-L81A-03 JS-L43E-01-03
4.1 0 检验和试验检查业务规定
量产初次产品管理实施要领
JS-L43E-01
原副材料关联业务规定
原副材料进口检查要领
BAT CH橡胶检查要领
硫化初次产品检查要领
成品定期质量审查规定
产品试验规定
外观检查员认定登录实施要领
工程
FME A管理要领
特别特性管理要领
现场启示物管理要领
STEE
L
COR D压延工程
特别管理要领新建设备移交规定
限度样本制作及管理要领
JS-L32I-01 JS-L63B-01-01 JS-L61D-00-05 JS-L31A-01-05 JS-L43D-00-01 JS-L61C-01-04 JS-L43B-04-05
的控制
JS-L62A-01 JS-L81A-01
计量仪管理要领
标准仪管理要领
测定系统分析要领
试验室运营要领
设备保全要领
JS-L62A-01-01 JS-L62A-01-02 JS-L62A-01-03 JS-L43E-01-04 JS-L62C-01-01
JS-
L31
A-
半成品识别管理要领 JS-L61C-01-05
7 /9 改定编号
7
标准编号
4.9 过程控制工程管理规定
JS-L41
设备管理规定工程管理要领设备保全要领
分任组运行规 JS-L81A-01 定作业环境管理 JS-L61C-01-01 要领管理计划书作成要 JS-L62C-01-01 领

轮毂改装升级技术手册(一)

轮毂升级改装技术手册
从上可知： 1）不同的车型和行驶条件，其节油效果也是不同的。 2）同一辆车用铝轮代替钢圈后，可取得明显节能效果的事实是不容置疑的。 2、散热快，整车安全性高。铝合金车轮的高导热性能之特点，极有利于轿车因高速行驶轮胎发热后的散热效果。比相同条件下的钢圈，减少了轿车长距离高速行驶热爆胎的可能，明显提高了轿车高速行驶的安全性能。不仅如此，由于铝车轮的散热效果，凡是与铝车轮直接接触的零配件（如制动闸等），也相对提高了寿命。
轮毂升级改装技术手册
C.德国T&Uuml的认证; V认证的KBA号码, 德国的汽车工业很发达，汽车技术也是领先水平。对汽车零部件的要求也是最高的。所有零部件必须经过德国的 TÜV认证才能销售，否则既是违法。
轮毂升级改装技术手册
TÜV会对相应产品做严格的测试，合格后才能取得一个KBA编号。此编号和产品一一对应，一般在产品上注明。可通过TÜV查到。对轮圈来说，通过 TÜV认证即可是最高质量标准的表明。小尺寸的轮圈KBA号码都会刻在轮圈的较明显处。17inch以上的可不刻在轮圈上。
轮毂升级改装技术手册
9.轮圈认证标示 A.美国DOT-T的标示: SFI认证是标贴粘在气门嘴的下方。美国市场的轮圈还要求有最大允许载荷和产地
轮毂升级改装技术手册
B.日本VIA,JWL的认证: 图示日本VIA,JWL的认证标示。表示轮圈达到日本VIA的质量标准。下面的圆圈标示生产年份和日期。VIA-JWL：不少轮圈VIA-JWL标示在正面
轮毂升级改装技术手册
G.车轮平衡测试：目的是检测车轮的平衡性，用以保证汽车的平顺性。 H.三坐标测量：目的是检查PCD的位置度，以使车轮能准确地装在汽车上。 I.气密性试验：对每个车轮做气密检测，用以确保车轮装上轮胎后不漏气。 5、表面处理——涂装和电镀表面处理也就是给每一个车轮穿上漂亮的外衣，并使车轮在恶劣的环境中工作不变色、不腐蚀、不老化。涂装也就是最为常见喷漆工艺，ARAYS产品全面采用世界一流涂装技术和设备，确保每一个车轮都完美无瑕。

德国马牌轮胎2016年大陆集团产品手册

产品手册超越140年的专业经验。

大陆集团于1871年创建于德国汉诺威，现已成为世界领先的汽车配件供应商之一。

业务遍布全球46个国家269个地点，拥有超过16万技术精湛的员工，持续不断地大力推动着汽车技术的进步。

我们凭借技术和专业知识，为塑造未来汽车潮流的发展做出重要贡献。

我们提供智能创新的解决方案，使得驾乘之旅更安全、舒适、持久。

我们的专长已不仅在于生产优质的轮胎。

作为熟知几乎所有关键汽车制造技术的专家，我们的每一天都致力于开创新的未来。

1品牌介绍08 品牌简介 10 品牌历史 12 品牌故事13 OE 配套16足球赞助2德国科技成就非凡驾乘20 成就非凡驾乘 22 驾乘体验类型 24 德国科技26 ContiSilent 27 SSR28 ContiSeal29CCK3产品介绍32 轿车轮胎 41 SUV 轮胎46 德国马牌轮胎2016年轮胎规格目录品牌介绍08品牌简介10品牌历史12品牌故事13OE配套16足球赞助11品牌介绍196019301900动领未来国际化通过并购和建立国际合资企业，我们的业务得以在欧洲和美国扩展。

推出世界第一款无钉防滑冬季轮胎。

向汽车行业提供聚氨酯汽车雪套和液压悬置。

创新精神建立大陆马牌集团树胶工厂股份公司。

Aeroplan材料。

以及软橡胶制品。

2015+品牌历史1885 年，卡尔 • 本茨成功研制第一辆三轮汽车； 1886年，德利普 • 戴姆勒制成第一辆四轮汽车。

此后的一个多世纪以来，汽车文化风靡全世界，汽车本身发生了飞速的演变，汽车行业本身就好像一辆马力十足、性能优越的跑车，在发展的跑道上飞速前行。

而作为推动汽车前进的轮胎理所当然也在不断升级。

1871 年，德国马牌轮胎创立，经过 140多年的变革与发展，现已成为全球高品质轮胎和先进轮胎技术的代名词。

历史的长河里，德国马牌轮胎从未停下创新的脚步，每一位研发专家都在追求发展的路上不断前行。

在德国马牌轮胎问世的 140多年里，科技始终是推动-飞速发展的最强动力，橡胶及轮胎研发专家们用科技收获了无穷的创新和成就，一次又一次地推动了轮胎的变革。

广饶金旺达轮胎质量手册20110302

SDJWD/Q/SC--2011山东金旺达轮胎有限公司质量体系文件质量手册现行版本： A受控号：持有者：编制：审核；批准：2011－08－20 发布 2011－09-01 实施山东金旺达轮胎有限公司发布更改记录控制页0.3颁布令本公司依据ISO9001︰2008《质量管理体系—要求》编制完成了《质量手册》第一版，经审查符合国际标准要求和本公司的实际情况，适宜本公司质量管理体系运行，现正式予以颁布。

本《质量手册》是我公司质量管理体系运行准则，本手册是本公司质量管理体系的法规性文件，是对顾客提供质量信誉和第三方对本公司质量管理体系进行评审（认证）时的纲领性文件，是指导本公司建立、实施和保持质量管理体系的统一标准和行动准则，望本公司全体员工认真学习遵照执行。

为了贯彻执行ISO9001︰2008《质量管理体系要求》，加强对质量管理体系运作的领导，任命本公司管理层中的吕文强任管理者代表，承担下列职责：a)确保本公司质量管理体系的过程得到建立、实施和保持；b)向总经理报告质量管理体系的业绩，包括改进的需求；c)在公司范围内促进满足顾客要求意识的形成；d)就质量管理体系有关事宜与外部方进行联络。

本手册自 2011年 09月01日发布实施。

总经理:赵光玉二○一一年九月一日0.4手册的管理控制1本手册的编制、发放、修改及改版由办公室统一归口管理。

2手册批准颁布本手册由管理者代表审核，经总经理批准后颁发。

手册分“受控”和“非受控”版本。

3手册的分发3.1“受控”手册在本公司内部分发时，经管理者代表批准后，由办公室负责分发。

向第三方认证机构提供的手册为“受控”版本，编分发号，并进行发放登记。

更改后，须通知所有使用人员。

3.2对外部（除认证机构），只提供“非受控”手册。

由办公室对非受控手册编号登记，经管理者代表批准后，由办公室提供，更改后不通知。

3.3质量手册的“受控”版本，由管理者代表视需要发至与质量体系活动相关的各部门负责人、各生产车间负责人及相应的使用人员。

Strongway 大型车轮更换器用户手册说明书

Large Manual Tire ChangerOwner’s ManualWARNING: Read carefully and understand all ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS before operating. Failure to follow the safety rules and other basic safety precautions may result in serious personal injury.Item #54413Thank you very much for choosing a Strongway™ product!For future reference, please complete the owner’s record below:Serial Number/Lot Date Code: ________________________________ Purchase Date: ____________________________________________ Save the receipt, warranty, and this manual. It is important that you read the entire manual to become familiar with this product before you begin using it.This tire changer is designed for certain applications only. Northern Tool & Equipment is not responsible for issues arising from modification or improper use of this product such as an application for which it was not designed. We strongly recommend that this product not be modifiedand/or used for any application other than that for which it was designed. For technical questions, please call 1-800-222-5381.Intended Use (4)Technical Specifications (4)Important Safety Information (4)Specific Operation Warnings (5)Assembly Instructions (6)Operating Instructions (8)Troubleshooting (13)Parts Diagram (14)Parts List (14)Replacement Parts (14)Limited Warranty (16)Strongw ay’s Large Manual Tire Changer allows you the freedom and ease of changing your own tires.1. Bolt the long leg (#1) to the center post (#3) with bolts (#11), nuts (#12), lock washers (#13), andflat washers (#14).2. Bolt the two short legs (#2) to the long leg base with bolts (#11), nuts (#12), lock washers(#13), and flat washers (#14).Note: The user can bolt the manual tire changer to the floor with the four provided holes.3. Connect the casting pipe (#4) into the post (#3) with the lock pin (#5) and hair pin (#6).4. Connect the shovel (#7) to the casting pipe (#4) with the lock pin (#5) and hair pin (#6).5. Slip the slotted press plate (#8) into the top of the post (#3).6. Rotate the threaded rod (#9) into the top of post (#3).Bead BreakingBefore beginning, use a rubber lubricant (not included). It makes bead breaking, mounting, and demounting easier.1. Place one piece of the pad on the base of the product.2. To break the bead from the rim, lay the tire flat on the long leg base (#1).3. Insert the flat end of the mount /demount bar (#10) into the casting pipe (#4). Set the shovel (#7)on the tire against the edge of the rim. As you work with different sized tires you may need to adjust the shovel height. Adjust the shovel height by removing the pin and moving the shovel (#7) to the appropriate height and reinserting the pin.4. Push down on the mount/demount bar forcing the bead off the rim. If the bead does not comeoff all at once, turn the tire and try again in several different locations.5. Turn the tire over and repeat.Demounting and Mounting Tires1. After the bead is broken, place the tire up on the machine with the valve stem facing up and thelug pin sticking up through the lug hole of the rim.2. Place the slotted press plate (#8) over the center post.3. Screw the threaded rod (#9) onto the center post. Lock the slotted press plate into place bytightening by hand. Hand tightening should be enough but if you want a little more pressure, place the flat end of the dismount tool through the top of the threaded rod and use the extra leverage to tighten the threaded rod even more.4. Once the tire is held securely in place, force demounting in between the tire and the rim. Thisshould be done with the flat of the demount end against the rim. Pull the bar toward you across the tire to force the edge of the bead over the rim.5. Work the bar all the way around the center post to demount the bead completely.6. Pull the tire up toward the top bead, place the flat end of the demounting bar between the tireand the rim as before, and repeat.7. To mount the tire back on the rim, with the other hand, pull the bar clockwise around the centerpost until the bead starts to mount onto the rim. It should only have to move a few inches before you can let go of the tire and use both hands on the bar. If the tire bead starts to seat while you are mounting the mount, continue around the rim until the tire mounts to the tire. To prevent this, push down on the tire so it doesn’t seat on the upper edge of the rim during mounting.Note: The bead running across the top of the mounting tool keeps the bar hooked on the edge of the rim. The tire bead will run across the top (flat part of the mounting end of the bar) and against the curved peg when mounting on the rim.Maintain the product by adopting a program of conscientious repair and maintenance in accordance with the following recommended procedures. It is recommended that the general condition of any tool be examined before it is used. Keep your tool in good repair. Keep all cutting tools sharp and clean. Keep handles dry, clean, and free from oil and grease.Use the table below to troubleshoot problems before contacting service personnel or your local dealer. If the problem continues after troubleshooting, call your local dealer for assistance.∙For replacement parts and technical questions, please call Customer Service at 1-800-222-5381. ∙Not all product components are available for replacement. The illustrations provided are a convenient reference to the location and position of parts in the assembly sequence.∙When ordering parts, the following information will be required: item description, item model number, item serial number/item lot date code, and the replacement part reference number. ∙The distributor reserves the rights to make design changes and improvements to product lines and manuals without notice.Northern Tool and Equipment Company, Inc. ("We'' or "Us'') warrants to the original purchaser only ("You'' or “Your”) that the Strongway product purchased will be free from material defects in both materials and workmanship, normal wear and tear excepted, for a period of one year from date of purchase. The foregoing warranty is valid only if the installation and use of the product is strictly in accordance with product instructions. There are no other warranties, express or implied, including the warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If the product does not comply with this limited warranty, Your sole and exclusive remedy is that We will, at our sole option and within a commercially reasonable time, either replace the product or product component without charge to You or refund the purchase price (less shipping). This limited warranty is not transferable.Limitations on the WarrantyThis limited warranty does not cover: (a) normal wear and tear; (b) damage through abuse, neglect, misuse, or as a result of any accident or in any other manner; (c) damage from misapplication, overloading, or improper installation; (d) improper maintenance and repair; and (e) product alteration in any manner by anyone other than Us, with the sole exception of alterations made pursuant to product instructions and in a workmanlike manner.Obligations of PurchaserYou must retain Your product purchase receipt to verify date of purchase and that You are the original purchaser. To make a warranty claim, contact Us at 1-800-222-5381, identify the product by make and model number, and follow the claim instructions that will be provided. The product and the purchase receipt must be provided to Us in order to process Your warranty claim. Any returned product that is replaced or refunded by Us becomes our property. You will be responsible for return shipping costs or costs related to Your return visit to a retail store.Remedy LimitsProduct replacement or a refund of the purchase price is Your sole remedy under this limited warranty or any other warranty related to the product. We shall not be liable for: service or labor charges or damage to Your property incurred in removing or replacing the product; any damages, including, without limitation, damages to tangible personal property or personal injury, related to Your improper use, installation, or maintenance of the product or product component; or any indirect, incidental or consequential damages of any kind for any reason.Assumption of RiskYou acknowledge and agree that any use of the product for any purpose other than the specifieduse(s) stated in the product instructions is at Your own risk.Governing LawThis limited warranty gives You specific legal rights, and You also may have other rights which vary from state to state. Some states do not allow limitations or exclusions on implied warranties or incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations may not apply to You. This limited warranty is governed by the laws of the State of Minnesota, without regard to rules pertaining to conflicts of law. The state courts located in Dakota County, Minnesota shall have exclusive jurisdiction for any disputes relating to this warranty.Distributed by:Northern Tool & Equipment Company, Inc.Burnsville, Minnesota 55306Made in China。

汽车轮胎参数和配置手册说明书

(January 2004)Heavy Duty Application ListJuly 2010*May have either H-140 or H-172 carrier; check carrier to determine correct NoSPIN differential. #Produced with different axle shafts: count splines to determine correct NoSPIN differential.(1) 2xx, 3xx, and 4xx Models = NoSPIN / Detroit Locker brand automatic locking differential. The new “IMPROVED Detroit Locker”, indicated by an “SL” in the model number (225SL-58B) provides smooth and quieter operation in the drive-coast mode. A dampening device has been inserted into the inboard end of each side gear.A “letter” after the model indicates that a 2-piece support case assembly is supplied by Eaton with the differential. All other models (no letter) fit the 2-piece differential case supplied by the axle/vehicle maker. To install a NoSPIN differential model supplies without its own case in an axle which was originally supplied with Powr-Lok, Trac-Lok, Traction Equalizer or other locking or limited-slip differential, it will also be necessary to use the axle maker’s conventional differential support case.Bolts, bearings, shims and gaskets are not supplied by Eaton.(2) The axle shaft diameter is the “major diameter” measured over the splines at the outer end of the shaft.(3) Use 225S-18 assembly if two-piece case, use 225S-58A, B, C, D assembly if a one-piece case.(4) Model 350S-85 required for conventional differential case, while Model 350S-67 required with special 113304 and 113305 differential case.(5) If replacing conventional differential, modification of differential case is required. Call Eaton.(6) Requires Eaton 113304 and 113305 differential case.(7) A conventional 1640 differential case assembly, Clark part number 126952, must be used with 306S-46 differentialassembly, as it cannot be retrofitted into the case assembly with needle bearings.NOTESSeveral medium and heavy-duty axles were supplied with two or three axle shafts from time to time. This accounts for the listing of various NoSPIN differential models, with the latest listed first. Modification of our differentials of any kind may void your Limited warranty. Please refer to Eaton’s Limited Warranty on the back of Owner’s Manuals for complete guidelines. While this model list is believed to be accurate, we cannot guarantee there are no errors or omissions of the data. Customer is responsible to identify the correct Eaton differential for his particular application. NoSPIN, Detroit Locker, Truetrac and Suretrac are registered trademarks and Detroit LSD is a trademark of Eaton. Powr-Lok and Trac-Lok are trademarks of Dana Corporation. Traction Equalizer is a trademark of Meritor Automotive, Inc.。

SRAM Cognition 轮圈刹车轮毂保养手册说明书

SRAM LLC 质保有限质保的范围除此质保另有约定外，SRAM 保证 (i) Zipp MOTO 轮圈在产品寿命期内在材质和工艺方面无瑕疵；并且 (ii) 其余产品在初始购买之后的两年内在材质和工艺方面无瑕疵。

此质保只对第一买主有效且不可转让。

根据此质保提出任何索赔时，必须通过向您销售自行车或 SRAM 组件的零售商提出。

需提供原始购买凭证。

除此质保说明之外，SRAM 不做任何其他明示或默示的保证或陈述，并且排除所有保证，包括关于合理谨慎、适销性或适用于某一特定用途的默示保证。

地方法律此质保给予消费者特定的法律权利。

同时，消费者还享有其他权利，此等权利在各州（美国）、各省（加拿大）和世界上其他各个国家有可能不同。

如果此质保的内容与某些地方法律有不一致之处，则视为将此质保修改为与此等地方法律一致。

根据此等地方法律，此质保的某些免责声明和限制条款可适用于消费者。

例如，美国的某些州以及美国之外的某些政府（包括加拿大的省份）可能：a. 会使此质保中的免责声明和限制条款不能限制消费者的法定权利（如英国）。

b. 或限制制造商执行此等免责声明或限制条款的能力。

澳大利亚客户：本 SRAM 有限质保由注册地址位于 1000 W. Fulton Market, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA 的 SRAM LLC 在澳大利亚提供。

若要提出质保索赔，请联系向您销售此 SRAM 产品的零售商。

或者，您可联系 SRAM 澳大利亚分公司提出索赔，地址：6 Marco Court, Rowville 3178, Australia。

对于有效的索赔，SRAM 将选择维修或更换相应的 SRAM 产品。

因提交质保索赔而引起的任何费用均由客户承担。

您根据与我们的产品相关的法律可能享有其他权利和救济；本质保给予的权益是此等权利和救济之外的。

我们的产品享受《澳大利亚消费者法》所规定之不得排除的保证。

摩托车轮毂设计说明书

第1章绪论1.1 摩托车车轮发展概况随着工业的飞速发展，摩托车工业也快速的壮大起来，摩托车成为了人们出行所使用的主要交通工具之一。

尤其是在发展中国家里，摩托车的拥有数量非常庞大。

在我国各大城市里，摩托车已经成为许多家庭的主要交通工具。

正是由于摩托车市场的庞大的需求量，从而促使了摩托车企业的快速发展，制造摩托车的工艺也在不断进步。

摩托车车轮是摩托车中极其重要的部件之一，它的质量好坏直接影响着摩托车行驶的安全和可靠。

早期的摩托车速度较低，其车轮结构为刚性连接，轮胎为高压胎。

随着轮胎及车轮技术的发展，低压轮胎逐渐取代了高压轮胎。

与此同时，低压轮胎又出现了无内胎轮胎。

目前，摩托车车轮主要有三种结构形式：轮圈辐条组合式车轮、辐板式整体车轮和轻合金车轮。

轮圈辐条组合式车轮是一种传统的结构型式，该种车轮与早期刚性连接的车轮相比，减震性能较好。

但是，这种车轮受结构的限制，车轮的外形变化比较困难，不能适应摩托车外观造型日新月异的需要。

并且由于这种结构车轮受轮圈冲孔的限制，不能装配无内胎轮胎，使它的发展大受影响。

辐板式整体车轮分为辐板式整体钢车轮和辐板式整体铝车轮。

辐板式整体钢车轮主要用于中、低挡小轮摩托车。

其钢制轮圈的工艺方法是用钢板卷制后焊接成型，使用一段时间后，焊接部位易生锈造成无内胎车轮漏气。

辐板式整体铝车轮有质量小、铝辐板形状容易变化等优势。

另外，铝合金轮圈和铝辐板通过表面处理后，可以形成车轮所需要的各种颜色，满足了消费者对多种颜色的需求。

轻合金车轮是一种整体式车轮，主要有铝合金车轮和镁合金车轮。

镁合金车轮具有比铝合金车轮更诱人的潜在优势。

虽然目前镁合金车轮已经开始应用于摩托车，但主要局限于赛车上，它不能像铝合金车轮那样进行大批量生产，其主要是因为：1) 镁与氧气有极大的亲和力，在液态下镁可以剧烈氧化和燃烧，在熔炼和整个铸造过程中必须在保护性气氛的覆盖下进行，否则会发生燃烧事故。

而目前的保护性气氛都涉及环保问题，不仅会破坏大气臭氧层，而且对人体危害性较大，且极易损坏设备和建筑物。

Hyster A Series 内燃机胎轮车产品说明书

PRODUCT BROCHUREInternal combustion enginePneumatic tyre trucks2 000 –3 500 kgA SERIES H2.0-3.5A02Hyster have revolutionised the manufacturing process to deliver a tough truck you would expect, but built to meet the needs of the application and operator.The Hyster A Series is designed using A+ Logic, with a fully integrated set of scalable and adjustable features that allows you to easily fine-tune the right solution to fit your application. We know that no two customers face identical challenges. So, instead of providing you with a truck we built, we build the truck you need. It’s just logical.THE HYSTER ®A SERIES: DISTINCTLY HYSTER, BUILT FOR YOU03Your specific business challenges are unique; however, issues such as productivity, increased costs and operator shortages are increasing. When it comes to your materials handling equipment, choosing the right options for your individual needs can help address these issues.Designing your own Hyster H2.0-3.5A forklift truck, you get the comfort, cost andperformance benefits that suit your operation and your operators needs. Plus, you get a materials handling solution that suits your budget, as you are not including features that you do not require.LOW TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP With every H2.0-3.5A forklift truck, you get standard Hyster Tracker™ telemetry , industry leading fuel economy and durable components and systems resulting in reduced maintenance costs.HIGH PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITYIndustry-leading operator assistance features are designed to support truck awareness of both operators and pedestrians on or around the forklift truck. This can be combined with our optional innovative stability system, helping you benefit from more operator confidence and greater productivity .OPERATOR-CENTRIC DESIGN You have to experience it to believe it. Every detail of the operatorcompartment has been precisely engineered to provide optimalcomfort and best-in-class visibility to help your operators stay comfortableand productive all shift long.DESIGNED AROUND OPERATOR NEEDS Don’t let the physical demands facing forklift truck operators undermine overall productivity of the truck and operator.The H2.0-3.5A series is designed for ergonomics and convenience, making it easier for operators of every size to stay comfortable during operation. Easy entry and exit. Every time. All day.04THE FORKLIFT TRUCK BUILT TODAY – FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDSKEEP COSTS UNDER CONTROLDON’T BUY WHATYOU DON’T NEEDStart with a singular base configuration, then add what you need, that best suits your application or operational requirements.BOOST FUEL EFFICIENCYWhether you choose diesel or LPG,you can lower costs and reduceemissions by consuming up to13% less diesel and 9% less LPGfuel per truck than the leadingcompetitor models*TELEMETRY HARDWAREEasily monitor and diagnoseequipment remotely with HysterT racker™, helping reduce the needfor technician visits and manualinspection to determine preventivemaintenance needs.06DID YOU KNOW? Meeting customer demand for lower costs, faster response times and service expectations accounted for threeof the top six supply chain challenges.1Increasing demands, challenging work cycles and environments can reduce uptime.Y ou need materials handling equipment you can depend on to deliver shift after shift. The H2.0-3.5A series protects your bottom line with features engineered to help prevent unplanned downtime, simplify service and lower fuel costs.Durable materials handling equipment will improve uptime, flexibility and performance tailored to your operation will help to overcome these challenges.REDUCED SERVICE TIMESEXCEPTIONAL VISIBILITYThe ability to clearly see your surroundings quickly is vital for operators.Clear visibility is key to help avoid incidents and damage. Other forklift trucks, robotics, pedestrians and other vehicles are all hazards than can be avoided with a clear all round view.applications. The fork laser level line helps the operator to quickly and easily see where the fork tips will enter a load, reducing product and facility damage.FORWARD VISIBILITYWith the widest mast view* compared to the leadingcompetitor’s, the A series new mast design enhances fork tip visibility when handling loads and awareness of the environment when travelling.09*Widest mast window compared with Linde 2.5T 5 cylinder and T oyota 2.5T T onero models.STRENGTHEN YOUR WORKFORCE WITH CONFIDENT FORKLIFT OPERATORSOPTIONAL DYNAMICSTABILITY SYSTEM (DSS)The optional maintenance-free stability system works with the operator to promote operating best practices and provides audible and visual alerts that can be logged through the standard telemetry hardware. OPTIONAL OPERATOR ASSISTANCE SYSTEMSOptional Hyster operator assistance features provide alerts and in the following conditions to help reinforce proper operating practices and maintain productivity.L ateral Stability System is a steer axle mounting that reduces truck lean while turning.H igh-Lift Traction Control limits truck speed when carriage is raised above height threshold to reinforce proper operating practices.*H igh-Lift Tilt Control limits tilt speed and tilt range when carriage is raised above height threshold with a load to reinforce correct operating practices.*C orner Control System limits speed during cornering manoeuvres which helps reinforce proper operating practices. Variable settings are available to suit the application needs and operator experience levels of the customer.R ear-Facing Camera with the corresponding LCD display helps in monitoring the rear area of the truck while manoeuvring or changing directions.T he Hyster industry-exclusive Integrated Object Detection System uses infrastructure free LiDAR technology to help alert the operator if an object is detected in the path of travel. When needed, the system automatically adjusts lift truck speed and help reinforce proper operating practices and maintain productivity.I ntegrated Proximity Detection is customer-configurable help to detect proximity to other equipment, pedestrians and beacons through localor real-time location technologies. When needed,the forklift truck speed and hydraulic functions willbe automatically adjusted to help reinforce proper operating practices and maintain productivity.11*Properly trained operators of high-lift counterbalance lift trucks should always travel (with or without load) with the carriage lowered. Operators should exercise caution when tilting loads at height, and during acceleration (forward or backward) when removing or depositing loads positioned high on racks.。

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轮胎轮毂产品手册
轮胎轮毂是通途无忧的一项基础服务。

我们的轮胎轮毂服务直接竞争对手为专业的轮胎服务店如4S（车之翼、米其林），在这类服务中我们必须做到专业的服务、经济实惠的价格才有可能击败竞争对手，让我们的会员用车无忧。

通过该类服务中粘合度，可以增加大量优质会员。

以下分类介绍轮胎轮毂产品服务
一、产品分类
二、产品内容
三、工作内容
一、分类结构
二、产品内容
轮胎轮毂
1)快速冷补；
2)根据客户用车里程提供轮胎对调；
3)根据客户实际道路使用情况提供轮胎轮毂方面的合理化建议；
4)四轮定位（四轮定位技术为目前最先进的四轮定位技术，其优势为
操作更简单，数据更精准，服务更快捷）；
5)精准、美观、牢固的内铅动平衡；
6)轮胎升级
7)轮毂升级
三、工作内容
轮胎基础知识学习与鉴定
(一)轮胎轮毂工作规范
1、作业前确认工具设施（工具及零件小车等）准备到位，设备运转状况正常，
工位环境干净整洁。

2、引导车辆进入工位合适位置（建议在工位划定置线），通过接车问诊表与销
售单明确作业内容和要求（作业项目与完工时间等）
3、修理作业前须首先进行外观检查、使用三块叶子板护罩、套尾排管（有必要
发动车辆时）
4、所有举升机在上升与下降过程前或发动车辆前应大声提示周边人员，车辆上
升离地5cm，摇晃车身进行安全确认。

车辆在上升与下降过程中不要进行任何作
业。

5、一台车最多不超过2人同时进行作业（补胎与一般升级）
7、严格按照轮胎轮毂确认单与《轮胎轮毂产品手册》规定的程序与标准作业，
做到不缺、漏项。

操作规范，保证安全与质量。

并执行作业流程
8、检查紧固有扭矩要求的螺丝一定要根据规定的力矩值使用扭力扳手，轮胎等部
件的螺母固定采取对角线方式。

扭力扳手不能用于拆卸螺丝。

9、不要空转气动扳手（以防套筒甩出），使用时扭力不宜过大。

（否则会超过规
定力矩，损伤螺丝）使用完成后仍须用扭力扳手确认力矩。

10、拆卸下的零件、螺丝垫片等不能放在地面，也不要放在用户车内。

应有专用
零件小车、轮胎架、容器等放置。

保持工位作业环境
11、作业完成后进行自检，确认作业内容已全部按要求完成，并检查车内无遗留
物品。

旧件妥善分类放置（待后续处理），清洁修理部位。

12、施工关键部位时（制动、转向、总成件组装等），施工主管应进行中间检查。

（二）车间现场管理
1、车间应设专人负责作业现场的管理工作，根据管理制度与标准对发现的问题
及时进行纠正和改善。

使人、机、物、料等作业要素始终处于正常、规范的工作
状态。

2、车间应制定各岗位工作职责、内部管理制度（人员管理与培训、设备操作规
程与维护管理制度、安全管理、作业规范、5S管理、旧件及废油废物管理等）。

将上述标准向全体人员进行培训考核，并悬挂上墙。

3、将现场工作质量作为考核员工整体工作的指标之一，为此，特约店应制定现
场工作检查评价表、考核制度与实施细则。

4、车间现场管理是一项日常基础管理工作，需要特约店高度重视，常抓不懈。

真正达到明确职责、细划标准、严格管理，养成习惯的要求。

（三）车间工具设备维护与管理
1、建立设备档案，包括设备的编号、建立、汇集、整理图纸、技术说明书合格
证，并一一登记造册
2、专用工具及其它设备台帐管理、建立借用制度。

3、定期将计量器具送检。

专用工具定位摆放，并在相应位置贴标签，建议配备
挂板，节省工具室空间。

工具室内物品摆放整齐。

4、车间重要设备、工具车、零件小车等在合适（方便工作角度）地点摆放，划线放置，使用完后复位。

5、及时向相关主管反馈工具设备的变更情况。

并更新设备档案
6、专人负责管理设备工具，重要设备指定责任人。

7、指定专门人员或部门按照通途无忧提供的设备检查表格式，结合具体设备《技术说明书》的内容，制定特约店设备点检表（日、月、年分类）；维护保养标准（作业指导书）。

并对相关责任人进行培训。

8、明确发现问题后的处理流程（见设备检查表）
9、服务顾问、行政不定期的进行抽查。