5 theories concerning the study of semantics 语义学的5个理论

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英文语义学课件

Books
Ltd,பைடு நூலகம்
1974.
Palmer. F.R. Semantics. Cambridge: CUP,
1976.
As a technical term in semantics, the word of meaning should have its definition. However, it is a controversial issue and so far there is no agreement at this point among linguists.
3. Different kinds of meaning G. Leech(1974) “Semantics”
Leech’s seven types of meaning
1. Conceptual meaning also called “denotative” or “cognitive” meaning. This refers to the definition given in the dictionary. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication and is integral to the essential functioning of language. Man [+Human] [+Male] [+Adult] Girl [+Human] [-Male] [-Adult]
2) some words or phrases always have negative associations. E.g. the number “4” in Chinese, “13” in English

名师解析04年考研英语完型填空试题(1)

名师解析04年考研英语完型填空试题(1)从总体上看，XX年的考研完型填空难度并不高，无论是文章本身的阅读难度还是所考查的词汇难度都处于平均水平。

从文章背景来看这是一篇有关探讨导致青少年犯罪因素理论的社会科学类说明文，仍然遵循了近些年来完型文章基本都是选取有关社会科学题材的说明文或议论文的传统。

从文章的布局和结构来看，依旧按照完型文章最为典型的总分对照结构，由总述句概括出一个中心主线，整篇文章围绕着这个中心主线展开，具体的文章结构和中心主线分析如下：本文采用了总分对照结构，文章的首句即为本文的总述句，直接定义出本文的核心主题：many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.即本文主题是有关青少年犯罪的理论，而且这些理论主要分为两大类：一类侧重于个人因素的影响，另一类侧重于社会因素的影响。

文章的分述部分就是围绕着这些理论详细展开，具体列举了造成青少年犯罪率上升的几种因素。

词汇考点分析从所考查的词汇分布来看，XX年完型仍然是重点考查动词的用法、近义词辨析、以及通过考连词考查考生对上下文（句）逻辑关系的理解这三大考点。

考查动词用法的题占了6道，包括21、26、29、30、33、40题；考查名词近义词辨析占了6道，包括23、24、32、36、38、39题；考查形容词近义词辨析占了2道，比往年要少，包括28和37题；考查副词近义词辨析只有1道，34题；考查近义词辨析的题一共有9道；通过考连词考查上下文（句）逻辑关系的题占了3道，包括22、25、35题；从上述分析可以看出，三大考点就一共占了完型填空全部XX年的完型填空的词汇考点对于考生有针对性地复习词汇还是很有指导意义的。

考研英语阅读必须掌握的50个重要词汇

考研英语阅读必须掌握的 50 个重要词汇1.authority 权威，当局Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.墨西哥当局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。

One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.一位权威人士说道，这些极其强大的精神事件不但可以约束，还可以有意识地进行控制。

2.equivalent 等价物The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.该数字证书可以成为一个"自愿受信身份"系统，从而成为物理密钥、指纹以及身份证的高科技等价物。

3.alternative 替代物They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.他们更愿意握紧自己的钱包，把在家吃饭作为一种现实的替代。

4.substitute 代替物Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.忠诚的音乐会爱好者回答道，唱片并不能`1 代替现场表演。

语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition

2. Recognition of words in print

1).Two questions in printed word recognition (1). Two different processes for…… A lexical route A non-lexical route Connectionist theories （连接主义模型理论） claim that…… (2). Quantitative analyses……
(1) Word recognition

Recognition of spoken words and words in print 1.recognition of spoken words 1)Features of speech could cause difficulty for listeners. (1). (2). (3).
Six research subjects within it

1)acquisition 2)comprehension 3)production 4)disorders 5)language and thought 6)neurocognition We will focus on the former three subjects, say, acquisition, comprehension and production.
The conceptual approach

Cognitive linguistics has addressed : 1) 2) 3) 4) Above all, it seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language.

2004年考研英语一真题及答案

2004年考研英语一真题及答案Section IListening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateauhighlands 1Highest altitude of the coastal plain _______m 2Climate near the sea HumidMild 3Particularly rainy months of the years AprilNovember 4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃high _______℃ 5Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)What is Saffo according to himself?The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?678910Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time tocheck your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11.What do we often do with the things we love?[A] Ask for their names.[B] Name babies after them.[C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them.12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.[A] the family tree is fairly limited[B] the family tie is strong enough[C] the name is commonly used[D] nobody in the family complains13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.[A] show the beauty of its own[B] develop more associations[C] lose the original meaning[D] help form the baby’s personalityQuestions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?[A] 90[B] 108[C] 180[D] 66815.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.[A] England’s footballer of the year[B] a soccer coach in West Germany[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.[A] editing Sunday Sport[B] working for Capital Radio[C] managing professional soccer teams[D] developing a sports marketing companyQuestions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.[A] oil refinery[B] linen textiles[C] food products[D] deepwater port18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?[A] Soap[B] Grain[C] Steel[D] Tobacco19.When was Belfast founded?[A] In 1177[B] In 1315[C] In the 16th century[D] In the 17th century20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?[A] French refugees arrived.[B] The harbor was destroyed.[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.[D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commitcrimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.〞 It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,〞 says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.〞 says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you thinkyou want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,〞 says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.〞 Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,〞 says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,〞says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,〞 he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41.How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43.The expression “tip service〞 (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ〞 (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,〞 she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.〞 So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.〞 she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From cardealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,〞 says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,〞 says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet〞 (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range〞 (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54.Why can many people see “silver linings〞 to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,〞says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.〞 Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed SchoolReforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.〞“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,〞 writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.〞 Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.〞56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar[C] complementary[D] opposite59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60.What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic〞 language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61.________62.________63.________64.________65.________Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. highlands2. 203. mild4. November5. 22Part B (5 points)6. A (technology) forecaster;7. government agencies;8. (A) meaningful (exercise);9. open to change;10. Trust and cooperation.Part C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [A]16. [C] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [A] 20. [C]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [C] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [B] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [D] 44. [B] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [B] 50. [D]51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]Part B (10 points)61. 希腊人认为, 语言构造与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。

英语语言学期末试题练习答案

英语语言学期末试题练习答案SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmentalfeature4.deep structure5.predicationanalysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlanguage 10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrase structurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, whichis of neither the native language nor the second language,but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive,having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a secondlanguage. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntacticcategories. 23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enterculture B and become part of culture B. 24E.A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combineselements regarding regional, social, gender, and agevariations. 6F.A special language variety that mixes or blends languages andit is used by people who speak different languages forrestricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down ofpredications into their constituents---- arguments andpredicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go withwhat others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with thehead’s subcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of thedistinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, andlanguage that characterizes the life of the human community.20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer.18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R.A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, anoun phrase or a verb. 15S.A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V.A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only.13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Thisquotation is a good illustration of the a____ nature oflanguage. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time inhistory is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of therules of his language, and performance the actualrealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from thelungs meets with no o____. This marks the essentialdifference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the samephonetic environment. They are said to be in c____distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostpart purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain three elements: head, specifier, and c____.Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holdsthat there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind.concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is calledh____. hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have aset of different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics iswhether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of aparticular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World HealthOrganization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its functionvaries; it differs in different situations. The type oflanguage which is selected as appropriate to the type ofsituation is a r____. Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture Aenter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second orforeign language is more commonly learned consciously.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning asecond language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speechsounds called “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegment are called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure ofwords and rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____.Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” i s calleds____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, . , different words areidentical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe thefour maxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker thatcombines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to theparticular way of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of languagewhich links together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics andsemanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology andsemantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, .,how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC.articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voicelessfricative ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open andunrounded vowel ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. []8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to theinflectional morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD.undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized asstylistic synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle,our language might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech act s, whichof the following is an instance of directives ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. crashC. typewriterD.bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means ofclipping_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionbelieves that language learning is simply a matter ofimitation and habit formation ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example ofovergeneralization ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr.Krashen ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. InputHypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operativePrinciplesA.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator oftransformational generative grammarA.F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M.A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as itsprimary language and children learn it as their firstlanguage, it becomes .B.A. creole... pidgin B.pidgin... creoleC.C. regional dialect... sociolectD.sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, .,how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speechsounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatoryphonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP orAdv. Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close andunrounded vowel ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to thederivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized ascollocational synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classificat ion of speech acts, whichof the following is Not an instance of directives ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with usD. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the_____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix"ed" in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically programmed forlanguage and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by EricLenneberg ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalizationA. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns areimposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to mannersof articulationA. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according toplaces of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to thecharacteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords arevibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, mostprobably his “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male +Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-associationA. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56. describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD.Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59. refers to the process whereby a word is shortenedwithout a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.60.A. Blending B. Back-formation C. Clipping D. Conversion61.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the studyof general linguisticsA. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not anyparticular language, . English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as thenatural or primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds withletter-symbols only while in broad transcription wetranscribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes anddevelopment of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one,and until recently the most highly developed, is acousticphonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the sealcould not be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that humanbeings are biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversationalparticipants have to strictly observe the four maxims, sothat the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in peopleunder different cultural background. T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by theage of three or four can learn the new language without thetrace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what isgrammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds, language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and backaccording to the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguisticprinciples and theories to language teaching and learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that thestress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of theprimary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, onlywhen the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, d o they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires alanguage-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways. T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used toperform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever theystart and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. Itrefers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have differentreferences in different situations while linguistic formswith the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in thestudy of word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other P662.According to Halliday, what is register What are the socialvariables that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentiallymake it different from other animal communication systems P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle”suggested by Ogden andⅥ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person ispossibly performing while making an utterance Give anexample to illustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP Illustrate with exampleshow flouting these maxims gives rise to conversationalimplicature P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are notwell formed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of themeanings of all its components. And it includes bothgrammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rulesof the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

英语教学法作业

作业1．第1题According to Ur (1996), a good presentation should include both oralａnd written, ａnd both ___.ａnd writingａnd readingａnd grammarａnd meaning您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：2．第2题According to Ur, in grammar practice, factors which contribute tosuccess practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition,success-orientation, heterogeneity, ___.assistance ａnd interestmethod ａnd deductive methodpractice ａnd meaningful practice, ａnd writing您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：3．第3题Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.the wordsword net-workcategoriesthe Internet resources for more ideas您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：4．第4题The goal of Intelligibility means that the pronunciation should be ___.ａnd natural您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：5．第5题There is ___ between mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice. anexam ple given by Wang Qiang is the “chain of events” activity.distinctionclear-cut distinctionclear-cut distinctionD.(None of the above)您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：6．第6题One language form may express a number of communicative functions ａnd one ___ can also be expressed by a variety of ___.… dialects… languagesform … communicative functionsfunction … language forms您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：7．第7题In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：8．第8题According to Archambault (1964), a constructivist scholar, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of ___.the learners forward in their imitationthe common rules of languagethe learners memorize the structures of languagethe learners’ interests ａnd curiosity for learning您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：9．第9题As far as language learning is concerned, the ___ concerns how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing ａnd generalization.theoriestheoriestheoriestheories您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：10．第10题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often meaningfulenough examples are provided您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：11．第11题As far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, which of the following is NOT the uncertainty that still remainsvocabulary items should be taught ａnd learned.vocabulary can be taught ａnd learned most effectively.vocabulary should be taught ｏr not.constitute a vocabulary item.您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：12．第12题When teaching pronunciation, the goal of Consistency means that the pronunciation should be ___.ａnd natural您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：13．第13题When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.an individual sound for more than a few minutes a timeB.ｃreate a pleasant, relaxed, ａnd dynamic classroomthe students to imitate for a long timeauthoritative in our teaching您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：14．第14题As far as language learning is concerned, the ___emphasize the nature of the human ａnd physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, ａnd the atmosphere.theoriestheoriestheoriestheories您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：15．第15题Theories concerning language learning include the ____ theories, the ____ theories, the ____ theories, and the ____ theories.; Goal-oriented; Behaviourist; Cognitive; Interactional; Constructivist; Socio-constructivist; Behavioural; Cognitive; Constructivist; Cognitive; Constructivist; Socio-constructivist您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：16．第16题According to the Cognitive theory, a language learner acquires language ____ which enables him to produce language.您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：17．第17题It is believed that the inductive method is more effective than the deductive method because students ___ while engaged in language use.told by the teacher the grammar rulesthe grammar rules without any difficultylearn the grammar rulesthe grammar rules themselves您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：18．第18题Grammar presentation is concerned with how to make the students understand ｏr discover grammar rules. it is ___ that helps studentsdevelop grammatical capability.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：19．第19题According to Ur, the six factors contribute to successful practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition, success-orientation, heterogeneity, teacher assistance, ａnd ___.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：20．第20题Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. these components inlude linguistic competence, pragmatic competence,discourse competence, strategic competence, ａnd ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：21．第21题According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(2) knowing that there are some related words(3) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs(4) being able to recognize the typical collocationsA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：22．第22题When trying to achieve consistency in pronunciation, students do not have to ａnd should not sacrifice ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：23．第23题The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited ａnd taught explicitly.carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teachermade by the students themselvesplace automaticallytakes place您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：24．第24题Views on language ａnd ____ both influence theories on how languageshould be taught.on language learningon culture learningof lifeof life您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：25．第25题Vocabulary building strategies include reviewing regularly, ___, organizing vocabulary effectively, ａnd using a dictionary.the spellingmeaning ｆrom the contextthe meaningthe translation您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：26．第26题Ways of presenting new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2005) include the following EXCEPT ___.all the new words in a text in an isolated way before reading the text. for possible misunderstanding ｏr confusion that students may have.C.ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonyms to explain meanings.different contexts for introducing new words.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：27．第27题“Try to provide a visual ｏr physical demonstration whenever possible, using ___ to show meaning” is one of the ways of presenting new wｏrds suggested in Wang Wiang’s book (2005).verbal contextsets ｏr hyponyms, photos, video clips, mime ｏr gesturesformation rules ａnd common affixes您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：28．第28题Apart ｆrom the learner factors, the ____ is another factor that determines if the students can acquire native-like english pronunciation.of exposure to Englishof production of English’s knowledge of English grammar’s vocabulary size您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：29．第29题As far as pronunciation is concerned, consistency ａnd intelligibility ___ in real communication.be enoughnot be enoughnot exitgo together您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：30．第30题Accuracy in pronunciation is often done at the expense of ___. Speech produced in this way is not only unnatural but also uncomfortable to hear.efficiency您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：31．第31题Examples of pronunciation perception practice include ___.pictures ａnd tongue twistersminimal pairs, ａnd “odd one out”ａnd discussionof the above您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：32．第32题Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.objects in a picturethe differences in two picturesa game of “What did you see just now”the words in chorus您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：33．第33题Knowing a word means knowing the following EXCEPT ___.meaning ａnd how ａnd when to ｕｓｅ it to express the intended meaningorigin ａnd historypronunciation ａnd stressspelling ａnd grammatical properties您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：34．第34题Jane Willis holds that the conditions for language learning are exposure to a rich but comprehensible language put, ___ of the language to do things, motivation to process ａnd ｕｓｅ the exposure, ａnd instruction in language.B.ｕｓｅ您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：35．第35题According to Wang Qiang, some people regard teaching as ____, while others regard it as ____.craft; an applied scienceprofession; an interesttheory; a practicelearning; language training您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：36．第36题Which of the following is NOT among Ellis’ (1990) six criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities arepurposedesirematerial controlintervention您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：37．第37题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in an isolated wayattention is paid to meaningpractice is often meaningfuldo not benefit ｆrom the method at all您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：38．第38题The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he ｏr she already knows.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：39．第39题In the example below, different intonations for ‘sorry’ indicate ___.A: Would you please turn down the radio a little bitB: Sorry. ↑ (with a rising tone)Or B: Sorry. ↓ (with a sharp falling tone)same moodsame meaningmoodsmeanings您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：40．第40题Which of the following is NOT a feature of traditional language teaching pedagogyoften it focuses on forms rather than functions.tends to focus on only one ｏr two language skills.tends to isolate language ｆrom its context.uses authentic language.您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：41．第41题Communicative language teaching (clt) has expanded the areas covered by the previous approaches ｏr methodologies, that is, clt covers language content (to incｏrpｏrate functions), ___ (cognitive styleａnd infｏrmation processing), ａnd product (language skills).processmethods您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：42．第42题Two theories concerning language learning are the ____.theories ａnd the notional theoriestheories ａnd the behavioural theoriestheories ａnd the interactional theoriestheories ａnd the condition-oriented theories您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：43．第43题When practising sounds, the activities “using minimal pairs”, “wh ich ｏrder”, “same ｏr different” ａnd “odd one out” belong to the categｏry of ___.practicepracticeａnd production practicesｏr production practice您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：44．第44题One of the reasons why the deductive method is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often mechanicalenough explanation is provided您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：45．第45题Pronunciation covers more than just phonetic symbols ａnd rules. it also includes ___, ａnd all these are not isolated ｆrom each other., phonetic transcripts, ａnd sounds, letters, ａnd words, words, ａnd grammar, intonation, ａnd rhythm您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：46．第46题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often mechanicalenough explanation is provided您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：47．第47题Look at the following activity in the classroom, ａnd decide what kind of practice it is.chain of eventsteacher: now lets play a game. the first student starts a sentence with a second conditional clause. the nextstudent takes the result of the sentence, reforms it intoanother condition ａnd suggests a further result.f or example, the first student says, “if i had a milliondollars, i would buy a yacht”. the second student says, “ifi bought a yacht, i would go for a sail”. …the students may come up with sentences like these:s3: if i went for a sail, there might be a storm.s4: if there were a storm, my yacht would sink.s5: if my yacht sank, i would die.s6: if i died, my parents would cry.s7: …This is an example of ___.practicepracticemechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice togetherof the above您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：48．第48题We often learn words that co-occur with high frequency ａnd have been accepted as ways for the ｕｓｅ of words. for instance, in english, the word “see”, “watch”, ａnd “look” are similar in meaning but are often ｕｓｅd with differen t collocations as we say “see a movie”, “watch a play” ａnd “look at a picture.” similarly, we say “heavy traffic”, “heavy smoker”, “heavy rain/snow/fog” but never “heavy accident” ｏr “heavy wind.” these are examples of ___.meaningmeaning, antonyms, ａnd hyponyms您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：49．第49题When teaching grammar, some forms of using prompts for meaningful practice include using pictures, mimes ｏr gestures, information sheets, key phrase ｏr key wｏrds, ａnd ___ fｏr stｏry telling.phrasesobjects您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：50．第50题According to Nation (2001) productive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to produce the word to express the meaning(2) being able to write it with correct spelling(3) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(4) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occursA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：作业总得分：作业总批注：。

语言学论述题答案

1、How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar in that they both think that language can be divided into two levels, one level is abstract (e.g. langue; competence) and the other concrete (e.g. parole; performance). And they also think that what linguists should deal with is the abstract level which can reveal the real nature of language. At the same time, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2、What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones.A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /p/ in English can be realized as [p] and [ph], which are allophones of the phoneme /p/.3、What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.4、What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations”has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.5、How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincingbecause language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well. Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation, two varieties of a language exit side by side through out the community, with each having a definite role to play.The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossic each has different role to play as situation changes.6、Based on your own learning experiences, please illustrate how important it is to learn its culture when learning a foreign language?Based on my own learning experiences, I find it is very important to learn its culture when learning a foreign language, A typical example of these is that when greeting acquaintances, we tend to say "Have you eaten?", which will cause misunderstanding to a foreigner.7、Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.。

考研英语177_真题无答案-

考研英语177(总分36, 做题时间180分钟)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency(**mitted by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories ________on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior________they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through ________with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that **mit crimes in ________ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, ________ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ________ the fact that children from wealthy homes **mit crimes. The latter **mit crimes ________ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are ________ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirecfiy ________ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ________ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ________ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in ________ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also ________ changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; ________ , children are likely to have less supervision at home ________ **monin the traditional family ________ This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other ________ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased ________ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing ________ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a **mitting a criminal act, ________ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency(**mitted by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories ________on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior________they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through ________with others.Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that **mit crimes in ________ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, ________ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ________ the fact that children from wealthy homes **mit crimes. The latter **mit crimes ________ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are ________ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirecfiy ________ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ________ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ________ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in ________ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also ________ changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; ________ , children are likely to have less supervision at home ________ **monin the traditional family ________ This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other ________ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased ________ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing ________ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a **mitting a criminal act, ________ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.A actingB relyingC centeringD commentingSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A beforeB unlessC untilD becauseSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A orB but ratherC butD or else4.A consideringB ignoringC highlightingD discardingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.A onB inC forD withSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.A immuneB resistantC sensitiveD subjectSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.A affectB reduceC checkD reflectSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.A pointB leadC comeD amountSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.A in generalB on averageC by contrastD at length10.A caseB shortC turnD essenceSSS_SINGLE_SEL 11.A survivedB noticedC undertakenD experiencedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 12.A contrarilyB consequentlyC similarlyD simultaneouslySSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.A interactionB assimilationC cooperationD consultationSSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.A thanB thatC whichD asSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.A systemB structureC conceptD heritage16.A assessableB identifiableC negligibleD incredibleSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.A expenseB restrictionC allocationD availabilitySSS_SINGLE_SEL18.A incidenceB awarenessC exposureD popularitySSS_SINGLE_SEL19.A providedB sinceC althoughD ] supposingSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.A returnB replyC referenceD responseSection Ⅲ WritingPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)21.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the picture,2) analyze the causes of the problem, and3) propose possible solutions.You should write about 160―200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)SSS_TEXT_QUSTISection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDo you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn''t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain ? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth''s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel''s report: "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions." Just as on smoking, voices **e from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it''s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. Butit'' s obvious that a majority of the president''s advisers stilldon''t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more rese arch―a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won''t take thelegislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.SSS_SINGLE_SEL22.An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.SSS_SINGLE_SEL23.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA a protector.B a judge.C a critic.D a guideSSS_SINGLE_SEL24.What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis"( Last line, Paragraph 4)?A Endless studies kill action.B Careful investigation reveals truth.C Prudent planning hinders progress.D Extensive research helps decision - making.SSS_SINGLE_SEL25.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?A Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B Raise public awareness of conservation.C Press for further scientific research.D Take some legislative measures.SSS_SINGLE_SEL26.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking becauseA they both suffered from the government''s negligence.B a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D both of them have turned from bad to worse.Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don''t know where they should go next.**ing of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan''s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores--personality, ability, courage or humanity--**pletely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party''s **mittee. "Frustration againstthis kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. "Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the" Japanese morality of respect for parents."But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it''s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth **e centralization ,fully 76 percent of Japan''s 119 million citizens live in cities **munity and the extended familyhave been abandoned in favor of isolated, two- generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured **mutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.SSS_SINGLE_SEL27.In the Westerners'' eyes, the postwar Japan was__________.A under aimless developmentB a positive exampleC a rival to the WestD on the declineSSS_SINGLE_SEL28.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?A Women''s participation in social activities is limited.B More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.D The life-style has been influenced by Western values.SSS_SINGLE_SEL29.Which of the following is true according to the author?A Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.C More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.D Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.SSS_SINGLE_SEL30.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the factthat__________.A the young are less tolerant of discomforts in lifeB the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U. S.C the Japanese endure more than ever beforeD the Japanese appreciate their present lifeU.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the "war on drug" has been lost. The United States is still the world''s largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. "Traffic" taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, thefilm illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse.Policy revolutions―like legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) ―remain a d istant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. "Drugs courts" that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban.Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the "hedonic (of pleasure ) region" of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools.Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able tolive a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts won''t come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try.SSS_SINGLE_SEL31.According to the text, U. S. prisonersA have increased by 2 million in number.B are most jailed for their drug habit.C consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D are almost all wrong substance users.SSS_SINGLE_SEL32.The word "Traffic" in Par. 1 most probably meansA illegal trading in drugs.B drug transport business.C ways of smuggling drugs.D channels of drug delivery.SSS_SINGLE_SEL33.Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease becauseA scientists have got to the root of the problem.B new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.SSS_SINGLE_SEL34.There seems to be growing awareness ofA the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D the impossible elimination of drug production.SSS_SINGLE_SEL35.More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPTA compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C lessening the fund supply to drugs courts.D taking reward or punishment measures.When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to doso--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)--has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton''s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells--routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be"morally unacceptable to attempt to createa human child by adult nuclear cloning". Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring be for birth) for research or to be for knowingly endanger an embryo''s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by bodycell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."SSS_SINGLE_SEL36.We can learn from the first paragraph that____________.A federal funds have been used in a project to clone humansB the White House responded strongly to the news of cloningC NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD the White House has got the panel''s recommendations oncloningSSS_SINGLE_SEL37.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ____________.A the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more controlC it is criminal to use private funding for human cloningD it would be against ethical values to clone a human beingSSS_SIMPLE_SIN38.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because____________.A B C DSSS_SINGLE_SEL39.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____________.A some NBAC members hesitate to ban human **pletelyB a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no timeC privately funded researchers will respond positively toNBAC''s appealD the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)40.You borrowed some recent issues of U. S. business magazine from your professor a month ago, but delayed returning them. Write a letter of apology to your professor, stating your reasons for the delay and expressing your thanks.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)SSS_TEXT_QUSTIPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength andwealth of **munity. 71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country''s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon theefforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are **pelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they mayalter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co- operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73. Owing to the remarkable development in **munications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce stir further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated **pared with the past. For example , 74. in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization―with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within **munity and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75．Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent onbiologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI41.Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of **munity. 71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of acountry''s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon theefforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are **pelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they mayalter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co- operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73. Owing to the remarkable development in **munications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce stir further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated **pared with the past. For example , 74. in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization―with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within **munity and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75．Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent onbiologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI42.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI43.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 44.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 45.1。

(完整word版)2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解),推荐文档

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you e liminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of thi s.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that i s added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in o ur traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation toarm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (includ ing his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien an d Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stoppedshowing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if oth er clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author istalking about _______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal w ith bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American In dian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned thatbecause it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。

英语语言学概论第五章笔记

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学1.What is semantics？什么是语义学？Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。

2.Some views concerning the study of meaning语义研究的几种主要理论1)The naming theory 命名论It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，是古希腊学者柏拉图提出的。

该理论把词看作是该词所指事物的名称或标记。

2)The conceptualist view 意念论The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。

lexicologyExercises

Chapter 1I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. As far as the origins of the words are concerned, English words can be classified into _____.A. content words and functional wordsB. native words and borrowed wordsC. basic words and borrowed wordsD. loan words and dialectal words2. A word is _____ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a basic partC. a minimal elementD. a free element3. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is _____.A. innovations made by linguistsB. influence of the work of scribesC. stabilization of spelling by printingD. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English4. The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always _____ and conventional.A. logicalB. objectiveC. arbitraryD. consistent5. Pronouns and _____ are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.A. adverbsB. adjectivesC. verbsD. prepositions6. Which of the following is not a functional word?A. throughB. butC. theyD. four7. _____ are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.A. AliensB. DenizensC. Semantic-loansD. Neologisms8. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly _____.A. neutralB. formalC. colloquialD. informal9. There was ____ agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.A. moreB. littleC. lessD. a bit more10. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except _____.A. neologismsB. Anglo-Saxon wordsC. archaismsD. technical termsII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the _____ and history of the form and meaning of words.2. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely _____ and diachronic.3. English lexicology is a _____ course and a practical course as well.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____ of words.5. _____ is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‟s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects.6. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and ____ and syntactic function.7. A word is a _____ that stands for something else in the world.8. All the words in a language make up its _____.9. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common _____ of the language.10. Words may fall into content words and functional words by _____.11. _____ generally refers to the jargon of criminals.12. The word “internet” is a _____, but the word “calculus” is a technical term.13. Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the _____ tribes.14. According to the degree of _____ and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.15. _____ are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assim ilated into the English language.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.2. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.3. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.4. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.5. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.6. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.7. The expression of “long time no see” from “haojiubujian” i s regarded as a semantic-loan.8. The word “port” from “portus” is a translation-loan .9. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.10. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.11. When the word “persuader” means “dagger”, it is regarded as an argot word.12. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the publicly accepted definition of a word?2. What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.3. How are English words classified?4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Chapter two:I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The following languages are all Germanic except _____.A. ScottishB. SwedishC. FlemishD. Danish2. In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from _____.A. ItalicB. HellenicC. CelticD. Germanic3. Words such as Kent, London, bin and crag are from _____.A. CelticB. GermanicC. ScandinavianD. Latin4. We find the following languages in the Italic except _____.A. SpanishB. RomanianC. NorwegianD. Portuguese5. The early inhabitants of the British Isles were _____.A. GermansB. CeltsC. ScandinaviansD. Romans6. It is estimated that at least _____ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.A. 1200B. 1000C. 900D. 8007. The word “candle” came from ______.A. FrenchB. DanishC. CelticD. Latin8. Old English began to undergo a great change when the _____ invaded England in 1066.A. RomansB. AnglesC. DanesD. Normans9. Between 1250 and 1500 about _____ words of French origin poured into English.A. 8000B. 9000C. 10000D. 1200010. Modern English is regarded as a/an _____ language.A. analyticB. inflectedC. syntheticD. advanced11. In modern times, _____ is considered to be the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. semantic changeB. meaning changeC. creationD. borrowingII. Complete the following statements with proper words and expressions given in the course book.1. The language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles is _____.2. World languages can be grouped into roughly _____ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.3. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and _____ are generally known as Scandinavian languages.4. The second major language known in England was the _____ of the Roman Legions.5. Now people generally refer to _____ as Old English.6. The introduction of _____ at the end of 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.7. Old English was a highly _____ language just like modern German.8. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and _____Vikings.9. Modern English began with the establishment of _____ in England.10. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as _____.11. English has evolved from a _____ language ( Old English ) to the present analytic language.12. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, _____ change, and borrowing.13. Reviving _____ or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.14. In modern English, word _____ were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The surviving languages of the Indo-European language family fall into ten principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.2. Celtic is generally known as Old English.3. Spanish, French and Italian all belong to the Italic.4. Danish, Icelandic, Dutch and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages.5. The Germanic tribes were considered to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles.6. In the 6th century many Scandinavian words came into the English language.7. Old English refers to the language used between 450 and 1150.8. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years.9. During the Middle English period, about 2,500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English.10. French, Celtic and English existed simultaneously for over a century.11. In modern times, borrowing is still the most important way of vocabulary expansion.12. Middle English retained much fewer inflections than Old English.13. English, German, Irish and Flemish all belong to the Germanic.14. Modern English is a synthetic language.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What does the Germanic family consist of?2. What major families can be found in the Indo-European language family?3. What are the characteristics of Old English?4. What are the characteristics of Middle English?5. What are the characteristics of Modern English?Chapter three:I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The minimal meaningful units are known as _____.A. morphsB. stemsC. morphemesD. roots2. The word …shortenings‟ contains _____ morphemes.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six3. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as _____.A. morphsB. phonemesC. lexemesD. allomorphs4. Words like cat, dog, tree and so on are called ______ words.A. stemB. polysemousC. polymorphemicD. monomorphemic5. Free morphemes are the same as _____ words.A. clippedB. stemC. nativeD. root6. In the word “contradiction”, the morpheme “-dict-“ is _____.A. a free rootB. a bound rootC. an affixD. a free morpheme7. In the word “international”, “nation” is not a _____.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bound morphemeD. free root8. A bound morpheme has to combine with other _____ to make words.A. morphemesB. allomorphsC. phonemesD. Lexemes9. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in _____ words.A. derivedB. convertedC. inflectionalD. compound10. _____ affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.A. InflectionalB. BoundC. DerivationalD. Converted11. A _____ is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.A. rootB. morphC. morphemeD. stem12. The word _____ contain an inflectional affix.A. workerB. happierC. formalD. enrichII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. A_____ is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units.2. The plural morpheme has a number of _____ in different sound context.3. There is no _____ morpheme in the word “dictation”.4. Free morphemes and free _____are identical.5. Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called _____ affixes.6. The word “internationalists” has _____ morphemes.7. According to the _____ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.8. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _____.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.2. Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical relationships.3. Free morphemes can be used as words alone.4. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.5. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.6. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.7. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “easier”.8. Free morphemes are also known as free roots.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?Bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words include two types: bound root and affix. A bound morpheme may be either a bound root or an affix. Bound roots, only one type of bound morphemes, are included in bound morphemes.2. What are the differences between a root and a stem?A root and a stem are not the same. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed. A stem may consist of a single root or two roots or a root plus one or more affixes. Therefore a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.。

语言学大题及名词解释整理

Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is thescientific study of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified byC.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communicationsystem?1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection betweenmeanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals of its users.3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, ortwo levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regroupedinto a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or notpresent, real or imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5)Cultural transmission：Language is passed on from one generation to nextthrough teaching and learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 51.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholarPlato. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in alanguage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are justnames or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between wordsand things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation ofmeaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Thisis best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J.R. Firth who had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowskiand the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should bestudied in terms of situation, use, context –elements closely linked withlanguage behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfieldwho drew on behaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behavioristsattempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” Thistheory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychologicalinterest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes intodistinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析区别性特征有何相似之处？Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. And that is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.Chapter 65. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possiblyperforming while making an utterance. Give an example.答：According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act ofconveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.Let's look at an example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the words “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples toshow how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity①Make your contribution as informative as required (for thecurrent purpose of the exchange).②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality①Do not say what you believe to be false.②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner①Avoid obscurity of expression.②Avoid ambiguity.③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④Be orderly.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.名词解释1、applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.2、prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).3、parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.4、performance :The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.5、duality（double articulation）:Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.6、reference :Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experiencesentence meaning.The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something.9、regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.10、intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language.works successfully only when it’s stimulated at the right time-a specific and limited time period for language acquisiton.It compares comparable features of the native language and target language to spot mismatches or differences to predict learners’s difficulty.14、cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.15、neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.。

英语语言学期末试题练习答案

英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmentalfeature4.deep structure5.predicationanalysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlanguage 10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrase structurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which isof neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the targetlanguage. 9B.Learner’s atti tudes and affective state or learning drive,having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language.21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter cultureB and become part of culture B. 24E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combineselements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and itis used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down ofpredications into their constituents---- arguments and predicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with whatothers. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ssubcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15S. A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12 U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there isno logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflec t gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotationis a good illustration of the a____ nature of language.Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in historyis a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rulesof his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungsmeets with no o____. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phoneticenvironment. They are said to be in c____ distribution.Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most partpurely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually containthree elements: head, specifier, and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds thatthere is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a setof different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics iswhether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of aparticular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World HealthOrganization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture Aenter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreignlanguage is more commonly learned consciously. Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning asecond language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech soundscalled “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segmentare called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of wordsand rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____.Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is calleds____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, . , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the fourmaxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker thatcombines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the sh ort form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to theparticular way of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language whichlinks together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics andsemanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology andsemantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, ., howthe sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatoryphonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop?____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voicelessfricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unroundedvowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to theinflectional morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD.undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylisticsynonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, ourlanguage might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which ofthe following is an instance of directives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mes s I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means ofclipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ ofcommunication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believesthat language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example ofovergeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen?____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. InputHypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operativePrinciples?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator oftransformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A.K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primarylanguage and children learn it as their first language, itbecomes .B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin...creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD.sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, .,how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatoryphonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv.Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical categoryinto smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close andunrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to thederivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized ascollocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which ofthe following is Not an instance of directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed"in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holdsthat human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by EricLenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposedon sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners ofarticulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to placesof articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to thecharacteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords arevibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probablyhis “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight daysa week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example ofcross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56. describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59. refers to the process whereby a word is shortened withouta change in the meaning and in the part of speech.60.A. Blending B. Back-formation C. Clipping D. Conversion61.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study ofgeneral linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particularlanguage, . English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the naturalor primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds withletter-symbols only while in broad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, anduntil recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the seal couldnot be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beingsare biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversationalparticipants have to strictly observe the four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people underdifferent cultural background. T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the ageof three or four can learn the new language without the trace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what isgrammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds,language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back accordingto the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principlesand theories to language teaching and learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stressof the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primarymeaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only whenthe language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items.F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires alanguage-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways.T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used toperform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they startand whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refersto the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have differentreferences in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to e ach of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the studyof word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the socialvariables that determine the register? P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentially makeit different from other animal communication systems? P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggestedby Ogden andⅥ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possiblyperforming while making an utterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples howflouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not wellformed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate?And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning? Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meaningsof all its components. And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

语言学选择题

A. performative B. phatic C. recreational D. emotive
20. The term may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
24. An affix can be added to certain type of to form a new word.
A. infix B. affix C. stem D. word
25. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?
nguage is a means of means of verbal communication.
nguage is some arbitrary symbols .
C.The language system is unique to human begins.
1. 1. Which of the following sratements about language is not true?
A .Language is a system nguage is symbolie
C . Animals also have languages .DLanguage is arbitrary
3.Of the following sound conbinations ,only is permissible.

语言学

nguage: it is, namely, a human speech; the ability to communicate by thismeans; a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; the written representation of such a system.2.Linguistics: it is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, asthe scientific study of language.petence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in alanguage.ngue: the language system shared by a “speech community.”5.Phonetics:the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, andperceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study ---- articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.6.Consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in thevocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.7.Vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction ofthe vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.8.Phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make acontrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.9.broad transcription:10.Syllable:an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals. A syllable musthave a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant, and often involves an optional set of consonants before and/or after the nucleus.11.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzedwithout loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. Apparently, all words contain a root morpheme. And roots can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.12.Stress:the degree of force used in producing a syllable. When a syllable isproduced with more force and is therefore more “prominent”, it is a “stressed”syllable in contrast to a less prominent, “unstressed” syllable.13.Blending: is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words areblended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words.pound: refers to the words that consist of more than one lexicalmorpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as classroom, mailbox, fingerprint, sunburn. In terms of the word class of compounds, there are Noun compounds (e.g. daybreak), Verb compounds (e.g.brainwash), Adjective compounds(e.g. dutyfree) and Preposition compounds(e.g. throughout). Meanwhile compounds can be further divided into endocentriccompound and exocentric compound in terms of its structural organization. The head of a nominal or adjectival endocentric compound is derived from a Verb, and it is usually the case that the first member is a participant of the process verb. Consider the following two examples: self-control and virus-sensitive. The exocentric adjectives come from V+N and V+A.15.Semantics: the subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics.16.Meaning: it is communicated through the use of language.17.Synonymy:it is the technical name for one of the sense relation betweenlinguistic units, namely the sameness relation.18.Constituent: it is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguisticunit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units.19.IC analysis:to dismantle a grammatical construction in this way is called ICanalysis.20.Construal: it is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation inalternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.21.Morphology: it is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studiesthe minimal units if meaning-morphemes and word-formation processed.22.Morpheme: it is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationshipbetween sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. And morphemes cannot be further analyzed.Answer the following questions as comprehensive as possible. Give examples if necessary.1.What are the design features of language and list the frequently discussed four features.A: 1). The features that define our human languages can be called design features.2).four features: arbitrariness; duality; creativity; and displacement.2. List 3 cavities of the vocal tract involved in speech production and give at least 9 terms of the speech organs according to the left diagram.A: 1) the pharynx, nose, and mouth.2) upper teeth ridge, lower teeth ridge, mandible, nasal cavity, hardpalate, alveolar ridge, tip blade front, tongue, soft palate, back,root, uvula, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, vocal folds, trachea, lungs.3. What are the syntactic relations?A: syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds, namely, positional relations, relations of substitutability, and relations of co-occurrence.4. What are the properties of subjects in English?A: In English, the subject of a sentence is often said to the doer of the action, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer.1)Word order: Subject ordinarily precedes the verb in a statement such as“Sally collects stamps”.2)Pronoun forms: the first and third person pronouns in English appear ina special form when the pronoun is a subject. This form is not usedwhen the pronoun occurs in other positions: He loves me. / I love him.3)Agreement with verb: in the simple present tense, an –s is added to theverb when a third person subject in singular. However, the number and person of the object or any other element in the sentence have no effect at all on the form of the verb: She angers him. /they anger him./ Sheangers them.4)Content question: if the subject is replaced by a question word, the restof the sentence remains unchanged. But when any other element of the sentence is replaced by a question word, an auxiliary verb must appear before the subject. If the basic sentence does not contain an auxiliaryverb, we must insert did or do(es) immediately after the question word.5)Tag question: It is used to seek confirmation of a statement. It alwayscontains a pronoun which refers back to the subject, and never to anyother element in the sentence.5. Give a brief introduction of G. Leech’s 7 types of meaning in his Semantics in 1974.A:6. What are three subtypes of antonymy and exemplify(例证) them.A: there are three main subtypes: gradable antonymy (e.g. so-so or average), complementary antonymy (boy and girl), and converse antonymy (buy and sell).7. List the main branches of linguistics.A: it is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.8. What is a root and analyze the morphemic structure of word “Internationalism”?A: Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. In the world internationalism, after the removal of inter-, -al and –ism, the part left is the root nation. Apparently, all words contain a root morpheme. And roots can be further classified into freeroot morpheme and bound root morpheme.9. What is IC analysis? What are immediate constituents and ultimate constituents?A:1) IC analysis: to dismantle a grammatical construction in this way is called IC analysis.2) Immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis.10. What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?A: First, inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivational affixes. Second, inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, whereas derivational affixes might, as the relationship between small and smallness. Third, that whether one should add inflectional affixes or not depends very often on other factors within the pharse or sentence at stake.VI. Theories application1. Draw the tree diagram of the following sentences.(1) The boy was crying.(2) Shut the door.A: 1) ((The) (boy))((was)(crying)).2) (Shut)((the)(door)).2. Disambiguate the following ambiguous sentences.(1) The chicken is too hot to eat.(2) Flying planes can be dangerous.A: There are two meanings to ex.1):a) The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment; b) The chicken feels so hot that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.The ambiguity of ex. 2) comes from “flying planes”. It can be deciphered as “the planes that is flying” or “to fly planes”.3. Analyze the following constructions and decide what kind of construction they belong to.(1) These two oldest stone bridges(2) Kick the ballA:4. Combine the following pairs of sentences. Make the second sentence of each pair into a relative clause, and then embed it into the first.(1) The comet appears every twenty years. Dr. Okada discovered the comet.(2) Everyone respected the quarterback. The quarterback refused to give up.A: 1) The comet that Dr. Okada discovered appears every twenty years.2) Everyone respected the quarterback who refused to give up.5. Analyze the following words and decide how they are formed.(1) Coke, colon(2) brunch, smogA:2) smoke + fog------- smog breakfast +lunch--------brunch6. Read the following paragraph and list all the function words you can find. Give the percentage of function words in the paragraph.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy. Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.A: The function words in this passage include: she, was, a , and, when, she, for, she, was, past, of, her, were, in, but, this, and, as, she, a, that, from, of, would, to, her, a, of, that, had, over, she, would, the, it, on, her, and, it, and the. Altogether there are 85 words in this passage, and 40 of them are function words. Then the percentage of function words in this passage is40/85=47%.7. Make a list of nouns from the following words that –s can be attached to.epiphany foot hat house kitchen ox phenomenon region sheep tomatoA: hat house kitchen region8. Analyze the syllabic structure of the word “cracked”A:。

语言学论述题答案

英语长难句分析一

英语长难句分析一长难句分析（一）一长难句特点1. 句子较长But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own satisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jenifer Aniston.2. 从句复杂a. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and theirendeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (03年英译汉)b. One of the important purposes of the management proposal is to assure the customer that thework will be done by competent personnel during every stage, from prototype design study through manufacturing if the proposal is for “ hardware”, or from initial exploratory study to final solutions if the proposal is for “software”.3. 特殊句型a.In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer’s trade--- a desk, twotelephones, one scrambled (改变频率使不被窃听) for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.b.Nor , if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern areas desirable to the scientist as thewriting of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conv entional thinkers who “work well with the team”.4. 分隔结构a. Other models exist that are hybrids of these tree, such as delayed open-access, where journalsallow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (08阅读理解)b.Physicians---frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in thepatient--- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (03阅读理解)c.As Edward, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, puts it,“There has to be coordination of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”(06完型)5. 关联结构Not …but, more …than, less…than, from…to, between…and, so…thata. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. (01阅读)b.This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings andpromptings, but only that , no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. (00阅读)c. Histories, especially whose so blinded by their research interests that they have been accusedof “tunnel method”, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy”.(99英译汉)6. 词汇词组理解不够a. Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (02完型)b. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request, After48 hours the wish for death can be met. (97阅读)二如何应对长难句1.一般步骤（1）从句又多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又含有从句应对方法：先抓主干，找出复杂句中最核心的主谓宾，再层层展开When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00阅读)（2）句子中带有长长的插入成分：用插入语来交代某句话是谁说的或者是说话者的身份，或解释，说明前面的内容应对方法：理解句子主干时，先不理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完整，然后再看插入语“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?”Senator Robert asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well ?. (97阅读)(3) 分词短语，独立主格结构的干扰应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语。

上海外国语大学2019年语言学试卷

上海外国语大学2019年语言学试卷1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist view意念论B. contextualism语境主义C. the naming theory命名论D. behaviorism行为主义2. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.脱离语境的D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features.A. Predication analysis述谓结构分析B. Componential analysis成分分析C. Phonemic analysis 音位分析D. Grammatical analysis语法分析4.Alive” and“dead” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonyms 互补反义词D. None of the above5. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense6. _________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. Polysemy一词多义B. Synonymy同义词C. Homonymy同音异义D. Hyponymy下义关系7. Words that are close in meaning are called ___________.A. homonyms同音异义词B. polysemies一词多义C. hyponyms下义词D. synonyms同义词8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictions选择限制，选限结构C. semantic rulesD. semantic features9. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational opposites关系反义词C. co-hyponyms并列下义词D. synonyms同义词10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult11. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradable 可分类的C. reversalD. converse12. “I bought some roses” ____ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposes假定，预料，以…为先决条件C. is inconsistent with与…不一致D. is synonymous with和…同义13. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.布拉格学派A. Bloomfield布罗姆菲尔德B. Saussure索绪尔C. Jakobson雅各布森D. Firth弗思14. According to Krashen克拉申（美国语言学家）, ____ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicativesituations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongueinterference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguage中介语B. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity16. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说has two thrusts: ____ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativity （语言决定论，语言相对论）C. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance17. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speakdifferent language for restricted purpose is ____.A. pidgin洋泾宾语B. creoleC. dialectD. blends18. ____ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough toconfirm or refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammar格文法D. Behaviorism19. ____ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference20. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the ____ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualist概念论者C. contextualist语境主义者D. behaviorist21. ____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Pragmatics语用学D. Linguistics22. Modern synchronic linguistics共时语言学traditionally dates from the ____ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind23.According to the strong version of the ____ hypothesis, language determines speakers’perceptions and patterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness24. ____ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.青春期A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesis关键期假说D.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as ____.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition device语言习得机制D.Universal grammar26. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of ____ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable27. Systemic-Functional Grammar系统功能语法, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by ____.A. ChomskyB. Halliday哈利迪C. FirthD.Malinowski28. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of ____ rather than a form of realization of______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing29. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as .A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation30. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed”? ____A. polysemyB. hyponymy下义关系C. homonymyD. antonymy31. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right? ____A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male32. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a ____.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire33. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define ____, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes音素，音位34. “Speech Act T heory” was proposed by ____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin35. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was ____ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative36. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which isdetermined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics37. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language38. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context39. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of ____ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of quality 质量准则C. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner40. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between ____.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry41. ____ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary act 言外形为B. Locutionary act言内行为C. Perlocutionary act言后行为D. Speech act言语行为42. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in ____.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres43. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called ____.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change44. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, ____ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy45. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose”? ____A. Homonymy同音异义B. Antonymy反义词C. hyponymy下义关系D. Polysemy一词多义46. The function of the sentence “How are you?” ____A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic交际性的，交流感情的47. Homonyms同音异义词____.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common48. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner49. ____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies50. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? __A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young51. Usually ____ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics52. “Love” and “hate” are ____.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites53. ____ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication54. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration55. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy56. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ____.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change57. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ____ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative58. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ____ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic59. ____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure60. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. Idiolect 个人习语C. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire答案BBBCA ADBBB BACDA BADAB CBACC DBDAB BBDDD CBDBB CCCCC DCCBA ACABA ADBDB。

views concerning the study of meaning

views concerning the study ofmeaningViews Concerning the Study of MeaningThe study of meaning is a fundamental and fascinating field that explores the nature, interpretation, and significance of language, symbols, and cultural phenomena. Here are some观点 concerning the study of meaning:1. Meaning is Contextual: Meaning is not fixed or absolute but rather depends on the context in which it is used. The same word or gesture can have different meanings in different cultural, social, or temporal settings. Understanding the context is crucial for accurate interpretation of meaning.2. Meaning is Constructed: People actively construct meaning based on their experiences, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds. Meanings are negotiated and shared within communities, shaping our understanding of the world. The study of meaning involves investigating the processes and factors that influence meaning construction.3. Multiple Meanings: Many words, symbols, and texts can have multiple meanings. Ambiguity and polysemy are common features of language, allowing for creativity and diversity in expression. The study of meaning often involves exploring the range of possible interpretations and their implications.4. Cultural and Intersubjective: Meaning is deeply rooted in culture and is influenced by shared beliefs, values, and histories. Different cultures may assign different meanings to the same symbol or event. The study of meaning requires considering the intersubjective nature of meaning and the role of culture in shaping it.5. Dynamic and Transformative: Meaning can change over time, influenced by historical, social, and technological factors. Meanings can evolve, adapt, or be reinterpreted in different contexts. The study of meaning should take into accountthe dynamic nature of meaning and its potential for transformation.6. Semiotics and Sign Systems: The study of meaning often draws on semiotic theories, which explore how signs and symbols convey meaning. Sign systems, such as language, art, and rituals, are analyzed to understand the production, transmission, and interpretation of meaning.In conclusion, the study of meaning is a complex and interdisciplinary field that examines how we assign significance to language, symbols, and cultural phenomena. By considering context, construction, multiplicity, culture, dynamics, and sign systems, we can gain deeper insights into the nature and diversity of meaning in human communication and experience.。

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Representative
路德维希·维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein,1889—1951）认为，仅仅从词本身不能了解词的意义，只有在使用中，在词的语境当中，才能了解词的意义，即“意义即用法”。他在《哲学研究》中多次提到：
the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
Representative
伯特兰· 罗素（Bertrand Russell，1872—1970）是指称论的集大成者，明确坚持词义的指称论观点。他认为，词通过指称外界事物而具有意义，词的意义就是它指称对象。
The limitation
只是孤立地、静止地分析词义，没有考察词语和对象之间的诸多中间环节，具有明显的缺陷： 1）指称论不能全面解释一切词语的意义。并非所有词语都有指称对象，连接词“并且”“然后”“如果”，语气词“哎呀”“哦” 等等，都无指称对象。另外，有些词在现实世界里无指称对象，但却并不是没有意义，如“麒麟”“龙”等等。 2）不同的词语可以指称同一对象，但意义不同，如“美国总统” 和“布什”。因而，指称论会造成意义混乱。
1. The referential theory
It was first proposed by Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
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Limitation
语义三角理论的缺陷在于过分强调社会语用因素而忽略了语言的个体发生。人们并不清楚符号与概念或事物之间到底有什么精确的联系。
2013-12-11
仅仅从心理角度很难解决意义这个复杂的问题，它并没有对词义或句子意义作出实质性的明确阐释。 1）观念本身看不见摸不着，其含义模糊不清，因而对“意义是什么”的回答也是不明确的。 2）观念是个人内在的、不可观察的，很难确定或证明一个词或词组在每个人的脑中形成的观念是一致的，尤其是抽象的词语。
3. The behaviorist theory
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Theories
1: The referential theory 2: The ideational theory 3: The behaviorist theory
( 指称论)
( 观念论/意念论) (行为论)
(功用论)
(语义三角)
4: The meaning-is-use theory
5: The semantics triangle
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(2) Concept与Symbol（表意符号）/Word（词）之间也有直接联系。概念是个抽象的东西，它要通过“表意符号”（即词）才能表达出来。换句话说，词是用来表达概念的。因此二者之间也是实线，表示A word symbolizes a concept（词表示概念）。
(3)
Symbol/Word与Referent/Thing之间没有直接的、必然的联系，也就是说二者之间带有“任意性”（或者说二者之间的联系是“约定俗成” 的）。因此用虚线将它们连接起来，表示A Word Stands for a Referent（词代表所指物）。
Representative
约翰·洛克（John Locke）
Words in their primary or immediate signification, stand for nothing, but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them
Limitation
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Limitation
行为论者重视语言行为和语言效果的联系，注意研究 “刺激-反应”在人们语言行为中的作用，有其独到之处，部分地解决了观念论者所面临的困难。但它夸大了“刺激-反应”这个公式在社会领域中的作用，忽视了人的社会性。人的思想意识以及表达思想意识的语言行为是受到多方面影响的。对于同一句话，人们可能会作出不同的反映；而对于不同的话，人们可能会作出相同的反映。有些词语甚至并不能引起人们的什么反映。
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Semantic triangle（语义三角论）
According to Ogen and Richards, the "symbol" refers to the linguistic elements (word, sentence, etc) , the "referent" refers to the object in the world of experience , and the "thought" or "referent" refers to concept or notion. Thus the connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through "concept " , by virtue of which the symbol of a word signifies "things" .
这个三角形包含以下几点含义:
(1) Concept（概念）是和Referent（所指物）/Thing（事物）相联系的，这种联系是直接的联系。“概念”是在客观事物的基础上概括而成的。换句话说，概念是客观事物在头脑中的反映。因此，二者之间用实线连接，表示A Concept refers to a Thing （概念反映客观事物）。
source: /docs/guides/canvas/
2. The ideational theory
The view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。
意义的行为论是建立在行为主义心理学之上的。行为论者反对用意识中的观念来说明词的意义，而力求用公共地可观察的行为来加以说明，强调从语言对听话者产生的影响这一角度来研究语言的意义。
10
Representative
布龙菲尔德（Leonard Bloomfield，18871949），attempted to define the meaning of a language form as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” Bloomfield以行为主义心理学为基础提出了语义的行为主义论。Bloomfield 认为语义存在于情景中，存在于说话人所说的话在听话人身上引起的反应的情景之中。
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4.The meaning-is-use theory
功用论强调语境的作用，认为只有在语境中才能找到词语的意义；词或词组的意义在于它们的使用或功用。功用论重视语言的应用和语言的功能，重视交际语境和语言的关系，将语言活动和生活实践联系起来。它的出现，可以说是意义理论研究的重大进展，标志着从静态研究转向动态研究。
一个词的意义就是它在语言中的使用”
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Limitation
1）片面强调词语的意义在于其用法，而忽视了词语自身的字面意义。维特根斯坦认为词只有运用方法、使用规则而无固定的意义，而认识论告诉我们，词如果没有意义没有内容，也就不可能有用法和功能。 2）词的意义和功能是两个不同的概念，将两者混同就会造成词义理解的混乱。实践证明，用这种极端的意义理论来分析词义这种复杂的现象，必然会带来种种矛盾。
5. triangle
一种关于意义的理论，代表了传统语义学的典型观点。该理论是指符号、意义和客观事物之间处于一种相互制约、相互作用的关系之中。它强调语言符号是对事物的指代，指称过程就是符号、意义和事物发生关系的过程。
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Representatives
由英国学者奥格登（Ogden）和理查兹（Richards）在1923年出版的语义学重要著作《意义的意义》（The Meaning of Meaning) 中提出

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