英文语法-词类

词类

名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、宾补

例如：

1. Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗？(定语)

2. The Party has great concern for us students.（同位语）

3. The meeting lasted an hour. (状语)

4. We elected Tom our monitor. (宾补)

二、形容词

形容词可作定语、表语、宾补、状语。

例如：

1. The pen is nice.

2. It is a wonderful film.

3. Who left the door open.

4. He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.

他又冷又饿地、在风雨中过了七天。

大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，少数形容词只能作表语不能作定语。如：alone, afraid, asleep, awake, alive, ashamed, aware, unable.

三、副词

副词主要用来作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

例如：very good/nice very well.

You work hard。比较：Those are hard work.

First of all we must make the best use of our time.

首先，充分利用好我们的时间。

△副词在句中的位置。

a.放在动词后面。

b.如果是及物动词一般就放在宾语后面。

Everything went smoothly. 一切进行得很顺利。

You shouldn’t stay up too late.

She did it carefully.

△频度副词放在系助情之后，行为动词之前。

hardly, always, usually, often, seldom, never, already, almost, just等

例如：

She is seldom ill.

Do you often hold such parties?

He has never been late.

They are having a meeting. (vt.)

He has gone to the cinema. (aux.v.)

How do you do ? (aux.v.)

Please do me a favor. (vt.)

You needn’t worry. (mod.v.)

We need your help. (vt.)

You don’t look very well today. (link.v.)

We are looking forward to May Day. (vi.)

特别是有很多动词，既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。

比较；

We must spread the spirit of Olympics. vt.

The news soon spread all over the city. vi.

I think you are right? vt.

We often think of you. vi.

五. 介词

介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，须和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词的宾语。能充当介词的宾语有名词，代词，动名词，以及由连接代（副）词引导的从句或不定式。例如：

1. It’s going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast.

2. How much luggage can I take with me?

3. We’ll keep on learning English.

4. I’m thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time.

5. He give a lesson on how to improve the soil.

介词短语在句中可作状语，定语，表语。

例如；

1. Thank you for reminding me of it. 状语

2. What is the advantage of doing all this? 定语

3. He is a responsible man in spite of his shortcomings. 状语

4. These people are only after fame and position. 表语

5.They are out of touch with reality. 表语

6. Most of the products on display are new ones. 定语

六、连词

连词也是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，而只起连接词与词、短语与短语。以及句与句的作用。如：

Harry up , or we’ll be late.

Are we to have the contest today or tomorrow?

Study hard , and you’ll make progress. (注意：祈使句属于简单句)

连词主要分为两类

并列连词——连接平行的词、词组或分句

从属连词——用来引导从句

并列连词：and , but , or , so , therefore , yet , however , for ,both…and , not only…but also , either…or , neither…nor , then , as well as等

并列连词

1.表示转折：but, yet, however

2.表示因果关系: for, so, therefore

eg. You’d better put on your sweater, for it’s rather cold outside.

It was already rather late, so we decided to go home.

You are right, therefore we should support you.

3.并列连词：and, or, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, as

well as等

Eg. 我看过他的一本小说，也看过他的几本剧本。

I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.

他们工作一不为名，二不为利

They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains.

请你今天或明天来。

Come either today or tomorrow.

从属连词

1．引导时间状语从句

after , when , before , as , while , since , until , till , once, as soon as,

2. 引导原因状语从句

because , now that 既然, since既然, as, seeing that=since 等。例如：

Now that your son is well again, you no longer have anything to worry about.

Since you don’t want to go, we won’t force you to.

3．引导条件状语从句

if ,even if , unless , as soon as , as long as , in case(that) ,万一

on condition (that) 只要，suppose=supposing假设, provided/

providing(that) 等。例如：

I’ll lend you the book on condition (that)you return it on Monday.

I’ll come provided/providing (that) you let me know in good time.

你要是及时通知我是会来的。

4. 用来引导其他从句的连词：

although , though , than , so that , in order that , as if , as though , so…that , such…that , as…as , so…as等