商务英语中一词多义现象和翻译
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商务英语一词多义现象
英语词汇的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多彩， 词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。
（.文体与翻译.1985） 当英语中的词语孤立的 时候，其具体意义难
以确定。即，英语词语的词义具有游移性 （vacillant）和灵活性（flexible） Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
Metaphor More is up
Subjective judgment
Quantity
现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较 精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依 赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性
现代汉语里一词多义的现象远没有英语普遍。
Introduction to Cognitive linguistics
Emerge in 1970s and become increasingly active since 1980s
mapping between two domains: TARGET DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN. The target domain is rather abstract (like TIME and STATES), whereas the source domain (like SPACE and CONTAINERS) is more concrete.
Lakoff’s conceptual theory of metaphor 概念隐喻理论
Lakoff认为,可以把隐喻理解为从源域到目的域的映射。 映射是指将某个认知域的部分结构投射到另一个认知域中去。具体
地说,人们使用源域的结构及相关的知识或经验,去谈论或思考目的域 的概念。 • The conventional metaphorical expressions are not a purely linguistic phenomenon, but the manifestation of a conceptual mapping between two semantic domains; • The metaphorical mapping is asymmetrical（不对称的）: the expression is about a situation in one domain (the target domain), using a concepts mapped over from another domain (the source domain) • The metaphorical mapping can be used for metaphorical reasoning about concepts in the target domain
Size
Being physically close
Example
They greeted me warmly Tomorrow is a big day
We have been close for years
Primary experience
Feeling warm when being held affectionately
Conventionalized metaphors
– TIME IS SPACE
I’ll see you at 2 o’clock.
– STATES ARE CONTAINERS
He is in danger. A (conventional) metaphor is therefore a conceptual
knowledge of language emerges from language use
Metaphor
We use our basic bodily understanding of places, movement, forces, paths, objects and containers as sources of information about life, love, mathematics, and all other abstract concepts
Cognitive Linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it."
其研究范围包括范畴化和原型理论,隐喻概念和 认知语法等。(categorization,metaphor, Grammaticalization)
cognitive hypothesis
language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty
grammar is conceptualization (grammatical inflections and grammatical
constructions play a major role in construing the experience )
Some examples:
MHale Waihona Puke Baidutaphor
Affection is warmth Importance is big
Intimacy is closeness
Subjective judgment Affection Importance
Intimacy
Sensorimotor domain Temperature
As a child, finding big things are important and exert major forces on you and your visual experience
Being physically close to people you are intimate with
英语词汇的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多彩， 词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。
（.文体与翻译.1985） 当英语中的词语孤立的 时候，其具体意义难
以确定。即，英语词语的词义具有游移性 （vacillant）和灵活性（flexible） Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
Metaphor More is up
Subjective judgment
Quantity
现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较 精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依 赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性
现代汉语里一词多义的现象远没有英语普遍。
Introduction to Cognitive linguistics
Emerge in 1970s and become increasingly active since 1980s
mapping between two domains: TARGET DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN. The target domain is rather abstract (like TIME and STATES), whereas the source domain (like SPACE and CONTAINERS) is more concrete.
Lakoff’s conceptual theory of metaphor 概念隐喻理论
Lakoff认为,可以把隐喻理解为从源域到目的域的映射。 映射是指将某个认知域的部分结构投射到另一个认知域中去。具体
地说,人们使用源域的结构及相关的知识或经验,去谈论或思考目的域 的概念。 • The conventional metaphorical expressions are not a purely linguistic phenomenon, but the manifestation of a conceptual mapping between two semantic domains; • The metaphorical mapping is asymmetrical（不对称的）: the expression is about a situation in one domain (the target domain), using a concepts mapped over from another domain (the source domain) • The metaphorical mapping can be used for metaphorical reasoning about concepts in the target domain
Size
Being physically close
Example
They greeted me warmly Tomorrow is a big day
We have been close for years
Primary experience
Feeling warm when being held affectionately
Conventionalized metaphors
– TIME IS SPACE
I’ll see you at 2 o’clock.
– STATES ARE CONTAINERS
He is in danger. A (conventional) metaphor is therefore a conceptual
knowledge of language emerges from language use
Metaphor
We use our basic bodily understanding of places, movement, forces, paths, objects and containers as sources of information about life, love, mathematics, and all other abstract concepts
Cognitive Linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it."
其研究范围包括范畴化和原型理论,隐喻概念和 认知语法等。(categorization,metaphor, Grammaticalization)
cognitive hypothesis
language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty
grammar is conceptualization (grammatical inflections and grammatical
constructions play a major role in construing the experience )
Some examples:
MHale Waihona Puke Baidutaphor
Affection is warmth Importance is big
Intimacy is closeness
Subjective judgment Affection Importance
Intimacy
Sensorimotor domain Temperature
As a child, finding big things are important and exert major forces on you and your visual experience
Being physically close to people you are intimate with