Logos(英语修辞与写作lecture 4)
高级英语第四版第二课修辞
高级英语第四版第二课修辞摘要：一、引言二、比喻的定义与作用三、明喻和隐喻的实例分析四、如何运用比喻进行有效修辞五、总结正文：【引言】在本篇文章中，我们将探讨高级英语第四版第二课中的修辞手法——比喻。
通过了解比喻的定义、作用以及如何运用，我们将能够更好地在写作和口语中表达思想和情感，从而提高语言表达能力。
【比喻的定义与作用】比喻是一种常见的修辞手法，它通过将一个事物（本体）与另一个具有相似性的事物（喻体）相联系，以便更生动、形象地表达本体的特点或抽象概念。
比喻的作用在于使抽象或难以理解的事物变得具体、形象，从而使读者更容易理解。
【明喻和隐喻的实例分析】1.明喻：明喻是一种直接、明确地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“她的笑声像银铃般清脆。
”在这个例子中，本体是“她的笑声”，喻体是“银铃”，通过将两者相联系，形象地表达了笑声的清脆特点。
2.隐喻：隐喻是一种较为含蓄地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“时间是无声的审判者。
”在这个例子中，本体是“时间”，喻体是“无声的审判者”，通过将两者相联系，暗示了时间的无情和公正。
【如何运用比喻进行有效修辞】1.选择恰当的喻体：在运用比喻时，要选择一个与本体具有相似性且能为读者所熟知的喻体。
2.确保喻体与本体之间的联系清晰：使用比喻时，要注意确保读者能够明确地理解本体与喻体之间的联系。
3.避免过多的比喻：过多的比喻可能会使文章显得累赘，失去表达效果。
因此，在运用比喻时，要适可而止。
【总结】比喻是一种强大的修辞手法，通过将抽象或难以理解的事物与具体、形象的事物相联系，能够使文章更加生动、有趣。
英文修辞手法详解Figures of speech讲课稿
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
英语写作修辞PPT课件
2021/4/17
12
Stylistic
• Profession:
gardener—landscape-architect,
his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in
the corner. The welcomes ever smile, and
farewell goes out sighing.
--William
Shakespeare
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8
Metonymy
earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.
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Context
• For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious.
三种修辞的英语作文
三种修辞的英语作文Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively to persuade, inform, or entertain an audience. There are three main types of rhetoric: ethos, pathos, and logos. Each type of rhetoric serves a different purpose and can be used in different contexts to achieve specific goals.Ethos is the appeal to the credibility or authority of the speaker or writer. It is the way in which the speaker or writer establishes their credibility and trustworthiness in the eyes of the audience. Ethos can be established through the speaker or writer's reputation, expertise, or character. For example, a doctor speaking about a new medical treatment would have a high level of ethos because of their professional credentials and expertise in the field.Pathos is the appeal to the emotions of the audience. It is the way in which the speaker or writer tries to evoke an emotional response from the audience, such as fear, anger, or joy. Pathos can be used to persuade the audience by appealing to their values, beliefs, or desires. For example, a political candidate might use pathos toappeal to the audience's sense of patriotism or desire for change.Logos is the appeal to logic and reason. It is the way in which the speaker or writer presents their argument in a logical and well-reasoned manner. Logos can be used to persuade the audience by presenting facts, statistics, and other evidence to support their claims. For example, a scientist presenting research findings would likely rely heavily on logos to convince the audience of the validity of their conclusions.Each type of rhetoric has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the most effective speakers and writers will often use a combination of all three to achieve their desired effect.Ethos is particularly important in situations where the audience needs to trust the speaker or writer, such as in a political speech or a medical presentation. By establishing their credibility and expertise, the speaker or writer can more effectively persuade the audience to accept their message.Pathos, on the other hand, is particularly effective in situations where the audience needs to be emotionally engaged, such as in a persuasive essay or a motivational speech. By appealing to the audience's emotions, the speaker or writer can create a sense of urgency or excitement that can be difficult to achieve through logicalone.Logos is particularly important in situations where the audience needs to be convinced through evidence and reasoning, such as in a scientific paper or a legal argument. By presenting a logical and well-reasoned argument, the speaker or writer can convince the audience of the validity of their claims.While each type of rhetoric has its own strengths, the most effective speakers and writers will often use a combination of all three to achieve their desired effect. For example, a political candidate might use ethos to establish their credibility, pathos to appeal to the audience's emotions, and logos to present a well-reasoned argument for their policy proposals.In conclusion, the three types of rhetoric – ethos, pathos, and logos –are all important tools for effective communication. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each type of rhetoric, speakers and writers can craft more persuasive and effective messages that resonate with their audience. Whether you are writing a persuasive essay, giving a presentation, or engaging in a political debate, mastering the art of rhetoric can be a powerful tool for achieving your goals.。
英语演讲核心技巧
Ethos (Experience and Evidence)
I have a lovely puppy, he wakes me up every morning; he welcomes me at the door every afternoon when I finish l; we have picnic every weekend, we play together, grow together. He is my best friend, and family member. If you ask me how to get on well with puppy, I have a lot stories to share with you.
Pathos (Emotion)
Unfortunately, he left me last year, because he was too old; it was the saddest day in my life. He waked me up yesterday, wow, that was a dream. I miss you puppy.
“I believe I can win”
After that day, I study harder, and practice speaking English everyday, I know 衔接，自然过渡
practice makes perfect. 引出某个要点 Also, don’t forget that Where there is a will there is a way. 加入名言升华主题
Logos (Logic) 简单123
如果让我当校长
亚里士多德修辞学三要素在广告英语中的应用
亚里士多德修辞学的三个要素是：ethos（说服者的形象、信誉度）、pathos（情感的激发）、logos（逻辑和理性的证明）。
这些要素可以在广告英语中得到广泛应用。
首先，ethos是广告英语中的一个重要要素。
广告必须要让人相信它所代表的产品或品牌是值得信赖的，这就需要构建一个可信的形象。
广告中的形象设计、文字表达、声音、色彩等都可以构建说服者的形象和信誉度，让消费者相信品牌或产品的价值。
其次，pathos是广告英语中的情感激发。
广告的主要目的是引起消费者的兴趣和情感共鸣，让他们对产品产生好感和需求。
广告英语中的用词、句式、情感表达等都可以刺激消费者的情感，让消费者对产品产生共鸣和感情联结。
最后，logos是广告英语中的逻辑和理性证明。
广告必须要有理性的证明和逻辑的支持，以说服消费者购买。
广告英语中的论证、数据、实例等都可以证明产品的品质和优势，让消费者对产品产生信任和认同。
总之，亚里士多德修辞学的三个要素在广告英语中得到广泛应用，构建可信的形象、激发情感、理性证明和支持，从而达到广告宣传的效果。
英语修辞讲解
第六页，共152页。
2. Metaphor (1-3)
“隐喻”又称暗喻，是用于两个不同类别对象之间的比喻。隐喻与明喻的 区别在于，明喻将本体和喻体说成是相似的，而隐喻则将两者说成是一 致的。明喻中必须有比喻词，而隐喻中则不需要，因此隐喻被称为“压 缩了的明喻”(condensed simile)。
（委婉）
18. Antonomasia （换称）
第三页，共152页。
Content
19. Parody
（仿拟）
20. Reverse
（序换）
21. Anadiplosis
（蝉联）
22. Regression
（回环）
23. Paregmenon
（同源） 24. Malapropism （误用）
25. Correction
第九页，共152页。
Exercise 1
Exercise 1 simile & metaphor (2-2)
Identification of simile or metaphor： 1. Life was like a journey studded (布满了) with pitfalls(陷阱(xiànjǐng)). 2. A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see your mistake clearly. 3. Slimy cannels crept like green snakes beside the road. 4. Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency. 5. Not all slim girls are paper tigers. 6. He was a walking encyclopedia.
英语论述文作文模板
英语论述文作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
An argumentative essay presents a convincing argument on a particular issue, supported by evidence and logical reasoning. It typically follows a specific structure and employs various rhetorical strategies to persuade the reader.Structure。
1. Introduction。
Hook: Captivating or provocative statement to grab attention。
Thesis statement: Clear and concise statement of the argument。
Background information: Provides context and defines key terms。
2. Body Paragraphs。
Topic sentence: States the main idea of the paragraph。
Evidence: Supports the topic sentence with facts, data, examples, or expert opinions。
Analysis: Explains how the evidence supports the thesis statement and refutes opposing viewpoints。
3. Conclusion。
Restatement of thesis statement: Summarizes the main argument。
Call to action or concluding remarks: Encourages the reader to take action or reflect on the issue。
大学英语写作讲座一：修辞PPT课件
1. Figures of Speech Semantically ( 语义修辞) 1. 1 明喻 (simile)： 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语
指出两个不同事物的相似之处
➢ That boy is as dumb as an oyster
2021
8
1.9 夸张（hyperbole）
运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观 事物，以达到强调的效果。
➢ My blood froze.
➢When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
➢My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.
➢ Intelligence is like a river. The deeper it is the less noise it makes.
➢ He jumped as if he had been stung.
2021
1
1. 2暗喻 (metaphor)：
用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外 一个事物 .
➢ Good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
2021
2021
9
1.10 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron)
summary(英语修辞与写作 lecture 7)
To the media, I say you should create movies and CDs and television shows you'd want your own children and grandchildren to enjoy. I call on Congress to pass the requirement for a V-chip in TV sets so that parents can screen out programs they believe are inappropriate for their children. When parents control what their young children see, that is not censorship; that is enabling parents to assume more personal responsibility for their children's upbringing. And I urge them to do it. The V-chip requirement is part of the important telecommunications bill now pending in this Congress. It has bipartisan support, and I urge you to pass it now.
Balance is the key
Writing an effective argumentationpersuasion essay involves an interplay of logos, pathos, and ethos. The exact balance among these factors is determined by your audience and purpose. ANALYZE YOUR READERS --- tailor your approach to them.
如何用修辞手法来写宣传二氧化碳的英语作文
如何用修辞手法来写宣传二氧化碳的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Use Rhetorical Devices to Write a Persuasive Essay Promoting Carbon Dioxide (CO2)As students, we're often tasked with writing persuasive essays on controversial topics, and one subject that has been hotly debated is the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in our environment. While many view CO2 as a harmful greenhouse gas contributing to climate change, I believe there are compelling arguments in favor of this incredible compound that we should embrace and promote.To effectively persuade our audience, we must employ a variety of rhetorical devices that appeal to their logic, emotions, and ethical beliefs. By skillfully weaving these techniques into our writing, we can craft a compelling narrative that challenges conventional wisdom and encourages readers to see CO2 in a new light.Let's start with the logical appeal, or logos. One powerful argument in favor of CO2 is its vital role in plant photosynthesis.Without this greenhouse gas, plants would be unable to convert sunlight, water, and nutrients into the energy they need to grow and thrive. We can use vivid analogies and metaphors to illustrate this point, likening CO2 to the fuel that powers the engines of life on our planet.Furthermore, we can cite scientific data and statistics that highlight the benefits of increased atmospheric CO2 levels. For instance, studies have shown that elevated CO2 concentrations can boost crop yields and enhance plant growth, potentially helping to combat global food insecurity. By presenting these facts and figures, we establish a solid logical foundation for our argument.But persuasive writing is not solely about logic; it's also about tapping into our audience's emotions. Here, we can employ pathos, or emotional appeals, to connect with readers on a deeper level. For example, we could use vivid imagery and descriptive language to paint a picture of a lush, verdant world nourished by the life-giving properties of CO2. We can evoke a sense of awe and wonder at the intricate dance between plants, sunlight, and this remarkable gas, fostering a deep appreciation for the delicate balance of nature.Moreover, we can draw upon personal anecdotes andreal-life stories that highlight the positive impact of CO2 on plant growth, food production, and even human health. By telling compelling narratives that resonate with our readers' experiences and emotions, we can forge a powerful connection that transcends mere facts and figures.However, effective persuasive writing also requires an appeal to ethics, or ethos. In our essay, we can establish our credibility and trustworthiness by citing reputable sources, such aspeer-reviewed scientific journals and respected environmental organizations. We can also demonstrate our expertise and knowledge on the subject by providing well-researched and nuanced perspectives that acknowledge potential counterarguments while skillfully refuting them.Furthermore, we can appeal to our audience's sense of ethics and values by framing the promotion of CO2 as an act of environmental stewardship and responsibility. We can argue that by embracing and harnessing the beneficial properties of this compound, we can work in harmony with nature to create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.Throughout our essay, we should also employ rhetorical techniques篇2How to Convince with Carbon Dioxide: Crafting a Persuasive EssayAs students, we're often tasked with writing persuasive essays on controversial topics. One subject that has been heating up lately (pun intended) is carbon dioxide and its role in climate change. If you've been assigned to argue in favor of this gaseous villain, fear not! With the right rhetorical strategies, you can spin a compelling narrative that might just convert the skeptics.First, let's establish some context. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring gas that plays a crucial role in the Earth's carbon cycle. It's exhaled by humans and animals, released by burning fossil fuels, and absorbed by plants during photosynthesis. However, human activities like deforestation and industrialization have disrupted this delicate balance, leading to an excess of CO2 in the atmosphere. This, as we all know (or should know), is a major contributor to global warming and climate change.Now, your task is to convince your audience that CO2 is actually a good thing – a challenging feat, but not impossible with the right rhetorical ammunition. Here's a step-by-stepguide on how to craft a persuasive essay that puts a positive spin on this controversial compound.Appeal to Logic: The Rhetorical Power of LogosStart by appealing to your audience's sense of logic and reason – the rhetorical device known as logos. Present scientific data and statistics that highlight the potential benefits of increased CO2 levels. For instance, you could argue that higher CO2 concentrations lead to increased plant growth, which could help combat global food shortages. Support your claims with reputable sources and data from credible scientific organizations.Example:"According to a study published in the esteemed journal Nature, elevated CO2 levels have been shown to boost crop yields by up to 25% in certain regions. With the global population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, this potential increase in agricultural productivity could be crucial in ensuring food security for millions."Tap into Emotions: The Art of PathosWhile logic is important, don't underestimate the power of emotion – the rhetorical device known as pathos. Appeal to youraudience's hopes, fears, and values by painting a vivid picture of the consequences of reducing CO2 emissions. Describe the potential economic impacts on industries and jobs, or the cultural and lifestyle changes that might be necessary.Example:"Imagine a world without the conveniences we've grown accustomed to – a world where driving cars, flying in airplanes, and even heating our homes become luxuries reserved for the wealthy few. By embracing carbon dioxide as a natural and beneficial component of our atmosphere, we can preserve the way of life that has brought prosperity and comfort to millions around the globe."Establish Credibility: The Importance of EthosTo truly convince your audience, you need to establish your credibility – the rhetorical device known as ethos. Demonstrate your expertise and authority on the subject by citing reputable sources, referencing prominent scientists or experts who support your stance, and using technical jargon and terminology with confidence.Example:"As Dr. Jane Smith, a leading atmospheric chemist at [prestigious university], has stated, 'Carbon dioxide is an essential component of the Earth's atmosphere, playing a vital role in regulating the planet's temperature and supporting life as we know it. Efforts to drastically reduce CO2 levels could have catastrophic consequences for our delicately balanced ecosystem.'"Use Vivid Language and ImageryIn addition to the three main rhetorical devices (logos, pathos, and ethos), you can also employ vivid language and imagery to make your argument more compelling and memorable. Use descriptive adjectives, metaphors, and analogies to paint a picture in your reader's mind and make your points more relatable.Example:"Carbon dioxide is the lifeblood of our planet, flowing through the veins of the Earth's atmosphere and nourishing the lush, verdant landscapes that sustain us. Just as the human body requires a delicate balance of gases to function properly, so too does our global ecosystem rely on the harmonious interplay of atmospheric components, with CO2 as the indispensable maestro."Address Counterarguments and Rebut ObjectionsNo persuasive essay would be complete without addressing potential counterarguments and objections. Anticipate the concerns and criticisms your audience might have, and proactively rebut them with well-reasoned counterpoints. This demonstrates your thorough understanding of the issue and strengthens your overall argument.Example:"Some might argue that increased CO2 levels contribute to ocean acidification and threaten marine ecosystems. However, recent studies have shown that many marine organisms are capable of adapting to gradual changes in pH levels, and that the potential benefits of enhanced plant growth could outweigh the risks to aquatic life."By employing these rhetorical strategies – appealing to logic (logos), tapping into emotions (pathos), establishing credibility (ethos), using vivid language and imagery, and addressing counterarguments – you can craft a persuasive essay that puts a positive spin on carbon dioxide. Remember, the key is to present a well-rounded, balanced argument that considers multiple perspectives while skillfully guiding your audience towards your desired conclusion.Of course, the effectiveness of your essay will ultimately depend on your ability to research the topic thoroughly, organize your thoughts coherently, and present your arguments in a clear and compelling manner. But with the right rhetorical devices at your disposal, you'll be well-equipped to tackle even the most controversial subjects – and who knows, you might just convince a few skeptics along the way!篇3How to Convince with Carbon Dioxide: Mastering Rhetorical StrategiesAs students, we're often tasked with crafting persuasive essays on various topics, and one subject that has recently gained traction is the promotion of carbon dioxide. While it may sound counterintuitive, given the widespread concerns about climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, this exercise can be an excellent opportunity to sharpen our rhetoric skills and explore the art of persuasion.Before we delve into the rhetorical strategies, let's address the elephant in the room: carbon dioxide's reputation as a villain in the climate change narrative. However, as aspiring orators, our goal is not to disregard scientific evidence but to experimentwith argumentative techniques and push the boundaries of our persuasive abilities.The Power of Ethos: Establishing CredibilityOne of the cornerstones of effective persuasion is establishing credibility, or ethos, with your audience. To promote carbon dioxide effectively, consider drawing upon authoritative sources, such as scientific studies or expert opinions that highlight the benefits or misconceptions surrounding this gas.For instance, you could cite research that emphasizes the role of carbon dioxide in plant growth and its contribution to the food chain. Additionally, you might reference historical evidence of higher atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during periods of flourishing biodiversity, challenging the notion that elevated levels are inherently detrimental.Appealing to Pathos: Tapping into EmotionsWhile logic and reason are essential, appealing to emotions, or pathos, can be a potent tool in swaying your audience. Humans are emotional beings, and tapping into their fears, desires, or aspirations can create a powerful connection with your message.For example, you could highlight the potential economic benefits of harnessing carbon dioxide for industrial purposes, such as enhanced oil recovery or carbon capture and utilization technologies. Painting a picture of job creation, technological advancement, and economic prosperity could resonate with readers' hopes for a prosperous future.Alternatively, you might appeal to a sense of nostalgia or patriotism by evoking a time when carbon dioxide levels were higher, and certain industries or regions thrived as a result.The Art of Logos: Leveraging Logic and ReasonWhile ethos and pathos are invaluable tools, the backbone of any persuasive essay lies in the logical reasoning and evidence you provide – logos. To effectively promote carbon dioxide, you'll need to present a well-structured argument supported by facts, data。
ethos&pathos(英语修辞与写作lecture 3)
Michael Jordan
ethos
Good sense
Good character
Good will
Example: the Checker’s Speech
Background of Checkers’ Speech
In 1952, Eisenhower chose a young senator from California named Richard Nixon as his vice presidential running mate. By late summer, as a number of newspapers began charging that Nixon had been the recipient of an illegal slush fund(收买基金，贿赂基金), Eisenhower considered dropping Nixon from the ticket. Nixon persuaded Eisenhower to let him appear on TV, which in 1952 was fairly new, to explain his financial dealings over his lifetime and in the process exonerate(证明无罪; 使...免罪) himself.
Excerpt: the Checker’s Speech
I was born in 1913. Our family was one of modest circumstances and most of my early life was spent in a store out in East Whittier. It was a grocery store -- one of those family enterprises. The only reason we were able to make it go was because my mother and dad had five boys and we all worked in the store. I worked my way through college and to a great extent through law school. And then, in 1940, probably the best thing that ever happened to me happened, I married Pat -- who is sitting over here. We had a rather difficult time after we were married, like so many of the young couples who may be listening to us. I practiced law; she continued to teach school. Then in 1942 I went into the service. Let me say that my service record was not a particularly unusual one. I went to the South Pacific. I guess I'm entitled to a couple of battle stars. I got a couple of letters of commendation but I was just there when the bombs were falling and then I returned. I returned to the United States and in 1946 I ran for the Congress.
英语修辞学ENGLISH RHETORIC - iEthos, Pathos, Logos
Definition Ethos
6
Ethos:
Related to the English word ethics and refers to the trustworthiness of the speaker/writer
There are several ways to ppeal to an audience.
Ethos, Pathos, Logos These appeals are prevalent in almost
all arguments
Logos
1
Appeal to Logic Theoretical or abstract language Literal and historical analogies Definitions Factual Data and Statistics Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed Opinions
Appeals to pathos touch a nerve and compel people to not only listen, but also take the next step and act in the world
Pathos
3
Appeal to Emotions Vivid and concrete language Emotionally loaded language Emotional examples Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone Figurative language
英语修辞学forSs Chapter 4 Figures of Speech1
Chapter 4 Figures of SpeechIntroduction•Figures of Speech-- the generic term of any artful deviations from the ordinary mode of speaking or writing•The functions of figures of speech–render our thoughts vividly concrete, and help us to communicate with our audience clearly and effectively; (Logos)–stir emotional responses, carry truth, in Wordsworth's phrase, "alive into the heart by passion"; (Pathos)–elicit admiration for the eloquence of the speaker or writer, exert a powerful ethical appeal. (Ethos)4.1 ClassificationTwo Classification Systems–Corbett and Connors's System of Classification–Walter Nash's Classification System of Figures4.1.1 Corbett and Connors's System of ClassificationTwo main groups: the schemes and the tropes.A scheme (Greek schema, form, shape) involves a deviation from the ordinary pattern or arrangement of words.A trope (Greek tropein, to turn ) involves a deviation from the ordinary and principal signification of a word.The Schemes 布局/形变辞格Schemes of Words1. Adding or subtractingProsthesis (adding a syllable in front of word) e.g. loved -- belovedEpenthesis (adding a syllable in the middle of word) e.g. visiting -- visitatingProparalepsis (adding a syllable at the end of word) e.g. climate -- climatureAphaeresis (subtracting a syllable from the beginning of word) e.g. beneath –…neath, It is - 'tis, advantage - vantageSyncope (subtracting a syllable from the middle of word) e.g. prosperous -- prosprousApocope (subtracting a syllable from the end of word) e.g. evening – even, cinematograph - cinema2. Exchanging soundsmetathesis (transposition of letters in a word) e.g. clasp -- clapsantisthecon (change of sound) e.g. wrong -- wrangSchemes of Construction1. Schemes of BalanceParallelism (similarity of structure in a pair or related words, phrases, or clauses)Antithesis (the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure)2. Schemes of unusual or inverted word order (hyperbaton )Anastrophe (inversion of the natural or usual word order)Parenthesis (insertion of some verbal unit in a position interrupts the normal syntactical flow of thesentence)Apposition (placing side by side two co-ordinate elements, second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first)3. Schemes of OmissionEllipsis (deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context) Asyndeton (deliberate omission of conjunctions between series of related clauses)4. Schemes of RepetitionAlliteration (repetition of initial consonants in two or more adjacent words)Assonance (repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words)Anaphora (repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses) (a...)(a...)Epistrophe (repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses) (...a) (...a)Epanalepsis (repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause) (a …a)Anadiplosis (repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause) (…a, a …)Climax (arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance) Antimetabole (repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order)Chiasmus (reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses)Polyptoton (repetition of words derived from the same root)The Tropes 辞格/变异辞格Metaphor(an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common)Simile(an explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common)Synecdoche (a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole)Metonymy (substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant)Puns (generic name for those figures which make a play on words)1. Antanaclasis (repetition of a word in two different senses)2. Paronomasia (use of words alike in sound but different in meaning)3. Syllepsis(use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs)Anthimeria (the substitution of one part of speech for another)Periphrasis (substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name)Personification (Prosopopoeia) (investing abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities or abilities)Hyperbole (the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect)Litotes (deliberate use of understatement, not to deceive someone but to enhance the impressiveness of what we say)Rhetorical Question (erotema) (asking a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely)Onomatopoeia (use of words whose sound echoes the sense)Oxymoron (the yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory)Paradox (an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth)See 李鑫华，pp8- 17 for reference4.1.2 Walter Nash's Classification System of FiguresWalter Nash, British linguist, has adopted a linguistic approach toward the classification of the figures. For Nash, The word figure is the super-ordinate term, applicable to any rhetorical device. Scheme will refer to figures of word-order and syntactic patterning; trope will refer to figures that play on the sense of words.•We shall further distinguish between tropes that confine their play to a single word or phrase, and those that pervade longer stretches of discourse; these last we shall call modes调式. There are thus figures of syntax and figures of semantics, the latter being roughly divisible into word-semantics and discourse semantics. The proposed hierarchy of terms is represented in the following sketch:FIGURESCHEMES TROPE(syntax. (semantic)E.g. climax)(word meaning, (discourse sense,e.g. metaphor) e.g. irony)4.1.3 The classification of The New Encyclopedia Britannica1. figures of resemblance or relationship e.g. metaphor, simile2. figures of emphasis or understatement e.g. hyperbole, litotes3. figures of sound e.g. alliteration4. verbal games and gymnastics e.g. pun, anagram 字谜5. errors e.g. malapropism语词的滑稽误用,飞白, periphrasis 折绕4.1.4 Other classificationsLinguistically–Phonetical–lexical–StructuralSee 李鑫华，p8Aesthetically1. Figures related to sound and color声色美2.Figures related to resemblance and relationship3. Figures related to balance4. Figures related to emphasis5. Figures related to change6. Figures related to vagueness4.2 Syntactic schemes4.2.1 Syntactic Schemes of BalanceGeneral RemarksBalance in sentence construction is based on the principle that ideas of the same importance should be expressed in the same grammatical form to enhance clarity and coherence, by giving them equal weight.E.g.(1) Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.(Francis Bacon: " Of Studies")(2) Penny wise; pound foolish.•The chief schemes of balance are Parallelism, Antithesis, Chiasmus (交错配列), and its variation Antimetabole (颠倒重复). These are now discussed below, individually.1. ParallelismIn parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word (noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc.), phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence.Compare: Are they parallels?a. The child was pretty and had brains.b. The child was pretty and intelligent.c. He sat down and was beginning to work.d. He sat down and began to work.•Parallelism is regularly employed in the listing of facts, ideas, events etc., and the parallel elements may range from a minimum of two to any number required.•To make the parallelism clear, it is essential to repeat, as the case demands, the marker of the parallelism, such as an article, a preposition, the to of an infinitive, or the introductory word of a main or subordinate clause.E.g.(3) She was a good hostessand an accomplished pianist.(4) You can go there on foot,by busor by train.(5) It is important to know how to studyand to learn how to plan one's time.(There are two sets of parallelisms here.)(6) Do you know who will comeand when they will arrive?The careless omission of such markers will lead to awkward, if not unidiomatic sentences.E.g.(7) (×) I will wait until you call or shecomes.(√) I will wait until you call oruntil she comes.(8) (×) She is a swimmer and artist.(√) She is a swimmer and an artist.However, it is permissible to leave out such markers if their omission does not cause ambiguity,awkwardness, or if they do not sound unidiomatic.E.g.(9) She likes to read, swim, and play tennis.(10) We can go there by bus, train or plane.Parallel constructions are also introduced by correlative such as either ... or, neither ... nor, both … and, not only … but also, whether … or，and rathe r … than.E.g.(11) You may either go with them or stay behind.(12) She was both their friend and teacher.(13) I would rather go shopping than visit the parks.•From the above examples, we can see that parallelism involves balancing the structural elements of a sentence. Very often, however, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. E.g.(14) We live in deeds, not years;in thoughts, not breaths;in feelings, not in figures on a dial.(P. J. Bailey: Festus, v)(15) ... and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln: "Gettysburg Address")(16) Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?为……所累The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind, but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it.(Samuel Johnson: "Letter to Lord Chesterfield")•In conclusion, we will say parallelism is one of the most frequently used of all English rhetorical devices, and anyone who has learnt to use it with ease in all its variety will find it an invaluable aid in making his/her writing clear and effective.2. AntithesisAntithesis is the deliberate arrange-ment of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis.Speech is silver; silence is golden.Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.-- Shakespeare: Julius CaesarIt takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature. -- Henry JamesI had walked into that reading room a happy healthy man. I crawled out a decrepit wreck.-- Jerome K. Jerome: Three Men in a Boat•Sometimes a whole passage can be made up of contrasts, and this extract from Ecclesiastes is a well-known example, which emphasizes a point of view, an idea:There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under heaven: (Ecclesiastes)a time to be born and a time to die,a time to plant and a time to uproot,a time to kill and a time to heal,a time to tear down and a time to build,a time to weep and a time to laugh,a time to mourn and a time to dance,…a time to be silent and a time to speak,a time to love and a time to hate,a time for war and a time for peace.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair, we had everything before us.3. Chiasmus and Antimetabole(交错配列,颠倒重复).Chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of words.(1) We live to eat, not eat to live.(Here the key words in the first statement are repeated, and reversed in order in the second. This is called antimetabole.)(2) He was an angel on the surface, but a t heart a knave.(Here there is no repetition of words; but the positions of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.)(3) Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (chiasmus)-- J.F. Kennedy(4) And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (antimetabole)-- J.F. KennedySimilar Chinese device is called “回环”, for example:（1）啊呀啊呀，真实愈有钱，便愈是一毫不肯放松，愈是一毫不肯放松，便愈有钱……（鲁迅《故乡》）（2）“人家说了再做，我是做了再说。
logos的修辞手法
logos的修辞手法
"Logos"是修辞学中的一个术语，指的是通过逻辑和事实来说服听众或读者的修辞手法。
它主要依靠合理的推理、严密的论证和准确的事实来支持和强化演讲或写作的论点。
以下是一些常见的使用 "logos"的修辞手法：
1.逻辑推理（Logical Reasoning）：使用合乎逻辑的论证和推理过程来支持观点，并引发听众或读者的思考。
2.统计数据（Statistics）：引用可信度高的统计数据和研究结果，以提供有力的支持和证据。
3.事实陈述（Factual Statements）：引用客观事实、科学研究或专家意见，以增加论证的可信度和权威性。
4.比较对比（Comparison and Contrast）：通过对比不同观点、情况或数据，展示论点的合理性和优势。
5.引用权威（Appeal to Authority）：引用专家、权威人士或权威机构的观点，以增加论证的信任度和可靠性。
6.逻辑谬误检测（Logical Fallacy Detection）：识别和揭示论点中的逻辑谬误，强调论证的逻辑上的强度和合理性。
这些修辞手法可以用于演讲、文章、广告等不同的文体中，以增强说服力和逻辑性。
1。
运用修辞的英语作文高中生
运用修辞的英语作文高中生Title: The Art of Rhetoric in High School English EssaysIntroduction:Rhetoric, the art of persuasive speaking and writing, plays a crucial role in the composition of high-quality English essays. As high school students, mastering the use of rhetorical strategies can significantly enhance the effectiveness and impact of our writing. This document aims to explore various rhetorical techniques and demonstrate their application in high school English essays.1. Anecdotes:Anecdotes serve as a powerful tool to capture readers' attention and make a point more relatable. By starting an essay with a short, relevant story, students can engage their audience from the very beginning. For example, when writing about the importance of perseverance, a student might begin with a personal anecdote about overcoming a challenging situation.2. Metaphors and Similes:Using metaphors and similes can enliven a piece of writing by creating vivid comparisons. These literary devices help readers visualize and better understand complex concepts. In an essay about friendship, a student might compare true friends to \'a sturdy bridge that withstands the strongest storms,\' highlighting the strength and reliability of suchrelationships.3. Rhetorical Questions:Rhetorical questions can provoke thought and create a sense of engagement with the reader. By asking a thought-provoking question, students can challenge their audience to consider different perspectives. In an essay about climate change, a student might ask, \'Can we afford to ignore the signs of an impending environmental catastrophe?\'4. Repetition:Repetition is a powerful rhetorical device that emphasizes key points and makes them more memorable. By repeating a phrase or sentence, students can drive home their main argument. In an essay about equality, a student might repeatedly use the phrase \'all men are created equal\' to emphasize the importance of this fundamental principle.5. Antithesis:Antithesis involves presenting contrasting ideas or phrases in close proximity to create a strong impact. This device can highlight the stark differences between two concepts, making the essay more compelling. In an essay about the effects of technology, a student might state, \'While technology has connected the world, it has also isolated individuals from meaningful human interaction.\'6. Pathos, Ethos, and Logos:Appealing to the emotions (pathos), credibility (ethos), and logic(logos) is essential in persuasive writing. High school students can use a combination of these rhetorical appeals to strengthen their argument. For instance, an essay advocating for animal rights might include emotional stories of animal cruelty (pathos), credibility by referencing scientific studies (ethos), and logical arguments against animal exploitation (logos).Conclusion:Mastering the art of rhetoric can elevate high school students' English essays to a higher level of sophistication and effectiveness. By incorporating anecdotes, metaphors, rhetorical questions, repetition, antithesis, and appeals to pathos, ethos, and logos, students can craft compelling arguments that engage and persuade their readers. Embracing these rhetorical strategies will not only improve the quality of their writing but also enhance their ability to communicate ideas effectively.。
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One of the ways to test the validity of such a claim, is to break it down into what is known as a syllogism[逻]三段论法, which proceeds from major premise to minor premise to claim:
and a conclusion.
The hypothetical syllogism
Major premise: If P, then Q Minor premise: P Conclusion: Therefore Q If P, then Q Not Q Therefore not P
Example: If the lines of a poem do not rhyme, the poem may be called blank verse; as this poem is rhymeless, you may call it blank verse.
Logos: Logical Appeals.
Logos appeals to patterns, conventions, and modes of reasoning that the audience finds convincing and persuasive (Covino and Jolliffe 17).
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail."
There are two general ways of reasoning, of generating a logical appeal: induction(归纳) and deduction（推理）. Induction is the method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. Deduction, the inverse to induction, is the method of reasoning from generals to particulars and is the most common form of reasoning in argument.
Now, what is the difference between the two? How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority. (to be continued)
In making decisions about the best way to use logos, the writer must answer three questions:
What do we believe, think, or feel in common? Are the premises, or evidence, for the argument just and appropriate? and Does the proper conclusion follow from the assumptions of the premises and what would prevent the audience from accepting the conclusion? (Covino and Jolliffe 17).
Example 1. John will surely fail his calculus exam, because he hasn't studied. Example 2. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
An example of effective use of logical appeal --- Martin Luther King, Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Example: Every raven in a random sample of
3200 ravens is black. This strongly supports the hypothesis that all ravens are black.
Syllogisms and Enthymemes: The Processes of Logos
enthymeme[逻]省略三段论法
An enthymeme is the chief way that logical arguments are built. Most of the time an enthymeme is identifiable by words such as because, since, for, therefore, so, thus, and hence, which signal either the conclusion or the support for an argument. E.g. Pit bulls sherous animals.
A syllogism is the most common type of deductive logic. Aristotle thought of it as the "main instrument for reaching scientific conclusions." an enthymeme, on the other hand, is "the rhetorical equivalent of the syllogism" (Corbett 73). In fact, Aristotle himself defined an enthymeme as a "rhetorical syllogism," saying that "enthymeme is to rhetoric as syllogism is to logic" (Covino and Jolliffe 20).
"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: 1) Collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive. 2) Negotiation. 3) Self-purification and 4) Direct action. We have gone through all of these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying of the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than any city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal and unbelievable facts. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the political leaders consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation.
With deductive logic, the conclusion is a necessary consequence of the premises, based