自考英美文学选读-作家特色与作品分析
自考-《英美文学选读》作家和作品
A Tale of a Tub 桶的故事
The Battle of the books 书籍的战争
The Drapier’s Letter 德拉皮尔的信
Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议
5. Henry Fielding
The great poems: Paradise Lost (1665)
Paradise Regained (1666)
Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义 8个
1. John bunyan:
Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合
The Book of Urizen 尤来森之书
The Book of Los 洛斯之书
The four Zoas四个左义斯
Milon弥尔顿
Tiger
2. Willian Wordsworth(Lake Poets)
The Victorian Period 6
1. Charles Dickens
Sketches by Boz 勃兹速写
Life in Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
Nicholas Nickleby 尼克拉丝尼克尔比
The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传
The History of Amelia阿米利亚
6．Samuel Johnson
Poems: London , The Vanity of human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻
英美文学选读自考重点
英美文学选读自考重点英美文学选读是自考中一门重要且富有魅力的课程，它涵盖了英国和美国文学发展历程中的众多经典作品和重要作家。
对于自考生来说，掌握重点内容是顺利通过考试的关键。
以下将为您详细介绍英美文学选读自考的重点。
一、英国文学部分1、古英语时期与中世纪文学这一时期的重点是了解英国文学的起源和早期发展。
比如，《贝奥武甫》是英国文学史上第一部重要的史诗，要理解其主题、结构和语言特点。
另外，乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》也是重点，需掌握其对人物的刻画、叙事技巧以及反映的社会现实。
2、文艺复兴时期文学文艺复兴时期的英国文学成就斐然。
威廉·莎士比亚是重中之重，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《麦克白》等，要深入研究其人物塑造、情节设置、主题思想以及对人性、命运、爱情等问题的探讨。
同时，还需了解这一时期其他重要作家如托马斯·莫尔的《乌托邦》。
3、 17 世纪文学这一时期的玄学派诗歌和清教徒文学是重点。
约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌以奇特的比喻和复杂的思维著称，要理解其诗歌的独特风格和思想内涵。
而弥尔顿的《失乐园》《复乐园》等作品，则要把握其宗教主题和史诗般的气魄。
4、 18 世纪文学启蒙运动时期的英国文学注重现实和理性。
丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》是必读作品，要分析主人公的形象和作品所反映的殖民主义、个人奋斗等主题。
此外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》也是重点，理解其讽刺手法和对社会现象的批判。
5、 19 世纪浪漫主义文学浪漫主义时期的诗人如威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈的作品都需要认真研读。
了解他们各自的诗歌风格、主题以及对自然、爱情、自由等的追求。
同时，简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》也是常考内容，要分析其细腻的人物描写和婚姻爱情观。
6、 19 世纪现实主义文学查尔斯·狄更斯的作品在这一时期占据重要地位，如《雾都孤儿》《大卫·科波菲尔》《双城记》等，要理解其对社会现实的批判和对人性的关怀。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国现代主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国现代主义一天全掌握The Modern Period现代主义时间：1914-194背景background：1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and the rich was deepened;2) The First World War and The Second World War happened, which influenced people greatly;3) All kinds of philosophical ideas were produced.特点characters：1) Modernism rose out of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism;2) The French symbolism heralded modernism;3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base;4) The major theme of Modernism are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself;5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and the tone is disillusioned.影响这一时期的哲学思想philosophical ideas influenced Modernism：1) Karl Marx’s scientific socialism;2) Darwin’s t heory evolution -the social Darwinism "survival of the fittest";3) Einstein’s theory of relativity;4) Freud’s analytical psychology;5) The irrational philosophy.Why Modernism is different from Realism? 现代主义与现实主义的区别In many aspects, Modernism acts against Realism;1) Modernism rejects rationalism, while Realism stresses it;2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world;3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it casts away all the traditional elements such as: story, character, etc. while Realism stresses it.4) Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc.萧伯纳George Bernard Shawa brilliant dramatist杰出的戏剧家Shaw wroted more than 50 plays《鳏夫的房产》、《康帝坦》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《凯撒和克里奥特拉》、《圣女贞德》、《人与超人》、《皮克马利瓮》、《回到麦修色拉》、《苹果车》主要作品介绍：His criticism was witty, biting, and often brilliant.Widower's House 鳏夫的房产is a grotesquely荒诞地realistic exposure of slum贫民窟landlordism地主所有制; Mrs Warren's Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.The Apple Cart苹果车(1929) is about politics; John Bull's Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿(1904) is about racial problems;Too True to Be Good难以置信(1932) is a better play of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic betterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of WorldWar I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。
自考英美文学选读课件(超级)
现代小说
珍·奥斯汀
她以描写中产阶级生活和故事讲述的微妙语言风格而著称。她最著名的作品是《傲慢与偏见》 和《爱与友谊》。
威廉·福克纳
作为现代小说的杰出代表之一，福克纳的小说涉及历史、家庭、人类情感、宗教和死亡等主 题。他的作品《喧哗与骚动》和《荒原》等作品广受好评。
作家和作品
其他杰出的小说家包括弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和欧内斯特·海明威。他们的作品作为当代文学的经 典，仍然受到读者的喜爱。
授课建议
如果您想要更深入地探究英美文 学的世界，可以阅读相关课程的 扩展阅读内容，以及更多的文学 批评文章。同时，也可以加入英 美文学社群，一起交流讨论名著 和文学批评方面的话题。
展望未来
英美文学是人类文化的重要组成 部分，在未来的时间里，英美文 学的研究和探索将会永不停歇。 期待未来，我们有更多的机会了 解这个充满魅力和意义的文学世 界。
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资本主义批评
资本主义批评是一种批评方法，它借鉴了马克思主义的思想，强调文学作品在资本主义世 界中所处的角色和意义。这种视角使得批评者们能够更加深入地探索文学作品和作者在特 定历史条件下的根本原因。
总结
课程回顾
在这门课程中，您学习了许多著 名的英美文学作品和作者。这些 作品涉及人性弱点和优点、哲学 问题、人类情感、价值、人生观 等。
自考英美文学选读课件 (超级完整版)
学习英美文学是了解西方文化的最佳途径之一。这门课程将介绍最著名的文 学作品和作者，帮助您更好地欣赏并理解英美文学的魅力。
古典诗歌
莎士比亚
17世纪英国最杰出的戏剧作家， 也是杰出的诗人。他的作品包括 《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》等， 揭示人性的深层问题，探索了普 遍的人类情感。
诗人
作品
自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期（2）
⼆该时期的重要作家 I. William Blake 1.⼀般识记： His life English poet， artist， & philosopher， born in London England， Nov 28， 1757， and died in London， Aug12，1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings， which are among the masterpieces of graphic art. 2. 识记 His political， religious & literary views Blake never tried to fit into the world； he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley， Blake strongly criticized the capitalists'' cruel exploitation， saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed， killed children & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution， & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet， showing contempt for the rule of reason， opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century & treasuring the individual''s imagination. 3. 领会 His poems （1） Early works The Songs of Innocence （1809） is a lovely volume of poems， presenting a happy & innocent world， though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance， " Holy Thursday" with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in " The Chimney Sweeper，" orphaned， exploited， yet touched by visionary rapture， evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience （1794） paints a different world， a world of misery，poverty， disease， war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of " Holy Thursday" are now "fed with cold & usurious hand." The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"——the very instruments of their repression. In "London"， the city is no longer a paradise， but becomes the seat of poverty & despair，of man alienated from his true self. Blake''s Marriageof Heaven & Hell （1790） marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem， Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion， reason & energy， love & hate，are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take， a pairing of opposites， of good & evil， of innocence & experience， of body & soul. "Without contraries，" Blake states， "there is no progression." The "marriage，" to Blake， means the reconciliation of the contraries， not the subordination of the one to the other. （2） Later works In his later period， Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books， which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are： The Book ofUrizen（1794），The Book of Los（1795）。
自考英美文学选读(美国文学史)
PART TWO: AMERICAN LITERATUREChapter1 The Romantic Period1.主要作家及其作品：i.Washington Irving:The Sketch Book; Rip Van Winkle;The Legend of Sleepy Hollowii.Ralph Waldo Emerson:Essays; The American Scholar; Self-Reliance;The Over-Soul; The Poet; Experience; Nature iii.Nathaniel Hawthorne:Mosses from an Old Manse; The Scarlet Letter;The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales;The House of the Seven Gables;The Blithedale Romance;The Marble Fauniv.Walt Whitman:Leaves of Grass; There was a Child Went Forth;Drum Taps; Cavalry Crossing a Ford; Song of Myself;When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dv.Herman Melville:Moby-Dick; Billy Budd; Typee; Omoo;Mardi; Redburn; White Jacket.2.清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. As the word itself hints，Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship，and organization of authority. American Puritans，like their brothers back in England，were idealists，believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination，original sin and total depravity，and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America，they became more and more practical，as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. As a culture heritage，Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become，to some extent，so much a state of mind，so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere，rather than a set of tenets.3.超验主义Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively，or of attaining knowledge transcendingthe reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech，"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and，therefore，self-re1iant. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold，rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ，the innate goodness of man，and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.4.象征主义5.自由诗Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry. He adopted "free verse，" that is，poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are，undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy. Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively. By means of "free verse，" Whitman turned the poem into an open field，an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.6.爱默生的超验主义思想及他的自然观In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the Individual, and Nature. Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy. Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ―over-soul,‖ since the over-soul is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which all are a part. Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.. he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Emerson’s nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God’s overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. ―God back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul. Emerson has brought the Puritan Legacy of symbolism to its perfection. 7.《小伙子布朗》中的寓言和象征In ―Young Goodman Brown,‖ Hawthorne set out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of human evil. In the manner of its concern with guilt and evil，it exemplifies what Milville called the" power of blackness" in Hawthorne's work. In "Young Goodman Brown，" he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. "Evil is thenature of mankind." Its hero，a naive young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard，is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night，and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful.Allegorically，our protagonist，becomes an Everyman named Brown，a "young man" who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol.However, The story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer，and he does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream.8.霍桑的清教思想和他人性本恶的观点As we can see, Hawthorne’s literary world turns out to be a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one possible to imagine. This has much to do with his ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. According to Hawthorne, ―There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself. He believed that ―the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones,‖ and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt. This sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life., which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.9.麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象征意义Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure，it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe，a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.Like Hawthorne，Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. He uses allegory and symbolism in Moby-Dick to present its mighty theme. Instead of putting the battle between Ahab and the big whale into simple statements，he used symbols，that is，objects or persons who represent something else. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups；facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings；the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale，Moby Dick，symbolizes nature for Melville，for it is complex，unfathomable，malignant，and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab，however，the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall，hiding some unknown，mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall，to root out the evil，but only to be destroyed by evil，in this case，by his own consuming desire，his madness. For the author，as well as for the reader and Ishmael，the narrator，Moby Dick is still a mystery，an ultimate mystery of the universe，inscrutable and ambivalent，and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search，not a discovery，of the truth.10.惠特曼《草叶集》的结构(自由诗)、主题、语言特色1. The themes in Whitman's poetry：His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch. Whitman believed that poetry could play a vita1 part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enab1e Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonia1 rule. And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themse1ves in the new wor1d of possibi1ities. Hence，the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines. Sexual 1ove，a rather taboo topic of the time，is displayed candidly as something adorable. The individual person and his desires must be respected.2.Leaves of GrassWalt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission，having devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem，Leaves of Grass.（1）the title ：It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass . He said that where there is earth，where there is water，there is grass. Grass，the most common thing with the greatest vitality，is an image of the poet himself，a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.（a）theme：In this giant work，openness，freedom，and above all，individua1ism（the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important）are all that concerned him. Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ，attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature，democracy，labor and creation ，and sings of man's dignity and equality，and of the brightest future of mankind . Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well.（b）the poet's essentia1 purposeHis aim was nothing less than to express some new poetica1 feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference shou1d be recognized. The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was，according to Whitman，to behave as a supreme individualist；however，the poet's essentia1 purpose was to identify his ego with the world，and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America，which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".3.Whitman's poetic style and languageTo dramatize the nature of these new poetical fee1ings，Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry，which would first be discerned in his style and language.（1）Whitman's poetic style is marked，first of a1l，by the use of the poetic "I." Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains "Walt Whitman"，hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification. Insuch a manner，Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification.（3）Whitman is conversational and casual，in the fluid，expansive，and unstructured style of talking. However，there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.（4）Whitman's languageContrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry，Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude. Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest，undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion，gender，class，and race. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader. Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerfu1，colorful，as well as rarely-used words，words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.美国现实主义时期1.Mark Twain: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County;Innocents Abroad; The Gilded Age2.Henry James: The American; Daisy Miller;The Europeans; The Portrait of A Lady;What Maisie Knows; The Wings of the Dove;The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl; The Art to Fiction3.Emily Dickinson:4. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie; American Tragedy1.What is Realism?In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.1.What is Naturalism? (or American Naturalism)In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th –century scientic thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx. American Naturalism is a more advanced stage of realism toward the close of the 19th century. The American naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin’s theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. And consciously or unconsciously the American naturalists followed the French novelist and theorist Emile Zola's cal l that the 1iterary artist ―must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and the physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies.‖ They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society and portrayed the people who were demonstrably victims of society and nature. And one of the most familiar themes in American Naturalism is the theme of human ―bestiality‖, especially as an explanation of sexual desire.Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpo1ished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldly in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control. Devoid of rationality and caught in a process in which he is but a part, man cannot fully understand, let alone contro1, the world he lives in; hence, he is left with no freedom of choice.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Notable writers of naturalistic fiction were Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson, and Theodore Driser.2.The distinction between Realism and NaturalismNaturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.The distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art. Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will. Third, Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of Realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless.3.What is (Social) Darwinism?Social Darwinism is a belief that societies and individual human beings compete in astruggle for existence in which natural selection results in ―struggle of the fittest.‖ Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Social Darwinists typically deny that they advocate a ―law of jungle.‖ But most propose arguments that justify imbalances of power between individuals, races, and nations because they consider some more fit to survive than others. The theory had produced a big impact on Naturalism.马克吐温1.Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippivalley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary societyAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es.(2) The novel’s theme, characterization of ―Huck‖ and the novel’s social significance: Theme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called ― the damned human race.‖ That is the theme of man’s inhumani ty to man---of human cruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain’s wonderful characterization of ―Huck,‖ a typical American boy whom its creator described as a boy with ―a sound heart and a deformed conscience,‖ and remarkable for the raft’s journey down the Mississippi river, which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between i nnocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.黛西米勒的主题和主要人物的性格分析1.The theme of the novelDaisy Miller is one of James’s early works that dealt with the international theme, i.e.,to set against a large international background, usual1y between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two different groups of peop1e representing two different value systems: American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom.2.Characterization of Daisy MillerIn this novel, the ―Americanness ‖in Daisy is revealed by her relatively unreserved manners. Daisy Miller, a typical young American girl who goes to Europe and affronts her destiny. The unsophisticated girl is cruelly wronged because of the confrontation between the two value systems. Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures. In this novel James’s sympathy for Daisy could be easily felt when we think of a tender flower crushed by the harsh winter in Rome.3.The content of this selection: Daisy has just arrived at Switzerland with her family and meets Winterborne for the first time. Two days later Daisy goes alone with Winterborne on an excursion to an old castle, which is soon in the air among theby its narration from the point of view of the American youth Winterborne狄金森诗歌的主题结构及艺术特色The thematic concerns and the original artistic features of Dickinson's poetry: 1．Themes: Dicksinson’s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1 device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson’s irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivifysome abstract ideas. Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.美国现代时期1.Ezra Pound: The Cantos; In a Station of the Metro.2.Robert Lee Frost: The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening3.Eugene O’Neill: Beyond the Horizon; The Emperor Jones; The HairyApe;All God’s Chillun Got Wings; Desire under the Elms;Anna Christie; The Great God Brown; Lazarus Laughed;Strange Interlude; The Iceman Cometh;Long Day’s Journey Into Night.4. F Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise; The Beautiful andDamned;The Great Gatsby; Tender is the Night;Flappers and Philosophers; Tales of the Jazz Age;All the Sad Young Men; Taps at Reveille;Babylon Revisited.5.Ernest Hemingway: In Our Time; The Sun Also Rises;A farewell to Arms; For Whom the BellTolls;The Old Man and the Sea; Men Without Women.6.William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury; Light in August;Absalom, Absalom; Go Down, Moses;A Rose for Emily.1）The Imagist Movement and the artistic characteristics of imagist poems：Led by the American poet Ezra Pound，Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrates on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism，especially Tennyson's worldliness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism，including direct treatment of poetic subjects，elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words，and rhythmical composition should be composed with the phrasing of music，not a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing，to stick closely to the object or experience being described，and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound，Wallace Stevens，wrence，etc.The characteristic products of the movement are more easily recognized than its theories defined；they tend to be short，composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity，to avoid abstraction，and to treat the imagewith a hard，clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent. The influence of Japanese forms，tanka and haiku，is obvious in many. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse and they like to emply common speech. They stressed the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form.2）The Lost GenerationIt refers to，in general，the post-World WarⅠgeneration，but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists，who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein，"You are all a lost generation，"addressed to Hemingway，was used as an epigraph to the latter's novel The Sun Also Rises，which brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing. The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial，materialistic，and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway，F. Scott Fitzgerald，Ezra Pound，E.E.Cummings，and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.3）What is Expressionism？Expressionism is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision，transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism，a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events.In drama，the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality. writers's concern was with general truths rather than with particular situations，hence they explored in their plays the predicaments of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. Emphasis was laid not on the outer world，which is merely sketched in and barely defined in place or time，but on the internal，on an individual's mental state；hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind. In America，Eugene O'Neille's Emperor Jones，The Hairy Ape，etc. are typical plays that employ Expressionism4）The concept of "wasteland" in relation to the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literatureThe Waste Land is a poem written by T.S.Eliot on the theme of the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world. This most widely known expression of the despair of the post-War era has appeared over and again in the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literature. Fitzgerald sought to portray a spiritual wasteland of the Jazz Age. Beneath the masks of relaxation and joviality，there was only sterility，meaninglessness and futility amid the grandeur and extravagance，。
自考 英美文学选读 书单
自考英美文学选读书单自考英美文学选读书单是一份精选的文学作品清单，涵盖了英美文学的经典之作。
下面将为大家介绍其中一些著名的作品。
第一本书是《傲慢与偏见》，这是简·奥斯汀的代表作之一。
小说以英国乡村为背景，讲述了伊丽莎白·班纳特与达西先生之间的爱情故事。
通过对社交等级、道德观念和婚姻观念的揭示，描绘了18世纪英国社会的种种现象。
第二本书是《呼啸山庄》，这是艾米莉·勃朗特的代表作之一。
小说以英格兰北部的荒野为背景，讲述了希斯克利夫和卡瑟琳之间复杂的爱恨情仇。
小说展现了人性的复杂性和对爱情的追求，同时也探讨了社会等级、阶级差异和道德观念等话题。
第三本书是《威尼斯商人》，这是威廉·莎士比亚的著名戏剧作品之一。
该剧以威尼斯为背景，讲述了商人安东尼奥与犹太人财主夏洛克的纠葛。
作品涉及了信任、友谊、爱情和复仇等主题，对人性和社会关系进行了深入的探讨。
第四本书是《鲁滨逊漂流记》，这是丹尼尔·笛福的经典之作。
故事讲述了鲁滨逊在海上遭遇风暴后被困在一个无人岛上，他靠着自己的智慧和勇气生存下来，并最终成功返回文明世界。
小说通过对人性、孤独和生存意义的思考，探讨了人与自然的关系。
第五本书是《傻乎乎与傻呵呵》，这是马克·吐温的代表作之一。
小说通过讲述汉克·摩根和吉姆·卡特的冒险故事，揭示了人性的善恶、社会的虚伪和对自由的追求。
作品以幽默和讽刺的方式展现了美国南方社会的种种现象。
以上是自考英美文学选读书单中的一些经典之作，每本书都有其独特的主题和意义。
通过阅读这些作品，我们可以更好地了解英美文学的发展历程和人性的复杂性。
希望大家通过阅读这些经典之作，能够获得更多的思考和启发。
英美文学选读自考重点
英美文学选读自考重点我觉得英美文学选读自考重点有不少值得一说的地方。
首先，我觉得最重要的是对不同时期文学流派的把握。
像浪漫主义时期，一定要理解它强调个人情感、对自然的热爱这些特点。
我之前就在这卡住了，以为只要记住几个代表作家就行，后来发现重点在于理解整个流派的创作风格和思想内核。
比如说济慈的诗歌，充满了对美好事物的细腻感受，这就是浪漫主义注重情感表达的体现。
一定要注意每个流派都不是孤立存在的，它们之间相互影响。
对于作家作品，这个特别关键。
不仅要知道故事梗概，更要了解作品背后的社会文化背景。
例如在学习狄更斯的小说时，我们知道他的作品很多是反映英国维多利亚时期的社会风貌。
如果不清楚当时英国贫富差距极大、阶级矛盾尖锐这些社会背景，就很难深入理解他作品里对穷苦人民的同情和对社会黑暗的揭露。
还有人物形象分析也是重点。
我思考过从不同角度去分析人物，像是从心理角度、社会角色角度等。
比如哈姆雷特，从心理角度去看，他的犹豫寡断不只是性格问题，还和他所处的复杂的宫廷环境以及伦理道德困境有关。
这一点容易被忽视，很多人单纯说他是优柔寡断的性格，但深入分析就发现有更多内涵。
语言特色也不容忽视。
有些作家的语言比较晦涩难懂，像乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》。
这时候就需要我们耐心去剖析句子结构和用词的特殊之处。
我之前对书中那些意识流的描写很头疼，后来发现重点在于先抓住一些反复出现的关键意象，再去理解句子就容易多了。
对了还有文学术语这个关键点。
像象征、隐喻这些术语，要清楚地知道它们在具体作品里是如何运用的。
以《了不起的盖茨比》为例，绿灯就是一个重要的象征，它象征着盖茨比对黛西的梦想和追求。
理解这些术语有助于我们更准确地解读作品。
作品中的主题也是关键的部分。
比如探讨人性、爱情、命运等主题。
像勃朗特姐妹的作品中就常常会涉及爱情与社会约束、女性地位等主题相关的内容，我们需要通过阅读作品总结出这些主题并且能够阐述清楚。
新大纲英美文学温习重点27位作家-精编
《英美文学选读》二、考情分析（一）关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包括对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。
（二）大纲调整后的特点（1）新大纲加倍突出了英美各个文学时期的时期特点。
如：文艺振兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。
从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。
（2）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。
从这个意义上讲，命题的核心集中了。
（3）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。
三、温习方式（二）每章概述部份的温习重点在对这部份的温习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定和其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时期特点和突出文学成绩也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。
（三）每章重点作家的温习重点作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作和代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。
（四）每章作品选读的温习重点作品选读前面的斜体字部份的简介和归纳；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部份，小说作品中的人物关系。
Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of theAnglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
自考英语本科英美文学选读英国文艺复兴时期一天全掌握
English LiteratureThe Renaissance Period1. age: 1500-16602. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church3. features:(1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happinessEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯賓賽1. The poet's poet;2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealismThe Faerie Queen仙后(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful lovesChristopher Marlowe克里斯扥夫.馬洛（Blank verseUniversity wit）1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English dramaDr Fauctus浮士德博士The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the DevilWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亞The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—“The King’s government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and realitySonnets十四行詩The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth1. 154 poems; English form2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock).3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and deathFrancis Bacon弗蘭西斯.培根a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his "Essays" is an important landmark in the development of English prosebrevity\compactness\powerfulnessOf Studies论学习It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human characterJohn Donne約翰.鄧恩John Milton約翰.彌爾頓the leading figure(代表人物) of the "metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnetsa seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than staticA versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanistThe Sun Rising太阳升起Death, Be Not Proud死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets）Paradise Lost失樂園1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love2. a bold challenge to the proud DeathSatan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man时间界定English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.浪漫主义时期英国“湖畔派”英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家，是华兹华斯（1770－1850）、柯勒律治（1772－1834）和骚塞（1774－1843）。
自考《英美文学选读》（美）浪漫主义时期（1）
下篇：美国⽂学 第⼀章 美国浪漫主义时期 ⼀、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。
本章学习⽬的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期⾄中叶美国⽂学产⽣的历史、⽂化背景；认识该时期⽂学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国⽂学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的⽂学创作⽣涯、创作思想、艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题思想、⼈物刻画、语⾔风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特⾊，培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。
Ⅱ。
本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国⽂学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构、⼈物刻画、语⾔风格、思想意义。
3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。
本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义⽂学产⽣的社会历史及⽂化背景 （2）“领会”内容：美国浪漫主义在⽂学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义⽂学的影响 b.美国本⼟⽂学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应⽤”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、⾃由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。
欧⽂ 1.⼀般识记：欧⽂的⽣平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧⽂的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应⽤：选读《瑞普。
凡。
温可尔》的主题及其艺术特⾊ B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默⽣ 1.⼀般识记：爱默⽣的⽣平及创作⽣涯 2.识记：爱默⽣的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默⽣的散⽂：《论⾃然》《论⾃助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默⽣与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应⽤：《论⾃然》节选：爱默⽣的基本哲学思想及⾃然观 C.纳撒尼尔。
霍桑 1.⼀般识记：霍桑的⽣平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇⼩说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、⼼理描写、象征⼿法和、⼩说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔⽂教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（⼈性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义⼩说的贡献 4.应⽤：选读《⼩伙⼦布朗》的主题结构、象征⼿法及语⾔特⾊ D.华尔特。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》美国文学史梗概
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。
代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。
二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝”；自然万物是“神的体现”，人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
主要特点：作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义”和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”；文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。
启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。
三、19世纪南北战争时期这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。
浪漫主义注重“想象”、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。
超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。
自考英美文学选读(00604)
应用必背单元Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period (2)Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (6)Chapter3 The Romantic Period (9)Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (14)Chapter 5 The Modern Period (18)Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品1)Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene2)Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus Tamburlaine3)William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4)John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud5)John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2.文艺复兴The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.3.人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.A.Shakespeare’s views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespeare also states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s characters:Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.C.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s plot:Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments—the language. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意向<The Songs and Sonnets>. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donne’s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.5.戏剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeare’s youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6.哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7.诗歌《失乐园》的结构、人物性格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men.”At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to God’s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satan’s rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man’s fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period1.新古典时期的作家及其作品1)John Bunyan ：<The Pilgrim's Progress>2)Alexander Pope：<An Essay on Criticism> <The Dunciad> <TheRape of the Lock> <An Essay on Man>3)Daniel Defoe：<Robinson Crusoe>4)Jonathan Swift：<A Tale of a Tub> <The Battle of the Books> <TheDrapier's Letters> <Gulliver's Travels> <A Modest Proposal>5)Henry Fielding：<The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> <The History ofTom Jones a Foundling> <The History of Amelia>6)Samuel Johnson：<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chester field>7)Richard Brinsley Sheridan：<The School for Scandal>8)Thomas Gray ：<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>2.启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art developed.3.新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.4.英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible; Poetry should be lyrical(抒情的), epical（叙事诗的, 英雄的, 有重大历史意义的）,didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.5.英国现实主义小说The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thus —the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century —is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.6.《天国历程》中“名利场”的寓意The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide(v.遵守，坚持) by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor(n寓意，隐喻)—life as a journey—is simple and familiar.7.蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.8.鲁滨逊漂流记的特点The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype(n雏形，范例，原型)of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies(v赞美，美化) human labor and the Puritan(n清教徒) fortitude(n刚/坚毅，不屈不挠), which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness9.《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The exaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental question: What on earth is a human being、10.菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose". He adopted" the third—person narration," in which the author becomes the "all—knowing God." He "thinks the thought " of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.11.格雷诗歌的主题与意象It is more or less(或多或少) connected with the melancholy event of death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(n/v破坏，混乱) on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait (n特征，特点)of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period1.浪漫主义时期的作家及其作品1)William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innocence2)Marriage of Heaven and Hell3)William Wordsworth: The Prelude Composed upon Westminster Bridge4)Lyrical Ballads I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud5)The Solitary Reaper6)Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner7)George Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage8)Song for the Ludites9)Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark Men of England10)Ode to the West Wind11)John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale Ode on a Grecian Urn12)Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice2.浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.3.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析A.In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated newtechniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.B.The romanticists not only extol the faculty off imagination, but also elevate theconcepts of spontaneity and inspiration.C.They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominantsubject.D.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.4.浪漫主义（所选作品）的主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.B. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained from experience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, ie. what things seem to be and what they actually are. Byron’s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope’s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope’s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society. And the diverse materials and the clash of emotions gathered in the poem are harmonized by Byron’s insight into the difference between life’s appearance and its actuality.5. a. The Romantic MovementIt expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.b. The Gothic novelIt is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.(2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.Wordsworth is the closest to nature.To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.6.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.1) Structure, characterization & language styleThe structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the heart of the novelist's exploration of the marriage, property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy, & Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are always related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her independence & self-esteem, but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas, we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood. Conversely, in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham, we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters in Pride & Prejudice are: Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh, who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marriage & class.5. 应用Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels1) Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events: a quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in provincial surroundings, which she knew well from her own experience2) Her subject matter is also limited, for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married, which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age, who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3) Austen's interest was in human nature; in her depiction of human nature, instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion, by passion or heroic experience, she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living, which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4) Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant & refined, but never showy.6. 简奥斯丁对英国文学的伟大贡献：A．J ane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.B．H er main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns abouthuman belief career and salient social events. This is what makes herimportant in English literature.C．J ane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of for, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and heraccurate portrayal of human individuals.D．S he describes the world from a woman’s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.7.Wordsworth的写作风格1)The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry,notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, thestrong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular,dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description withexpressions of inward states of mind.2)According to subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified intotwo groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.3)To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative andintellectual engagement with the development of embodied humanbeings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strengthand knowledge full of peace.4)Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literaryinterest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. Hissympathy always goes to the suffering poor.5)Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity ad refusal to decorate the truth ofexperience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no otherpoet has ever equaled.8.Romantic poets 与Romantic Age 的不同处：The poetic ideals announced by Words worth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made p the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.9.Songs of innocence 与Songs of ExperienceA.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy andinnocent world, though not without its evils.B.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, disease, warand repression with melancholy tone.C.The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis andconclusion differ.Chapter 4 The Victorian Period1．维多利亚时期的主要作家与作品1）Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist; The Pickwick Paper; David Copper field.;Dombey and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Hard Times;Great Expectation; Our Mutual Friend.2）Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights.Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre3）Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses; In Memoriam; Break, Break, Break;Dora; Crossing the Bar; Morte d’Arthur; The Gardener’s Daughter; The Princess4）Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book; My Last Duchess5）George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss: Middlemarch: Daniel Deronda;Romola6）Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree; Far From the Madding Crowd: The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge: Tess of the D’Urbervilles1.宪章运动The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement. The English workers got themselves organized in big cities and brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2.功利主义Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost and brought greater suffering and poverty to the working mass.。
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".新古典主义英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.现实主义小说笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)：主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高成就，被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
哥特式小说哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
“哥特”被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题,并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡, 修道院。
他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺．Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.背景：It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.特点：In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical workskeep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracya furderance of the renaissencethe enlightenment movement,advocated the universal educationhad specificrules for almost every gener of literatureliterature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity启蒙运动：he enlightenment movementin 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the timethe moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-centuryits purpose was to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideasthe enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and sciencethey called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope班扬天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress蒲伯论批评 An Essay on Criticism笛福鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe斯威夫特格列佛游记 Gulliver's Travels菲尔丁汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones约翰逊英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English Language谢里丹造谣学校 The School for Scandal格雷墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard班阳 John Bunyan语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣其它作品：罪人头目的赦免败德门先生生死录圣战天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a religious aellgory pursue the turththe most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literaturethe theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrinesand seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds ofsocial evil应用：The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair”名利场的寓言意义 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‟s heart, so people are spiritually lost.However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.蒲柏Alexander Pope是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
2023年10月自考外国文学作品选
2023年10月自考外国文学作品选题目为《在西部》。
本次选题是对美国文学经典作品的选择，通过对这部作品的研究和分析，可以深入了解美国文学的发展历程和特色。
一、选题背景《在西部》是一部具有深厚文化底蕴和深远影响的美国文学经典作品，它反映了美国西部探险精神和个人奋斗精神，展现了美国拓荒时期的殖民主义色彩和对自然的理想化描绘。
这部作品不仅在当时引起了轰动，而且至今仍对美国文学产生着深远影响。
二、作品介绍《在西部》是一部以西部拓荒时期为背景的小说，作者通过描绘那个时代的生活和人物，展现了西部拓荒者的艰苦生活和对未来的希望。
作品中塑造了一系列充满生气和活力的形象，塑造了西部拓荒者的形象。
他们不仅面对着自然界的各种挑战，还要应对原住民的阻挠和其他拓荒者的竞争。
三、作品分析《在西部》的价值在于它对美国西部历史和文化的真实描绘，展现了当时人们的精神风貌和生存状态，对后世产生了深远影响。
通过对作品中的人物、事件和环境的描绘，读者可以感受到当时西部的独特风景和文化氛围。
作品通过对西部探险精神和艰苦拓荒生活的真实描绘，展现了美国西部的历史和文化底蕴。
四、作品意义《在西部》所展现的西部探险精神和拓荒者的艰苦生活，体现了美国人民对自由和幸福的追求。
作品中那些艰苦奋斗、勇往直前的形象，激励着后人不断前行，勇敢面对生活中的挑战。
作品中对自然的赞美和对人性的批判，使其成为美国文学史上的经典之作。
五、结语通过对《在西部》的研究和分析，我们可以更深入地了解美国西部的历史和文化，感受西部拓荒者的艰苦生活和对未来的希望。
这部作品不仅在当时具有重要意义，而且对后世的文学创作产生了深远影响。
通过对这部作品的研究，可以更好地理解和把握美国文学的发展脉络和特色，加深对西部文化的理解和认知。
总结来说，《在西部》是一部具有深刻内涵和广泛影响的美国文学经典作品，它展现了西部拓荒者的精神风貌和对未来的希望，体现了美国人对自由和幸福的追求。
通过对这部作品的研究和分析，可以更深入地了解美国西部的历史和文化，感受到西部拓荒者的艰苦生活和对未来的希望。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》梳理----美国文学
⾃考英语本科《英美⽂学选读》梳理----美国⽂学梳理----美国⽂学1.特⾊美国⽂学的历史不长，它⼏乎是和美国⾃由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族⽂化的束缚。
美国早期⼈⼝稀少，有⼤⽚未开发的⼟地，为个⼈理想的实现提供了很⼤的可能性。
美国⼈民富于民主⾃由精神，个⼈主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在⽂学中有突出的反映。
美国⼜是⼀个多民族的国家，移民不断涌⼊，各⾃带来了本民族的⽂化，这决定了美国⽂学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国⽂学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族⽂学特点的过程。
许多美国作家来⾃社会下层，这使得美国⽂学⽣活⽓息和平民⾊彩都⽐较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。
内容庞杂与⾊彩鲜明是美国⽂学的另⼀特点。
个性⾃由与⾃我克制、清教主义与实⽤主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、⾼雅与庸俗积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、对⼈类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，⽽且形成强烈的对照。
从来没有⼀种潮流或倾向能够在⼀个时期内⼀统美国⽂学的天下。
美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是⼀个浪潮未落，另⼀浪潮⼜起。
作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。
20世纪以来，许多⽂学潮流起源于美国，给世界⽂学同时带来积极的与消极的影响。
.2.美国⽂学美国⽂学的诞⽣美国第⼀位在⼩说和诗歌创作领域取得显著成就的作家是艾德加·爱伦·坡（1809－1849），他于1835年开始短篇⼩说的创作，其作品包括《红死病》、《陷坑与钟摆》、《颓败之屋》和《莫尔格街凶杀案》。
他的创作触及了前⼈很少涉及的⼼理学领域，并且将神秘、幻想等元素融⼊⼩说创作之中。
1837年，年轻的作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Hawthorne)（1804－1864）将他的⼀些短篇⼩说集结成册出版，名为《重讲⼀遍的故事》。
这是⼀部包含了丰富的象征主义及神秘主義元素的作品。
后来，霍桑⼜开始写作长篇的传奇⼩说、类寓⾔⼩说，他的本⼟⼩说《新英格蘭》以⼈类的内疚、荣耀和情感上的压抑为主题。
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4.Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation.It makes the characters who are ignorant of the truth do certain ridiculous things.Disguiseis also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman disguised as man.
6.He is above all writers in the past and in the present time.His influence on later writers isimmeasurable.
Sonnet 18(06,08,11S)
Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.A nice summer’s day is usuallytransient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. ThusShakespeare has a faith in thepermanenceof poetry.
3.Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action.
The Merchant of Venice(03Q)
The theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweenAntonioandBassanio, to idealizePortiaas a heroine of great beauty, wit andloyalty, and to expose theinsatiablw.
5.He can write skillfully in different poetic forms, such as the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet.His vocabulary is amazing; he is known to have used 16000 different words in his works. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects.
作家及其创作思想/写作特点/语言风格/文学成就
选读作品及作品分析/人物性格
William Shakespeare(09A)
1.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.He also states that the beauty in literary works can last for ever.
2.His major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types.By applying apsycho-analyticalapproach, he succeeds in exploring the characters’inner mind.Thesoliloquiesin his plays fully reveal the characters’inner conflict.
Hamlet(01S)
1.Hamlet is amelancholicscholar-prince, and faces the dilemma between action and mind.
2.Urged to seek revenge for his father’s murder, he has none of the single-mindedblood lust.It is not because he is incapable of action, but because he is soindecisivethat action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to thestatureof the hero.