Chapter3 and 7 Morphology英语语言学 常耀信

It is not easy to think of new conjunctions that have entered the English language recently.
With the growth of feminist movement, some people suggested that we use e, as a new neutral third person singular pronoun, which could be used as the general form.
– bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
• Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
ideas parents
• Predeterminers: all, both; half, onethird, three-quarters …; double, twice, three times …; such, what (exclamative)
• Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; PossP; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); a, another, some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, much, more, most, less; a few, a little
1.2 Classification of words
• Variable vs. Invariable Words:
– Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.
– Invariable words: since, when, seldom, through, etc.
• Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness.
• Roots may be
– free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation+-al; or
• Open-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries.
• Grammatical vs. Lexical Words:
– Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.
– Lexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
2.1 Morphemes
• A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
英语语言学 English Linguistics
主讲 杨楠 济宁学院外国语系
1. What is word?
• A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing.
Pre Central all her
her all her
Post many many
all what a
the a few both my father’s
many one
Modifier Noun good ideas good ideas good ideas good ideas good ideas good ideas good idea good idea
• Postdeterminers: every; many, several, few, little; one, two, three …; (a)hology: the study of wordformation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components – morphemes.
– —Is Jane coming tonight? – —Possibly. – Hi. – Wonderful.
• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
Morphology
• An average English native high school students knows about 60,000 basic words, such as read, book, language etc.
morpheme. • A dog, a building, a minute, an orange, an hour, an interesting article
2.2 Types of morphemes
• Free vs. Bound morphemes:
– Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation.
• Boys: boy-s • Reader: read-er
Word formation
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.
• 1-morpheme boy, desire • 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble • 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity • 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,
– Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.
– Derivational morphemes: black-en, alcohol-ic, multi-media
– Inflectional morphemes (grammatical markers):notic-ed, walk-ing
• Read: reader, reading, reads, readable, readability, reading-room, lip-read, sight-read
• Morphology refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.
un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity • 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness • 7-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
allomorph
• When people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme, they may use the term morph. Morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by:
– Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc.
• Some new terms in word class:
– Particle: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc.