武汉大学微观经济学教学用课件Chap_13

A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs.
• Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. • Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
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在理解生产函数时必须注意

1、生产函数反映的是一定技术条件下投入和 产出之间的数量关系。技术条件的改变必然产 生新的生产函数。 2、生产函数反映的是某一要素投入组合在现 有技术条件下能产生的最大产出。（即假定企 业的要素利用率是高效的且是相当稳定的）
market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。
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A Firm’s Profit 公司利润
Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit = Total revenue - Total cost 利润＝总收入－总成本
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工厂成本
工人成本
投入总成 本
0 1 2
3 4 5
0 50 90
120 140 150
$30 30 30
30 30 30
$0 10 20
30 40 50
$30 40 50
60 70 80
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and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit. 当总收益大于显性成本和隐性成本时，企 业赚取经济利润。
Economic
profit is usually smaller than accounting profit.
经济利润通常小于会计利润。(沉没成本<隐性成本)
边际产量
Additional output Additional input
投入增加量
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密植为什么失败——边际产量（报酬）递减规律 1958年全国大跃进，农业生产中实行密植，结果产量 反而减少，有的地方甚至颗粒无收，造成1959年以后 的大饥荒。为什么种子增加了（密植），产量反而减 少了？这个教训对我们企业做出决策有什么意义呢？ 这就涉及生产中的一个基本规律：边际产量（报酬） 递减规律。
The Production Function 生产函数
The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good. 生产函数——用于生产一种物品的 投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。
5
FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY 企业行为与产业组织
The Costs of roduction
生产成本
Chapter 13
WHAT ARE COSTS?

The Firm’s Objective
The economic goal of the firm is to maximize prBaidu Nhomakorabeafits.
总收益减去企业的显性成本。
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Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
经济利润与会计利润
When total revenue exceeds both explicit
Costs as Opportunity Costs
A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs
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经济利润与会计利润
经济学家计量企业的经济利润，即企业
的总收益减去生产所销售物品和劳务的 所有机会成本（显性的和隐性的）。
会计师计量企业的会计利润，即企业的
总值
5000
6000
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Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
Economists
measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit). Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs.
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Diminishing Marginal Product
Diminishing
marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. Example: As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.

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Marginal Product
边际产量
The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input.
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成本是机会成本


一个企业的生产成本包括生产物品与劳 务量的所有机会成本。
显性成本和隐性成本 一个企业的生产成本包括显性成本与隐性 成本。
• 显性成本— 要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素 成本。 • 隐性成本—不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成 本。
邮政系统要搞自动化，引进信件自动分拣机， 从经济学的角度看，这样做值吗？ 可以从两个标准来衡量： 1、技术效率（投入产出关系）——生产函数 2、经济效率（成本收益关系）——成本分析
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从例子看不同的成本：快餐店的成本
成本项目 肉和蔬菜 厨具 服务员 装修 电、气、水 小计 自己的工作 家人的帮忙 自己的临街房屋 实际支出 500 1000 1000 2000 500 5000 现在价值 500 500 1000 0 500 2500 2000 1000 500
Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit 总收入、总成本与利润
Total
The
Revenue 总收入
amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得
Total
The
Cost 总成本
Table 1 A Production Function and Total Cost: Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory
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表1. 生产函数和总成本：亨格瑞.海伦的糕点厂
工人数量
产出
劳动的边 际产量 50 40 30 20 10
经济利润与会计利润
经济学家如何看企业 会计师如何看企业
经济利润 会计利润 隐性成本
收入
所有机 会成本
收入
显性成本
显性成本
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案例：引进自动分拣机值吗？


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Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
How an Economist Views a Firm
Economic profit Accounting profit
任何一种生产过程中的投入要素的边 际产量是指增加一个单位的该要素投 入所引起的产量增加。
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Marginal Product 边际产量
产出增加量
Marginal = product
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什么是成本?

企业的目标 企业的经济目标是利润最大化
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How an Accountant Views a Firm
Revenue
Implicit costs Total opportunity costs
Revenue
Explicit costs
Explicit costs
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