CFR110+关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范
美国农产品的良好农业操作规范
美国农产品的良好农业操作规范(GAP)美国GMP法规(CFR Part-110)110.19 例外情况,规定从事简单加工的农副产品加工企业可以例外,不受GMP法规的限制。
根据这个规定,1998年10月26日,美国食品与药物管理局和美国农业部联合发布了《关于降低新鲜水果与蔬菜微生物危害的企业指南》。
在该指南中,首次提出良好农业操作规范(Good Agricultural Practices)概念。
GAP主要针对未加工或最简单加工(生的)出售给消费者或加工企业的大多数果蔬的种植、采收、清洗、摆放、包装和运输过程中常见的微生物危害控制,其关注的是新鲜果蔬的生产和包装,但不限于农场,包含从农场到餐桌的整个食品链的所有步骤。
GAP是以科学为基础,其采用是自愿的,但FDA和USDA强烈建议鲜果蔬生产者采用。
当前,GAP的发展已经进入一个新的时期,USDA在农产品GAP的基础上,又提出水产养殖业的GAP (Good Aquaculture Practices,良好养殖操作规范),对水产品养殖、鱼病防治、采捕和销售等环节也制订出相应的良好操作规范。
同时随着食品安全理论的发展,将有越来越多的相应食品品原料的GAP。
为使大家对GAP有个了解,下面就农产品的良好农业操作规范(GAP)作简单的介绍。
一、良好农业操作规范的8个主要原则原理1:对预防鲜农产品的微生物污染,其预防措施优于污染发生后采取的纠偏措施(即防范优于纠偏);原理2:为降低新鲜农产品的微生物危害,种植者、包装者或运输者应在他们各自控制范围内采用良好农业操作规范;原理3:新鲜农产品在沿着农场到餐桌食品链中的任何一点,都有可能受到生物污染,主要的生物污染源是人类活动或动物粪便;原理4:无论任何时候与农产品接触的水,其来源和质量规定了潜在的污染,应减少来自水的微生物污染;原理5:生产中使用的农家肥应认真处理以降低对新鲜农产品的潜在污染;原理6:在生产、采收、包装和运输中,工人的个人卫生和操作卫生在降低微生物潜在污染方面起着极为重要的作用;原理7:良好农业操作规范的建立应遵守所有法律法规,或相应的操作标准;原理8:各层农业(农场、包装设备、配送中心和运输操作)的责任,对于一个成功的食品安全计划是很重要的,必须配备有资格的人员和有效的监控,以确保计划的所有要素运转正常,并有助于通过销售渠道溯源到前面的生产者。
GMP良好操作规范
GB8950-1988 GB8951-1988 GB8952-1988 GB8953-1988 GB8954-1988 GB8955-1988 GB8956-1988 GB8957-1988 GB12693-1990 GB12694-1990
我国良好操作规范体系
各专业食品卫生规范
饮料厂卫生规范 GB12695-1990 葡萄酒厂卫生规范 GB12696-1990 果酒厂卫生规范 GB12697-1990 黄酒厂卫生规范 GB12698-1990 面粉厂卫生规范 GB13122-1991 饮用天然矿泉水厂卫生规范 GB16330-1996 巧克力厂卫生规范 GB17403-1998 保健食品良好生产规范 GB17405-1998 膨化食品良好生产规范 GB17404-1998
《食品卫生通则》
1、目的 食品卫生总则: 明确适用于整个食品链 ( 包括由最初生产直到最 终消费者)的基本卫生原则,以达到保证食品安全 和适宜的、与前文统一的目的; 推荐基于HACCP的方法作为加强食品安全性的手段; 说明应如何贯彻执行这些原则; 为可能用于食品链某一环节、加工过程、零售, 加强上述区域的卫生要求的具体的法典提供指南。
《食品卫生通则》
3.1 环境卫生 对周围环境的潜在污染源应加以考虑,尤 其是对于最初食品的生产加工,应避免在 有潜在有害物的场所进行,否则这些有害 物会污染到食品中,可能超出可接受的水 平。
《食品卫生通则》
3.2 食物源的卫生生产 要始终考虑到初级生产活动可能对食品的安全性和适宜性 产生的潜在影响。尤其要包括识别在相关活动中存在被污 染可能性较大的特殊点,和采取针对性措施以尽可能减少 污染的可能性。以HACCP为基础的方法可以有助于采取这 种措施--见《HCCCP体系及其应用准则》。 生产者应尽可能地采取以下措施: 控制由空气、泥土、水、饲料、化肥(包括天然肥料)、杀 虫剂、兽药或其他在初级生产中使用的其它试剂产生的污 染; 保持动、植物本身的卫生健康,以避免它作为食品对人体 健康带来的危害,或者对产品的适宜性带来不利影响; 保护食物源,使之不受粪便或其他的污染。 这里尤其要注意对废弃物的有效管理,并对有害物质合理 存放。 实现特殊的食品安全目标的农场现场计划正逐渐成为初级 生产的重要组成部分,应加以鼓励。
食品良好的操作规范(GMP) 食品企业良好操作规范(食品加工设备、工具及人员的要求)
食品加工设备、工具的要求
对食品用工具和设备进行洗涤和消毒时常用水、酸、碱洗涤剂(1%-2%硝 酸溶液和1%-3%氢氧化钠溶液,在65℃-80℃时使用)、杀菌剂(含氯消 毒杀菌剂)。
2 食品对个人卫生的
Part
要求
食品对个人卫生的要求
食品生产人员的健康要求 食品生产人员尤其是与食品直接接触的人员, 其健康与食品卫生质量直接相关, 我国《食品安 全法》规定:“食品生产经营人员每年必须进行 身体健康检查,新 参加工作和临时参加工作的食品生产经营人员必须进行身体健康检查,取得健康证 明后方可参加工作”。
食品对个人卫生的要求
食品生产人员的健康要求 “凡患有痢疾、伤寒、病毒性肝炎等消化道传染病(包括病原携带者)、活动性肺 结核、化脓性或渗入性皮肤病以及其他有碍食品卫生的疾病的,不得参加接触直接 入口食品的工作”,其他有碍食品卫生的疾病主要有流涎症状、肛瘘、腹泻、皮屑 症患者等。
食品对个人卫生的要求
目录
contents
1 食品加工设备、工具的要求 2 食品对个人卫生的要求 3 养成良好卫生习惯
1 食品加工设备、工具
Part
的要求
食品加工设备、工具的要求
食品加工设备、工具以及个人卫生对食品质量和安全有着很大的影响, 因此,所 有国家均在食品GMP法规中明确规定了对食品加工设备、工具 的要求。要求如下: (1)在材质上,凡接触食品物料的设备、工具、管道,必须用无毒、无 味、抗腐 蚀、不吸水、不变形的材料制作。 (2)在结构上,要求设备、工具管道表面要洁净,边角圆滑,无死角,不易积垢, 不漏隙,便于拆卸、清洗和消毒。 (3)在安装上,应符合工艺卫生要求,与屋顶(天花板)、墙壁等应有足够的距 离,设备一般应用脚架固定,与地面应有一定距离。传动部分应有防水、防尘罩, 以便于清洗和消毒。
FDA GMP 21CFR Part110 介绍及应用(精选PPT)
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B分部—建筑物与设施
110.30 厂房与场地 场地 1.放置好设备,消除垃圾和废料,铲除厂房及其构
造物近处可能成为害虫所喜爱的孽生地或藏身处的 杂草。 2.管理好道路、院落和停车场,使其不至成为能接 触食品的区域的污染源。 3.凡是会造成渗漏、鞋上的脏物或害虫孽生地而可 能污染食品的区域,要把水排干净。 4.管理好废物处理系统,使其不至成为食品裸露区 域的污染源。
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A 分部—总则
110.10 人员 (1)疾病控制 (FDA要求的第七个SCP)
体检(患有碍食品卫生的传染病如痢疾、 伤寒、病毒性肝炎、活动期肺结核、化脓性 或者渗出性皮肤病 ) 监督人员观察 (外伤、感冒等;外来人员 健康登记) 必须教育职工,发现情况,要向上司报告。
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110.10 人员
品接触面或食品包装材料受到潜在危害。 可以通过完善的食品安全管理及操作规范
或有效的设计,包括将可能发生污染的不同 作业分开(可采用以下一种或数种手段:地 点、时间、隔墙、气流、封闭的操作系统或 其它有效方法)。
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110.30 厂房与场地
3.对露天里发酵容器中的散装食品,可以采用 以下任何一种有效的保护手段:
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110.10 人员
2、规定洗手及消毒的时间 在接触到除已清洁的手和胳膊暴露部分以外
的人体暴露部分之后 咳嗽、打喷嚏、用完手绢或处理过卫生纸、
吸烟后、吃完东西或喝完饮料之后 食品预处理期间,若经常需要去除赃物及污
染物以及在交换工作时,要防止交叉污染 在处理完脏的设备和工器具后
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110.10 人员
(2)清洁卫生 (FDA 要求的第4个SCP)
美国FDA21CFR0部分关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范
美国FDA21CFR0部分关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范首先,21CFR110是美国食品药品监管局(FDA)制定并实施的,关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范(GMP)的法规。
本文将详细介绍21CFR110的主要内容和要求。
21CFR110的目的是确保食品生产企业采取必要的措施,以确保生产的食品安全、洁净和适合食用。
以下是21CFR110中的主要内容和要求:1.建立和实施合理的卫生程序:食品生产企业应采取合理的卫生程序,确保生产设施、设备、器具和工具的适当清洁,以及避免食品受到污染和交叉污染。
2.开展适当的员工培训:食品生产企业应确保员工接受适当的培训,了解食品安全和卫生标准的重要性,并且能够正确执行卫生程序。
员工应受到适当的监督和指导,以确保他们的行为符合卫生要求。
3.管理供应商:食品生产企业应与供应商建立合作关系,并对供应商进行必要的审查。
企业应确保所采购的原材料和食品符合卫生标准,并确保供应链的可追溯性。
4.控制食品接触表面:食品生产企业应确保与食品接触的表面干净、不受污染,并采取适当的措施防止细菌、化学物质和其他有害物质的传播。
5.确保食品贮存和配送的安全性:食品生产企业应使用适当的方法,确保食品在贮存和配送过程中保持安全,以防止细菌和其他污染源的生长和扩散。
6.建立适当的记录保存系统:食品生产企业应建立记录保存系统,将与生产和质量相关的信息进行记录和保存。
这些记录可以是生产和处理程序、检测和监测结果、培训记录等。
7.实施适当的纠正措施和预防措施:食品生产企业应建立和实施纠正措施和预防控制点(HACCP)计划,以降低食品安全问题的风险。
企业应定期评估HACCP计划的有效性,并根据需要进行调整。
除了上述要求,21CFR110还规定了食品生产企业应该配备必要的设备和工具,如温度计、洗涤剂、消毒剂等,并制定了相关的标准和规定,以确保这些设备和工具的适当使用。
总之,美国FDA的21CFR110是针对食品生产企业制定的现行良好操作规范,以确保食品生产过程中的卫生和安全。
21 CFR Part 110 - 在制造、包装或者保存人类食品中的现行良好制造规范GMP's on foods
[Code of Federal Regulations][Title 21, Volume 2][Revised as of April 1, 2015][CITE: 21CFR110]TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGSCHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATIONDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESSUBCHAPTER B--FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTIONPART 110 CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICEIN MANUFACTURING, PACKING, ORHOLDING HUMAN FOODSubpart A--General ProvisionsSec. 110.3 Definitions.The definitions and interpretations of terms in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) are applicable to such terms when used in this part. The following definitions shall also apply:(a) Acid foods or acidified foods means foods that have an equilibrium pH of 4.6 or below.(b) Adequate means that which is needed to accomplish the intended purpose in keeping with good public health practice.(c) Batter means a semifluid substance, usually composed of flour and other ingredients, into which principal components of food are dipped or with which they are coated, or which may be used directly to form bakery foods.(d) Blanching,except for tree nuts and peanuts, means a prepackaging heat treatment of foodstuffs for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to partially or completely inactivate the naturally occurring enzymes and to effect other physical or biochemical changes in the food.(e) Critical control point means a point in a food process where thereis a high probability that improper control may cause, allow, or contribute to a hazard or to filth in the final food or decomposition of the final food.(f) Food means food as defined in section 201(f) of the act and includes raw materials and ingredients.(g) Food-contact surfaces are those surfaces that contact human food and those surfaces from which drainage onto the food or onto surfaces that contact the food ordinarily occurs during the normal course of operations. "Food-contact surfaces" includes utensils and food-contact surfaces of equipment.(h) Lot means the food produced during a period of time indicated by a specific code.(i) Microorganisms means yeasts, molds, bacteria, and viruses and includes, but is not limited to, species having public health significance. The term "undesirable microorganisms" includes those microorganisms that are of public health significance, that subject food to decomposition, that indicate that food is contaminated with filth, or that otherwise may cause food to be adulterated within the meaning of the act. Occasionally in these regulations, FDA used the adjective "microbial" instead of using an adjectival phrase containing the word microorganism.(j) Pest refers to any objectionable animals or insects including, but not limited to, birds, rodents, flies, and larvae.(k) Plant means the building or facility or parts thereof, used for or in connection with the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding of human food.(l) Quality control operation means a planned and systematic procedure for taking all actions necessary to prevent food from being adulterated within the meaning of the act.(m) Rework means clean, unadulterated food that has been removed from processing for reasons other than insanitary conditions or that hasbeen successfully reconditioned by reprocessing and that is suitable for use as food.(n) Safe-moisture level is a level of moisture low enough to prevent the growth of undesirable microorganisms in the finished product under the intended conditions of manufacturing, storage, and distribution. The maximum safe moisture level for a food is based on its water activity (aw). An aw will be considered safe for a food if adequate data are available that demonstrate that the food at or below the given aw will not support the growth of undesirable microorganisms.(o) Sanitize means to adequately treat food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the product or its safety for the consumer.(p) Shall is used to state mandatory requirements.(q) Should is used to state recommended or advisory procedures or identify recommended equipment.(r) Water activity (aw) is a measure of the free moisture in a food and is the quotient of the water vapor pressure of the substance divided by the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.Sec. 110.5 Current good manufacturing practice.(a) The criteria and definitions in this part shall apply in determining whether a food is adulterated (1) within the meaning of section 402(a)(3) of the act in that the food has been manufactured under such conditions that it is unfit for food; or (2) within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) of the act in that the food has been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health. The criteria and definitions in this part also apply in determining whether a food is in violation of section 361 of the Public Health Service Act(42 U.S.C. 264).(b) Food covered by specific current good manufacturing practice regulations also is subject to the requirements of those regulations.Sec. 110.10 Personnel.The plant management shall take all reasonable measures and precautions to ensure the following:(a) Disease control. Any person who, by medical examination or supervisory observation, is shown to have, or appears to have, an illness, open lesion, including boils, sores, or infected wounds, or any other abnormal source of microbial contamination by which there is a reasonable possibility of food, food-contact surfaces, orfood-packaging materials becoming contaminated, shall be excluded from any operations which may be expected to result in such contamination until the condition is corrected. Personnel shall be instructed to report such health conditions to their supervisors.(b) Cleanliness. All persons working in direct contact with food, food-contact surfaces, and food-packaging materials shall conform to hygienic practices while on duty to the extent necessary to protect against contamination of food. The methods for maintaining cleanliness include, but are not limited to:(1) Wearing outer garments suitable to the operation in a manner that protects against the contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials.(2) Maintaining adequate personal cleanliness.(3) Washing hands thoroughly (and sanitizing if necessary to protect against contamination with undesirable microorganisms) in an adequate hand-washing facility before starting work, after each absence from the work station, and at any other time when the hands may have become soiled or contaminated.(4) Removing all unsecured jewelry and other objects that might fall into food, equipment, or containers, and removing hand jewelry that cannot be adequately sanitized during periods in which food is manipulated by hand. If such hand jewelry cannot be removed, it may be covered by material which can be maintained in an intact, clean, and sanitary condition and which effectively protects against the contamination by these objects of the food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials.(5) Maintaining gloves, if they are used in food handling, in an intact, clean, and sanitary condition. The gloves should be of an impermeable material.(6) Wearing, where appropriate, in an effective manner, hair nets, headbands, caps, beard covers, or other effective hair restraints.(7) Storing clothing or other personal belongings in areas other than where food is exposed or where equipment or utensils are washed.(8) Confining the following to areas other than where food may be exposed or where equipment or utensils are washed: eating food, chewing gum, drinking beverages, or using tobacco.(9) Taking any other necessary precautions to protect against contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials with microorganisms or foreign substances including, but not limited to, perspiration, hair, cosmetics, tobacco, chemicals, and medicines applied to the skin.(c) Education and training. Personnel responsible for identifying sanitation failures or food contamination should have a background of education or experience, or a combination thereof, to provide a level of competency necessary for production of clean and safe food. Food handlers and supervisors should receive appropriate training in proper food handling techniques and food-protection principles and should be informed of the danger of poor personal hygiene and insanitary practices.(d) Supervision. Responsibility for assuring compliance by allpersonnel with all requirements of this part shall be clearly assigned to competent supervisory personnel.[51 FR 22475, June 19, 1986, as amended at 54 FR 24892, June 12, 1989] Sec. 110.19 Exclusions.(a) The following operations are not subject to this part: Establishments engaged solely in the harvesting, storage, or distribution of one or more "raw agricultural commodities," as defined in section 201(r) of the act, which are ordinarily cleaned, prepared, treated, or otherwise processed before being marketed to the consuming public.(b) FDA, however, will issue special regulations if it is necessary to cover these excluded operations.Subpart B--Buildings and FacilitiesSec. 110.20 Plant and grounds.(a) Grounds. The grounds about a food plant under the control of the operator shall be kept in a condition that will protect against the contamination of food. The methods for adequate maintenance of grounds include, but are not limited to:(1) Properly storing equipment, removing litter and waste, and cutting weeds or grass within the immediate vicinity of the plant buildings or structures that may constitute an attractant, breeding place, or harborage for pests.(2) Maintaining roads, yards, and parking lots so that they do not constitute a source of contamination in areas where food is exposed.(3) Adequately draining areas that may contribute contamination to food by seepage, foot-borne filth, or providing a breeding place for pests.(4) Operating systems for waste treatment and disposal in an adequate manner so that they do not constitute a source of contamination in areaswhere food is exposed.If the plant grounds are bordered by grounds not under the operator's control and not maintained in the manner described in paragraph (a) (1) through (3) of this section, care shall be exercised in the plant by inspection, extermination, or other means to exclude pests, dirt, and filth that may be a source of food contamination.(b) Plant construction and design.Plant buildings and structures shall be suitable in size, construction, and design to facilitate maintenance and sanitary operations for food-manufacturing purposes. The plant and facilities shall:(1) Provide sufficient space for such placement of equipment and storage of materials as is necessary for the maintenance of sanitary operations and the production of safe food.(2) Permit the taking of proper precautions to reduce the potential for contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials with microorganisms, chemicals, filth, or other extraneous material. The potential for contamination may be reduced by adequate food safety controls and operating practices or effective design, including the separation of operations in which contamination is likely to occur, by one or more of the following means: location, time, partition, air flow, enclosed systems, or other effective means.(3) Permit the taking of proper precautions to protect food in outdoor bulk fermentation vessels by any effective means, including:(i) Using protective coverings.(ii) Controlling areas over and around the vessels to eliminate harborages for pests.(iii) Checking on a regular basis for pests and pest infestation.(iv) Skimming the fermentation vessels, as necessary.(4) Be constructed in such a manner that floors, walls, and ceilingsmay be adequately cleaned and kept clean and kept in good repair; that drip or condensate from fixtures, ducts and pipes does not contaminate food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials; and that aisles or working spaces are provided between equipment and walls and are adequately unobstructed and of adequate width to permit employees to perform their duties and to protect against contaminating food or food-contact surfaces with clothing or personal contact.(5) Provide adequate lighting in hand-washing areas, dressing and locker rooms, and toilet rooms and in all areas where food is examined, processed, or stored and where equipment or utensils are cleaned; and provide safety-type light bulbs, fixtures, skylights, or other glass suspended over exposed food in any step of preparation or otherwise protect against food contamination in case of glass breakage.(6) Provide adequate ventilation or control equipment to minimize odors and vapors (including steam and noxious fumes) in areas where they may contaminate food; and locate and operate fans and other air-blowing equipment in a manner that minimizes the potential for contaminating food, food-packaging materials, and food-contact surfaces.(7) Provide, where necessary, adequate screening or other protection against pests.Sec. 110.35 Sanitary operations.(a) General maintenance. Buildings, fixtures, and other physical facilities of the plant shall be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be kept in repair sufficient to prevent food from becoming adulterated within the meaning of the act. Cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and equipment shall be conducted in a manner that protects against contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, orfood-packaging materials.(b) Substances used in cleaning and sanitizing; storage of toxic materials. (1) Cleaning compounds and sanitizing agents used in cleaning and sanitizing procedures shall be free from undesirable microorganisms and shall be safe and adequate under the conditions ofuse. Compliance with this requirement may be verified by any effective means including purchase of these substances under a supplier's guarantee or certification, or examination of these substances for contamination. Only the following toxic materials may be used or stored in a plant where food is processed or exposed:(i) Those required to maintain clean and sanitary conditions;(ii) Those necessary for use in laboratory testing procedures;(iii) Those necessary for plant and equipment maintenance and operation; and(iv) Those necessary for use in the plant's operations.(2) Toxic cleaning compounds, sanitizing agents, and pesticide chemicals shall be identified, held, and stored in a manner that protects against contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, orfood-packaging materials. All relevant regulations promulgated by other Federal, State, and local government agencies for the application, use, or holding of these products should be followed.(c) Pest control.No pests shall be allowed in any area of a food plant. Guard or guide dogs may be allowed in some areas of a plant if the presence of the dogs is unlikely to result in contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials. Effective measures shall be taken to exclude pests from the processing areas and to protect against the contamination of food on the premises by pests. The use of insecticides or rodenticides is permitted only under precautions and restrictions that will protect against the contamination of food, food-contact surfaces, and food-packaging materials.(d) Sanitation of food-contact surfaces. All food-contact surfaces, including utensils and food-contact surfaces of equipment, shall be cleaned as frequently as necessary to protect against contamination of food.(1) Food-contact surfaces used for manufacturing or holdinglow-moisture food shall be in a dry, sanitary condition at the timeof use. When the surfaces are wet-cleaned, they shall, when necessary, be sanitized and thoroughly dried before subsequent use.(2) In wet processing, when cleaning is necessary to protect against the introduction of microorganisms into food, all food-contact surfaces shall be cleaned and sanitized before use and after any interruption during which the food-contact surfaces may have become contaminated. Where equipment and utensils are used in a continuous production operation, the utensils and food-contact surfaces of the equipment shall be cleaned and sanitized as necessary.(3) Non-food-contact surfaces of equipment used in the operation of food plants should be cleaned as frequently as necessary to protect against contamination of food.(4) Single-service articles (such as utensils intended for one-time use, paper cups, and paper towels) should be stored in appropriate containers and shall be handled, dispensed, used, and disposed of in a manner that protects against contamination of food or food-contact surfaces.(5) Sanitizing agents shall be adequate and safe under conditions of use. Any facility, procedure, or machine is acceptable for cleaning and sanitizing equipment and utensils if it is established that the facility, procedure, or machine will routinely render equipment and utensils clean and provide adequate cleaning and sanitizing treatment.(e) Storage and handling of cleaned portable equipment and utensils. Cleaned and sanitized portable equipment with food-contact surfaces and utensils should be stored in a location and manner that protects food-contact surfaces from contamination.[51 FR 22475, June 19, 1986, as amended at 54 FR 24892, June 12, 1989] Sec. 110.37 Sanitary facilities and controls.Each plant shall be equipped with adequate sanitary facilities andaccommodations including, but not limited to:(a) Water supply.The water supply shall be sufficient for the operations intended and shall be derived from an adequate source. Any water that contacts food or food-contact surfaces shall be safe and of adequate sanitary quality. Running water at a suitable temperature, and under pressure as needed, shall be provided in all areas where required for the processing of food, for the cleaning of equipment, utensils, and food-packaging materials, or for employee sanitary facilities.(b) Plumbing. Plumbing shall be of adequate size and design and adequately installed and maintained to:(1) Carry sufficient quantities of water to required locations throughout the plant.(2) Properly convey sewage and liquid disposable waste from the plant.(3) Avoid constituting a source of contamination to food, water supplies, equipment, or utensils or creating an unsanitary condition.(4) Provide adequate floor drainage in all areas where floors are subject to flooding-type cleaning or where normal operations release or discharge water or other liquid waste on the floor.(5) Provide that there is not backflow from, or cross-connection between, piping systems that discharge waste water or sewage and piping systems that carry water for food or food manufacturing.(c) Sewage disposal. Sewage disposal shall be made into an adequate sewerage system or disposed of through other adequate means.(d) Toilet facilities. Each plant shall provide its employees with adequate, readily accessible toilet facilities. Compliance with this requirement may be accomplished by:(1) Maintaining the facilities in a sanitary condition.(2) Keeping the facilities in good repair at all times.(3) Providing self-closing doors.(4) Providing doors that do not open into areas where food is exposed to airborne contamination, except where alternate means have been taken to protect against such contamination (such as double doors or positive air-flow systems).(e) Hand-washing facilities.Hand-washing facilities shall be adequate and convenient and be furnished with running water at a suitable temperature. Compliance with this requirement may be accomplished by providing:(1) Hand-washing and, where appropriate, hand-sanitizing facilities at each location in the plant where good sanitary practices require employees to wash and/or sanitize their hands.(2) Effective hand-cleaning and sanitizing preparations.(3) Sanitary towel service or suitable drying devices.(4) Devices or fixtures, such as water control valves, so designed and constructed to protect against recontamination of clean, sanitized hands.(5) Readily understandable signs directing employees handling unproteced food, unprotected food-packaging materials, of food-contact surfaces to wash and, where appropriate, sanitize their hands before they start work, after each absence from post of duty, and when their hands may have become soiled or contaminated. These signs may be posted in the processing room(s) and in all other areas where employees may handle such food, materials, or surfaces.(6) Refuse receptacles that are constructed and maintained in a manner that protects against contamination of food.(f) Rubbish and offal disposal. Rubbish and any offal shall be so conveyed, stored, and disposed of as to minimize the development of odor, minimize the potential for the waste becoming an attractant and harborage or breeding place for pests, and protect againstcontamination of food, food-contact surfaces, water supplies, and ground surfaces.Subpart C--EquipmentSec. 110.40 Equipment and utensils.(a) All plant equipment and utensils shall be so designed and of such material and workmanship as to be adequately cleanable, and shall be properly maintained. The design, construction, and use of equipment and utensils shall preclude the adulteration of food with lubricants, fuel, metal fragments, contaminated water, or any other contaminants. All equipment should be so installed and maintained as to facilitate the cleaning of the equipment and of all adjacent spaces. Food-contact surfaces shall be corrosion-resistant when in contact with food. They shall be made of nontoxic materials and designed to withstand the environment of their intended use and the action of food, and, if applicable, cleaning compounds and sanitizing agents. Food-contact surfaces shall be maintained to protect food from being contaminated by any source, including unlawful indirect food additives.(b) Seams on food-contact surfaces shall be smoothly bonded or maintained so as to minimize accumulation of food particles, dirt, and organic matter and thus minimize the opportunity for growth of microorganisms.(c) Equipment that is in the manufacturing or food-handling area and that does not come into contact with food shall be so constructed that it can be kept in a clean condition.(d) Holding, conveying, and manufacturing systems, including gravimetric, pneumatic, closed, and automated systems, shall be of a design and construction that enables them to be maintained in an appropriate sanitary condition.(e) Each freezer and cold storage compartment used to store and hold food capable of supporting growth of microorganisms shall be fitted with an indicating thermometer, temperature-measuring device, ortemperature-recording device so installed as to show the temperature accurately within the compartment, and should be fitted with an automatic control for regulating temperature or with an automatic alarm system to indicate a significant temperature change in a manual operation.(f) Instruments and controls used for measuring, regulating, or recording temperatures, pH, acidity, water activity, or other conditions that control or prevent the growth of undesirable microorganisms in food shall be accurate and adequately maintained, and adequate in number for their designated uses.(g) Compressed air or other gases mechanically introduced into food or used to clean food-contact surfaces or equipment shall be treated in such a way that food is not contaminated with unlawful indirect food additives.Subpart D [Reserved]Subpart E--Production and Process ControlsSec. 110.80 Processes and controls.All operations in the receiving, inspecting, transporting, segregating, preparing, manufacturing, packaging, and storing of food shall be conducted in accordance with adequate sanitation principles. Appropriate quality control operations shall be employed to ensure that food is suitable for human consumption and that food-packaging materials are safe and suitable. Overall sanitation of the plant shall be under the supervision of one or more competent individuals assigned responsibility for this function. All reasonable precautions shall be taken to ensure that production procedures do not contribute contamination from any source. Chemical, microbial, orextraneous-material testing procedures shall be used where necessary to identify sanitation failures or possible food contamination. All food that has become contaminated to the extent that it is adulterated within the meaning of the act shall be rejected, or if permissible, treated or processed to eliminate the contamination.(a) Raw materials and other ingredients. (1) Raw materials and other ingredients shall be inspected and segregated or otherwise handled as necessary to ascertain that they are clean and suitable for processing into food and shall be stored under conditions that will protect against contamination and minimize deterioration. Raw materials shall be washed or cleaned as necessary to remove soil or other contamination. Water used for washing, rinsing, or conveying food shall be safe and of adequate sanitary quality. Water may be reused for washing, rinsing, or conveying food if it does not increase the level of contamination of the food. Containers and carriers of raw materials should be inspected on receipt to ensure that their condition has not contributed to the contamination or deterioration of food.(2) Raw materials and other ingredients shall either not contain levels of microorganisms that may produce food poisoning or other disease in humans, or they shall be pasteurized or otherwise treated during manufacturing operations so that they no longer contain levels that would cause the product to be adulterated within the meaning of the act. Compliance with this requirement may be verified by any effective means, including purchasing raw materials and other ingredients under a supplier's guarantee or certification.(3) Raw materials and other ingredients susceptible to contamination with aflatoxin or other natural toxins shall comply with current Food and Drug Administration regulations and action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances before these materials or ingredients are incorporated into finished food. Compliance with this requirement may be accomplished by purchasing raw materials and other ingredients under a supplier's guarantee or certification, or may be verified by analyzing these materials and ingredients for aflatoxins and other natural toxins.(4) Raw materials, other ingredients, and rework susceptible to contamination with pests, undesirable microorganisms, or extraneous material shall comply with applicable Food and Drug Administration regulations and defect action levels for natural or unavoidable defects if a manufacturer wishes to use the materials in manufacturing food. Compliance with this requirement may be verified by any effective means,including purchasing the materials under a supplier's guarantee or certification, or examination of these materials for contamination.(5) Raw materials, other ingredients, and rework shall be held in bulk, or in containers designed and constructed so as to protect against contamination and shall be held at such temperature and relative humidity and in such a manner as to prevent the food from becoming adulterated within the meaning of the act. Material scheduled for rework shall be identified as such.(6) Frozen raw materials and other ingredients shall be kept frozen. If thawing is required prior to use, it shall be done in a manner that prevents the raw materials and other ingredients from becoming adulterated within the meaning of the act.(7) Liquid or dry raw materials and other ingredients received and stored in bulk form shall be held in a manner that protects against contamination.(b) Manufacturing operations.(1) Equipment and utensils and finished food containers shall be maintained in an acceptable condition through appropriate cleaning and sanitizing, as necessary. Insofar as necessary, equipment shall be taken apart for thorough cleaning.(2) All food manufacturing, including packaging and storage, shall be conducted under such conditions and controls as are necessary to minimize the potential for the growth of microorganisms, or for the contamination of food. One way to comply with this requirement is careful monitoring of physical factors such as time, temperature, humidity, aw, pH, pressure, flow rate, and manufacturing operations such as freezing, dehydration, heat processing, acidification, and refrigeration to ensure that mechanical breakdowns, time delays, temperature fluctuations, and other factors do not contribute to the decomposition or contamination of food.(3) Food that can support the rapid growth of undesirable microorganisms, particularly those of public health significance, shall be held in a manner that prevents the food from becoming。
21CFR第110部分的内容要点
(1)人员(110.10)经体检或现场观察发现凡是患有或可能患有有碍食品生产卫生的人员不准进入车间,工厂要告知员工一旦健康不良时要向厂方报告。
从事食品加工的人员必须:•穿着清洁、卫生的工作服•讲究个人卫生•进入车间前、双手弄脏后或间歇复工前均要洗手、消毒•不准佩戴不稳固的饰物和难以充分消毒的戒指类手饰物品•如用手套,则必须清洁、卫生、无破损、不渗水•戴发网、发袋、帽或胡须套,防止毛发污染食品•私人衣物、用品不准存放在加工区内•禁止在加工区内吸烟、吃东西、嚼口香糖、喝饮料•食品及其接触面和包装材料不得受汗水、头发、化妆品、肤用药品的污染或微生物的污染卫生监督员、生产员工要经食品生产卫生、安全培训;工厂要指定胜任监督的人员负责确保所有员工符合卫生要求。
(2)厂房和场地(110.20)工厂的场地必须:•无垃圾、杂物、废旧设备,无杂草,无孳生蝇虫和藏匿鼠类的场所•道路、院落和停车场不会污染食品加工区•场地排水通畅•废水、废物处理不构成对食品加工区的污染厂房的结构、设计必须:•面积与生产能力相适应•能进行有效地隔离,防止生物的、化学的、物理的交叉污染•地板、墙面、天面易于清洁,维护状况良好,设备和管道上的冷凝水不污染食品及其接触面和包装材料,人员通道和设备周围的空间要足够和通畅•人员卫生区、加工区照明充足,采用防爆和安全灯具•车间内排烟气设施充足、良好,排放方向不对食品生产造成污染•装设防蝇虫纱窗等设施(3)操作卫生(110.35)•车间及生产设施清洁卫生,维护状况良好,工器具和设备清洗、消毒对生产不造成污染•清洁剂、消毒剂必须安全、可靠,不含有害微生物•清洁剂、消毒剂、灭虫药剂必须加贴标志,存放和贮存不对生产造成污染•工厂内不得有虫害、鼠害,厂区内养的狗不得对食品生产造成污染,灭虫剂和杀鼠剂使用对生产不造成污染•工器具和设备的食品接触表面必须经常进行清洁,以防止污染——生产低水分食品的食品接触面必须干燥、卫生,如需清洗,必须经消毒、干燥后方可使用;——带水作业时,工器具和设备的食品接触面使用前,必须清洗消毒,如果是连续作业,上述表面必须按需要经常进行清洗消毒;——非食品接触表面必须按需要经常进行清洁或清洗;——一次性用品的贮存和弃置不得对食品接触表面造成污染;——消毒剂必须有效、安全,所采用的清洗和消毒的设备和方法要能保证充分的清洗、消毒效果。
美国FDA21CFR110部分关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范
美国FDA 21 CFR 第110部分关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范(GMP)法规汇总美国GMP(21 CFR part 110)法规适用于所有食品,作为食品的生产、包装、贮藏卫生品质管理体制的技术基础,具有法律上的强制性。
以下内容即为21 CFR part 110 法规汇总。
A分部—总则§110.3 现行的良好操作规范的定义(Definitions)§110.5 现行的良好操作规范(Current good manufacturing practice)§110.10 现行良好操作规范的操作人员(Personnel)§110.19 现行良好操作规范的例外情况(Exclusions)B分部-建筑物与设施§110.20 食品生产加工企业的厂房与地面(Plant and grounds)§110.35 食品生产加工企业的卫生操作(Sanitary operations)§110.37 食品生产加工企业的卫生设施及控制(Sanitary facilities and controls)C 分部—设备§110.40 食品生产加工企业的设备及器具(Equipment and utensils)D分部—预留作将来补充E分部-生产加工控制§110.80 食品生产加工及控制(Processes and controls)§110.93 食品成品的仓储与销售(Warehousing and distribution)F分部-预留作将来补充G部分-缺陷水平§110.110 供人食用的食品中对健康无危害的、天然的、不可避免的缺陷(Natural or unavoidable defects in food for human use that present no health hazard)§110.3 现行的良好操作规范的定义(Definitions) 110.3 定义联邦食品、药物及化妆品条例(以下简称条例)第201节中术语的定义和解释适用于本部分的同类术语。
食品企业良好操作规范手册
食品企业良好操作规范手册一、前言食品安全是食品企业的生命线,也是消费者最关心的问题。
为了确保食品的质量和安全,食品企业必须遵循一系列严格的操作规范。
本手册旨在为食品企业提供一套全面、详细的良好操作规范指南,帮助企业建立有效的食品安全管理体系,提高生产效率,降低风险,增强市场竞争力。
二、适用范围本手册适用于食品生产、加工、包装、储存和运输等各个环节的操作规范。
涵盖了从原材料采购到成品销售的全过程,包括各类食品企业,如烘焙企业、饮料企业、肉制品企业等。
三、人员管理1、健康要求所有参与食品生产、加工和处理的人员必须持有有效的健康证明,每年进行一次健康检查。
患有传染性疾病、皮肤病或其他可能污染食品的疾病的人员不得从事直接接触食品的工作。
2、培训新员工入职时应接受全面的食品安全培训,包括食品卫生知识、操作规程、个人卫生等方面。
在职员工应定期接受培训和再培训,以确保他们熟悉最新的食品安全法规和企业的操作规范。
3、个人卫生员工应保持良好的个人卫生习惯,包括勤洗手、勤剪指甲、穿着清洁的工作服和工作帽等。
不得在生产区域内吸烟、饮食或嚼口香糖。
四、厂房和设施1、选址食品企业的厂房应选择在环境清洁、无污染的地区,远离污染源和垃圾处理场。
2、布局厂房的布局应合理,生产区、储存区、办公区和生活区应分开,以避免交叉污染。
生产流程应遵循从原料到成品的单向流动原则,减少回流和交叉。
3、清洁和消毒厂房和设施应定期进行清洁和消毒,包括地面、墙壁、天花板、设备和工具等。
清洁和消毒用品应符合食品安全标准,使用后应妥善存放。
4、通风和照明厂房内应保持良好的通风和照明条件,通风系统应定期维护和清洁,照明设施应满足生产操作的需要。
五、设备和工具1、选型和安装设备和工具的选型应符合食品生产的要求,易于清洁和维护。
安装应牢固,避免震动和松动,影响生产和产品质量。
2、维护和保养制定设备和工具的维护和保养计划,定期进行检查、维修和保养。
设备和工具出现故障或损坏时应及时修复或更换,确保其正常运行。
食品现行良好操作规范和危害分析及基于风险的预防性控制措施21 CFR 117解读
食品现行良好操作规范和危害分析及基于风险的预防性控制措施21CFR117解读目录一、导言二、时间表三、法规B部分(cGMP)解读四、法规C部分(危害分析及预防性控制措施)解读五、法规G部分(供应链计划)解读六、法规全文(中英文对照)七、问题汇编八、资源链接九、附图导言《食品现行良好操作规范和危害分析及基于风险的预防性控制措施》是美国食品药品监督管理局(以下简称FDA)为实施美国《食品安全现代化法》(以下简称FSMA)而制定的配套行政性法规。
该法规已于2015年9月17日正式发布。
由于该法规的主要内容在《美国联邦法规》(Code of Federal Regulations,简称CFR)中的编号为第21卷117部分,因此也被简称为117法规。
117法规显著提升了食品生产企业安全卫生的基准要求,在食品企业中全面推行“预防为主”的理念。
法规对食品企业的要求主要包括三大部分,第一是依照FSMA的要求,加入了“预防性控制措施”的全新内容,要求食品企业建立食品安全计划(Food safety plan),对其生产、加工、包装或储藏的食品进行危害分析,并制定预防性控制措施来消除这些危害。
同时,法规要求企业对控制措施进行监控、验证、纠偏和记录。
这一过程与危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP)非常相似。
第二,117法规对美国自1986年沿用至今的食品企业“现行良好操作规范”(cGMP),即广为熟悉的FDA110法规(21CFR part110)进行了升级和修订。
第三,要求企业以风险为基础,对需要预防性控制措施的原辅料建立“供应链计划”,实施文件审核、现场审核、取样检测等验证活动。
117法规影响广泛。
所有在美国销售的食品,其生产、加工、包装及储藏企业都需满足117法规的要求,原先有专门GMP进行规范的食品,同样须满足117法规的要求。
据FDA统计,目前对FDA注册的食品和饲料企业已接近20万家,这些企业均需符合117法规或《饲料预防性控制措施法规》(21CFR part507)。
第五章食品良好操作规范(GMP)和食品卫生标准操作程序(SSOP)
一、食品工厂设计和设施的要求
2. 选址 (1)地势干燥、交通方便、有充足水源; (2)厂区周围不得有粉尘、有害气体、放射性物质和其他 扩散性污染源。 (3)厂区远离有害场所。
一、食品工厂设计和设施的要求
3. 布局(以下3条是最基本的)
(1)根据所生产产品的特性及本厂特点制定整体规划。 (2)厂区布局合理,划分生产区和生活区,生产区应在生活区的下风向。 (3) 建筑物、设备布局与工艺流程三者衔接合理,建筑结构完整,并能满足生产工 艺和质量卫生要求;原料与半成品和成品、生原料与熟食品均应杜、工具、管道
(1)凡接触食品物料的设备、工具、管道,必须用无毒、无味、抗腐蚀、不吸水、不 变形的材料制做。 (2)设备、工具、管道的表面要清洁,边角圆滑,无死角,不易积垢,不漏隙,便于 拆卸,清洗和消毒。 (3)设备设置应根据工艺要求,布局合理。
(4)安装应符合工艺卫生要求。
有利于我国食品产品质量的提高。
有利于提高企业和产品的声誉,提高竞争力。
便于食品的国际贸易。
有利于提高科学的管理水平。
为卫生行政部门、食品卫生监督员提供监督检查的依据。
三、国际食品良好操作规范的现状
GMP原来较多应用于制药工业,现在许多国家将其用于食品工 业,制定出相应的GMP法规。 1969年,世界卫生组织向全世界推荐GMP; 1972年,欧洲共同体14个成员国公布了GMP总则。 目前,美国已立法强制实施食品GMP。 1. CAC CAC共有13卷,包括237个食品产品标准;41个卫生或技术规 范;185种评价的农药;2374个农药残留限量;25个污染物准则; 1005种食品添加剂;54种兽药规定。 重要的GMP有: 《食品卫生通则》、《危害分析与关键点系统应用导则》、《水 果蔬菜罐头的卫生操作规程》等。
美国FDA食品生产企业GMP(良好操作规范)法规
美国FDA食品生产企业GMP(良好操作规)法规(21 CFR part110)A 总则§110.3定义联邦食品、药物及化妆品法(以下简称该法案)第210节中术语的定义和解释适用于本法规的同类术语,下列定义亦同样适用:(a)酸性食品或酸化食品(Acid foods or acidified foods):平衡pH值等于或低于4.6的食品。
(b)适当的(Adequate)为完成良好公共卫生规的预定目标所需要的要求。
(c)面糊(Batter):一种半流体物质,通常包含面粉和其它成分。
可在其中浸蘸食品的主要成分,或用它涂在外表,或直接用它制成焙烤食品。
(d)烫漂(Blanching):在包装前对食品(不包括树生坚果和花生)进行热处理,使天然酶部分或完全失活,并使该食品发生物理或生化的变化。
(e)关键控制点(Critical control point):食品加工过程中的一个点,若该点控制不当,极可能造成、引发或导致危害,或导致成品污染,或导致成品分解。
(f)食品(Food):指210法案(f)节所定义的食品,包括各种原料和配料。
(g)食品接触面(Food contact surfaces):接触食品的那些表面以及经常在正常加工过程中会将污水滴溅在食品上或溅在接触食品的那些表面上的表面。
“食品接触面”包括用具及接触食品的设备表面。
(h)批(Lot):在某一时间段生产的用具体编号标记的食品。
(i)微生物(Microorganisms):酵母菌、霉菌、细菌和病毒,并包括但不限于对公众健康产生影响的那些微生物种类。
“不良微生物(undesirable microorganisms)”包括那些对公众健康产生显著影响的微生物,会使食品分解的微生物,会使食品受到杂质污染的微生物,或使食品成为该法案所指的掺杂食品的微生物。
在某些情况下,美国FDA在这些法规中使用形容词“微生物的(microbial)”,替代包含“微生物(microorganism)”的形容词短语。
食品良好的操作规范(GMP) 食品企业良好操作规范(食品原料运输的要求)
普通常温车(车厢)和船
家畜、家禽等动物
车、船应分层设置铁笼,通 风透气,防止挤压也便于运 输途中供给足够的饲料和饮
水
02
选择合适的运输工具
01
水果、蔬菜类食品
装入箱子或篓子运输,避免 挤压撞伤而腐烂
水产品、熟肉及其冰冻食品原料
采用低温冷藏车贮运
02
选择合适的运输工具
运输作业应避免震荡、撞击, 轻拿轻放,防止损伤产品外形; 且不得与有毒有害物品混装、混运 ,作业终了,搬运人员应撤离工 作 地,防止污染食品。
运输工具应符合的卫生要求
为防止运输途中雨淋、灰尘,使食品包装及食品原辅料受 潮, 车、船应设置顶棚,最好采用封闭式的车厢和舱,不具 备上述条件 的运输工具应用油布覆盖。
2 选择合适的运输工具
Part
选择合适的运输工具
根据原辅料的特点和卫生要求,选择合适的运输工具。 例如:
01
大米、面粉、油料等原料
如做不到运输工具专用, 在运输食品原料前必须彻底清 洗干净,确保无有毒有害物质 污染,无异味。
运输工具应定期清洗、消 毒、保持洁净卫生。
运输工具应符合的卫生要求
01
运输工具的卫生
• 包装完整 • 冷藏车设施完好 • 严禁食品与有毒物品混装混运
02
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
运输过程的 卫生
• 严禁运输腐败变质的食品 • 分类装运,专车专用 • 保持原有的环境条件
目录
contents
1 运输工具应符合卫生要求 2 选择合适的运输工具
1运输工具应符合的卫生要求
Part
运输工具应符合的卫生要求
食品原辅料必须使用专用车、船等运输工具,严禁与农药、化肥、 化 工产品及其他有毒有害化学物质混载,也不得使用运输过上述物品的 车、船 及其运输工具。
食品生产各类通用卫生规范简介讲稿
C、设备 110.40 设备及用具 a)机构设计、材料 b)制造质量 c)温度显示和测量装置
E、生产及加工管理 110.80 加工及控制 a) 原料及其它配料 b) 加工作业 110.93 仓储与销售 a)储存条件 b)包装及包装材料
F、缺陷行动水平 110.110 供人食用的食品中对健 康无危害的天然或不可避免的缺陷 a)规定这些缺陷的上限水平 b)随着科学的变化而调整 c)不能因为成品符合要求而故意不 遵守GMP法规 d)不能将不合格的食品与合格的食 品混合,使不合格的食品变为合格
为了保证出口食品的安全卫生质量,规范出 口食品生产企业的安全卫生管理,保护消费 者的健康,国家质量监督检验检疫总局根据 《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》、《中华人 民共和国进出口商品检验法》及其实施条例 等有关规定,制定了《出口食品生产企业卫 生要求》,原《出口食品厂、库卫生要求》 (国检监[1994]79号)同时废止。 4、2011年9月14日公布了 《出口食品生产 企业安全卫生要求》,自2011年10月1日起 施行。
•
(二)专业食品卫生规范 在1994年此前后,卫生部、食药局自1988年至今,颁布了各类 食品加工企业卫生规范。 1、 食品安全国家标准 罐头食品生产卫生规范 GB8950-2016 2、食品安全国家标准 蒸馏酒及其配制酒生产卫生规范 GB8951-2016 3、食品安全国家标准 啤酒生产卫生规范 GB8952-2016 4、食品安全国家标准 酱油生产卫生规范 GB8953-2018 5、食品安全国家标准 食醋生产卫生规范GB8954-2016 6、食品安全国家标准 食用植物油及其制品生产卫生规范 GB8955-2016 7、食品安全国家标准 蜜饯生产卫生规范 GB8956-2016 8、 食品安全国家标准 糕点、面包卫生规范 GB8957-2016 9、食品安全国家标准 畜禽屠宰加工卫生规范 GB12694-2016 10、食品安全国家标准 饮料生产卫生规范 GB12695-2016
美国FDA食品生产企业GMP(良好操作规范)法规doc18
美国FDA食品生产企业GMP(良好操作规范)法规(21 CFR part110)A 总则§110.3定义联邦食品、药物及化妆品法(以下简称该法案)第210节中术语的定义和解释适用于本法规的同类术语,下列定义亦同样适用:(a)酸性食品或酸化食品(Acid foods or acidified foods):平衡pH值等于或低于4.6的食品。
(b)适当的(Adequate)为完成良好公共卫生规范的预定目标所需要的要求。
(c)面糊(Batter):一种半流体物质,通常包含面粉和其它成分。
可在其中浸蘸食品的主要成分,或用它涂在外表,或直接用它制成焙烤食品。
(d)烫漂(Blanching):在包装前对食品(不包括树生坚果和花生)进行热处理,使天然酶部分或完全失活,并使该食品发生物理或生化的变化。
(e)关键控制点(Critical control point):食品加工过程中的一个点,若该点控制不当,极可能造成、引发或导致危害,或导致成品污染,或导致成品分解。
(f)食品(Food):指210法案(f)节所定义的食品,包括各种原料和配料。
(g)食品接触面(Food contact surfaces):接触食品的那些表面以及经常在正常加工过程中会将污水滴溅在食品上或溅在接触食品的那些表面上的表面。
“食品接触面”包括用具及接触食品的设备表面。
(h)批(Lot):在某一时间段内生产的用具体编号标记的食品。
(i)微生物(Microorganisms):酵母菌、霉菌、细菌和病毒,并包括但不限于对公众健康产生影响的那些微生物种类。
“不良微生物(undesirable microorganisms)”包括那些对公众健康产生显著影响的微生物,会使食品分解的微生物,会使食品受到杂质污染的微生物,或使食品成为该法案所指的掺杂食品的微生物。
在某些情况下,美国FDA在这些法规中使用形容词“微生物的(microbial)”,替代包含“微生物(microorganism)”的形容词短语。
FDA-GMP-21CFR-Part110培训
洗手示例
110.10 人员
2、规定洗手及消毒的时间 在接触到除已清洁的手和胳膊暴露部分以外
的人体暴露部分之后 咳嗽、打喷嚏、用完手绢或处理过卫生纸、
吸烟后、吃完东西或喝完饮料之后 食品预处理期间,若经常需要去除赃物及污
染物以及在交换工作时,要防止交叉污染 在处理完脏的设备和工器具后
110.10 人员
工的完整的产品安全计划。没有适当的GMP做基础,工 厂量系统 设施与设备系统 物料系统 生产系统 包装与标签系统 实验室控制系统
FDA SCP (SSOP)控制八大系
NO.1 加工用水和冰的安全 NO.2 食品接触面和清洁度(工器具、手套、工作
保持清洁的方法包括,但 不限于: 1、外套 2、个人卫生 3、手部的卫生 4、珠宝饰品和其它饰 物的控制。
个人卫生设施
生产场所或生产车间入口处 应设置更衣室;必要时特定 的作业区入口处可按需要设 置更衣室。更衣室应保证工 作服与个人服装及其他物品 分开放置。
生产车间入口及车间内必要 处,应按需设置换鞋(穿戴 鞋套)设施或工作鞋靴消毒 设施。如设置工作鞋靴消毒 设施,其规格尺寸应能满足 消毒需要。
SCP是针对GMP的特定几个部分,引入GMP 没有具体规
定的一些新的要求,例如监测、纠正措施、记录等。 可以使GMP得到更好的应用。
当已经鉴别的危害是与产品本身或某个单独的加工步 骤有关,必须由HACCP来控制。而与加工环境或人员有
关的危害一般有SCP来控制较好。
SCP和GMP是HACCP计划的基础,构成针对具体产品和加
A 分部—总则
110.3 定义 “食品接触面” 指接触人类食品那些表面
以及在正常加工过程中会将污水滴溅在食品 上或与食品接触的表面上的那些表面,“食 品接触面”包括用具及接触食品的设备的表 面。
第七章食品良好操作规范
2021/2/23
食品平安与质量控制
(二) 厂房 1. 高度〔不低于3米,能满足工艺卫生要求〕 2. 占地面积〔人均占地不少与1.5m2〕 3. 地面( 平整、略高于道路路面,使用不渗水、不吸水、无毒、防
滑材料铺砌) 4. 屋顶〔外表光洁、耐腐蚀、耐温的浅色材料〕 5. 墙壁〔用白瓷砖或其它防腐材料装修高度不低于2米的墙裙〕 6. 门窗〔严密不变形,有防蚊蝇、防尘设施,窗台离地面1米以上,
证食品质量;
3. 为卫生行政部门提供监视检查根据; 4. 便于食品的国际贸易。
2021/2/23
食品平安与质量控制
出口食品企业GMP: 1、1984年,原国家商检局首先制定了类似GMP的卫生法规出口食品厂、
库最低卫生要求;
2、几经修改后,于1994年11月发布了出口食品厂、库卫生要求; 3、2002年4月,国家质量监视检验检疫总局公布出口食品消费企业卫生
4、我国食品企业通用卫生标准没有对“培训〞做任何说明。 5、我国没对每一环节卫生标准进展准确、细致的描绘。 6、与兴隆国家GMP等效性差。
2021/2/23
食品平安与质量控制
第二节 食品良好消费标准〔GMP〕内容与要求
GMP管理有四个关键要素: 1.由适宜的人员来消费与管理 2.选用良好的原材料 3.采用标准的厂房及机器设备 4.采用适当的工艺
食品平安与质量控制
2.布局〔以下3条是最根本的〕
(1)根据所消费产品的特性及本厂特点制定整体 规划。
(2)厂区布局合理,划分消费区和生活区,消费 区应在生活区的下风向。
(3) 建筑物、设备布局与工艺流程三者衔接合 理,建筑构造完好,并能满足消费工艺和质量卫 生要求;原料与半成品和成品、生原料与熟食品 均应杜绝穿插污染。
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美国FDA21CFR第110部分关于食品生产企业现行良好操作规范(GMP)法规汇总美国GMP(21CFR part110)法规适用于所有食品,作为食品的生产、包装、贮藏卫生品质管理体制的技术基础,具有法律上的强制性。
以下内容即为21CFR part110法规汇总。
A分部—总则§110.3现行的良好操作规范的定义(Definitions)§110.5现行的良好操作规范(Current good manufacturing practice)§110.10现行良好操作规范的操作人员(Personnel)§110.19现行良好操作规范的例外情况(Exclusions)B分部-建筑物与设施§110.20食品生产加工企业的厂房与地面(Plant and grounds)§110.35食品生产加工企业的卫生操作(Sanitary operations)§110.37食品生产加工企业的卫生设施及控制(Sanitary facilities and controls)C分部—设备§110.40食品生产加工企业的设备及器具(Equipment and utensils)D分部—预留作将来补充E分部-生产加工控制§110.80食品生产加工及控制(Processes and controls)§110.93食品成品的仓储与销售(Warehousing and distribution)F分部-预留作将来补充G部分-缺陷水平§110.110供人食用的食品中对健康无危害的、天然的、不可避免的缺陷(Natural or unavoidable defects in food for human use that present no health hazard)§110.3现行的良好操作规范的定义(Definitions) 110.3定义联邦食品、药物及化妆品条例(以下简称条例)第201节中术语的定义和解释适用于本部分的同类术语。
下列定义亦同样适用:a.酸性食品或酸化食品:是指平衡pH值为4.6或低于4.6的食品。
b.适当的:指为达到良好的公共卫生规范的预期目的所需要满足的要求。
c.面糊:是指一种半流体物质,通常包含面粉和其他辅料,食品的主要成分可浸在其中,或用它涂膜,或直接用来形成烘烤的食品。
d.热烫:除坚果和花生外,指在包装前对食品进行足够时间和充分温度的热处理,以使天然形成的酶部分地或完全失活,并使该食品产生物理或生化方面的变化。
e.关键控制点:是指食品加工过程中的一个点,在这个点上控制不当时,就可能造成或导致危害,或使成品受到杂质污染,或造成成品的腐败。
f.食品:指条例201(F)节所定义的食品。
包括各种原料和辅料。
g.食品接触面:指与人类食品的接触表面以及在正常加工过程中因污水滴溅污染的并与食品接触的设备和工器具表面。
"食品接触面"包括与食品接触的工器具及设备的表面。
h.批:指在某一段时间生产的由具体代号标记的食品。
i.微生物:是指酵母菌、霉菌、细菌和病毒,包括(但不仅限于)对公众健康有影响的微生物种类。
"有害微生物"这个术语包括对公众健康有影响的,或使食品发酵分解的,或使食品受到杂质污染的、或使食品成为条例所指的劣质食品的微生物。
有时,美国食品与药物管理局在这些法规中使用"微生物"这个词,而不使用包含"微生物"一词的短语。
j.害虫:指令人厌恶的任何动物或昆虫,包括,但不仅限于鸟、啮齿动物、蝇和幼虫。
k.厂房:指用于人类食品加工、包装、标识或存放,或与人类食品的加工、包装、标识或存放有关的建筑物或设施或其中的某些部分。
l.质量控制操作:是指一种有计划的系统操作,并采取一切必要的行动防止食品成为条例所指的劣质食品。
m.返工品:是指由于一些不卫生因素而从加工过程中检选出的、干净的、未被掺杂的食品,或经过重新加工而再次调制,并适于消费的食品。
n.安全水分含量:指在预期的加工、贮存和分销条件下足以防止有害微生物生长的低水分含量。
一种食品的最高安全水分含量取决于它的水分活度(aw),如果有足够的数据证明,某一水分活度(aw)或低于食品水分活度(aw)时可以阻止有害微生物生长繁殖,那么就可以认为这种食品的水分活度(aw)具有安全性。
o.消毒:是指用一种对食品接触面进行充分处理的方法,这种方法能有效地消灭危害公众健康的微生物细胞,并大量减少其他有害微生物的数量。
但消毒对食品的安全性不得产生不利的影响。
p.必须(Shall):用于说明强制性的要求。
q.应该(Should):用于表述推荐性或建议性的程序或用以确定推荐性的设备。
r.水分活度(aw):是食物中游离水分的量度,它是物质的水蒸汽压力与相同温度下纯水的蒸汽压力的比率。
§110.5现行的良好操作规范(Current good manufacturingpractice)a)必须用本部分的标准和定义来确定①某种食品是否为条例402(a)(3)节所讲的劣质食品,也就是说这种食品是在不适合生产食品的条件下加工的,或者是②条例402(a)(1)节所讲食品。
就是说食品是在不卫生的条件下制作、包装或存放的。
因而可能已经受到污染,或者已经变得对人体健康有害。
本部分的标准和定义也适用于确定某种食品是否违反了公共卫生服务条例(42U.S.C.264)的361节。
b)受特殊的"现行良好操作规范"法规管理的食品也必须符合本法规的要求。
§110.10现行良好操作规范的操作人员(Personnel)生产加工企业管理机构必须采取合理的措施和预防方法确保做到下列几点:疾病控制、清洁卫生、教育与培训、监督。
110.10员工生产加工企业管理机构必须采取合理的措施和预防方法确保做到下列几点:a.疾病控制:经体检或监督人员观察,凡是患有或疑似患有疾病、创伤,包括疖、疮或感染性的创伤,或可成为食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料的微生物污染源的员工,直至上述病症消除之前,均不得参与食品生产加工,否则会造成污染。
必须要求员工在发现上述疾病时向上级报告。
b.清洁卫生:凡是在工作中直接接触食品、食品接触面及食品包装材料的员工必须严格遵守卫生操作规范,使食品免受到污染。
保持清洁的方法包括,但不仅限于:(1)穿戴适合生产加工的工作衣,防止食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料受污染。
(2)保持良好的个人卫生。
(3)开始工作之前、每次离开工作台之后、以及手被污染或其他任何情况下受到污染时,应在合适的洗手设施上彻底洗净双手(如要防止有害微生物的污染,则应进行消毒)。
(4)除去不牢靠的,可能掉入食品、设备或容器中的珠宝饰品和其他饰物,除去在手工操作食品时无法彻底消毒的首饰。
如果无法除去首饰,可以用一块完整无损的、清洁卫生的、并能有效地防止食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料受污染的物料将首饰包套起来。
(5)使用的手套(如果用它们处理食品)应完整无损、清洁卫生。
手套应当用不渗透的材料制作。
(6)在适当的场合,应戴发网、束发带、帽子、胡须套,或其他有效的须发约束物。
(7)将衣物或其他个人物品应存放在不与食品接触或被清洗设备用具之外的场所。
(8)将以下行为限制在不与食品接触或被清洗设备及用具之外的区域:吃东西、咀嚼口香糖、喝饮料或吸烟。
(9)采取其他必要的预防措施,防止食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料受到微生物或异物(包括,但不仅限于:汗水、头发、化妆品、烟草、化学物及皮肤用药物)的污染。
c.教育与培训:负责检查评定卫生不良或食品污染的人员应当受过教育培训或具有经验,或两者皆具备,这样才能保证生产出干净和安全的食品。
食品加工和监督人员应当接受食品加工技术及食品保护原理的适当培训,而且应当认识到不良的个人卫生及不卫生操作的危险性。
d.监督:必须明确地指定由符合要求的监督人员监管全体员工。
务必使员工遵守本章的一切规定(51FR24475,1986年6月19日发布实施;1989年6月12日修改为54FR24892)。
§110.19现行良好操作规范的例外情况(Exclusions)下述情况不属本规范的范围:仅从事于一种或数种条例201(r)节所指的“生的农产品”的收获、贮存或分销的企业,在将这些“生的农产品”销售给消费者之前,只对其所进行的一般清洗、预制、处理或其他形式的加工。
然而,如果有必要将上述例外情况纳入规范时,食品药物管理局会将颁布特别的法规。
B分部-建筑物与设施§110.20食品生产加工企业的厂房与地面(Plant and grounds)食品生产加工企业的地面必须保持良好的状态,防止食品受污染;厂房建筑物的大小、结构与设计必须便于食品生产的维修和卫生操作。
110.20厂房与地面a.地面:食品生产加工企业的地面必须保持良好的状态,防止食品受污染。
维护地面的方法包括,但不仅限于:(l)合理放置设备,清除垃圾和废料,铲除厂房及其构造物附近可能成为害虫习惯生活的孳生地或藏身处的杂草。
(2)搞好道路、厂区和停车场卫生,这些区域不得成为食品暴露区域的污染源。
(3)凡因渗漏、鞋上的污染物或害虫孽生地可能污染的食品区域,不得有积水。
(4)废物处理系统不得成为食品裸露区域的污染源。
如果毗连厂房的场地不在操作人员的管辖范围之内,而且不是按照本节a.(1)至(3)段所说的方法管理时,那么必须在厂区内认真地检查、灭虫或采取其他措施以消除可能成为食品污染源的害虫、废料和污染物。
b.厂房结构与设计:厂房建筑物的大小、结构与设计必须便于食品生产的维修和卫生操作。
厂房及各种设施必须:(1)提供足够的场地安装设备,存放物料,以利于进行卫生操作和食品的安全生产。
(2)应采取适当的预防措施以减少食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料受到微生物、化学物、污物或其他外来物污染的潜在危害。
可以通过适当的食品安全控制及操作规范或有效设计,包括将可能发生污染的不同生产加工分开(可采用以下任何一种或数种手段:地点、时间、隔墙、气流、封闭的操作系统或其他有效方法),以减少食品受污染的潜在危害。
(3)采取适当的预防措施以保护露天发酵容器中的散装食品,可以采用以下任何一种有效的保护手段:ⅰ使用保护性的覆盖物;ⅱ有效控制食品容器周围的区域,使害虫无藏身之处;ⅲ定期检查害虫及其活动情况;ⅳ必要时除去发酵容器的表层漂浮物。
(4)结构合理。
地板、走道、天花板应易于清扫,保持清洁及维护状况良好;支架和管道上滴下的了冷凝水滴或冷凝物不得污染食品、食品接触面或食品包装材料;设备与墙面之间应留出通道和工作场地,且不能堵塞,其空间足以使员工进行操作,而且不使食品接触面与员工的衣裤或人体相接触而污染。