基础写作要点总结 (2)

1. 逗号 （，）
2. 句号（.）
• 1）用于陈述句、轻微祈使句、间接问句后 • 如：Don’t overuse punctuation marks. • She asked the teacher when the homework should be handed in. • 2) 用于缩写后 • 如：U. S. A. U. U.K. a.m. p.m. • 3) 三个句号构成省略号 • 如： “He said many things, such as…such as…oh, yes, he said that he would resign from the committee.”
10. 破折号 （Dash）
• • • • • • • • • • • • 两个破折号用于解释 如：All his belongings——a few articles of clothing and a few books——are here. 用于并列的名词后引出总结句 如：Bob, Lily, Adrian, Judy——none of them know where he is. 在对话中可作引号用 如：——When was Shakespeare born and when did he die? ——He was born in 1564 and died in 1616. 用于副标题之前 如：Wang Zhaojun in Autumn in the Han Palace —— An Interpretation of the Theme of the Play 用于引文后引出作者 如：“It is upon bad fortune that good fortune leans; it is upon good fortune that bad fortune rests (祸兮福之所倚， 祸兮福之所倚， 祸兮福之所倚 福兮祸之所伏).” 福兮祸之所伏
3、连字符
• 连字符放在行末，而非行首；单音节词 不可分，双音节或多音节词按音节分。
4、大写
三种情况： • 1）专有名词 • 2）题目中的重点词 • 3）句首字母
Punctuation
• 1）连接对等分句 ） • 如：We started early in the morning, and before dark we reached the village. • 2) 用于做状语的分句或短语后 • 如：When the rain stopped, we continued to work in the fields. • 3) 用于分隔具有相同功能的一系列词或短语 • 如：Present at the meeting were Dean Lee, Professor Brown, Associate Professor Mojor, Miss Lindon, and a few other members of the faculty. • 4) 用于分隔非限制性定从、短语 用于分隔非限制性定从、 • 如：At 22 she left the college, where she had spent four fruitful and memorable years. • Mr. Huang, the new director of the company, will soon announce his plans for reforms. – 美国英语日期写法：月 日， 年 美国英语日期写法： • 如：Hong Kong was restored to China on July 1, 1997. – 数字书写 • 从右向左每三位点一逗号。 从右向左每三位点一逗号。 • 如：1,253,964
3. 分号 (;)
• 1) 用于中间不用连词的两个对等分句之间 • 如：She doesn’t like this film; she is disgusted with it. • 2) 用于 用于however, therefore, nonetheless, hence, otherwise, besides, moreover 等连接副词之前 • 如：He promised to come to the meeting; however, he didn’t appear. • 3) 当分句内部有标点时，在连词前用分号。 当分句内部有标点时，在连词前用分号。 • 如：He wrote a few good books when he was young and poor; but after he became famous and rich, he wrote nothing worth reading. • 4) 并列成分内部有逗号时，并列成分之间用分号 并列成分内部有逗号时， • 如：Among those who joined the discussion were Miss Wu, a well-known writer; Dr. Qian, a professor of literary criticism; and Ms. Sun, a famous historian.
7. 引号（“ ”）
• • • • • 双引号用于对话、或出自书、文章的直接引文； 双引号用于对话、或出自书、文章的直接引文；单 引号用于引文中的引文。 引号用于引文中的引文。 用于文章、论文、短篇小说、短诗、 用于文章、论文、短篇小说、短诗、歌曲的题目或 书的章节的标题。但是书、报纸、 书的章节的标题。但是书、报纸、杂志的题目用下 划线或斜体。 划线或斜体。 如：You can find Byron’s poems “She Walks in Beauty” and “When We Two Parted” in The
Biblioteka Baidu
5. 问号（?）
• 直接问句之后 • 如：“When did the Norman Conquest take place?”the teacher place? the asked.
6. 感叹号（！）
• • • • • • 用于感叹句、表示强调的感叹词、表示强烈 感情的短语之后 如：How beautiful Yellow Mountain is! “Help! Help!” shouted the boy struggling in the river. “Get out!” he yelled. 用于口号之后 如：Long live the People’s Republic of China!
9. 方括号（square brackets）
• • • • 引文中表示解释、 引文中表示解释、更正的部分 如：In the article he wrote, “Not for a moment did she [Emily Dickinson] intend to make herself famous by publishing her poems.” 在圆括号中用方括号 如：There are quite a few good translations of classical Chinese literary works in these two volumes (Anthology of Chinese Literature [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965]).
• 如：Born in Sichuan Province, he later became a famous writer. (two facts mentioned not logically connected)
2. 要有连贯性（coherence）
Do not separate words that are closely related unless it is necessary • 如：Everyone is studying English in Everyone this school.( ) school.(×) • 应为：Everyone in this school is studying English.
11. 斜杠（slash）
• • • • • • 表示选择其一，相当于“ 表示选择其一，相当于“or”“and/or” 如：The school gives students who have financial difficulties loans / part-time jobs. 分隔分子、 分隔分子、分母 如：This factory now employs 2/3 of the workers it employed last year, but its output is increased by 1/3. 表示“ 表示“每” 如：The house is sold at 20,000 yuan/ sqare meter.
4. 冒号 （：）
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 引出引语，即冒号后跟引文 引出引语， 如：It will do everyone good to remember this old saying: “One will know that he does not know enough after he begins to learn.” 冒号后跟解释或同位语 如：He gave two reasons for his failure in the examination: poor health and insufficient time for preparation. She bought many souvenirs: two small bronze statues, a carved wooden case for jewelry, and a kerchief(头巾 with 头巾) 头巾 wax-printed designs. 用于小时和分钟之间表示时间 如：There are three flights to Tokyo today: at 11:35, 16:20 and 20: 50. 用于比赛得分记录 如：China beat Japan 3:2 in the women’s volleyball championships. 商务信件的称呼之后 如：Dear Mr. Johnson: 演讲辞对领导和听众的称呼之后 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:
Romantic Poets.
3) 有特殊意义的词用引号 如：Here “register” refers to a particular type of vocabulary.
8. 圆括号 （parentheses/ brackets）
• • • • 用于解释、补充、说明的部分 如：A WTO (World Trade Organization) delegation is to visit China next week. 用于计数 如：This book consists of three parts: (1) ancient history, (2) modern history, and (3) contemporary history.
Making Correct and Effective Sentences
correct sentences 应符合以下要求：
• • • • 结构完整 首字母大写 末尾用句号、问号或感叹号 表达一个完整的意思
effective sentences 应注意以下几点：
1. 要有统一性（unity）
基础写作要点总结
Manuscript Form
1、题目
• • 作文标题放在首行中间 题目每个单词的首字母大写（除冠词、 介词、对等连词[and, or, but, nor, for]、不定式的to; 但这些词是题目首 词、尾词也大写） 题目末尾不用句号，但是是问句时可 用问号。
•
2、段落
• 每段首行缩进4-5个字母空格。