6 cohesion
Cohesion and Coherence的区别
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to sequence a text. 'However', 'in addition' and 'for instance' link ideas and arguments in a text.Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general> particular; statement> example; problem> solution; question> answer; claim> counter-claim.What does cohesion mean?You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections within a text at all sorts of different levels, e.g., section, paragraphs, sentences and even phrases.How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an ideas level,and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level.You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.Cohesion DevicesLexical level:RepetitionWord family repeatedSynonyms, antonyms, other word relationsThematically related words (lexical set)Substations with one/onesGrammatical level:Reference: article, pronouns, normalizationSubstitution of clause elements using so, not, do/does/did, etcEllipsis of clause elementsLinking words: conjunctions and conjunctsComparativesVerb tenseRhetorical techniquesQuestion and answerParallelismCoherenceWhen sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here.Repetition of a Key Term or PhraseThis helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track. Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.SynonymsSynonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.Example: Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.PronounsThis, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.Transitional WordsThere are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. Words such as “however”, “therefore”, “in addition”, “also”, “but”, “moreover”, etc. Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.Sentence PatternsSometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.。
考研英语完型词汇——近义词辨析
考研英语完型词汇——近义词辨析1. adherence&adhesion这两个词都是“粘附的”意思。
adherence 用于比喻的意思。
例如：His adherence to the strict letter of the law.adhesion 是指物质上的。
2. adjacent&adjoining&contiguous这些词都有next to“紧挨”的意思。
adjacent “毗邻的，邻近的”，但它们可能并不相互直接接触。
adjoining和contiguous 指相互接触，通常之间有一个edge或boundary。
3. admission&admittance它们都有“the act of entering”的意思。
但admission 用于公共场合。
例如：The price of admission to the gallery is￡5.admittance 不指公共场合，一般指私人的住所。
4. adopted&adoptiveadopted “收养的，过继的”an adopted son(daughter) 养子（女）；my adopted country 我所入籍的国家；adopted words 外来语。
adoptive“收养的”，我们说adoptive parents，但很少说adoptive child；“采用的”，“假冒的”an adoptive courage假充勇敢。
5. averse&adverseadverse “不利的，反对的”，用于事，不用于人。
adverse weather conditions；an adverse reaction。
averse “嫌恶的，反对的，不乐意的”，常和“to”一起使用，而且用否定形式。
6. advise&adviceadvise “劝告”（动词）；advice “劝告”（名词）。
摩尔-库伦模型的材料参数
摩尔-库伦模型的材料参数1.弹性体积模量物体在P0的压力下体积为V0。
若压力增加(P0→P0+dP)，则体积减小dV。
则有K=dP/(-dV/V0)，K被称为该物体的体积模量(modulus of volume elasticity)。
如在弹性范围内，则专称为体积弹性模量。
体积模量是一个比较稳定的材料常数。
因为在各向均压下材料的体积总是变小的，故K值永为正值，单位Pa。
体积模量的倒数称为体积柔量。
体积模量K和拉伸模量(或称弹性模量)E、泊松比μ之间有关系：E=3K(1-2μ)。
2.内聚力内聚力（the cohesion value)又叫粘聚力，是在同种物质内部相邻各部分之间的相互吸引力，这种相互吸引力是同种物质分子之间存在分子力的表现。
岩石力学和土力学中，τ=c+σtanφ,即摩尔剪切理论，c即为内聚力，φ为内摩擦角，τ为剪应力。
3.剪胀角剪胀角是用来表示材料在剪切过程中体积变化率的一个物理量。
剪切过程中产生的位移分为法向位移和切向位移，剪胀角的正切值为法向位移同切向位移的比值。
4. 内摩擦角序号关键字说明1 bu lk 弹性体积模量，k2c ohesion内聚力，c3di lation剪胀角，ψ4Fric tion内摩擦角，φ5Sh ear弹性切变模量，G6ten sion抗拉强度，σt作为岩(土)体的两个重要参数之一的内摩擦角，是土的抗剪强度指标，是工程设计的重要参数。
土的内摩擦角反映了土的摩擦特性，一般认为包含两个部分：土颗料的表面摩擦力，颗粒间的嵌入和联锁作用产生的咬合力。
内摩擦角是土力学上很重要的一个概念。
内摩擦角最早出现在库仑公式中，也就是土体强度决定于摩擦强度和粘聚力，摩擦强度又分为滑动摩擦和咬合摩擦，两者共同概化为摩擦角。
经典的表达式就是库伦定律τ=σtanφ+c其中，对于黏性土，c不为0，对于砂土，c为0，φ、c可以通过三轴试验得出，（或直剪）。
在不同围压下，得到破坏时的最大主应力和最小主应力，做出应力圆，至少在三种不同的围压下，这样可以做出三个应力圆，作三个圆的公切线，斜率即为内摩擦角。
cohesion
Types of Cohesion
Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion
Lexical cohesion
Synonymy: buy-purchase; Hyponymy: fruit-apple Collocation: semantic field Lexical repetition
2.
Eager to trust but determined to verify, many single women in an age of risky romance are hiring private detectives to check the background of their suitors. 父母们给孩子讲的故事都是好人与坏人对 立，好人最后必定成功，坏人必定受到惩 罚。 Parents tell their children stories in which the morally good is opposed against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished.
now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
chapter 6 (2)cohesion
The concept of cohesion, as defined by Halliday & Hasan (1985: 4), is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, which is realized by cohesive ties （衔接纽带）, which may be grammatical cohesive devices such as references （指称）, ellipsis （省略）, substitution （替代）, conjunction （连接） and lexical cohesion （词汇衔接）.
B. Every morning Tom’s mother got up early to prepare breakfast. But Tom preferred music to math at school. Last week there was a traffic jam due to a car accident, which was caused by the carelessness of the driver. However, the schoolmaster decided to keep the secret for Tom. Although he was not too rich, Tom’s father managed to buy a beautiful dress for his wife as a Christmas gift.
Take the following two passages for example. A. Throughout the long history of mathematics, men have always wished that they could calculate quickly. As each mathematical discovery was made and knowledge advanced a little the calculations facing mathematicians became more and more complicated and demanded an even greater time. There are some people who like doing long and difficult arithmetic, but most of us do not and are eager to finish our sums in the shortest and easiest way.
试卷上的英语单词
试卷上的英语单词试卷上的常用英语单词在现实生活或工作学习中，大家都看到过许多经典的单词吧以下是店铺帮大家整理的试卷上的英语单词，希望能够帮助到大家。
试卷上的英语单词11.fourfold adj. 四倍的，四重的; adv.四倍，四重2.deliver vt.交付，发表，递送，给...接生;vi.实现，传送，履行3.direct adj.直接的，直系的4.promotions n.促销，升职promotion n.提升，晋升，推销，发扬5.efficient adj.有效的，有能力的，生效的6.ingredient n.原料，要素，组成部分 adj.构成，组成，部分的bor n.劳动，工作，劳工，分娩 vi.劳动8.vital adj.至关重要的，生死攸关的，有活力的9.individual adj.个人的，个别的'，独特的 n.个人，个体10.currently adv.一般地，当前11.continent n.大陆，洲，陆地 adj.自制的，克制的12.manufacture n.制造，产品，制造业13.constantly adv.不断地，时常地14.solemn adj.庄严地，严肃的，隆重的，郑重的15.dramatic adj.戏剧的，引人注目的mitment n.承诺，保证，委托，承担义务，献身17.emissions n.排放，排放物，辐射，发行18.condemn vt.谴责，判刑，定罪，声讨19.rigid adj.严格的，僵硬的，死板的20.restriction n.限制，限制条件21.fossil n.化石试卷上的英语单词2clothes:衣服garments：外衣wardrobe：衣柜double-breasted suit：双排扣外衣clothing：(总称)衣服ready-made clothes：成衣suit：套装ready- to-wear：现成服装dress：女装men’s wear:：男装everyday clothes：便服women’s wear：女装three-piece suit：三件套underwear：内衣uniform：制服overalls：(美)工装裤cuff：袖口formal dress：礼服buttonhole：纽扣孔tailcoat, 燕尾服，morning coat：大礼服shirt：衬衫blouse：女衬衫evening dress：晚礼服试卷上的英语单词3cancellation 取消预定imperial suite 皇室套房presidential suite 总统套房suite deluxe 高级套房junior suite 简单套房mini suite 小型套房honeymoon suite 蜜月套房penthouse suite 楼顶套房unmade room 未清扫房on change 待清扫房valuables 贵重品room rate 房价standard rate 标准价en-suite 套房family suite 家庭套房twin room you 带两张单人床的房间double room 带一张双人床的房间advance deposit 定金reservation 订房间registration 登记rate sheets 房价表tariff 价目表porter 行李员luggage/baggage 行李registered/checked luggage 托运行李light luggage 轻便行李baggage elevator 行李电梯baggage receipt 行李收据trolley 手推车storage room 行李仓briefcase 公文包suit bag 衣服袋travelling bag 旅行袋shoulder bag 背包trunk 大衣箱suitcase 小提箱name tag 标有姓名的标签regular flight 正常航班non-scheduled flight 非正常航班international flight 国际航班domestic flight 国内航班flight number 航班号airport 机场airline operation 航空业务alternate airfield 备用机场landing field 停机坪international terminal 国际航班候机楼domestic terminal 国内航班候机楼control tower 控制台jetway 登机道air-bridge 旅客桥visitors terrace 迎送平台concourse 中央大厅试卷上的英语单词4abolishment 废除absurdity 荒唐；谬论abuse 滥用achievement 成绩acqaintance 熟人adaptation 改写；适应admiration 崇拜adventurer/explorer 探险者adversee impact 负面影响adversity 逆境affection 友情/感情alienation 疏远ambition 志向amusement 娱乐anecdote 轶事apathy 冷漠无情approach 鼓掌architecture 建筑art 艺术assault 攻击assessment 评估association 联想；联系athlete 运动员availability 可得到的东西barrier 妨碍behavior 行为beneficiacry 受益人budget 预算burden 负担campaign 运动candidate 候选人capacity 能力celebrity 名人character 性格charecteristic 特征charm 魅力clerk 职员cohesion 凝聚力colleague 同事collectivism 集体主义comfort 舒适commercial 商业广告commercialization 商业化commodity 商品companion/partner 同伴conformity 一致conssensus 同意consultation 咨询consumption 消费content 内容contentment 满意；满足contribution 贡献correlation 相关性costume 服装creativity 创造性criteria 条件cruelty 残忍customer 顾客cybercrime 网络犯罪depression 沮丧；低沉deprivation 剥夺descendant 后代deterioration 恶化detour 绕道developed countries 发达国家developing countries 发展中国家digestion 消化吸收dignity 尊严discipline 纪律discomfort 不舒服discontent 不满足discrimination 歧视；区别disgust 反感disorder 无序状态disorientation 迷失方向感disposition 性格distraction 干扰diversity 多样化；多样性domain 领域duplication 重复（建设）durationeconomy 耐用employee 雇员employer 雇主endeavor 努力做enjoyment 享受enthusiasm 热情；狂热equality 平等evaluation 评价expection 例外exhibition 展览exploration 探险export 出口favor 喜好feature 特点fidelity 忠实flexibility 灵活性forefather/ancestors 祖先freedom 自由frustration 挫折gallery 美术馆garment 服装goodwill 善意grace 雅致graduate 毕业生guardian 监护人halt 停止；终止hardship 艰难险阻heritage 遗产horizon 地平线hostility 敌对humanity 人性idol 偶像immunity 免疫力import 进口indication 迹象indictment 控告indifference 不关心individuality 个性化industry 工业；行业inequality 不平等infrastructure 基础设施ingenuity 独创性initiative 主动性instruction 教导instructor 教师integrity 诚实intellectual 知识分子intelligence 智能interaction 交际interference 干涉interpretation 解释intolerance 不宽容intrusiveness 干涉involvement 参与jealousy 妒忌jogging 慢跑joint effort 共同努力journalist/correspondent 记者joy/delight 欢乐lack 缺乏landmark 标志性建筑；里程碑license 执照life expectancy/life span 寿命literacy 读写能力manufacturer 制造商match 匹配measure 测量；评估millennium 千年minority 少数人miscondust 行为不端morality 道德muscle 肌肉myoplia 近视nationality 民族；国籍norm 准则notoin 观念；想法obligation 义务obsacle 障碍物occupation 职业opponent 对手originality 独创性outcome 产物outlook 观点；景色participation 参与pastime 消遣peer 同龄人penalty 刑罚；处罚perseverance 坚定不移personality 性格perspective 看法popularity 普及；流行popularization 普及practice 做法precaution 防范prerogative 特权principle 原则profession/occupation 职业proficiency 精通promotion 提升prospect 前景prosperity 繁荣protocol 协议prudence 慎重public opinion 舆论punishment 惩罚purity 纯洁性rebellion 反叛recovery 恢复regression 衰退regulator 监控者reliability 可心度remedy/therapy 疗法remote education 远程教育revelation 揭示/表现revenue 总收入reward 奖赏；报酬rumor/gossip 谣言；传闻satisfaction 满足self-discipline 自律self-respect/self-esteem 自尊心shortcoming 缺点side-effect 副作用signal 信号skyscraper 摩天大楼sociologist 社会学家soul 灵魂specialty 专业spelling 拼写status 地位stereotype 成见straightforwardness 直率strain 压力；过度劳累strategy 策略strength 实力stress 压力substance 物质supplement 补充sympathy 同情symptom 症状talent 人才teenager 青少年temper 性情；烦躁tempatation 诱惑threshold 开端tip 提示；技巧tolerance 宽容tragedy 悲剧trait 特点trap 陷阱triviality 琐事troblemaker 捣乱者tutor 导师uniformity 一致vanity 虚荣心varety 多样性；种类verdict 判决vexation 烦恼victim 受害者vitality/vigor/energy/vim 活力；精力void 空虚warmth 温暖weakness 缺点withdrawal 退出；撤退zeal 热情。
Coherence
the text
coherence readjustment& complement
textual intension
(连贯的调整和补充） conversion in the line of thought
(叙述思路的转换）
(语篇意向）
textual progressing
ordered arrangement of the infomation. ways •explicit：lexical devices, or coherence markers; •implicit: ordered arrangement of the infomation.
non-coherence
Cohesion& Coherence
Group4: Song Xin Yu Dandan
Chapter 6 Cohesion
definition: It is an umbrella term of grammatical devices and lexical devices, and a visible network of texts, which is displayed on the surface structure of texts. significance: As one of the important factors to form discourse, cohesion plays a key role in the process of discourse translation. ways: According to Halliday, cohesion can be realized through the use of ellipsis -----------the phenomenon of vocabulary vacancy(词语空位现 象), a grammatical device. and substitution, conjunction, related to the use of words lexical cohesion, reference. purpose: to form an explicit lexical chain(词语链）
翻译中的连续强调
2）倒装句 In a rush the noisy children.
3）祈使句和感叹句 Don’t move! How nice!
4）修辞问句（反问句） 它们在形式上是问句，意思上却是强调 的陈述： Didn’t I tell you that you mustn’t touch this machine? You call that a good play? What is good about it?
7．重复
不必要的重复并不增加任何意思，因而 应该避免。但有时在适当的上下文中重 复一个词，或用不同的词重复一个意思 ，也可以作为一种强调的手段。 Bright, very bright, were the stars over the wild, dark Yen’an hills. The good old days were gone forever, couldபைடு நூலகம்never be got back again.（用不同的词重复一个意思并不 意味着只用同义词，而应在重提时加强 原来的意思）
义成分，但它们的词类可能不同。 如：结网，捕鱼，海，渔夫，船和 鱼就包含于同一个语义域中。 语义域使围绕同一主题的词或含有 相同语义成分的词有机地连结起来 ，实现了文章的连续性。
7．主要文体采用的连续手段
文体 复现
参与者，地点 ，时间，
语义域
关系结构
记叙文
√ √ √ √
事情发展顺 序
事情发展顺 序 逻辑关系
8.动词
At the sight of the disorderly crowd, he was aware that something bad would be possible. The moment he saw the disorderly crowd, he knew that something bad would happen. 第二句中的三个动词（saw, knew, happen） 给人一种紧急的感觉，而第一句则缺少这种气 氛。 用英语描写动作时，用动词比用名词化的 动词（表示动作的名词）更好些，因为动词比 名词更为生动有力，更能起强调作用。 但是，在某些语言中，名词化的动词能起强调 作用，动词反而不能。所以翻译时要注意英语 与其它语言的用法区别。
高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯CohesionCoherence讲义-新高考一轮复习
Cohesion & Coherence高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯性Cohesion（衔接性）：是通过一些代词、连接词等看得见的手段来使行文流畅完整（强调语法结构）。
Coherence（连贯性）：是指上下文内容和逻辑的连贯。
如前因后果，铺垫等等（强调逻辑语境）。
Imagine you are playing a jigsaw puzzle：Four Cohesive Devices•Pronouns (P)•Repetition (with exact word or parallel term/synonym) (R) *4•Transitions (T)•Parallelism (PllM): the use of similar grammatical forms and sentence structuresFour T ypes of lexical cohesion1.Repetition 原词复现2. Synonyms 同义词/近义词复现2.Antonyms 反义词复现 4. Hyponyms and Superordinates 上下义词复现suggest that a lack of communication between children and parents is one of the key issues.[阅读理解]T are among the most popular places. ...Q-A writeB. They give people spirit ual support.platform for business links[阅读理解]According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eatingcompanions can influence our food existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.A.Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [高考真题实战] 七选五1.上下义词：B. Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.→In a journal or on a piece of paper, put the heading “Personal strengths.”____37____ Are you caring? Creative? Generous? A good listener? Fun to be around? They don’t have to be world-changing, just aspects of your personality that you’re proud of.「2023新高考I」2.词汇(近义词)复现: G. Whatever the mistake, remember it isn’t a fixed aspect of your personality.→It’s something of a cliché (陈词滥调) that most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes. The thing is, it’s true. ____40____ We’ re all changing and learning all the time and mistakes are a positive way to develop and grow.3.词汇(近义词)复现: A. Get out of your comfort zone.→·Continually challenge yourself to try something new. ___38___ Artistic growth can be a bit painful. Welcome to the club；we’ve all been there. I love taking on challenges. I once took up a challenge to create a painting every day for a month and post the works online.4.词汇(近义词)复现: E. You’ll hit roadblocks, and you’ll feel discouraged at times.→The journey you’re on won’t follow a straight path. ___40___ Push through, give it time and put in the effort.5.上下义词→Will Spoelstra, who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens, says, “____38____. I find during the winter months, plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity, focus and memory. There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. ____39____.C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoorsE. Plants like peace lilies and de vil’s ivy are among the best6. 平行结构: C. You'll work harder if you train with someone else.→Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled "Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner." One reason was: "You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym," while another read: " 36 " With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle（微妙）competition.7.平行结构: D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?→First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.8.代词指代:→Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). 38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. ... Hospital patients Who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.G.All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.C. Being in nature refreshes us.9. 词汇(反义词)复现: →Hands or Utensils (餐具)with a utensil in each hand. ___38___, instead preferring to use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food withC. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils。
cohesion
What is cohesion
• The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and that define it as a text. (Halliday and Hasan) • 衔接：衔接概念是一个语义概念， 他指形成语篇的意义关系。
• 当do用于替代词时，需要注意一下两点： • 第一，do需要根据不同的语境发生不同的形态变化。 • Example （13）“I hate to be laughed at,” she said finally. “I won’t laugh any more. I am not laughing now, am I?” “You did.” (F.S. Fitzgerald: The Side of Paradise) • 第二，替代词do有时只能替代动词词组的一部分，哪一部分可以替代 ，哪一部分不能替代，是由上下文所表达的意义决定的。 • Example （14）Does Grunny look after you every day?---She can’t do at weekends, because she has to go to her own house. • （15）Have they removed their furniture?---They have done the desks, but that’s all so far. • (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:114) • 在（14）中，do替代look after me，由于会话角色的变化，you变为 me，而且every day被 at weekends取代；在（15）中， done 替代 的是上文的removed，而 their furniture 则被the desks取代。
研英语翻译常用多义词
单词熟义生义accomplished a.已完成的,实现的 a.熟练精通的account n.账户n.报告，陈述acknowledge v.(不情愿地)承认v.致谢answer v.回答v.负责answer forapproach v.靠近,接近v.开始,着手(工作,任务)(approach their work .开始他们的工作)artificial a.人工的,人造的 a.不自然的，不真实的assume a.假定,臆测 a.采取,担任(assume many roles 担任许多角色)attribute v.把----归于(to) v.认为是。
所为n.品质,属性,特征balance n.平衡n.差额,余款,结余beam n.横梁，光束v. 发光，微笑bearing n.忍耐n.收获，成果betray v.背叛，出卖v.流露，暴露bond n.联结，结合物n.公债，债券，契约breakdown n.破裂n.分类，(精神等)衰竭chart n.&v.(制)图表v.详细计划code n.代码，代号n.法典，法规coherent a.黏着的 a.(讨论中)一致的column n.圆柱，柱状物n.(报刊中的)专栏condition n.情况v.被----制约consideration n.考虑n.考虑因素cover v.覆盖v.给….保险;采访discount v.打折v.漠视,对…不全信distinct a.不同的 a.清楚的,明白的establish v.建立…机构v.确认,证实establishment n.建立n.机构evolution n.进化n.缓慢进步exploit v.开发,剥削n.功劳,功绩fellowship n.伙伴,友谊n.奖学金figure n.数字,图形,图表,体态,相貌v.出现(in);推断(on)(to figure in history 在历史上留名They ~~d on your arriving.他们预料你会来) finance n.财政,金融v.为…提供资金flatly ad.水平地,平坦地ad.断然地,直截了当地(He flatly refused to join us )fold v.折叠(用于数词后的词缀)倍(five-fold 五倍hundredfold 百倍)foreign a.外国的 a.无关的,不相干的given a.规定的,指定的prep.鉴于,考虑到,倘若gross a.毛，总 a.明显的harbor n.海港,港口v.心怀;给…提供避难处hint n.暗示,示意n.(pl)建议,点子idea n.理论n.思想，观点import v.进口n.要旨,含义inform v.通知,告诉v.告发,告密(~~ on sb)level a.水平的v.对准,指责(Criticism have been leveled against him.)interpret v. 解说v.口译mirror n.镜子n.反映,反射oblige v.强迫，强制v.感激，感谢be obliged topackage n.包裹n.一揽子交易(计划等)(package deal 一揽子交易)particular a.个别的,特定的 a.(用于表语)过分讲究的,挑剔的pattern n.样式,模式v.仿制,模仿peculiar a.独特的,个人的 a.怪癖的platform n.站台,月台n.党纲,政纲practically ad.实际上ad.几乎,差不多preparation n.准备,预备n.制剂,制备品promise v.承诺,诺言n.希望,出息promising a.有希望的,有前途的pronounced a.明显的,显著的,确切的provided pp.被提供的conj.倘若province n.省n.领域provincial a.乡下的 a.目光狭隘的provision n.供应,给养n.条款,规定reach v.抵达n.影响范围far-reaching的影响深远的reason n.原因v.推理reasoning n.推理reserve n.储备,保留n.缄默,谨慎,矜持routine n.惯例n.司空见惯的事royalty n.王族(成员) n.(著作的)版税safe a.安全的 a.谨慎的save v.救prep.除..之外school n.学校n.学派,流派second num.第二v.附和,赞成sensation n.感觉，知觉n.轰动，激动side n.侧面，边v.偏袒,援助solid a.固体的 a.可靠的，有根据的，确实的some a.一些ad.大约，稍微(some 10 years ago 大约十年前)(It`s some warmer 今天稍暖和了点)specialty n.特性n.特产,特制品spell v.拼写v.招致,带来n.符咒(Does laziness always ~~ failure? 懒惰总会导致失败吗?That view might spell doom for marriage 这种观念可能会把婚姻引入绝境) stomach n.胃v.忍受，忍耐How can you stomach their affronts? 你怎么能够忍受他们的侮辱? substantially ad.实际上,实质上ad.(引申)大幅度地be subject to a.易于 a.服从thrust v.刺,攻击,推n.要点,要旨The whole thrust of the project was to make money. 计划的核心在于赢利考研英语知识运用常用易混淆词汇表1.adherence和adhesion这两个词都是“粘附的”意思。
日常最常用的英文单词
日常最常用的英文单词英语单词的产生是汉英两种语言双向交流的产物，一些带有中国特色的名称和概念进入了英语词汇，同时还有一些英语词汇进入了汉语，在文化环境中衍生出新的含义，形成了英语词汇的语义文化特征。
下面是店铺为大家收集的日常最常用的345个英文单词，欢迎大家分享。
日常最常用的'英文单词11、我 I2、他 He3、你 you4、和 and5、姓名 name6、男人 man7、女人 woman8、去 go to9、打搅一Excuse me10、天 day11、明天 tomorrow12、今天 today13、护照 passport14、行李 luggage15、换钱 Exchange16、飞机场 airport17、现金 cash18、公共汽车 bus19、旅行行travelling20、度假 holiday21、酒店 hotel22、签证 visa23、数字one…ten（1…10）24、床 bed25、叫早 morning call26、火车站 railway station27、晚上 night28、下午 afternoon29、早餐 breakfast30、中餐 lunch31、晚餐 dinner32、面包 bread33、汤 soup34、猪肉 pork35、牛肉 beef36、鱼 fish37、鸡 chicken38、米饭 rice39、面 noodles40、炒饭 fried rice41、炸薯条 fried42、葡萄酒 wine43、饮料 drink44、鸡蛋 egg45、菜单 menu46、冰激凌 ice cream47、糖 sugar48、牛奶 milk49、沙拉 salad50、橙汁 orange51、香蕉 banana52、苹果 apple53、热水 hot water54、汽水 soda water55、饿 hungry56、冷 cool57、热 hot58、厕所T oilet/Rest room59、门票 ticket60、妻子 wife61、丈夫 husband62、男孩 boy63、女孩 girl64、年轻的 young65、老的 old66、祝好运 good luck67、没问题 No problem68、非常 very69、办公室 office70、漂亮 beautiful71、英俊 Hansen72、快点 come on73、慢点 slow down74、翻译 translate75、司机 Driver76、读 read77、多久？how long？78、报纸 newspaper79、分钟 minutes80、多少钱 How much？81、美元 US Dollar82、欧元 Euro83、开门 open the door84、日本人 Japanese85、韩国人 Korean86、我来自 L from87、这个 this88、我说英语就这么一点点 l speak little English89、说 talk90、计算器 calculator91、几点？ What time92、上网 internet93、房间 room94、钢笔 pen95、看 look96、明白 understand97、工作 work98、谈话 talk99、警察 police100、朋友 friend日常最常用的英文单词21.abolishment 废除2.absurdity 荒唐；谬论3.abuse 滥用4.achievement 成绩5.acqaintance 熟人6.adaptation 改写；适应7.admiration 崇拜8.adventurer/explorer 探险者9.adversee impact 负面影响10.adversity 逆境11.affection 友情/感情12.alienation 疏远13.ambition 志向14.amusement 娱乐15.anecdote 轶事16.apathy 冷漠无情17.approach 鼓掌18.architecture 建筑19.art 艺术20.assault 攻击21.assessment 评估22.association 联想；联系23.athlete 运动员24.availability 可得到的东西25.barrier 妨碍26.behavior 行为27.beneficiacry 受益人28.budget 预算29.burden 负担30.campaign 运动31.candidate 候选人32.capacity 能力33.celebrity 名人34.character 性格35.charecteristic 特征36.charm 魅力37.clerk 职员38.cohesion 凝聚力39.colleague 同事40.collectivism 集体主义fort 舒适mercial 商业广告mercialization 商业化modity 商品panion/partner 同伴46.conformity 一致47.conssensus 同意48.consultation 咨询49.consumption 消费50.content 内容51.contentment 满意；满足52.contribution 贡献53.correlation 相关性54.costume 服装55.creativity 创造性56.criteria 条件57.cruelty 残忍58.customer 顾客59.cybercrime 网络犯罪60.depression 沮丧；低沉61.deprivation 剥夺62.descendant 后代63.deterioration 恶化64.detour 绕道65.developed countries 发达国家66.developing countries 发展中国家67.digestion 消化吸收68.dignity 尊严69.discipline 纪律70.discomfort 不舒服71.discontent 不满足72.discrimination 歧视；区别73.disgust 反感74.disorder 无序状态75.disorientation 迷失方向感76.disposition 性格77.distraction 干扰78.diversity 多样化；多样性79.domain 领域80.duplication 重复（建设）81.duration82.economy 耐用83.employee 雇员84.employer 雇主85.endeavor 努力做86.enjoyment 享受87.enthusiasm 热情；狂热88.equality 平等89.evaluation 评价90.expection 例外91.exhibition 展览92.exploration 探险93.export 出口94.favor 喜好95.feature 特点96.fidelity 忠实97.flexibility 灵活性98.forefather/ancestors 祖先99.freedom 自由100.frustration 挫折101.gallery 美术馆102.garment 服装103.goodwill 善意104.grace 雅致105.graduate 毕业生106.guardian 监护人107.halt 停止；终止108.hardship 艰难险阻109.heritage 遗产110.horizon 地平线111.hostility 敌对112.humanity 人性113.idol 偶像114.immunity 免疫力115.import 进口116.indication 迹象117.indictment 控告118.indifference 不关心119.individuality 个性化120.industry 工业；行业121.inequality 不平等122.infrastructure 基础设施123.ingenuity 独创性124.initiative 主动性125.instruction 教导126.instructor 教师127.integrity 诚实128.intellectual 知识分子129.intelligence 智能130.interaction 交际131.interference 干涉132.interpretation 解释133.intolerance 不宽容134.intrusiveness 干涉135.involvement 参与136.jealousy 妒忌137.jogging 慢跑138.joint effort 共同努力139.journalist/correspondent 记者140.joy/delight 欢乐ck 缺乏ndmark 标志性建筑；里程碑143.license 执照144.life expectancy/life span 寿命145.literacy 读写能力146.manufacturer 制造商147.match 匹配148.measure 测量；评估lennium 千年150.minority 少数人151.miscondust 行为不端152.morality 道德153.muscle 肌肉154.myoplia 近视155.nationality 民族；国籍156.norm 准则157.notoin 观念；想法158.obligation 义务159.obsacle 障碍物160.occupation 职业161.opponent 对手162.originality 独创性163.outcome 产物164.outlook 观点；景色165.participation 参与166.pastime 消遣167.peer 同龄人168.penalty 刑罚；处罚169.perseverance 坚定不移170.personality 性格171.perspective 看法172.popularity 普及；流行173.popularization 普及174.practice 做法175.precaution 防范176.prerogative 特权177.principle 原则178.profession/occupation 职业179.proficiency 精通180.promotion 提升181.prospect 前景182.prosperity 繁荣183.protocol 协议184.prudence 慎重185.public opinion 舆论186.punishment 惩罚187.purity 纯洁性188.rebellion 反叛189.recovery 恢复190.regression 衰退191.regulator 监控者192.reliability 可心度193.remedy/therapy 疗法194.remote education 远程教育195.revelation 揭示/表现196.revenue 总收入197.reward 奖赏；报酬198.rumor/gossip 谣言；传闻199.satisfaction 满足200.self-discipline 自律201.self-respect/self-esteem 自尊心202.shortcoming 缺点203.side-effect 副作用204.signal 信号205.skyscraper 摩天大楼206.sociologist 社会学家207.soul 灵魂208.specialty 专业209.spelling 拼写210.status 地位211.stereotype 成见212.straightforwardness 直率213.strain 压力；过度劳累214.strategy 策略215.strength 实力216.stress 压力217.substance 物质218.supplement 补充219.sympathy 同情220.symptom 症状221.talent 人才222.teenager 青少年223.temper 性情；烦躁224.tempatation 诱惑225.threshold 开端226.tip 提示；技巧227.tolerance 宽容228.tragedy 悲剧229.trait 特点230.trap 陷阱231.triviality 琐事232.troblemaker 捣乱者233.tutor 导师234.uniformity 一致235.vanity 虚荣心236.varety 多样性；种类237.verdict 判决238.vexation 烦恼239.victim 受害者240.vitality/vigor/energy/vim 活力；精力241.void 空虚242.warmth 温暖243.weakness 缺点244.withdrawal 退出；撤退245.zeal 热情【日常最常用的英文单词】。
Cohesion-and-Coherence----衔接与连贯
3、 And sings a solitary song, That whistles in the wind.
Bear—bears: 重现 Err—forgive: 反义 Sing—whistle: 搭配
表1：衔接在英语描述中的地位( Halliday & Hasan , 1976)
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应” （Personal Reference）。
在使用人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。
can, a picture of the world into our minds.
（casual）
The first man landed on the moon. At the same moment, a
young boy died in Alabama.
(temporal)
英 语 逻 辑 关 系 表 示 法
概念意义
经验
逻辑
人际意义
根据级阶 小句
及物性
动词词组 时态
名词词组 修饰语
副词词组 情景
所有级阶 并列与从
属关系 （条件
附加、报告 等）
根据级阶 小句：
语气、 情态
动词词组 人称
名词词组 态度
副词词组 评论
谋篇意义 结构性
根据级阶 小句
主位动词Biblioteka 组 语态跨级阶 信息单位信息分布
Cohesion语言学衔接
The first and second persons I and you naturally retain this deictic sense; their meaning is defined in the act of speaking.
11
Personal Reference
The third person forms he, she, it, they can be used exophorically; but more often than not, in all languages as we know them, such items are anaphoric: that is they point not ‘outwards’ to the environment but ‘backwards’ to the preceding text.
For example:
(A mother said to her child) e here and pick it up.
In this utterance, the interpretation of here and it is dependent on the situation in which the utterance is produced.
《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语
《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次)2. Parts of speech (word class)3. Phrases词组4. Clause分句5. Sentence句子1. Morpheme词素Free morpheme 自由词素Bound morpheme 粘附词素Allomorph 词素变体Noun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrasePreposition phraseConjunctionLecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements:S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb)谓语动词O (object)宾语C (complement)补足语A (Adverbial)状语1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceClauseNP VP NPSubject Predicate verb ObjectAll the man have done their best.Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。
2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication)SentenceClauseSubject PredicateOperator PredicationAll the man have done their best.●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。
六氯合铂酸化学式
六氯合铂酸化学式
六氯合铂酸(六氯铂酸，PtCl6，)是一种十分稀有的物质，根据其化学式而得名。
它
是能够以六个氯原子把铂元素所组成的酸性褪色铂晶体，可用于大多数金属和其它合金中。
它的组成式为PtCl6，可以说是六个氯原子形成了六氯桥，并以铂原子为中心，它的
的结构类似于二氯铂酸的结构，可见其它与铂原子接近的六環烷基也能参与其中。
另外，它的晶体结构也有一定的特点：六氯合铂酸是一种非晶的的晶体，其相对密度
为2.683g/cm3，熔点约为650-700℃，沸点890℃，不溶于水，但可溶于酸，具有抗腐蚀性。
此外，六氯合铂酸也有一定的重要应用，其单价也远高于普通铂，主要用于能源、高
新技术以及化学工业、电子产品等领域中。
其中，它主要用作钴基电池的负极催化剂，因
其对碳氢燃料有较好的分解性。
此外，它也可用于制备电镀剂等，同时能够作为乙烯、异
戊二烯、乙酸乙酯等衍生物的催化剂。
最后，六氯合铂酸的晶体结构是相当复杂的，它含有六分子的六氯铂晶体，把这些氯
一分为二，把铂元素围成一个六边形结构，并用六个氯原子将铂元素密密包围。
这种晶体
结构使它具有抗腐蚀性，有利于其应用。
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CONJUNCTION
Conjunction refers to the logico-semantic relations between elements in discourse. Conjunction is usually realized by conjunctives or connectives.
FIVE TYPES OF COHESION:
Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion
REFERENCE
The cohesive resource of reference refers to how the writer/speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they are in the text.
An endophora reference refers to something in the text. It has two subtypes: anaphora and cataphora.
Anaphora and cataphora
An anaphora refers to something in the preceding text; A cataphora refers to something in the coming text. Anaphoric reference – requiring reader to „look back‟ in the text. Cataphoric reference – requiring reader to „look forward‟ in the text.
According to systemic functional linguistics (SFL), the English clause consists of two elements, the Theme and the Rheme. The Theme is the point of departure of the message; it is usually what the clause is concerned with. The Rheme is the remainder of the message; it provides information about the Theme.
CONSt.
Look
at the sun. It’s going down quickly.
REFERENCE
Reference Exophora Endophora
Anaphora Cataphora
Exophora
• An exophora reference refers to something in the physical situation in which the discourse takes place. - Who is that? - It‟s my sister. - How big is the fish? - It is this long.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
Additive: and, and also, nor, or else Adversative: yet, though, only, but, however, Causal: so, then, therefore, consequently Temporal: then, next, after that, finally
COHESION AND COHERENCE
John took John‟s hat off and hung John‟s hat on a peg. -- Would you like some tea? -- Yes. I would like some tea.
1. We went to the movies. John didn‟t come. He was ill. 2. We went to the movies. John was ill. He didn‟t come.
Substitution refers to the replacement of one item by another. Words like one, do, so are common proforms.
EXAMPLES
My bicycle was stolen. I will have to buy another one. This hat is too small. I need a bigger one. -- You think Joan already knows? -- I think everybody does. -- „Are you buying the green jumper?‟ -- „I don‟t think so‟
A man was walking on the street. He seemed to be looking for something.
She must be furious with him when Mike said he was leaving her.
SUBSTITUTION
EXAMPLES: THE UNDERLINED PART IS THEME, THE REMAINING PART IS RHEME.
College life should be varied and colourful. Students should take part in extracurricular activities. By taking part in extracurricular activities, students can enrich their knowledge.
ELLIPSIS
Ellipsis refers to the omission of an item, which can be explicitly „recovered‟ in the co-text.
Joan brought some carnations, and Cathy some sweet peas.
He fell asleep. When he woke up, twenty years had passed. There are all kinds of fruit in the market. Apples and bananas are very cheap.
THEME AND RHEME
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
EXAMPLES:
… and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.
The thematic structure organizes the message in the clause through thematic progression.
THEMATIC PROGRESSION
the Themes and Rhemes in clauses are interrelated with each other. For example, the Theme (or part of it) in a preceding clause often continues to be the Theme or the Rheme in the following clause, and the Rheme (or part of it) is often picked up as the Theme or the Rheme in the next clause, thus forming a thematic progression pattern among successive clauses;