专业英语课后答案

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制药工程专业英语课后练习题含答案 (2)

制药工程专业英语课后练习题含答案题目一：Drug Substance Manufacturing1.What is Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of producing the activeingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of producing the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.2.What are the steps involved in Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.–B. Packaging, labeling, and testing.–C. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.3.What is the mn purpose of Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. To produce a finished drug product for human use.–B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. To test and validate the safety and efficacy of a drug product.–D. To distribute a drug product to consumers.Answer: B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.题目二：Pharmaceutical Formulation1.What is Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.2.What are the key considerations in PharmaceuticalFormulation?–A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.–B. Cost, avlability, and taste.–C. Appearance, texture, and smell.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.3.What is the role of excipients in Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. They are the active ingredients in a drug product.–B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.–C. They are the ingredients in a drug product that are responsible for the color and flavor.–D. None of the above.Answer: B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.题目三：Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)1.What is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)?–A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.–B. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the efficacy of pharmaceutical products.–C. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the affordability of pharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.2.What are the key components of Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP)?–A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.–B. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–C. Cost control, inventory management, and customer service.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.3.Why is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) important?–A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety ofpharmaceutical products.–B. It helps to reduce the cost of producingpharmaceutical products.–C. It helps to increase the avlability ofpharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.总结本文介绍了制药工程专业英语中的几个重要概念和术语，包括Drug Substance Manufacturing（药品物质制造）、Pharmaceutical Formulation（制剂开发）以及Good Manufacturing Practice（良好生产规范）。

计算机专业英语教程（第四版）习题答案

计算机专业英语教程（第四版）习题答案计算机专业英语教程(第四版)习题答案计算机专业英语（第四版）课后习题答案Unit 1 [Ex 1] Fb5E2RGbCAP [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10.memoryp1EanqFDPw 3. central processing unit memoryDXDiTa9E3d 5. keyboard; [Ex 3] B. A. central processing unit; 1. F 2. D 2. monitor 3. G 4. C 5. B main memory; 6. A 7. E monitorRTCrpUDGiT 8. H5PCzVD7HxA 4. internal; primary;1. user3. data4. keyboard5. data processingjLBHrnAILg6. information [Ex 4] instructions7. computer8. memory 3. manipulates 4.1. input device2. screen, screen 5. retrievexHAQX74J0X 8. Function6. code7. hard copy[Ex. 5] 新处理器开始IT 技术的新时代New Processors Open New Era of IT Technologies Last week, Intel introduced to the public in Russia and other CIS countries a family of processors Intel Xeon E5-2600. They are more powerful and reliable and, importantly, are very economical in terms of energy consumption. Their1 / 30presence opens a new era in the field of IT technologies and means that the cloud technology is getting closer.LDAYtRyKfEThese processors are primarily designed for servers, data centers (DPC) and supercomputers. The emergence of this class of devices is not accidental. According to the regional director of Intel in Russia and other CIS states Dmitri Konash who spoke at the event, the market of IT-technology is developing so rapidly that, according to forecasts, by 2015 there will be 15 billion devices connected to the Internet, and over 3 billion of active users.Zzz6ZB2Ltk 上周，英特尔公司向俄罗斯和其它独联体国家的公众推出了英特尔Xeon E5-2600 系列处理器，它们更加强大可靠，尤其是在能量消耗方面更加经济实惠。

计算机专业英语第五版课后答案

计算机专业英语第五版课后答案1、I think you should buy this novel. It is really worth _____. [单选题] *A. reading(正确答案)B. being readC. readD. to read2、Generally speaking, it is _______ to ask a woman’s age in western countries. [单选题] *A. possibleB. importantC. not polite(正确答案)D. polite3、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair4、30．I want to find ______ and make much money. [单选题] *A．worksB．jobC．a job(正确答案)D．a work5、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant6、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are7、Everyone here is _______ to me. [单选题] *A. happyB. wellC. kind(正确答案)D. glad8、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or9、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)10、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine11、—When are you going to Hainan Island for a holiday? —______ the morning of 1st May.（）[单选题] *A. InB. AtC. On(正确答案)D. For12、--What are you going to be in the future?--I want to be _______ actor. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /13、I _______ the job because I couldn’t stand(忍受) the rules. [单选题] *A. gave inB. gave outC. gave backD. gave up(正确答案)14、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time15、_______ a busy afternoon! [单选题] *A. HowB. What(正确答案)C. WhichD. Wish16、He often comes to work early and he is _______ late for work. [单选题] *A. usuallyB. never(正确答案)C. oftenD. sometimes17、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)18、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceB.in vainC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn19、41．My father is a headmaster and he is _____ charge _____ a primary school. [单选题] *A．/, ofB．/, withC．in, of (正确答案)D．in, with20、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about21、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy22、_______ songs is my favorite. [单选题] *A. To Singing EnglishB. Singing English(正确答案)C. Singings EnglishD. Sing English23、Don’t play games on the computer all day. It’s ______ for your eyes. [单选题] *A. bad(正确答案)B. usefulC. helpfulD. thankful24、63．There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] * A．too much(正确答案)B．much tooC．too manyD．many too25、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)26、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *A. 词汇B. 拼写C. 发音(正确答案)D. 语法27、Something must be wrong with the girl’s _______. She can’t hear clearly. [单选题] *A. ears(正确答案)C. armsD. eyes28、1．I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A．a...aB．a...theC．an...the(正确答案)D．an...a29、The soldiers were_____of running away when the enemy attacked. [单选题] *A.chargedB.accused(正确答案)C.scoldedD.estimated30、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paid。

大学专业英语教材答案

大学专业英语教材答案[注意：本文仅作为样例，内容为编者根据问题描述自行创作，与真实教材答案无关]Unit 1: Introduction to MajorExercise 1:1. c. program2. b. experience3. a. theory4. d. practical5. c. valuableExercise 2:1. major2. education3. career4. opportunities5. specializedUnit 2: Academic SkillsExercise 1:1. d. summarize2. b. analyze3. c. evaluate4. a. interpret5. a. developExercise 2:1. analytical2. critical thinking3. research4. academic writing5. effective communicationUnit 3: Professional Development Exercise 1:1. d. networking2. a. internships3. c. workshops4. b. mentorship5. a. leadershipExercise 2:1. professional skills2. industry trends3. internships4. networking events5. career guidanceUnit 4: Specialized Courses Exercise 1:1. b. algorithms2. c. databases3. d. programming languages4. a. cybersecurity5. c. artificial intelligence Exercise 2:1. practical application2. cutting-edge technology3. hands-on experience4. specialized knowledge5. problem-solving skills Unit 5: Global Perspective Exercise 1:1. c. cultural diversity2. a. international cooperation3. d. global challenges4. b. language proficiency5. c. cross-cultural communication Exercise 2:1. international exposure2. intercultural competence3. global issues4. language proficiency5. cross-border collaborationUnit 6: Advanced Research Exercise 1:1. a. methodology2. c. data analysis3. b. literature review4. d. research findings5. a. hypothesesExercise 2:1. research design2. data collection3. statistical analysis4. research findings5. academic publicationsUnit 7: Career Prospects Exercise 1:1. b. employment opportunities2. a. job market3. d. professional qualifications4. c. salary expectations5. b. career progression Exercise 2:1. job prospects2. industry demand3. professional certifications4. salary negotiations5. career advancement总结：大学专业英语教材提供了学生在各个领域中提升专业技能和知识的机会。

新编汽车专业英语课后答案及题目

一．1.the internal combustion engine 内燃机2. a reciprocating engine 往复发动机3.exhaust emissions 废气排放4.fuel consumption燃料燃烧5.fuel economy 燃油经济性bustion chamber燃烧室7.hybrid-electric vehicle 混动汽车8.mass production大规模生产9.dual-fuel vehicle 双燃料汽车10.air-cooled engine 风冷式发动机二．1. A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compresstion stroke before anyfuel enters the cylinder2.The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in theautomotive field.3.According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are alsodivided into gasoline engines,and diesel engine.4.The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.5.The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in areciprocating engine.6.The engine is generally considered the “heart” of an automobile7.This four strokes cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again topush the vehicle foreard.8.There are actually various types of engines such an electric engines,steamengines,and internal combustion engines.1. compression ratio : the total volume divided bv the compression volume2. internal combustion engine : burning their fuel inside their cylinders3. engine : a heart of an automobile4. stroke : the movement of the piston within the cylinder and the distance of piston travel5. reciprocating : the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder6. gasoline : a mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum.四．1.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, you will have notice thatdiesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way as gasoline engines.（柴油机的工作方式在很多方面和汽油机是一样的）2.The engine is the source of power that makes the car and the truck move.(使得汽车行驶)3.As it would not be reasonable to have to stop the engine every time it wasrequired to stop the car.(每次都到停车)4.Some of parts make the car move comfortable or better looking, but most ofthem are to make it run.(有些部件使得汽车更舒适或更美观)5.Not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it wouldsoon destroy it.(如果让其热量保留在发动机中)一、1.gasoline engine 汽油机2.in low-speed driving condition在低速行车条件下3.achieve a variety of different objectives 达到各种不同的目的4.higher energy density高能量密度5.electric motor 电动机6.air conditioning空调装置7.regenerative braking 反馈制动8.power source动力源9.resource consumption 资源消耗10.dashboard display汽车仪表板显示二、1.The engine converts the expanding force of combustion into rotary force used topropel the vehicle.2.The gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy isnot wasted in idling.3.Clean cities uses hybrid electric vehicles as a way for coalitions to reducepetroleum consumption.4.Any vehicle without a transmission could be made to move but not smoothly.5.The electric motor applies resistance to the drive-train causing the wheels toslow down.6.The engine turns a high-speed generator, producing electricity.7.An intelligent power-control system determines the most efficient operation ofthe engine and energy storage system.8.If 10000 hybrid-electric vehicles were on the road rather than current standardvehicles, substantial reductions in emissions and fuel use would occur annually.1. transmission: an automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle.2. parking : to put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain location.3. start : to set into motion , operation, or activity.4. battery : a single cell, such as a dry cell, that prouduces an electric current.5. braking : to reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.四、1.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)2.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)3.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)4.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhausted emissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)5.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)6.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)7.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)8.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)9.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhaustedemissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)10.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)U5E11. The power train has two maan functions :it conveys powerfrom the engine to the wheels , and it changes the amount of torque2. The power train consists of an engine , a transmission ,a clutch , a drive shaft and differential3. The feature of a manual transmission is to deliver enginepower to the front wheels and rear wheels4. manual transmissions usually have five speeds , which means that the output shaft can rotate faster than the input5. There are several basic components in the clutch , suchas the flywheel , clutch disk , pressure plate , release bearing and linkage.6 Automatic transmissions are used not only in many rear-wheel-dnve and four-whe el-dnve ve- lcles, but In most front-wheel-dnve ones1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. FE21. manual transmission 手动变速器2. automatic transmission自动变速器3.planetary gear set 行星齿轮组4. Transaxle assembly驱动桥总成5. differential gear 差速器6. clutch pedal离合器踏板7.gearshift lever 变速杆8. release bearing分离轴承9. engine braking 发动机制动10.torque converter液力变矩器E31.If you’ve read about manual transmissions you know hat an engine is connectedto a transmission by way of a clutch.2.Cars with an automatic transmission have no clutch that disconnects thetransmission from the engine. Instead, they use an amazing device called a torque converter.3.One important function of the power train is to transmit the power of the engineto the wheels.4.The type of transmission ( manual or automatic) determines how the slip joint isconnected to the drive shaft.5.The clutch is located between the back of the engine and the front of thetransmission6.The face of the flywheel that touches the clutch disc is made of iron Even if theflywheel were aluminum , the face is iron.7.When the operator presses the clutch pedal ,the clutch release lever or fork .8.The clutch release bearing in most cases, is a ball bearing assembly with amachined face on one side.E41.clutch : any of various devices for engaging and disengaging two working engagingand disengaging two working parts of a shaft2.shaft: a long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits power3.transmission : a speed and power changing device4.gearshift : a mechanism for changing from one gear to another in a5.transaxle : an automotive part that combines the transmission and the differential and is used on vehicles with front-wheel drive6.flywheel: a heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used to minimize variations in angular velocityE51.The power is then carried from the engine through the power train to the car (通过传动系扒发动机传递到车轮) so that the wheels turn and the car moves.2.( 如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换)If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement，you’ve come to the right phone.3.If you wanted a top speed of 80 km/h，then the gear ratio would be similar tothird gear ( 速比相近于3 挡) ,in most manual transmission cars .4.The torque converter does not require any regular maintenance or adjustments( 不要求定期维护或调整) ，but it may be possible to change the transmission fluid .5.The drive shaft can be. either open or enclosed , depending on the type of driveused (取决于所使用的驱动类型)U6E11 If your brakes can work properly , good brakes are essential for safety during dn、ruvtg.2. The disk brake is the best brake which is generally due to its simpler design , lighteri .elju Ind better braking performance.3 Brake linings used to be made maxnly of metals., because of ats heat absorbing propertlcb4Caliper is an important part, and it must be replaced if it indicates a sign of leak！ng lbfa_e Eutd. .lc5 The reason why we still have cars wlth drum brakes ls cheap.6.Drum brakes consist of some parts , such as a backing plate, brake shoes , brake dm. .1, wheel cylnder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.. brake shoes a brake1.T2. T3. F4. T5. T6. FE21.brake system制动系统2. the parking brake驻车制动器3.the service brake system行车制动系统4. the disk brake盘式制动器5.the hand brake 手制动6.the brake shoe制动蹄片7.drum brake 鼓式制动器8. brake pads制动块9brake performance 制动性能10. brake fluid制动液E31.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is thebreaking system.2.Brake fluid is a special liquid for use in a hydraulic brake system.3.The small forces applied to the brake pedal usually produce relatively largeforces.4.The rate of slowing down or retardation is governed by the speed of conversionof energy.5.Brake is a friction device for converting the power into heat by means of friction6.To decelerate and stop the moving automobile, the service brake are usuallyused.7.The brake lining of a friction maternal are secured to the shoes by brass8.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.E41 brake : the means of bringing to rest a moving vehicle in a shortest possible distance.2 service brake : stop or slow a car by depressing and releasing the brake pedal.3 hand brake : keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground.4 drum brake : a backing plate , brake shoes , wheel cylinder , return springs etc.5 parking brake : hold the automobile at rest.E51.An automobile brake system is actually a friction device to change power intoheat（实际上就是一种把动力转变成热量的摩擦装置).2.Basically , automobile brakes are of two types: the mechanical brakes and thehydraulic brakes (机械制动器和液压制动)3.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is theautomobile brake system (汽车制动系统).4.There are two brake shoes at each wheel. The bottoms of the shoes are heldapart by an adjuster. The tops of shoes are held apart by a wheel cylinder（蹄片顶部由轮缸分别固定）5.Brake lines are steel tubing with copper and lead coating to prevent rust andcorrosion ( 以防锈蚀)U7EXERCISE 11. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F1 . The most important function of the suspension system ls to supply comfortable , safe nde cot- trol2. According to the article , we know that there are five basic types of spnngs used ln sus,eT"-sions ：coil spring , leaf spring , torsion bar spring , traction,barand air spnngn3. The disadvantage of a coil spring ls its compactness , lack of moving parts , and excellentweight supporting characteristics.4. According to e passage , leaf springs are often used on the front suspension of front drive vehtcles5. When the coil springs , leaf springs , torsion bar spring ,L air springs ls defected , thls couldd cause the car to bounce up and down without any control6. Shock absorber movement ls limited by forcing fluid , d which causes the shock absorber to causes the shock absorbercompress or extend at a slow rate.EXERCISE 21.suspension system 悬架系统2.front suspension system前悬架系3.air compressor 空气压缩机4.torque tube传递转矩管5.axle housing alignment 桥壳定位6.coil spring 螺旋弹簧7.lower control arm 下控制臂8.rebound clip缓冲夹9.traction bar 牵引杆10.control arm控制臂EXERCISE 31.The leaf springs or leaves. most commonly used tn automobiles is' made up ofseveral long plates ,2.Suspension refers to the use of the front and rear springs to suspend a vehicle ' srear springs to suspend a vehicle sprung weight3.Shock absorber are hydraulic restricting devices used to hmt the speed of springaction.4.The car frame is connected to the axles by springs which absorb road shock5.The coil springs is made from a length of steel rod wound Into a coil.6.The front-suspension system must allow the wheels to move up and down.7.In operations, the lower control arms pivot up and down , twisting the torsionbars spring.8.Rebound clips are place along the spnng to prevent separahon of the leaveswhen the spring rebounds.EXERCISE 41.coil spring : a round bar of spring steel wound into the shape of a coil2.leaf spring : several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other3.torsion ba r : spring a long solid steel shaft held at one end to the suspension s control arm4.air spring : a rubber bag or bladder full of air5.shock absorber : a hydraulic device by forcing fluid through passages or orifices6 suspension : use of the front and rear spring to suspend a vehicleEXERCISE 51.We all Know that springs are the major component（弹簧是主要部件) .nautomobile suspension.2.The automobile suspension is one of the major automobile system (汽车的主要系统之一。

大学专业用途英语课后习题答案

大学专业用途英语课后习题答案1. You'd better ( ) a copy of the whole article for yourself. [单选题] *A. make(正确答案)B. makingC. to makeD. made2. He is very strict. It is no use ( ) yourself to him. [单选题] *A. explainedB. to explainC. explaining(正确答案)D. explain3. All people must pull together ( ) the project can be finished on schedule. [单选题] *A. as thoughB. ifC. even thoughD. in order that(正确答案)4. I wish I ( ) shopping with you yesterday, because I was very bored at home then. [单选题] *A. had gone(正确答案)B. would goC. could have goneD. went5. If ( ) in a warm place, these flowers will bloom in late May. [单选题] *A. to plantB. planted(正确答案)C. plantD. planting6. My father recommended two new books to me, ( ) seemed to be very interesting. [单选题] *A. both of thatB. all of thatC. both of which(正确答案)D. all of which7. Tom will never forget the days ( ) he lived in the remote village with his parents. [单选题] *A. whatB. whichC. when(正确答案)D. why8. Don't expect too much from her. The more you expect, ( ) you will become. [单选题] *A. the disappointedB. more disappointedC. the most disappointedD. the more disappointed(正确答案)9. The weather is quite fine. Let's go swimming, ( )？ [单选题] *A. will youB. shall we(正确答案)C. do weD. do you10. There is no doubt that the residents living in this building can have free ( ) to the swimming pool. [单选题] *A. excessB. access(正确答案)C. accelerateD. assess11. If you want to strengthen your friendship with your friends, you should ( ) more time communicating with them. [单选题] *A. spend(正确答案)B. takeC. payD. cost12. Tom has been nervous for three days, since he will have a(n) ( ) for the manager's job. [单选题] *A. reviewB. viewC. chatD. interview(正确答案)13. But for your advice, I ( ) the task arranged by the leader yesterday. [单选题] *A. shall not finishB. could not have finished(正确答案)C. shall finishD. could finish14. The aim of this meeting is ( ) how to solve the serious crisis. [单选题] *A. to discuss(正确答案)B. discussingC. to discussingD. discussed15. This building is named ( ) his name in memory of his great invention. [单选题] *A. upB. after(正确答案)C. atD. in16. ( ) are quite humorous and everyone likes making friends with them. [单选题] *A. The Bushes(正确答案)B. A BushC. BushesD. The Bush17. One way to manage time wisely is to give ( ) to what is the most important. [单选题] *A. principleB. permissionC. priority(正确答案)D. process18. The teachers don't know ( ), because the meeting rooms are being decorated. [单选题] *A. where should the meeting be heldB. which should the meeting be heldC. which the meeting should be heldD. where the meeting should be held(正确答案)19. Due to the outbreak of the epidemic, many outdoor activities have been ( ). [单选题] *A. called forB. called off(正确答案)C. called backD. called in20. According to the report, some experts ( ) the shop with selling cups with insulting ads. [单选题] *A. charge(正确答案)B. accuseC. blameD. condemn21. Some people ( ) it for granted that what they pick up in the street belongs to them. [单选题] *A. makeB. take(正确答案)C. getD. regard22. Because there is enough time, the teacher advises students ( ) their papers again. [单选题] *A. examinedB. to examine(正确答案)C. to examiningD. examine23. Many people suffer from hunger in this country ( ) the decrease of food imports this year. [单选题] *A. instead ofB. regardless ofC. due to(正确答案)D. as to24. I ( ) reading the novel by yesterday, so I buy a new novel today. [单选题] *A. had finished(正确答案)B. finishedC. finishD. would finish25. Most foreign people think ( ) very difficult to learn to write Chinese characters. [单选题] *A. thatB. thisC. it(正确答案)D. one26. Mary heard her name called by someone, whose voice was very familiar ( ) her. [单选题] *A. withB. to(正确答案)C. onD. in27. One ( ) of extra-curricular activities is that the kids involved can gain friendship. [单选题] *A. flexibilityB. benefit(正确答案)C. privilegeD. interest28. I will tell the truth to him if he ( ) the funeral the day after tomorrow. [单选题] *A. would attendB. will have attendedC. attends(正确答案)D. will attend29. His ( ) of the accident conflicted with that of the other witnesses. However, I believed what he said was true. [单选题] *A. expectationB. instructionC. responseD. account(正确答案)30. Every time I run into difficulty, he is always the first ( ) help. [单选题] *A. to be offeredB. to offer(正确答案)C. offerD. offering31. Many women have to resign in order to ( ) their children wholeheartedly. [单选题] *A. bring up(正确答案)B. put upC. break upD. build up32. My good friend Lily told me that she ( ) to New York the next month. [单选题] *A. wentB. goesC. would go(正确答案)D. will have gone33. It is natural that people ( ) feel upset for no reason. It usually won't last too long. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. some timesC. a timeD. some time34. Our company wants to invest in the property market, so we look forward to ( ) with that company. [单选题] *A. cooperateB. cooperating(正确答案)C. cooperatedD. being cooperated35. It is really ( ) to borrow money from your elder sister just to help a selfish stranger pay off his debt. [单选题] *A. ridiculous(正确答案)B. stubbornC. splendidD. popular36. The kids in the kindergarten help each other and never quarrel, thus creating a ( ) atmosphere. [单选题] *A. commonB. lonelyC. peaceful(正确答案)D. steady37. You ( ) to make so many preparations; the job has been assigned to an experienced fellow. [单选题] *A. needn't have bothered(正确答案)B. shouldn't have botheredC. mustn't have botheredD. couldn't have bothered38. ( ) in the park yesterday afternoon, my mother met an old friend. [单选题] *A. To walkB. Walking(正确答案)C. WalkD. Walked39. Mary behaved in a specially confident manner ( ) she had understood the problem completely. [单选题] *A. as if(正确答案)B. whetherC. althoughD. than40. As we all know, success results from hard work; ( ) efforts, nothing can be achieved. [单选题] *A. except forB. without(正确答案)C. despiteD. besides41. His advice is that your father ( ) more exercise outdoors in the morning. [单选题] *A. doneB. will doC. should do(正确答案)D. does42. From this book, you can know ( ) those animals escape from their natural enemies. [单选题] *A. whoB. how(正确答案)C. whereD. it43. Plants are very ( ) to climate change. Therefore, many tree species are faced with extinction because of global warming. [单选题] *A. sensibleB. consciousC. sensitive(正确答案)D. independent44. His two dogs made a mess in his room, ( ) he didn't want to punish them. [单选题] *A. andB. orC. becauseD. but(正确答案)45. Hearing the words, he didn't seem to be offended; ( ), he looked very happy. [单选题] *A. in a wordB. in other wordsC. on the wholeD. on the contrary(正确答案)46. ( ) the salary is rather low, many young people have resigned in recent months. [单选题] *A. Because(正确答案)B. ForC. AfterD. So that47. What the little girl wants ( ) a pen, and what her elder brother wants ( ) two books. [单选题] *A. are; areB. is; isC. is; are(正确答案)D. are; is48. Most universities don't ( ) that every student can graduate with a certificate if they don't study hard. [单选题] *A. guarantee(正确答案)B. provideC. requireD. complete49. The company has recently taken on fifty people ( ) live in the local area. [单选题] *A. whichB. whoseC. thoseD. who(正确答案)50. All the afternoon my colleagues and I ( ) a report in the meeting room. [单选题] *A. prepareB. were to prepareC. have been preparing(正确答案)D. had been preparing5I. It is no use worrying about the future all the time. No one knows what will ( ) next minute. [单选题] *A. take placeB. get onC. disappearD. happen(正确答案)52. Alice, please turn down the music. I ( ) an important phone call at present. [单选题] *A. answerB. answeredC. have answeredD. am answering(正确答案)53. After you use my dictionary and English book, you should place them ( ) they used to be. [单选题] *A. the momentB. where(正确答案)C. whenD. that54. ( ) runs the fastest in the competition will be given an expensive prize. [单选题] *A. Whoever(正确答案)B. WhomeverC. WhomD. Who55. If you want these new employees to work out the answer, two hours and a half ( ) not enough. [单选题] *A. to beB. beingC. areD. is(正确答案)56. Only after they had examined the machine for several hours ( ) the problem. [单选题] *A. they foundB. did they find(正确答案)C. they findD. do they find57. ( ), he doesn't know how to get on with other people. [单选题] *A. Adult as he is(正确答案)B. Adult he is asC. Adult he as isD. An adult as he is58. It was ( ) that they went for a picnic in the park last weekend. [单选题] *A. so nice a weatherB. such nice weather(正确答案)C. nice weather soD. too nice weather59. It is advisable to adjust the measures on the ( ) of short-time predictions. [单选题] *A. basis(正确答案)B. baseC. foundationD. ground60. ( ) slowly he runs! I don't think he may attend the lecture on time. [单选题] *A. WhatB. ItC. How(正确答案)D. Whether。

护理专业英语课后答案习题

护理专业英语课后答案习题每次做完英语习题，很多人第一时间都会检查一遍然后拿出习题答案来检查自己的答题情况，下面是学习啦小编整理的护理专业英语课后答案，以供大家学习参考。

护理专业英语课后答案Uni t1W ar m-up Tas k sT as k1:Tr ue or Fal s e St at em ent s1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F Tas k 2: Sent enc eC o m pl e t i on 1.pr i m ar y c ar e s pec i al i s t s2. c hoos i ng t o b ec om e s pec i al i s t s3. a l l ev i at e t h ose pr ob l em s4.r em ai n a t eam ef f or t5.f ewer and f ewer new doc t or sSt udy P r ac t i c eI.Readi ng Com pr ehens i on Q ues t i ons1. B2. D3. B4. D5. A I I. Wor ds t o P r ac t i c e1.uni que 6.s t er i l e2.uni t ar y7.es t abl i s hed3.adapt i v e8.v ar y4.ex pands9.di st i nc t f r om5.pr es c r i be10. su per v i se I I I.Tr ans l at i onA.Tr ans l at e t he f ol l ow i ng s ent ences i nt oC h i nes e.1.高级临床专科护士是接受了高等教育和培训的注册护士，大部分都有护理硕士或博士学位。

她们在不同的场所工作，包括医院、疗养院、企业、私人诊所、学校以及社区中心。

生物专业英语课后练习题含答案

生物专业英语课后练习题含答案1. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most important considerationwhen designing a polymerase chn reaction (PCR)?A. The length of the primerB. The temperature of the PCRC.The amount of DNA in the sample D. The thermal stability of the DNA polymeraseAnswer: D2.Which of the following describes the function of arestriction enzyme in molecular biology?A. Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA.B.Restriction enzymes are used to sequence DNA. C. Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites. D. Restrictionenzymes are used to amplify DNA.Answer: C3.The gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according towhich of following parameters?A. SequenceB. SizeC. ConcentrationD. ChargeAnswer: B4.Which of the following is not a component of a typicalprokaryotic cell?A. NucleusB. Cell wallC. RibosomeD. PlasmidAnswer: A5.Which of the following is responsible for the majority ofoxygen production on Earth?A. FungiB. AlgaeC. ProtozoaD. BacteriaAnswer: B2. Short Answer1.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?Genotype refers to the set of genes an organism carries, while phenotype refers to the observable trts that result from the interaction between the organism’s genes and its environmen t.2.Describe the process of translation.Translation is the process by which the information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs on ribosomes, which contn two subunits (the small subunit and the large subunit).The process begins with the small subunit binding to the mRNAmolecule; this initiates the process of recognition of the start codon (AUG). Once the start codon is identified, the ribosome will recruit the first tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule, which carries an amino acid. The amino acid is then added to the growing peptide chn as the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, one codon at a time. This continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the ribosome releases the newly synthesized protein, and the mRNA molecule is degraded.3.What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryoticcells?Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus and many membrane-boundorganelles (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and theendoplasmic reticulum). They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.3. True or False1.Bacteria are always harmful to humans.False2.The most diverse group of organisms on Earth is arthropods. True3.The Calvin cycle is the process by which photosynthesisoccurs.True4.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are primarilydecomposers.True5.RNA splicing removes introns from the primary RNA transcript,leaving only exons.True4. MatchingMatch the following terms with their correct definition or function:1.EnzymeC. Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemicalreaction2.GlycolysisD. The process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate3.MitochondriaA. Organelle responsible for cell respiration4.NucleusB. Organelle responsible for the storage and transmission ofgenetic informationAnswer:1.C2.D3.A4.BConclusionThis set of practice questions is designed to test your understanding of some of the key concepts in biology. By exploringtopics like genetics, cell structure, and molecular biology, you can gn a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life on Earth.By engaging with these questions and testing your knowledge, you can become a more confident and capable biologist.。

专业硕士研究生英语课后答案

Unit 1Excuse NotesWord Bankanthology: n. a collection of artistic works which have a similar form or subject, often those considered to be the best 诗选/文选attest :v. to show sth. or to say or prove that sth. is true 证明choke: v. to stop breathing 窒息，哽住devilment : n. behavior that causes trouble but is usually intended to be playful or amusing 恶作剧distribute: v. to give sth. out to several people, or to spread or supply sth. 分发，发送epiphany: n. understanding 理解forge: v. to make an illegal copy of sth. in order to deceive 伪造，铸造gem: n. sb. or sth. that is very good, pleasing or useful 精品，非常有用的人genuine: adj. sth. genuine is what it seems to be; real 真的lucid: adj.clearly expressed and easy to understand or (of a person) thinking or speaking clearly 易懂的，明白的，清醒的omit: v. to fail to include or do sth. 省略，疏忽plight: n. an unpleasant condition, especially a serious, sad or difficult one 处境，状态seduction: n. the attractive quality of sth. 诱惑superintendent: n. people who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc. 主管，负责人treason: n. lack of loyalty to one’s country, especially by helping its enemies or attempting to defeat its government 通敌，叛国罪vulgar: adj. rude and likely to upset or anger people 无理的，粗俗的Phrases and Expressionsbe evicted from: to be forced to leave somewhere 驱逐，赶走be worth of: deserving respect, admiration or support 值得的glance at: to give a quick short look 一瞥turn into: to change into 进入，（使）变成Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. According to the passage, the teacher ____D____.A. is angry with his students.B. does not like his students forging excuse notes.C. blames the parents.D. teaches a successful writing class.2. Mikey missed school ____D____.A. because his grandmother fell down from the stairsB. because he did not like his teacherC. because his parents wanted him to be homeD. because he did not want to go to school3. When the students forged the excuse notes, they were ____A____.A. very smart and imaginativeB. boredC. indifferentD. excited4. The principal of the school ____B____.A. blamed the teacher for what he had done in class.B. praised the teacher for what he had done in class.C. was disappointed with the teacher.D. fired the teacher.5. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( D )A. The students enjoyed the teacher’s writing class very much.B. The students were very creative in forging excuse notes.C. The teacher enjoyed teaching writing.D. The students did not enjoy the teacher’s writing class.II. Complete the following summary (summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.His methods anything but conventional, Mr. McCourt created a lasting impact on his students through imaginative assignments in his (1)creative writing. He found that some of his students (2) forged excuse notes in the name of their parents. He does not angry with what the students had done; instead, he divided those notes into two (3)piles, one for the (4)genuine ones written by parents, the other for forgeries. The students were so smart that they could create a variety of (5)excuses. So the teacher decided to dig up their (6)talent in writing by asking them to write excuse notes. The students were so (7)absorbed in the writing that they almost forgot to have (8)lunch.At last the principal (9)praised the teacher for this successful teaching method. Both the teache and the students were happy about the writing class. And the teacher realized everyone (10)needed an excuse. Understanding is essential to the teacher and the students.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. A number of __D___ works of art have been sold as genuine.A. falseB. beautifulC. famousD. forged2. To ___B__ one’s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.A. accuseB. abuseC. deduceD. excuse3. Seeing the speeding car, the policeman __B__ the driver to pull up at the curb.A. reckonedB. beckonedC. softenedD. stiffened4. Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train __B___ a few minutes.A. withB. byC. beforeD. for5. She gave a clear and __A___ account of her plans for the company's future.A. lucidB. dullC. unclearD. ambiguous6. Isn't it rather __C___ to talk about how much money you earn?A. politeB. boringC. vulgarD. pleasant7. The books will be __D___ free to local schools.A. contributedB. tributeC. attributedD. distributed8. The editor required him to __A___ some details of the article.A. omitB. permitC. summitD. illuminate9. Few of us can be unmoved by the __C___ of the Romanian orphans.A. lightB. mightC. plightD. moonlight10. I have to __B___ my reputation.A. detectB. protectC. intactD. preventII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.superintendent choke attest forge gemgenuine lucid omit turn into excuseglance at evicted disguise worthy imagination1. In the US. a school is superintendent in charge of the schools in a particular area.2. Thousands of people came out onto the streets to attest their support for the democratic opposition party.3. The expensive purse is made of genuine leather.4. Can you turn this article into English?5. She took a glance at her watch.6. I know why this happened. You don't have to find any excuse.7. He was evicted from the pub for drunken and violent behavior.8. This emperor is said to have paid many personal visits to various counties disguise as an ordinary citizen.9. Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.10. Children often have very vivid imagination.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.1. Most parental-excuse notes I received back in those days were penned by my students. They'd been forging excuse notes since they learned to write, and if I were to confront each forger I'd be busy 24 hours a day.2. My heart sank as the principal entered, along with the superintendent of schools. Neither acknowledged me. They walked up and down, peering at papers. The superintendent picked one up, showed it to the principal.3. Sooner or later, I figured, everyone needed an excuse. Also, if we sang today wecould sing tomorrow, and why not? You don’t need an excuse for singing.参考译文：1.我每天收到以父母名义写的请假条，很多是学生自己写的。

大专(计算机专业英语)课后参考答案

参考答案Lesson 1Exercises1.（1）A （2）B （3）A （4）B （5）C（6）B （7）D （8）B （9）C （10）A（11）A （12）B （13）D2.（1）vacuum tubes（2）manage the functions of the computer, perform calculations（3）microprocessor, memory, disk drives（4）application software, system software（5）symbols, letters, numbers（6）a hard disk drive, a diskette drive（7）Word processing programs, used to prepare written documents;Electronic spreadsheet, used to analyze and summarize data;Database managers, used to organize and manage data and information;Graphics programs, used to visually analyze and present data and information;Communication programs, used to transmit and receive data and information;Integrated programs, which combine some or all of these applications in one program;（8）operating system3.（1）虽然电子计算机起源于近代（大约有50年），但计算过程自动化的思想却可追溯到当簿记、会计学和天文学变得让人感到枯燥乏味的时候。

专业英语课后答案

ExercisesⅠ. Please translate the following words and phrases into Chinese.Exercises1. sample function 样本函数2. ensemble average 总体均值3. physical significance 物理意义4. a Fourier transform pair 傅里叶变换对5. deterministic waveform 确定性波形6. in the limit 在极限情况下7. time invariant 时不变的8. an upper frequency limit 频率上限9. Parseval’s theorem 巴塞瓦尔定理10. random pulses 随机脉冲Exercises1. physical system 物理系统，实际系统2. rise time 上升时间3. amount of information 信息量4. in principle 理论上，原则上5. gaussian channel 高斯信道6. probability density 概率密度7. root mean square 均方根值，均方根，8. trade off 交替换位，折衷选择9. lower bound 下限，下界1. equalizer 均衡器11. vice versa 反之亦然12. upper limit 上限Exercises1.overall performance 总性能2. crest factor 振幅（波峰）因数（振幅与有效值之比）3. nonlinear operation 非线性运算4. inverse operation 逆操作5. rms 均方根（值）6. PAM 振幅调制7. PDM 脉宽调制8. PPM 脉冲相位调制9. maximum magnitude 最大幅值10. error intervals 误差间隔11. Entropy 熵，平均信息量12. round off 舍入，用四舍五入化为整数13. quantum level 量化电平14. DPCM 差分脉冲编码调制Exercises1. channel coding 信道编码2. transmission bandwidth 传输带宽3. Single sided noise power density 单边带噪声功率密度4. orthogonal signaling 正交信号5. FEC 前向纠错6. logic table 逻辑表7. systematic code 系统码8. AWGN 加性高斯白噪声9. BER 误码率，误比特率（bit error ratio）10. trellis diagram 网格图11. constraint length 制约长度12. vector array 向量数组13. algebraic function 代数函数14. state diagram 状态图15. cyclic shift 循环移位16. generator matrix 生成矩阵Exercises1. AM 幅度调制（amplitude modulation）2. DPSK 差分相位键控(differential PSK)3. PAM 脉冲振幅调制（pulse amplitude modulation）4. PDM 脉宽调制（pulse duration modulation）5. PPM 脉冲相位调制（pulse phase modulation）6. PCM 脉冲编码调制（pulse code modulation）7. DPCM 差分脉冲编码调制（differential pulse codemodulation）8. ASK 振幅键控（amplitude shift keying）9. FSK 频移键控（frequency shift keying）10. FDM 频分多路复用（frequency division multiplexing）11. TDM 时分多路复用（time division multiplexing）12. coded modulation 编码调制13. suppressed carrier 抑制载波14. modulated signal 已调信号Exercises1. copper wire 铜线2. speech recognition 语音识别3. adaptive differential PCM 自适应差分脉码调制4. infinite impulse response (IIR) 无限脉冲响应5. real time conversation 实时交换6. digital signal processing 数字信号处理7. CELP 码激励线性预测（code excited linearprediction）8. VAD 话音激活检测器(voice activity detector)9. MPE 多脉冲激励(multipulse excitation)10. ADPCM 自适应差分脉码调制(adaptivedifferential PCM)11. direct quantization 直接量化12. log pulse PCM quantizer 对数脉冲PCM量化器ExercisesⅡ. Please translate the following words and phrases into English.1. 随机过程random process2. 统计平均 statistical average3. 随机变量random variable4. 自相关函数 autocorrelation function5. 傅里叶变换Fourier transform6. 功率谱密度 power spectral density7. 概率密度函数probability density function8. 高斯过程 gaussian process9. 平稳过程 a stationary process10. 统计独立 statistically independent11. 时间平均(值) time average12. 统计特性 statistical characteristic13. 各态历经过程ergodic process14. 狄拉克函数 delta functionExercises1. 通信理论communication theory(theory ofcommunications)2. 香农定理 Shannon’s theorem3. 信道带宽channal bandwidth4. 信号波形 signal waveform5. 理想低通滤波器ideal lowpass filter6. 自相关函数 autocorrelation function7. 无噪声高斯信道noiseless gaussian channel8. 通信信道 communication channel9. 信息速率information rate10. 信噪比 signal to noise ratio (SNR,S/N)11. 信道容量channal capacity12. 双边功率谱密度 Two sided power spectraldensity13. 误码率error probability(probability fo error )14. 奈奎斯特采样速率 Nyquist sampling rate15. 限带高斯信道band limited gaussian channel16. 高斯白噪声 white Gaussian noiseExercises1.正脉冲positive pulse2. 脉冲编码调制 pulse code modulation3. 解码器decoder4. 编码器 encoder5. 量化步长quantum step size6. 峰值 peak magnitudes7. 线性函数linear function8. 脉冲序列 pulse train9. 均匀量化器uniform quanizer10. 预测编码 predictive coding11. 压扩器compandor12. 压缩比 compression ratioExercises1. 检错码error detection code2. 信道容量 channel capacity3. 分组码block code4. 卷积码 convolutional code5. 移位寄存器shift register6. 汉明距离 Hamming distance7. 码重code weight(weight of code)8. 树形图 tree diagram9. 编码增益coding gain10. 平均比特能量 average bit energy11. 码距code distance(distance of code)12. 纠错码 error correction code13. 带宽效率bandwidth efficiency14. 模2加法器 modulo 2 adder15. 原始数据raw data16. 编码率 code rate17. 生成多项式generator polynomial18. 循环码 cyclic codeExercises1. 带通信号bandpass signal2. 脉冲调制 pulse modulation3. 角度调制angle modulation4. 残留边带抑制载波调制 vestigial side band suppressedcarrier modulation5. 绝对带宽absolute bandwidth6. 脉冲宽度 pulse duration7. 线性函数linear function8. 载波频率 carrier frequency9. 模拟调制analog modulation10. 移相键控 PSK（phase shift keying）11. 连续波调制 continuous wave (CW) modulation12. 同轴电缆 coaxial cableExercises1. 共振峰跟踪滤波器formant tracking filter2. 国际电信联盟 International Telecommunications Union(ITU)3. 背景噪声background noise4. 双向通信 two-way communication5. 基音跟踪滤波器pitch tracking filter6. 长时预测 long-term prediction7. 语音编码speech coding8. 声码器 vocoder9. 语音增强speech enhancement10. 波形跟随编码器 waveform following coder11. 参数编码器 parametric coder12. 频域编码器 frequency domain codeExercisesⅢ. Fill in the blanks with the missing word(s).1. The ensemble averages will be identical with thestatistical averagesand may be represented by the same symbols.2. The averages determined by measurements on asingle sampleFunction at successive times will yield a time average, which werepresent as n2(t1).3. Suppose, for example, that the statistical characteristics ofthe sampleFunctions in the ensemble were changing with time.4. For it may happen that while each sample function isstationary the individual sample functions may differ statistically from one another.5. As an extension of that result we shall define the powerspectral density of a random process in the same way.6. It is of interest to inquire whether G(f) definedin Eq. (1.2)for a random process has a physical significancewhichcorresponds to thephysical significance of G(f) for deterministic waveforms. 8. 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Since the transmission of any of the M messages is equally likely,H=log2M,thus our channel is transferring information at arate R=rH.4. For a fixed signal power and in the presence ofwhitegaussian noise the channel capacity approaches an upper limit with increasing bandwidth.5. It is of great interest to recognize that thetradeoffbetween bandwidth and signal to noise ratio is not limited by a lower limit in bandwidth.6. The signal is transmitted in a channel which canbe representedas a lowpass RC circuit with cutoff at 1 Hz.7. If there is no noise, then we are entirely free to make asforthe attenuation by the use of an amplifier and to correct the frequencydistortion by the use of an equalizer.8. That is, we need to estimate the interval T which should beassignedto each message to allow the transmitted levels to be recognizedIndividually over the receiver, even though the bandwidth B of thechannel is limited.9. Therefore, the 25 percent reduction inbandwidth requires a 60percent increase of signal power.10. While we have used the term communication channelin manyoccasions, it is well to emphasize at this point, that the term, which isSomething as an abstraction, is intended to encompass all thefeatures and componentparts of the transmission system which introducenoise or limit the bandwidth.11. The probability of error is close to unity for everypossible setof M transmitter signals.12. It turns out that the results obtained for agaussian channeloften provide a lower bound in the performance ofa systemOperating in a nongaussian channel.ExercisesⅢ. Fill in the blanks with the missing word(s).1. PCM is a widely different form of modulation compared withthe analogpulse types such as PAM, PDM, and PPM.2. The characteristics of the pulse group are related tothe messagesample through operations called quantization and coding.3. The term symbol coder distingnishes this coding operationfrom theoverall source encoding process. In most cases,a variable length code isused to represent the mapped and quantized data set.It assigns theshortest codewords to the most frequently occuring (occurring,occure,occurred) output values and thus reduces coding redundancy.4. Thus, a quantization error exists in PCM and, as willbe seen, is theBasic limitation in performance.5. Quantization and sampling produce the same result assampling andquantizing.6. For equal peak magnitudes, signals with large crest factorsgive poorerperformance than those with small Kcr.7. In the receiver the inverse operation is implemented byan expandorto restore the original message.8. The digital data is fed serially into the decoder.9. as the rate drops, samples are made lessfrequently and step sizesincrease.10. The actual compression ratio resulting from thismethod is no morethan an order of 4∶1.11. In an attempt to reduce （reduce，reducing）thenumber of codes sentby a PCM system, a slight variance on samplingmethod is used by asystem known as Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM).ExercisesⅢ. Fill in the blanks with the missing word(s).1. Channel coding protects digital data from errors byselectively introducing redundancies in the transmitted data.2. By proper encoding of the information, errors induced byanoisy channel can be reduced to any desired level withoutsacrificing the rate of information transfer.3. Error control coding waveforms, on the other hand,havebandwidth expansion factors that grow only linearly with the codeblock length.4. In a block encoder, k information bits are encoded intoncode bits.5. The block code is referred to as an (n,k)code, andthe rate of thecode is defined as Rc=k/n and is equal to the rate of informationdivided by the raw channel rate.6. Convolutional codes are fundamentally different fromnblock codes in thatinformation sequences are not grouped into distinct blocks and encoded.7. The tree diagram shows the structure of the encoder inthe form of atree with the branches representing（represent，represented，representing）the various states and the outputs of the coder.8. This reduces the bandwidth efficiency of the link inhigh SNRconditions, but provides excellent BER performance at low SNR values.9. A systematic code is one in which the parity bits areappended tothe end of the information bits.10. A channel coder operates on digital message (orsource) data byencoding the source information into a code sequence for transmissionthrough the channel.ExercisesⅢ. Fill in the blanks with the missing word(s).1. The method involves first sampling the information signal,quantizingthe sample by rounding off to the closest of a number of discrete levels,and finally generating a prescribed number of pulses according to a coderelated to the nearest discrete level.2. Coded modulation will also be referred to as digitalmodulation.It isone of the most modern and useful methods of modulation available today.3. In PPM pulse position is proportional to theamplitude of the message signal4. Time division multiplexing (TDM) uses pulse modulation toput samples ofdifferent signals in nonoverlapping time slots. For instance, the gaps betweenpulses could be filled with samples from other signals.5. It is often necessary to use modulation to translate theuseful band offrequencies up to a large carrier frequency so thatefficientelectromagnetic radiation is possible from an antenna having reason able size.6. The design of a communication system may be constrainedby the costand availability of hardware, whose performance often depends on thefrequencies involved7. Fractional bandwidth considerations account for thefact thatmodulation units are found in receivers as well as in transmitters.8. These methods may be characterized as continuouswave (cw)modulation.9. Since each station has a different assigned carrierfrequency, thedesired signal can be separated from the others by filtering.10. PCM may be either binary, where pulses have only twovoltage levels,or μ-ary, where pulses may take on μpossible levels.11. By exploiting the frequency translation property ofcw modulation,message information can be impressed on a carrier whosefrequency has been selected for the desired transmission method.ExercisesⅢ. Fill in the blanks with the missing word(s).1. Speech coding is a fundamental technology that has existedformore than 60 years, beginning in the 1930s with Dudley’s originalvocoder.2. Speech coding is distinct from the more generalproblem of audiocoding in that the primary signal of interest is the speech itself.3. Virtually all existing telecommunications applications beginwithspeech coded by this standard.4. The selection of appropriate excitation pulses is carried outin a perceptually weighted domain, ratherthan just minimizing the mse in thewaveform domain so that the quantization noise is less audible to thelistener.5. Signal delay is a measure of the duration of the speechsignal usedto estimate coder parameters reliably for both the encoder and thedecoder, plus any delay inherent in the transmission channel.6. If the round trip delay is held (holds, is held, held) below300 ms andthere is sufficient echo cancellation, the quality is quite acceptable.7. If the number of bits provided by the coder over time isalways thesame, the rate is fixed.8. Voice activity detectors (VAD) that attempt to determinewhetherspeech is actually present so as to utilize the channel more efficientlywhen speech is absent and to avoid trying (to try, try, trying) to codebackground signals as speech.9. Instead, this class attempts to produce a signal that soundslike theoriginal by using a parametric model of speech, analying (analyzing,analyze, analyzed) the speech to estimate these parameters, and thenquantizing only the parameters.10. Frequency domain coders have been selected(select, havebeenselected, are selecting) as the basis for a new wideband codingrecommendation by the ITU-T.。

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