英语独立主格结构
聚焦英语中的独立主格结构
聚焦英语中的独立主格结构独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。
它在句法上游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。
如:The teacher came in,book in hand.= Book in hand,the teacher came in.独立主格结构分为四个类型:1 独立分词结构;2 独立不定式结构;3 独立无动词结构;4 with复合结构。
分述如下:一、独立分词结构独立分词结构的构成是:“主格词+分词”。
主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组;分词可以是过去分词和现在分词的各种时态和语态。
如:1 She being my close friend,I should have helped her.她是我的好朋友,我应该帮助她。
在独立主格结构中,分词的逻辑主语必须是主格词,不能用其宾格词。
She不能换为 her。
分词的逻辑主语(即主格词)和主句的主语不能表示同一概念,例1中的she和I不是同一个人;下面例2中的spring和the fields也不是同一概念。
独立分词结构的句法功能是在句中作状语,相当于分词短语,表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。
如:2 Spring coming,the fields are full of life.春天来了,田野里充满生机。
(时间)3.Professor Wang being ill,the lecture was put off.因为王教授生病,报告被推迟了。
(原因)4.More time given,we should have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更好。
英语语法——独立主格
英语语法——独立主格独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点:(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
英语中,独立主格结构的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。
如:A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。
2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。
如:The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。
3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。
如:His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。
4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。
如:The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥,我们应该小心。
5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。
如:The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后,我们都出去玩。
6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。
如:Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。
高考:英语独立主格结构
高考:英语独立主格结构高考:英语独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点:1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)。
其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。
注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
高中英语独立主格
英语中常见的几种独立主格结构:1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如:The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如:The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her g lasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
动词不定式用主动的形式,如:He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
★在“名词/主格代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
如:His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。
英语独立主格结构
4.with + 名词(或代词)+ 介词短语 . 名词(或代词) He walked along with his hat on the back of his head. He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face. 5.with +名词(或代词)+形容词 名词( . 名词 或代词) 形容词 The man was sleeping with the window open. The mother doesn’t allow her child to talk with his mouth full. 6.with +名词(或代词)+副词 名词( . 名词 或代词) 副词 With John away, we’ve got more room.
1.表示时间: .表示时间:
Spring coming on, the trees turned green. Our work having been finished, we went home. The signal given, the bus started. The meeting (being) over, we left the room.
The studeቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱt listened to his teacher with his head down. With the teacher there, he can’t write. without \like +复合宾语 复合宾语 Without a word more spoken,he left the room. The old pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance.
英语语法独立主格结构
英语语法独立主格结构独立主格结构是英语语法中一种重要的句子结构,它可以帮助我们清晰地表达句子的逻辑关系和语义关系,增强句子的表达力和语言的逻辑性。
本文将详细介绍独立主格结构的定义、形式、用法和相关练习。
一、定义独立主格结构是指在一个句子中,主句的主语和独立主格之间存在一种逻辑上的平行关系。
独立主格结构通常由名词或代词(独立主格)+动词/副词/介词短语(补语)构成,与主句之间用逗号隔开。
二、形式独立主格结构可由以下几种形式构成:1.名词短语作独立主格例如:- His arms folded, he leaned against the wall.- The children playing in the yard, the parents sat on the porch.2.代词短语作独立主格例如:- Her hair flowing in the wind, she walked along the beach.- With a smile on his face, he greeted the guests.3.动词短语作独立主格例如:- The sun shining brightly, we decided to go for a picnic.- The game over, the crowd cheered for their team.4.副词短语作独立主格例如:- The storm having passed, we ventured out of our shelter.- The rain falling heavily, she hurriedly grabbed an umbrella.5.介词短语作独立主格例如:- With a sigh of relief, he finished his final exam.- In the distance, we could hear the sound of waves crashing.三、用法独立主格结构能够起到以下几种作用:1.表示时间、条件或原因- The rain having stopped, we went outside to play.- The bus having arrived, we boarded and headed home.2.表示场景、情景或背景- The children singing and dancing, the party was a great success.- The streets filled with people, the city felt vibrant and alive.3.表示对比、对立或转折- The students studying diligently, the teacher was pleased with their progress.4.修饰句子成分,增强句子表达力- His hands trembling, he handed me the letter.- The book finished, she closed it and put it back on the shelf.四、练习请根据上述的独立主格结构的定义、形式和用法,完成以下练习。
英语独立结构
英语独立结构
独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)是英语语法中的一种结构,通常出现在句子的结尾,表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
这种结构通常由两部分组成:主语和谓语,它们之间用逗号隔开。
以下是英语独立主格结构的构成示例,仅供参考:
1. 主语:表示句子中的主语,可以是名词、代词等。
2. 谓语:表示主语执行的动作或状态,可以是动词、形容词等。
独立主格结构的用法:
1. 表示时间、条件、原因等从句的省略,使句子更加简洁明了。
2. 表示伴随、补充说明等关系,使句子更加清晰易懂。
3. 在描述场景、情境时,可以更加生动形象地表达意思。
需要注意的是,独立主格结构并不是一个完整的句子,而是对句子的补充和说明,不能省略主句中的主语和谓语。
另外,独立主格结构通常在句子的结尾出现,有时也可以在句中或句首出现,但要保持逻辑上的通顺和清晰。
英语中的独立主格结构归纳
英语中的独立主格结构归纳独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
英语独立主格结构
独立主格独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)由两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
详细概述非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的代词又是主格,故常称为“独立主格”。
“独立结构”在句中起状语作用,相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如:表示时间The meeting over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。
英语的独立主格结构
英语的独立主格结构一、啥是独立主格结构呢?简单来说,独立主格结构就像是句子里的一个小“帮派”,它有自己的“老大”(逻辑主语)和“小弟”(其他成分),但又和整个大句子有点若即若离的关系。
比如说,“Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic.”(天气允许的话,我们就去野餐。
)这里的“Weather permitting”就是独立主格结构。
“Weather”就是那个“老大”,也就是逻辑主语,“permitting”呢,就像是跟着“老大”混的“小弟”,表示一种动作或者状态。
这个小结构自己能表达一个完整的小意思,同时又给整个大句子提供了一种条件或者附加的信息。
二、独立主格结构的组成部分。
1. 逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)现在分词形式:“The girl sitting there, I started to talk to her.”(那个女孩坐在那儿,我开始和她说话。
)这里的“The girl sitting there”是独立主格结构,“girl”是逻辑主语,“sitting”是现在分词,表示主动的动作。
过去分词形式:“His work finished, he went home happily.”(他的工作完成了,他开心地回家了。
)“His work”是逻辑主语,“finished”是过去分词,表示被动的状态,工作是被完成的嘛。
不定式形式(这种比较少见哦):“A lot of work to do, I have to stay at home this weekend.”(有很多工作要做,这个周末我得待在家里。
)“A lot of work”是逻辑主语,“to do”是不定式,表示将要去做的动作。
2. 逻辑主语 + 形容词/副词/名词/介词短语。
形容词形式:“He came into the room, his face red.”(他走进房间,脸红红的。
英语语法 独立主格
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. (现
在分词) 我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(条件)
The test finished, we’ll have our summer vocation. 考试结束以后,我们将开始暑假了。(时间) More time given, we can finish the work. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们就能完成这项 工作(条件)
天空黑云密布,很快就要下雨。
1. ________ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _______, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 3. ______, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 4. ; we had to put the meeting off. A. Because the manager was ill B. The manager being ill C. The manager was ill D. Being ill
A. Time permits C. Time permitting
英语独立主格结构
独立主格结构一、概念:有时一个名词/代词+ 一个其他结构,在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句或并列句,人们通常称这种结构为独立主格或独立结构.二、独立主格的结构:n/pron + doing River rising,they had to left for safety.to do Much work to do,they had to work for extra hours.done All the work done,they went for lunch.adj.He entered the room,his nose red with cold.adv.He was lying in bed,light on.Prepositional phrase He walked in,cane in hand.在这种结构中,n/pron.在逻辑上是后一部分的主语,后一部分相当于谓语或表语.这种结构在句子中只能作状语,三、独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分:1、伴随状语(方式状语):相当于一个并列句.He was watching TV,his mouth half open.He fell to the ground,blood coming down his nose.The policeman entered the dark room,gun in hand.The old man sat down,his face pale with pain.2、时间状语:相当于一个时间状语从句.Meeting over,everyone tried to do something for the project.Spring coming,the flowers are coming out.The problem settled,everyone was filled with joy.3、原因状语:相当于一个原因状语从句.John (being) away,Tom had to do the work on his own.It being dark,they had to walk with the torches on.There being no bus,they had no choice but to take a taxi.4、条件状语:相当于一个条件状语从句.Weather permitting,we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.Enough time given,we’ll do the job better.注:有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构.如:With the problem settled,the computer restarted.With the old man leading,we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.He left the bathroom,with the water running.He rushed out with a knife in his hand.此句可改写为He rushed out ,a knife in his hand.或He rushed out,knife in hand.但是,“with + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语.如:Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains around it.He lives in a village with a railway behind it.Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.。
英语之独立主格结构
英语之独立主格结构独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
详细概述非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如:1)独立主格结构表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2)独立主格结构表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3)独立主格结构表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.二月中旬,天气有利于工作,工人们开始修缮河坝。
英语独立主格结构
英语独立主格结构独立主格结构(nominative absolute)是一种特定的英语句式,由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式) 或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
即:名词/代词+ 现在分词名词/代词+ 过去分词名词/代词+ 动词不定式名词/代词+ (being)形容词、副词、名词或介词短语(逻辑主语) + (逻辑谓语)独立主格结构可以说是英语学习中的一个难点,因为它在意义上可以独立成句,却与另一个句子组成句子,不用连词。
那么,让我们来看看独立主格结构是如何形成的。
The wind failed. We lowered the sail. (单句)When the wind failed, we lowered the sail. (时间状语从句)The wind failing, we lowered the sail. (独立主格结构,时间状语)风停了,我们降下了帆.The weather was rainy. We decided to postpone the trip. (单句)As he weather was rainy, we decided to postpone the trip. (原因状语从句)The weather being rainy, we decided to postpone the trip. (独立主格结构,原因状语)由于天气下雨,我们决定推迟旅行。
The tall oak stood in our yard, and its branches was covered in icicles. (并列分句)Its branches covered in icicles, the tall oak stood in our yard. (独立主格结构,伴随状语)那棵高大的橡树,树枝上挂满了冰柱,竖立在我们的院子里。
高中英语知识点:独立主格结构
高中英语知识点:独立主格结构什么是独立主格结构?独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个特殊结构,由一个名词或代词和一个动词的现在分词形式而成。
这个结构在句子中无法被省略,但也不属于主语、宾语、或其他从句。
通常用于强调一个动作或状态,或用来表示补充说明。
例如:•时间一到,他的心情就异常兴奋,站在门口等待着来访的朋友。
在上面的句子中,独立主格结构是“站在门口等待着来访的朋友”,它的作用是为前面的句子“时间一到,他的心情就异常兴奋”提供进一步的解释说明。
独立主格结构的组成一般来说,独立主格结构由一个名词或代词和一个动词的现在分词形式组成。
名词或代词是独立主格的核心,而动词的现在分词形式则指出了该核心所表示的动作或状态。
下面是一些例子:•你的祝福,让我无比感动。
•天气晴朗,我们决定出去玩。
•大雨倾盆,我们只能坐在车里等。
在上面的例子中,独立主格的核心是“你的祝福”,“天气晴朗”,和“大雨倾盆”,而后面的动词分别是“让我无比感动”,“决定出去玩”,和“我们只能坐在车里等”。
独立主格的用法独立主格结构可以用于许多不同的情形,通常用于以下几种情况:补充说明或修饰独立主格结构常常用于对主句进行补充说明或修饰。
它可以提供进一步的信息,使句子更加清晰、生动。
例如:•星期天早上,阳光明媚,鸟儿在树上欢快地唱着歌。
•在校园里,我们看到了绿树成荫,芳草萋萋的美景。
•他回到家里,发现屋子里一片狼藉。
在上述句子中,独立主格结构分别是“阳光明媚”,“绿树成荫,芳草萋萋的美景”,和“屋子里一片狼藉”,它们都用来修饰或补充主句。
强调独立主格结构也可以用于强调一个动作或状态。
这个结构可以使句子更加生动有力。
例如:•饭菜已经凉了,可客人依然在等待着。
•彩虹横跨天际,惊艳了所有路过的人。
•学生们排队等候进入教室,教师却迟迟未到。
在上面的句子中,独立主格结构分别是“客人依然在等待着”,“惊艳了所有路过的人”,和“教师却迟迟未到”,它们都用来强调相应的动作或状态。
高中英语语法______独立主格结构课件
(Ⅰ) 名词/代词+分词(过去分词done & 现在分词doing)
当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主 语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语, 构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也 可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。 1T._h_is__p_ro_b__le_m__s_e_t_tl_e_d, they left the meeting – room. (问题解决了)(settle) 2T._im__e_p_e_r_m__it_t_in_g,we`ll go there on foot. (时间允许的话)(permit) 3.He was lying on the grass,(他的手交叉在头下) his h_a_n_d_s__cr_o_s_s_e_d_u__n_d_e_r_h_i_s_h_e_a_d_._(cross)
(ⅤI) with/without+名词/代词+副词。
__ C
production up by 60%,
the company has had another excellent
year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
活学巧用
1.The square looks more
C 1. With a lot of difficult problems __
, the
newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling
C. to settle D. being settled
2.因为有太多的作业要做,所以我们不能出去玩。
结构:
名词/代词 + 非谓语(doing & todo & done)
英语独立主格
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。
独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.There being no bus, we had to walk home.2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.3. 名词(代词)+不定式动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在主谓关系,则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.4. 名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.Computers very small, we can use them widely区别.5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off, we could not go on with the work.6. 名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.7. 名词(代词) +介词短语He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back.三、with,without 引导的独立主格结构with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词宾格)+宾语补足语,上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
英语独立主格结构说明
英语独立主格结构说明一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点:(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
(1) 作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
(2) 作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
(3) 作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given to morrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
(4) 作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were cr ossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
(5) 表补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。
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独立主格结构:独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction).它在句法上游离与句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何语法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,给他构成一个完整的寓意环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和位于,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号上与主句隔开。
一、独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为俩部分,一部分事名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1)名词/代词+形容词I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下,门开着,他默默地站在那。
2)名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming ,it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散散步。
3)名词/代词+过去分词More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间,我们会做的更好。
The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里,右手高举。
4)名词/代词(主格)+不定式Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.这是前俩卷,第三卷将于下雨问世。
The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friend\s俩个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。
5)名词/代词+介词短语The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意:这里gun in hand 还可以说成with a gun in hand。
但不可以说a gun in hand 或gun in his hand。
6)名词/代词+副词Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人,小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over ,he left the house .But he was thinking.午饭结束,他离开了路。
但他还在考虑。
7)名词/代词+名词He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。
8)with 复合结构它的构成是:“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。
宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当,宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.福尔摩斯和沃森坐着,让灯亮了半个小时。
(介词短语)He used to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉(形容词)With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.由一个小男孩领着路,他们朝那个村子去了。
(现在分词)With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后,他回了家。
(过去分词)With you to help us, we will finish the task in time有你来帮忙,我们将会及时完成任务。
(不定式)Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .夜里,香港万盏灯火,分外美丽。
(副词)从以上例句可以看出:在with 复合结构中,宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。
当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是,用现代分词:当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是,用过去分词:当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是,用不定时:当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时,用现在分词或副词。
三、独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,七作用相当于一个撰于从句,常用来辨识时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1)表示时间Her work done ,she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2)表示条件The condition being favourable , she may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3)表示原因There being taxis , we had to walk.没有出坐车,我们只好步行。
4)表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors ,silver the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。
四、形式选择中应该注意的问题1)现在分词还是过去分词?在独立主格结构中,主格词语分词形成逻辑主语关系时,用现在分词,如:Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.一句中,“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系,用现在分词;主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时,用过去分词,如:More money given ,we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained. 一句中,“money”和“give”是动宾关系(被动关系),用过去分词。
在独立主格结构中,如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前,常用现在分词完成时态表示。
如:The snow having stopped ,she went out to sweep the snow in the yard现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同,但在独立结构中,有时却有共同之处:子安在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词,例如:As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.Her skirt being caught on a nail , she could move.Her skirt caught on a nail , she could move.After his work had been finished , he went home.His work having been finished , he went home.His work finished , he went home.2) 分词结构还是独立主格结构上面的例子告诉我们,独立主格常常可以看做是由复合句中的从句变来的。
但是,如果从句和主句的主语相同,则不可改为独立结构。
例如:Since he was very tired with his work , he soon fell asleep and forgot his trouble.不可改为:He being very tired with his work ,he ….但可改为:Being very tired with his work ,he…比较:判断动名词复合结构的方式主语位置上。
或动词、介词后的“名词代词+非谓语动词”,如果表示的是一个时间则是动名词复合结构而不是“名词+定语”,请看以下各例:He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.A leftB being leftC leavingD be leftThe road _________ caused us to stop our work for half an hour.A blockedB was blockC blockingD being blockedThe concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son_______ to college.A had been admittedB admittedC having been admittedD having admittedQuebec,which was originally colonized by France ,was lost to the British in 1763.(P2 L26)Be lost in 1)消失在…中The ship________(消失在风暴中)2)陷入(沉思等):被….所吸引For some time he seemed lost in thought.3)在…中迷路,迷失在…We are lost in the forest.(在森林里迷路了)be lost to …… 失去,没有……the opportunity is lost to him .(他没有机会了)C (1)_______to the British,Quebec was originally colonized by EranceA.Being lostB.To loseC.LostD.LosingC(2)_______himself in thought,he didn’t notice what happened around him.A.Being lostB.LostC.LosingD.Having lostC(3)After hours walk in the forest,finally we found ourselves_____our way.A.lostB.losingC.loseD.to lost6.because of this, Montreal has a wonderful mix of Old World…(P2 L27)Because of=owing to =on account of =due to =as a reasult of 由于……的原因,因为1)He was unable to go to work because of the fall from his horse.2)Because of my work and so on ,I don’t get up much to the club.3)He was not allowed to take the senior course because of his youth.7.Vancouver has superb scenery, a beautiful harbour ,and……and international cuisine,in addition to being close the popular wilderness and ski areas.In addition to 除……之外(还有)=besidesEg. In addition to English , he has to study a second foreign language.We saw a Mickey Mouse cartoon in addition to the cowboy movie.In addition 另外,此外(还)Eg. I paid 100 yuan in addition.In addition, there was a crop failure in many provinces.Cf: apart from(1)= besidesApart from the cost, it will take a lot of time.The children hardly see anyone , apart from their parents.(2)= except forApart from that , all goes well. Good work , apart from a few faults.Other than = but , exceptThere is nobody here other than me.You can’t go there other than swimming.Is anyone other than yourself coming?8.it is like an underground city, covering an area of more than 20 football pitches.Cover v. 覆盖,铺(反:expose); 掩盖,掩饰,藏匿;占据(时间,空间);包括,涉及;走过(路程);看过……页书;够付(开支等),弥补(损失);对……进行新闻采访,报道Eg.1. Cover his eyes with a hand.2 .The ground has covered with snow.3. Lies cannot cover facts./cover a mistake/cover one’s tracks 销声匿迹4. Cover an area of5. His researches covered a wide field .6. The report covered all aspects of the problem.7. I didn’t cover as much ground as I had wanted.8. Cover 20 pages a day9. Cover the expenses10. I want our best reporters sent to cover the 2008 olympics.n.盖子,封面选择题——How about the book you are reading?——Good indeed . It _many problems we have come across in our study .A .saysB .takeC .coversD .refers9 .Still ,Australia is considered to be a great sporting nation . 尽管如此,澳大利亚仍被视为体育大国。