军事英语口语系列：阿富汗战争
Afghanistan Bombings Kill Police, Civilians
that he is also ready to take what he described as pragmatic steps to "However, I would like to make a couple of things clear. Firstly, it has"Therefore there is no alternative whatsoever to continued andstrengthened military efforts. And finally, I would like to make clearthat for me it is also a pre-requisite that the groups we engage withput down their weapons and abide by the laws in this country," hecontinued. The Taliban-led violence has dramatically escalated this year. The month of July has been particularly deadly for U.S and NATO forces that lost more than 70 soldiers, more than half of them Americans. The United Nations says that civilian deaths have risen more than 24 percent in the first half of 2009 caused by both militant attacks and the anti-insurgency operations.The deteriorating security situation in southern and eastern parts of the country has been a cause of concern for both Afghan election officials and international observers. There are fears the rising Taliban attacks may discourage voters from showing up at polling stations in these areas, raising questions about the legitimacy of Afghanistan's crucial presidential election, the second since the removal of the Taliban from power in 2001. Afghan President Hamid Karzai shakes hands with new NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen (right) at the presidential palace in Kabul, 05 Aug 2009。
军事英语口语系列：阿富汗战争
军事英语口语系列：阿富汗战争605. A group of terrorists attacked the United Stated on September 11,2001. 2001年9月11日，一伙恐怖分子袭击了美国。
606. The U.S. counterattacked immediately.美国立即进行了还击。
607. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries.阿富汗是最贫穷的国家之一。
608. The U.S. is the most developed country.美国是最发达的国家。
609. It has been a typical one-sided war.这是一场典型的单边战争。
610. The war has entered a new stage.战争进入了一个新阶段。
611. Some officers of the art of war are trying to summarize the lessons learned. 一些致力于战争艺术的军官正试图总结应吸取的经验教训。
612. Waging war against the terrorists is the correct response to defeat terror.对恐怖分子发动战争是反恐的正确反应。
613. The side that gains information superiority holds an enormous advantage. 取得制信息权的一方占有巨大优势。
614. Information superiority has revolutionized how the U.S. fights its wars.信息优势已经使美国作战发生了革命性的变化。
615. It is as important today as air superiority has been in past wars.今天的信息优势如同过去的空中优势一样重要。
看美国脱口秀节目-学英语口语
看美国脱口秀节目学英语口语"I have a plan to end the war in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Here's what we do. We bring all our soldiers home. We send in our investment bankers. They'll screw up the place in six months. Six months!" --Jay Leno“我有一个计划，可以结束在伊拉克和阿富汗的战争。
我们这么做。
我们把我们所有的士兵撤回来。
我们再送我们的投资银行家去那里。
他们一定只需6个月就能把那里搞得一塌糊涂。
只要6个月！”-杰·雷诺"A construction worker from Queens, New York, used Bernard Madoff's prison number to play the lottery and won. The guy won $1,500. Bernard Madoff, of course, is in prison for luring money from rich people in a giant scam that promised to make them richer. But don't confuse him with the state lottery, which lures money away from poor people in a giant scam that promises to make them richer." --Jay Leno“纽约皇后区的一名建筑工人，用伯纳德·麦道夫监狱号码，买彩票中了奖。
这个家伙中了1500美元。
President_Obama_Speaks_on_Enforcing_Trade_Rights_with_China
But the key is to make sure that the playing field is level. And frankly, sometimes it's not. I will always try to work our differences through with other countries. We prefer dialogue. That's especially true when it comes to key trading partners like China. We've got a constructive economic relationship with China, and whenever possible, we are committed to working with them to addressing our concerns. But when it is necessary, I will take action if our workers and our businesses are being subjected to unfair practices.
如你们许多人所知，上周末发生了一件悲惨事件，一些阿富汗平民被杀害。我在与卡尔扎伊（Karzai）总统通话时向他明确表示，美国极为重视这一事件，如同我们自己的公民和我们自己的孩子被杀害一样。无辜的生命被杀害，我们伤痛欲绝。杀害无辜平民的行为令人发指，不可容忍。这不符合我们国家的精神，这并不代表我们的。
大家早上好。在我宣布有关维护美国企业和美国工人利益的事项之前，我想就阿富汗局势说几句话。
Over the weekend, as many of you know, there was a tragic incident in which a number of Afghan civilians were killed. What I've made to President Karzai when I spoke to him is that the United States takes this as seriously as if it was our own citizens and our own children who were murdered. We're heartbroken over the loss of innocent life. The killing of innocent civilians is outrageous and it's unacceptable. It's not who we are as a country, and it does not represent our military.
A Reporter at Large (The Invisible Army) translate
A Reporter at LargeThe Invisible Army隐藏的部队For foreign workers on U.S. bases in Iraq and Afghanistan, war can be hell.对于处在伊拉克和阿富汗的在美国基地工作的外国工人来说，战争是地狱。
by Sarah Stillman June 6, 2011More than seventy thousand “third-country nationals” work for the American military in war zones; many report being held in conditions resembling indentured servitude by subcontractors who operate outside the law. Photographs by Peter Van Agtmael.7万多第三方国家的人为美国军队工作在战争区。
许多报道是在类似于被非法操作的分包商签订契约合同的情况下报道的。
由Peter Van Agtmael摄影。
Related Links 相关链接Ask the Author: Join a live chat with Sarah Stillman about foreign workers for the U.S. military on Wednesday, June 1st, at 3 P.M. E.T. Keywords 关键词Vinnie Tuivaga;Lydia Qeraniu;Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES);Third-Country Nationals (T.C.N.s);Melanie Gonebale;Government Contractors;Meridian Services AgencyIt was lunchtime in Suva, Fiji, a slow day at the end of the tourist season in September of 2007, when four men appeared in the doorway of the Rever Beauty Salon, where Vinnie Tuivaga worked as a hair stylist. The men wore polished shoes and bright Hawaiian shirts, and they told Vinnie about a job that sounded, she recalls, like “the fruits of my submission to the Lord all these years.” How would she like to make five times her current salary at a luxury hotel in Dubai, a place known as the City of Gold? How would she like to have wealthy Arab customers, women who paid ridiculous fees for trendy cut-and-color jobs?当四个人出现在一家Vinnie Tuivaga在里面做发型设计师的快速美容沙龙的门口时，正是斐济首都苏瓦的午餐时间，这是2007年9月旅游季节末的一个缓慢的一天。
阿富汗用英语怎么说
阿富汗用英语怎么说阿富汗是亚洲中部的内陆国家，实行总统共和制。
属大陆性气候，全年干燥少雨。
它与大部分毗邻的国家有着民族、宗教、语言以及地理上一定程度的关联。
那么你知道阿富汗用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。
阿富汗的英语说法：Afghanistan英[æfˈgænɪˌstæn]美[æfˈɡænɪˌstæn]阿富汗相关英语表达：阿富汗国徽 Emblem of Afghanistan阿富汗国歌 Afghan National Anthem阿富汗战争 Afghanistan War阿富汗的英语例句：1. President Najibullah said he would call a grand council of all Afghans.纳吉布拉总统称他将召开阿富汗全民大会。
2. The Afghan air force was using helicopters to supply the besieged town.阿富汗空军正用直升机向被围城镇提供补给。
3. He pulled back forces from Mongolia, and he withdrew from Afghanistan.他从蒙古撤军，并且撤离阿富汗。
4. His book about Afghanistan is reviewed here by Anthony Hyman.安东尼·海曼在此就他那本关于阿富汗的书写了书评。
5. He became aware of the proximity of the Afghans.他意识到阿富汗人近在咫尺。
6. Most Afghans are heartily sick of war.大多数阿富汗人痛恨战争。
7. They fought as volunteers with the Afghan guerrillas.他们作为志愿军和阿富汗的游击队员并肩作战。
军事与战争英语词汇大全
军事与战争英语词汇大全军事与战争是人类历史上重要的一部分，而英语作为国际通用语言，其中军事与战争方面的词汇也具有重要的地位。
本文将为您提供军事与战争英语词汇的大全，以帮助您更好地了解这一领域。
一、战争相关词汇1. War（战争）: 一种由政治目的引起的冲突状态。
2. Conflict（冲突）: 一种由不同利益或观点引起的争端。
3. Battle（战斗）: 战争中的一个小规模战斗行动。
4. Siege（包围）: 军队对城市或要塞进行的包围行动。
5. Invasion（入侵）: 一国军队进入另一个国家领土的行动。
6. Retreat（撤退）: 军队为了躲避敌人的攻击而离开战场的行动。
7. Victory（胜利）: 在战争或战斗中取得的成功。
8. Defeat（失败）: 在战争或战斗中遭受的损失或失败。
9. Armistice（停战）: 双方军队暂时停止敌对行动的协议。
10. Ceasefire（停火）: 暂停火力开展的行动。
二、军事力量相关词汇1. Army（陆军）: 一国的主要地面部队。
2. Navy（海军）: 负责保卫海上领土和海军作战的军事组织。
3. Air Force（空军）: 主要负责空中作战的军事组织。
4. Marine Corps（海军陆战队）: 一支专门从事水陆两栖作战的部队。
5. Special Forces（特种部队）: 由精锐人员组成的特殊部队，执行特殊任务和战术。
6. Troops（部队）: 军事组织中的士兵或军人。
7. Commander（指挥官）: 领导军队并负责军事行动的高级指挥官。
8. Officer（军官）: 军队中的高级官员，负责指挥和管理部队。
9. Soldier（士兵）: 在军队中服役的普通士兵。
10. Recruit（新兵）: 进入军队的新兵。
三、军事装备相关词汇1. Weapon（武器）: 用于攻击或防御的工具或装置。
2. Rifle（步枪）: 一种常见的火器，用于长距离射击。
The War in Afghanistan阿富汗战争
世界上最早知道塔利班(Taliban)是在1994年11月，当时他 们保护一支试图打开巴基斯坦与中亚贸易的车队而一举成 功，从此登上历史舞台。 2001年“911”事件后，在美军事打击下，塔利班政权垮台， 一些残余转入山区。此后其长期隐藏于山区中，从2006年 开始通过鸦片东山再起，并从北约手中夺回阿富汗南部地 区，塔利班政权重新占领了百分之七十的阿富汗领土。 2007年因绑架并杀害韩国人质再次闻名。 2010年5月28日，巴基斯坦两座清真寺遭自杀式炸弹袭击， 导致56人死亡，一百多人遭绑架，有媒体称塔利班组织宣 称对此事负责。 2011年5月中旬，阿富汗情报官员证实毛拉· 穆罕默德· 奥马 尔已在巴基斯坦被击毙。 2011年5月23日，塔利班发言人否认毛拉· 穆罕默德· 奥马尔 被击毙。
causing a large amount of casualties. + It hindered the development of economics of the world , especially the US.
+ Total: 28,395,716 (est. July 2010)
+ Structure
0-14 years: 43.6% 15-64 years: 54% 65 years and over: 2.4%
Taliban
+ About 25,000
America
+ About 48,000
+ It continued about 10 years,
flag
+ Time: began October 7,2001
+ Place: Afghanistan
+ Result: don’t finish
和平与战争阿富汗英语作文
和平与战争阿富汗英语作文War is devastating, it brings destruction and suffering to people and their homes. The people of Afghanistan have endured decades of war, and the impact on their lives is immeasurable.Peace, on the other hand, brings hope and stability. It allows people to rebuild their lives and communities, and to live without fear of violence and conflict.The war in Afghanistan has caused immense human suffering, with countless lives lost and families torn apart. The people of Afghanistan deserve peace and the opportunity to rebuild their country.The international community must work together to support the people of Afghanistan in their quest for peace. This requires a commitment to diplomacy and dialogue, and a willingness to engage in difficult conversations.The road to peace in Afghanistan will not be easy, but it is necessary for the well-being of the Afghan people and the stability of the region. It requires the dedication of all parties involved and a willingness to put aside differences for the greater good.Ultimately, the people of Afghanistan deserve the chance to live in peace and rebuild their country. It is up to the international community to support them in this endeavor and to work towards a brighter future for all.。
军事英语口语系列：作战模拟
军事英语口语系列：作战模拟756. Battle simulation or simulation battle are based on powerful computers.作战模拟或模拟作战是以强大的计算机为基础的。
757. Simulation battles have been carried out in rooms.摸拟作战是在室内进行的。
758. So they are called battle labs.所以又叫做作战实验室。
759. All the services and arms can conduct their own simulated training.各军兵种都可以进行各自的模拟训练。
760. Database and information technology are vital to this kind of training.数据库和信息技术对这种训练致关重要。
761. Before "Desert Saber ", the Americans simulated the ground attack on Iraq."沙漠军刀"以前，美军摸拟了对伊拉克的地面进攻。
762. The results enabled them to choose the right attack directions.其结果使美军能够选择出正确的进攻方向。
763. The ground operation only lasted four days.地面作战只持续了4天。
764. About 40 Iraqi divisions were annihilated and the Allied Troops had a light casualty.伊军约40个师被歼灭，而多国部队伤亡很少。
765. Before Afghanistan War, the U.S. military did the same job with the civilian help.阿富汗战争之前，在民间的帮助下，美军做了同样的工作。
西餐口语
10-4-27 主题：冰岛火山爆发 类别：自然灾害
The EU has been hit last week by an unprecedented crisis with the closure of airspace（机场关闭） due to the volcanic eruption in Iceland, leading to more than 100,000 cancelled flights and more than 10 million passengers unable to travel. Flights have been gradually returning to normal since Wednesday.
Southwest China's Yunnan Province intends to send more migrants（移民，农民工） to work outside the province as severe drought worsens.
The provincial government says it will try to increase the number of migrant workers from Yunnan by 500,000 to 800,000 this year.
He adds this will help not only to tackle the drinking water shortages, but also to increase their income.
反对阿富汗战争的英语作文
反对阿富汗战争的英语作文I strongly oppose the war in Afghanistan. It is a senseless and destructive conflict that has caused immense suffering and loss of life. The war has been going on for far too long and has achieved little to no progress in terms of stability or peace in the region.The first reason why I am against this war is becauseit has resulted in a tremendous loss of innocent lives. Countless civilians, including women and children, have been killed or injured in the crossfire. It is heartbreaking to think about the families torn apart and the communities devastated by the violence and destruction.Furthermore, the war in Afghanistan has proven to be a breeding ground for extremism and terrorism. The constant presence of foreign troops and the ongoing conflict have only fueled resentment and hatred towards the West. This has allowed extremist groups to recruit new members and carry out attacks not only in Afghanistan but also in otherparts of the world.Another issue I have with this war is the enormous financial cost. The amount of money spent on military operations and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan is staggering. These funds could have been used to address pressing domestic issues such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. It is a shame that so much money is being wasted on a war that seems to have no end in sight.Moreover, the war in Afghanistan has had a detrimental impact on the mental and physical well-being of thesoldiers deployed there. Many veterans return home with severe physical injuries and psychological trauma. It is disheartening to see the toll this war has taken on the brave men and women who were sent to fight in a conflict that seems to have no clear objective or exit strategy.In conclusion, the war in Afghanistan is a tragic and futile endeavor that has caused immense suffering and achieved little to no progress. It is time for theinternational community to reevaluate its approach and seek alternative solutions to bring stability and peace to the region. The ongoing conflict is not only costing lives and resources, but it is also perpetuating a cycle of violence and extremism. It is crucial that we find a way to end this war and focus on rebuilding and healing the affected communities.。
苏联入侵阿富汗【英文】
The end of the Cold War, 1979-91
Why did the Soviets invade?
1979, USSR invaded Afghanistan, claiming it had been invited in to restore order . .
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden recruited and funded 1988, bin Laden split from the Mujahideen & formed a new group
.
Desert Storm, U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia infuriated bin Laden .
How did Afghanistan affect East-West relations?
President Carter described Soviet invasion as US:
Moscow Olympic medal
.
.
.
Los Angeles Olympic medal
Other U.S. Responses
Senate refused to ratify SALT 2 treaty President Reagan described USSR as the
US increased defense budget
464 Cruise missiles positioned in Europe SDI - Star Wars
第一次阿富汗战争
Thanks for your attention!!!
By Lao mi 200914015416
Stalemate stage(1986.1～1989.2) Soviet union did not have any advantages over Afghanistan whatever in politic, diplomat, economy. On April 14, 1988,they reached the agreement that the Soviet union decided to withdrawal their 15.000 soldiers, which marked the end of the war
The three process
At the beginning of the war, the Soviet union invaded Afghanistan comprehensively(1979.12～1980.1)
The second stage(1980.2～1985.12) , the Soviet launched general "mopping-up" and slaughter in term of some special person and important towns
became the sole superpower.
The weapons
summary
*A poor country will be invaded by the
developed countries, so we must Strengthen our national strength *Unjust war will never succeed, if all the people work together, foreign invadernd of the war
阿富汗军队在喀布尔挫败一次袭击
阿富汗军队在喀布尔挫败一次袭击Afghan officials say security forces have thwarted an attack on the capital, Kabul, after killing at least six insurgents in an early morning gunbattle.The officials said Afghan forces raided a compound in eastern Kabul early Thursday where the insurgents gathered to prepare for an attack. A gunbattle broke out, lasting for several hours until the militants were killed.The Afghan forces found a vehicle packed with explosives along with other weapons at the site.The Taliban said there was no such raid involving its fighters.Also Thursday, NATO said two of its coalition service members were killed by a roadside bomb in southern Afghanistan. It did not release any further details about the attack or the identities of the soldiers.阿富汗官员说，安全部队在清晨枪战中挫败了叛乱分子对首都喀布尔的袭击，打死至少六名叛乱分子。
有关官员说，阿富汗军队星期四凌晨突袭了喀布尔东部城区的一处院落，反叛分子在那里集结，准备发动袭击。
反对阿富汗战争的作文英语
反对阿富汗战争的作文英语In the annals of modern warfare, the Afghan War stands as a poignant example of the complexities and the futility that can ensue when military might is pitted against the intricate tapestry of a nation's culture and history. This essay seeks to articulate the reasons why the Afghan War, initiated in response to the September 11 attacks, has been a misguided endeavor that has caused more harm than good.The Human CostThe most immediate and devastating consequence of the Afghan War has been the loss of human life. Thousands of civilians, along with combatants from both sides, have perished in a conflict that has raged for nearly two decades. The civilian casualties, often overlooked in the broader narrative, are a stark reminder of the indiscriminate nature of war and its propensity to inflict suffering on the most vulnerable.The Economic BurdenThe financial cost of the war has been equally staggering. The United States alone has spent billions of dollars on military operations, with little to show for it in terms of long-term stability or peace. These funds could have been better spent on domestic programs that address pressing issues such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, thereby improving the lives of countless citizens.The Strategic FailureStrategically, the Afghan War has been a failure. The initial objective—to dismantle the Al-Qaeda network and deny it a safe haven in Afghanistan—has not been fully achieved. Instead, the conflict has created a power vacuum that has been filled by various factions, some of which are equally,if not more, dangerous than the original adversaries.The Impact on AfghanistanThe war has had a profound impact on Afghanistan itself. The country's social fabric has been torn apart, with millions displaced and entire generations growing up knowing nothing but conflict. The dreams of a peaceful, prosperous Afghanistan have been supplanted by the harsh realities of a nation wracked by violence and instability.The Argument for DiplomacyThis essay posits that diplomacy, rather than military intervention, is the key to resolving conflicts like the one in Afghanistan. Engaging with regional powers and leveraging international pressure could have been a more effective approach to curbing terrorism and fostering a government that respects human rights and the rule of law.The Legacy of the Afghan WarThe legacy of the Afghan War is one of lost opportunities andprofound sorrow. It serves as a cautionary tale about the limits of military power and the importance of understanding the cultural, political, and historical contexts in which conflicts arise.In conclusion, the Afghan War is a stark illustration of the perils of embarking on a military campaign without a clear strategy for success or a comprehensive understanding of the socio-political landscape. It is a call to future policymakers to learn from these mistakes and to prioritize diplomatic solutions that respect the sovereignty and dignity of all nations and their people.。
2019年英语专业四级听力情景素材6
2019年英语专业四级听力情景素材6Five civilians have been killed by a roadside bomb in Afghanistan. They were all passengers in a minivan travelling in Helmand province. Earlier this week, the United Nations said the number of Afghan civilians dying in war-related violence had gone up 15% this year.五名平民在阿富汗一枚路边炸弹爆炸时被杀害。
他们都是赫尔曼得省一辆小型货车的乘客。
本周早些时候，联合国称，今年死于战争相关暴力的阿富汗平民人数已经同比增长了15%。
You’re listening to the World News from the BBC in London.Western and Arab foreign ministers have agreed to recognise the Libyan rebels’ National Transitiona l Council as the country’s legitimate governing authority. The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said the rebel council had given important guarantees on transparency and democratic reform. Kim Ghattas reports from Washington.西方和阿拉伯国家外交部长已经同意承认利比亚叛军国民过渡委员会为合法的执政机构。
美国国务卿希拉里?克林顿称，叛军委员会保证透明执政，并实行民主改革。
军事英语口语系列：地面进攻
军事英语口语系列：地面进攻587. President Bush stated the Iraqis had to begin a large scale withdrawal.布什总统发表声明，要求伊拉克必须从科威特大规模撤军。
588. It was by noon, Washington time, on February 23.时间是华盛顿时间2月23日中午之前。
589. That just meant to announce when the Allied Troops would attack.这等于宣布了多国部队何时发动进攻。
590. Just before dawn on February 24, the whole horizon suddenly began flashing.2月24日黎明前，整个地平线开始闪闪发光。
591. Moments later, shells began screaming and exploding among the Iraqi positions.不一会儿，炮弹呼啸着划破天空，在伊军阵地爆炸开花。
592. Meanwhile, the waves of 50 to 100 planes took off.与此同时，50至100架飞机分波次起飞。
593. They repeatedly dove and added their bombs to the enemy positions.他们轮番俯冲轰炸敌阵地。
594. It was the most massive artillery barrage and air strike.这是最为猛烈的炮火拦截和空袭。
595. The Iraqi soldiers had never experienced such disasters.伊军从未经历过这样的灾难。
596. February 27 was the fourth day of the ground attack.2月27日是地面攻击的第四天。
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军事英语口语系列：阿富汗战争
605. A group of terrorists attacked the United Stated on September 11,2001. 2001年9月11日，一伙恐怖分子袭击了美国。
606. The U.S. counterattacked immediately.
美国立即进行了还击。
607. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries.
阿富汗是最贫穷的国家之一。
608. The U.S. is the most developed country.
美国是最发达的国家。
609. It has been a typical one-sided war.
这是一场典型的单边战争。
610. The war has entered a new stage.
战争进入了一个新阶段。
611. Some officers of the art of war are trying to summarize the lessons learned. 一些致力于战争艺术的军官正试图总结应吸取的经验教训。
612. Waging war against the terrorists is the correct response to defeat terror.
对恐怖分子发动战争是反恐的正确反应。
613. The side that gains information superiority holds an enormous advantage. 取得制信息权的一方占有巨大优势。
614. Information superiority has revolutionized how the U.S. fights its wars.
信息优势已经使美国作战发生了革命性的变化。
615. It is as important today as air superiority has been in past wars.
今天的信息优势如同过去的空中优势一样重要。
616. Successful information fusion can create knowledge dominance in a given operation.
成功的信息融合，能够在特定的行动中形成知识优势。
617. It is used to secure both tactical and strategic military advantages.
并用来确保战略战术上的军事优势。
618. It can also save lives, reduce material losses and dominate the battlefield.
还可以减少伤亡，降低物资损耗，控制战场局势。
619. In Afghanistan the U.S. military dropped many precision-guided missiles and bombs.
在阿富汗，美军投下了很多精确制导导弹和普通炸弹。
620. Combining satellites, missiles and long-range bombers provided stand-off precision fires.
联合使用卫星，导弹，远程轰炸机提供了在敌防空区以外实施的精确打击火力。
621. It froze the enemy ground maneuver.
此举冻结了敌地面行动。
622. The enemy had to disperse and hide in caves.
敌人不得不分散藏身于洞穴之中。
623. Freezing enemy maneuver gave the proxy ground troops the ability to mass.
冻结敌行动，使代理人部队能够集结。
624. It can defeat dispersed and dislocated Taliban forces.
并打败分散混乱的塔利班军队。
Words and Expressions单词和短语
typical a. 典型的
regime n. 政权；政体tyrannical a. 专制的enormous a. 巨大的，庞大的fusion n. 融合
dominance n. 优势
disperse vt. 使分散；疏散dislocate vt. 使混乱。