英文文献翻译 - 中文
英文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Sodium Polyacrylate:Also known as super-absorbent or “SAP”(super absorbent polymer), Kimberly Clark used to call it SAM (super absorbent material). It is typically used in fine granular form (like table salt). It helps improve capacity for better retention in a disposable diaper, allowing the product to be thinner with improved performance and less usage of pine fluff pulp. The molecular structure of the polyacrylate has sodium carboxylate groups hanging off the main chain. When it comes in contact with water, the sodium detaches itself, leaving only carboxylions. Being negatively charged, these ions repel one another so that the polymer also has cross-links, which effectively leads to a three-dimensional structure. It has hige molecular weight of more than a million; thus, instead of getting dissolved, it solidifies into a gel. The Hydrogen in the water (H-O-H) is trapped by the acrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces between the atoms. Electrolytes in the liquid, such as salt minerals (urine contains 0.9% of minerals), reduce polarity, thereby affecting superabsorbent properties, especially with regard to the superabsorbent capacity for liquid retention. This is the main reason why diapers containing SAP should never be tested with plain water. Linear molecular configurations have less total capacity than non-linear molecules but, on the other hand, retention of liquid in a linear molecule is higher than in a non-linear molecule, due to improved polarity. For a list of SAP suppliers, please use this link: SAP, the superabsorbent can be designed to absorb higher amounts of liquids (with less retention) or very high retentions (but lower capacity). In addition, a surface cross linker can be added to the superabsorbent particle to help it move liquids while it is saturated. This helps avoid formation of "gel blocks", the phenomenon that describes the impossibility of moving liquids once a SAP particle gets saturated.History of Super Absorbent Polymer ChemistryUn til the 1980’s, water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based products. Choices were tissue paper, cotton, sponge, and fluff pulp. The water retention capacity of these types of materials is only 20 times their weight – at most.In the early 1960s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer onto the backbone of starch molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”.The USDA gave the technical know how several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).Since Japanese companies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA).Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch & Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan.In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used commercially for the first time –not for soil amendment applications as originally intended –but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.In 1978, Park Davis (d.b.a. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins.Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and Beghin-Say added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark in the USA began to use the material.The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultra-thin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed.Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starch-grafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are cross-linked acrylic homo-polymers (usually Sodium neutralized).Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be cross-linked acrylic-acrylamide co-polymers (usually Potassium neutralized).Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers commercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging.Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.ApplicationsAcrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ∙Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ∙Thickening agents∙Coatings∙Fake snowSuper absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as "Super Absorbents" and "Water Crystals", and are used in baby diapers. Copolymerversions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA.译文聚丙烯酸钠聚丙烯酸钠，又可以称为超级吸收剂或者又叫高吸水性树脂，凯博利克拉克教授曾经称它为SAM即：超级吸收性物质。
国际贸易对碳排放的影响外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The effects of international trade on Chinese carbon emissionsB Wei ，X Fang ，Y WangAbstractInternational trade is an important impact factor to the carbon emissions of a country. As the rapid development of Chinese foreign trade since its entry into the WTO in 2002, the effects of international trade on carbon emissions of China are more and more significant. Using the recent available input-output tables of China and energy consumption data, this study estimated the effects of Chinese foreign trade on carbon emissions and the changes of the effects by analyzing the emissions embodied in trade between 2002 and 2007. The results showed a more and more significant exporting behavior of embodied carbon emissions in Chinese international trade. From 2002 to 2007, the proportion of net exported emissions and domestic exported emissions in domestic emissions increased from 18.32% to 29.79% and from 23.97% to 34.76%, respectively. In addition, about 22.10% and 32.29% of the total imported emissions were generated in processing trade in 2002 and 2007, respectively, which were imported and later exported emissions. Although, most of the sectors showed a growth trend in imported and exportedemissions, sectors of electrical machinery and communication electronic equipment, chemical industry, and textile were still the biggest emission exporters, the net exported emissions of which were also the largest. For China and other developing countries, technology improvement may be the most favorable and acceptable ways to reduce carbon emissions at present stage. In the future negotiations on emissions reduction, it would be more fair and reasonable to include the carbon emissions embodied in international trade when accounting the total emissions of an economy. Keywords: input-output analysis, carbon emissions, international trade, ChinaIntroductionGlobal warming has been considered an indisputable fact. The main reason is that the warming of the global climate system is due to the continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the result of human activities (IPCC, 2007). In order to avoid the possible negative impact on human society's global warming, a series of measures have been taken to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to slow down global warming. However, around the CO2 emission reduction and the future allocation of carbon emission rights, the game plays a different interest group.With the development of globalization, the impact on the international trade of the environment is becoming more and moresignificant, including the potential impact of carbon emissions from geographical relocation. Many researchers estimate that it is reflected in international trade in certain countries as well as in the world economy (Wykoff and Rupp, carbon emissions in 1994; Schaefer and Lealdesa, 1996, Machado et al., 2001 Year; Munksgaard, Peder and Sen, 2001; Ahmed and Wykov, 2003; Sanchez-Chóliz and Duarte, 2004; Peters and Hess, 2006, 2008; Mäenpää et al, 2007; Keman et al., 2007). The general conclusion is that in a more open economy, the impact of large foreign trade on the carbon emissions of a country. In addition, all these studies have pointed out that import and export trade cannot ignore a relatively open economy; otherwise, energy and carbon emissions figures may be seriously distorted by this economy (Machado et al., 2001). In terms of total volume, the value of China’s trade surplus increased from US$30.43 billion in 2002 to US$261.83 billion in 2007 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). The rapid growth of China’s foreign trade will have a significant effect on China’s carbon emissions.As one of the countries with the highest carbon emissions, China is facing increasing pressure to reduce emissions. However, China is also a big country in international trade. The rapid development of China’s economy has led to steady growth in foreign trade. From 1997 to 2002, China’s total import and export value increased by an average annual growth rate of 14.35%. Since joining the World Trade Organization, theaverage annual growth rate of China’s trade has jumped to 28.64%. From 2002 to 2007, the value of exports compared with 2002, it increased by 2.7 times in 2007 to reach US$1.2177.8 billion. Imports also soared to US$955.95 billion in 2007, which was 2.2 times higher than the 2002 imports. In terms of total volume, the value of China’s trade surplus increased from US$30.43 billion in 2002 to US$261.83 billion in 2007 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). The rapid growth of China’s foreign trade will have a significant effect on China’s carbon emissions.However, quantitative assessment of the impact of China's international trade in energy use and carbon emissions has only recently begun. Estimates from the IEA (2007) show that China's domestic production and export of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for 34% of total emissions, and if it is used in 2004, the weighted average carbon intensity of commodity countries imported from China is estimated. China's net exports of EM-rich CO2 may be more than 17% of total emissions in 2004 (Levin, 2008). Using a single-area input-output model, Pan et al. (2008) estimated that their production of energy and emissions in 2002 accounted for 16% and 19% of China’s net exports of primary energy consumption, respectively, in 2002. In the input-output analysis, China reported that the discharge volume of pre-grid discharges to the United States accounted for about 5%. Weber et al. (2008), ESTI mating production exported from China's carbon dioxide emissions from1987 to 2005. In 2005, about one-third of China's emissions were due to production exports, and this proportion has risen from 12% in 1987 to 21% in 2002. In developed countries, consumption is driving this trend. Wei et al.'s estimation (2009a) also found that the presence of emissions in China's economy in 2002 reflected significant export behavior; in addition, subsequent exports (processing trade played by EMIS--) were total imports of 20 %the above. In addition, using a multi-area input-output model, Peters and Hewei (2008) also found that export emissions represented 24.4% of China's domestic emissions, and the proportion of imports in 2001 was only 6.6%. A similar study by Atkinson et al. (2009) also shows that China is a net exporter of carbon emissions in international trade. In recent years, using ecological input-output based on physical access programs, MOD-Y eling, Chen and Chen (2010) estimated that in 2007 China's export of carbon dioxide emissions and total energy were respectively 32.31% and 33.65% of total emissions.Both the United States and European countries are major importers of China’s export carbon emissions. Using the economic input-output life cycle assessment software, Ruihe Harris (2006) found that about 7% of China’s carbon dioxide emissions from exports to the United States during the period of 1997-2003 were produced by 14% of the total; the US’s CO2 emissions will At 3%-6%, if increased imports from Chinahave been produced in the United States. AP-walking a similar approach, Lee Hewitt found that bilateral trade between the United Kingdom and China (2008) produced about 4% of CO2 emissions. In 2004, China's CO2 emissions were for the UK market to produce goods and the UK trade decreased. About 11%. Weber et al. (2008) also found that most of China’s recent export emissions went to developed countries, approximately 27% of the United States, 19% of the EU-27, and 14% of the remaining Annex B countries, mainly Japan and Australia. And New Zealand. Recently, Xu et al. (2009) studied the impact of energy consumption and exhaust emissions on the environment. From 2002 to 2007, the use of environmental input-output analysis and adjustment of bilateral trade data reflected trade in the East (from China to the United States). Zhang (2009) has also obtained similar results. Energy and CO2 account for about 12% and 17% of China's energy consumption, and China's CO2 emissions are 8% and 12%, respectively.Although China's international trade is a meaningful research on carbon emissions, further related research is necessary because of the rapid development of China's foreign trade, especially the development of processing trade. According to statistics (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008), the export share of processing trade has been more than 50% of total exports since 1996. In 2002 and 2007, the share of processing trade reached 55.26% and 50.71%, which will be processing trade. Thenecessary distinction between the impact of general trade and China's carbon emissions.Since China's input-output table is only 5 years, we have chosen from 2002 (entry to the WTO) to 2007 (the latest issue), and China's international trade input-output table has impact on carbon emissions with the view of the last requirement of this paper. Influence changes. In addition, we distinguish between domestic processing trade and import investment in the assessment of production processes (import emissions and re-exports), which will help us to further understand the impact of international trade on emissions status. In this study, we tried to answer three questions: 1) What is the net emissions generated by foreign trade in China as a big country's foreign trade? 2) China from 2002 to 2007, International How does trade affect carbon emissions? 3) From 2002 to 2007, which departments were the major emitters of China's import and export trade and their roles?Uncertainty in the calculation of carbon emissionsThe calculation of emissions from China's trade reflects a certain degree of uncertainty. One is that the input-output analysis itself has many inherent uncertainties (more discussion in Lenzen, 2001). Based on an input-output table for China's single region, it allows us to obtain a relatively accurate assessment of the emissions that are reflected in China's exports, but this error may be more pronounced when estimatingthe emissions of goods and services exported to China. (Lenzen , 2001; Lenzen et al., 2004). Another important factor of uncertainty is that the calculations come from different regions, which may underestimate the method of importing the carbon intensity factor that is reflected in the import of larger proportion of finished product producing countries and tertiary industries, and the smaller proportion of secondary industries. In addition, the method of pro-grade introduction of the column will inevitably result in some errors in order to obtain a matrix from the inlet of the original import and export table.At present, for reasons of data availability, we cannot fully quantify the accuracy of our calculations, but preliminary estimates suggest that the use of more accurate data results from research will not significantly change the conclusions of this analysis. These restrictions will be improved through the use of multi-zone import and export tables and out-of-zone more detailed industry carbon intensity and sector-to-sector production processes in the future for detailed analysis.Understand the impact of international trade on carbon emissions in ChinaFrom 2002 to 2007, the impact of foreign trade on China’s carbon emissions has greatly expanded. It may be largely related to two factors. The first is the coal-based energy consumption structure. The secondary industry-based production structure will maintain high domestic energyintensity. In 2002, the coal consumption exchange was only 66.3% of the total energy consumption. The 44.8% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) is due to the secondary industry in 2002 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). In 2007, related stock prices rose as high as 69.5% and 48.6%, respectively, which will lead to the fact that the unit exports are higher than the carbon emissions reflected in unit imports. The second factor, which may be a more important factor, is the rapid growth of export trade. From 2002 to 2007, China’s exports increased by 246.80%, while imports increased by 199.97% (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Export growth is significantly higher than imports, which may lead to a sharp increase in net exports. Decomposition analysis using input and output structures, Liu et al. (2010) also found that the total export expansion of export and energy-intensive products tends to expand, reflecting the export of energy from 1992 to 2005, but the improvement and change of energy efficiency in the primary energy consumption structure can offset part of the impact on export energy. The above driving force is implemented.Although, based on the coal-based energy consumption structure, the carbon dioxide emissions produced by the secondary industry-based production structure, the more important role, it may be difficult for China to adjust because of its endowment characteristics, and in a very short time Its structural characteristics and its current economicdevelop ment stage. In addition, the expansion of China’s foreign trade, including the expansion of the trade surplus, is mainly the result of the market economy’s maximizing its comparative advantage. The development-replacement of China's economy not only provided many of the world's goods and services, but also reduced the nation's production-based relative costs in developed countries. China’s foreign trade has always played an important role in the development of the world economy, due to its huge market, stable government system and abundant cheap labor. Therefore, it can be argued that at the current stage, for China's better methods to reduce the impact of international trade on national or global CO2 emissions should be to improve its production technology, reduce the intensity of energy consumption as a whole, not only to control China The amount of foreign trade. In addition, the imported goods from China should take part in China's carbon emission responsibilities, because the CON-consumer demand of foreign consumers has generated a large amount of China's carbon emissions, especially for consumers in developed countries.ConclusionDespite some uncertainties in this study, most areas produced from the details of the data, we can conclude that international trade has a significant impact on China's carbon emissions, and changed the impact of time on going. Compared with 2002 emissions, domestic exportemissions in 2007 increased from 267.07 MTC to 718.31 MTC, with a speed increase of over 160%; net exports also increased correspondingly, from 204.08 MTC up to 615.65 MTC, over 200% growth rate Now. From 23.97% in 2002, the share of domestic emissions from domestic emissions jumped to 34.76% in 2007. The share of pre-net transplants that exceeded domestic emissions also rose from 18.32% in 2002 to 29.79% in 2007. The results show that more and more significant net export behaviors of implied carbon emissions exist in China's economy and processing trade have more and more significant effects on carbon emissions.Regardless of the emissions of imported emissions or exports, most industries showed a growth trend in 2007. Compared with 2002, emissions although the sectoral emissions have changed for the entire economy from 2002 to 2002, The impact, of which the largest percentage of imported major department or China's export emissions remain unchanged. The largest import emissions (all or actual imports) come from the industries of electrical machinery and communications electronics, chemicals, smelting and rolling plus metals. Electrical machinery and communications electronics equipment, chemicals, textiles and other sectors are the largest emitters of exports, net exports of which are also the largest. Technological progress may be the most favorable and acceptable way for China and other developing countries toreduce their carbon emissions. Considering that the world’s largest carbon emissions and the recent increase in emissions are in developing countries, the historical responsibility for the current responsibilities, developed countries should also take more efforts to help developing countries reduce their carbon emissions. Economic growth through technical assistance And financial support. In the car's list of future emissions reductions, which include the total economic output, the carbon emissions reflected in international trade will be fair and reasonable.中文译文国际贸易对中国碳排放的影响: 一份具有经验性的分析作者：B Wei ，X Fang ，Y Wang摘要国际贸易是一个国家碳排放量重要的影响因素,自2002年加入世贸组织,中国对外贸易的快速发展对碳排放的影响越来越显著。
英文文献用翻译
Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 and over【老年人, 80以上】Catheterization, Central Venous/*instrumentation/methods【*导管插入术, 中心静脉/*仪器/方法】Cost-Benefit Analysis【费用效益分析】Equipment Design【设备设计】Equipment Failure【设备失效】Equipment Safety【设备安全性】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】Infusion Pumps, Implantable/adverse effects/*economics【*输注泵, 植入型/副作用/*经济学】Male【男(雄)性】Middle Aged【中年人】Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology【*肿瘤/*药物疗法/病理学】Probability【概率】Prospective Studies【前瞻性研究】Risk Assessment【危险性评估】Sensitivity and Specificity【敏感性与特异性】Treatment Outcome【治疗结果】Vascular Patency【血管未闭】Venous Thrombosis/prevention & control【静脉血栓形成】Adolescent【青少年】Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 andover【老年人, 80以上】AntineoplasticAgents/*administration& dosage【*抗肿瘤药】*Catheters,Indwelling/adverseeffects/economics【*导管, 留置/副作用/经济学】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】*Infusion Pumps,Implantable/adverse。
英文文献及翻译
Recycling Economics: Higher Costs Are An Illusion Hidden CostsM.A.CokeMany people are surprised when they discover their community may pay more for a curbside recycling program than for regular trash pickup. They ask why - in some cases - they must pay more to give their recyclables to someone who will sell them? This leads many people to believe that recycling is not economical. One reason recycling appears to be uneconomical is that some people already pay a higher cost for trash disposal than they realize. Some local governments pay fees to hauling companies, transfer stations, or landfills out of local tax revenue. That lowers the direct cost to residents and businesses, making the regular trash pickup appear to be less expensive than it really is. But when recycling programs begin, residents usually directly pay the full cost of recycling. This can distort the cost comparisons between the recycling program and disposing of trash at landfills. Depletion Costs Recycling also is economical because costs associated with future disposal are avoided. One of these avoided costs is for landfill depletion. Landfills have limited space, and so can receive a limited amount of trash. When it is full, it must be replaced by another landfill that is generally more expensive to operate and maintain. This is due to higher costs of complying with environmental regulations, higher expenses in siting a new location, buying or allocating land, constructing the landfill, operational expenses, and long-term maintenance costs after the landfill is closed. Additionally, the new landfill may be further away than the old landfill, increasing transportation costs. Generally, a new landfill costs more than an older one. Paying the higher cost at a new landfill is avoided by keeping the older landfill open longer. Recycling and other waste-reducing methods keep the older landfill open longer. Because these avoided costs are not seen when people pay the bills, they do not usually think of the savings recycling produces. Environmental Costs Recycling is economical in several ways related to manufacturing processes. Recycling cuts down on waste produced by processing raw materials into usable forms. For example, recycling aluminum reduces mining wastes, processing wastes, and emissions produced by extracting the aluminum from the ore. Recycling usually requires less refining than raw materials. For example, it takes much less energy to melt down an aluminum can to make another aluminum can than to process the raw materials to make a can. This cuts down on chances for environmental damage and conserves our natural resources. With any product, the costs of cleaning up wastes and limitingemissions usually are passed on to consumers who purchase the product. But sometimes damage to the environment is not realized for years, is difficult to attribute to certain industries, or is caused by a combination of many industries. Acid rain is one example of this type of environmental damage. The costs of dealing with this pollution are hard to assess, but are paid for by everyone in efforts to improve the environment.Energy SavingsManufacturing products from recycled material also can save energy. The energy required to produce one aluminum can is equal to the energy embodied in the amount of gasoline it takes to fill the can half full.While recycling saves energy, that does not always mean that industries save money by using recycled materials. Labor costs for recycled products are often higher than those used in processing virgin material. Materials recovered from curbside collection, drop-off centers, and material recovery facilities must be separated, cleaned, and processed.Making a product from recycled material may require new or retrofitted equipment and other capital expenditures while virgin material supplies and equipment needed to produce most goods already exist.But since recycling saves energy, it also cuts down on pollution emitted by utilities and the companies themselves. When energy is used, the price of the resulting pollution is passed on to all energy consumers in their utility bills. Due to the new clean air law, utility companies must comply with tougher standards in reducing pollutants they release while producing energy. The cost of compliance is usually passed on to each energy consumer.If energy use is reduced by methods such as recycling, less pollution is produced. That reduces everyone's cost in terms of paying to reduce pollution and in limiting damage to natural resources.Once the long-term costs and advantages are weighed, recycling does make economic sense. Using resources wisely is always economical..循环经济学:较高的成本是一个错觉隐藏的费用M.A.Coke许多人都很惊讶当他们发现他们的社区可能多支付一个路边废物回收程序要比普通垃圾的猎物。
英文文献中文翻译
合成新型硅改性聚酰亚胺Ewa Biaáecka-Florjanzyk, Andrzej Orzeszko农业大学，中国科学院化学研究所，ul.Nowoursynowska 159C ，02-787华沙，波兰电子邮件：orzeszkoa@delta.sggw.waw.pl收稿日期：2001年5月27日/修订版：2002年5月31日/接受日期：2002年6月10日总结从系列新聚（聚硅氧烷酰亚胺），N，N - dialkenylimides和1,1,3,3 - 四甲基通过polyhydrosilylation合成。
得到的聚合物从对苯二酚双[（N-allylphthalimide ）-4 -羧酸]表明液晶属性。
其液晶相范围在107- 197 °C。
介绍聚酰亚胺和聚醯亚胺被称为耐高温材料和良好的透明度（1,2）。
不幸的是，这些聚合物是非常难处理的，它们溶于多数有机溶剂。
聚酰亚胺目前的处理问题和相当大的努力仍在致力于改善这些性能。
一些方法已被用来克服这个难题，同时保持它们高的热稳定。
这些措施包括插入柔性基团如乙烯或甲基链（3,4）。
此外，使用单体或大的悬挂的基团杂在主链来提高高分子的溶解度和处理。
另一方面，含硅聚合物是众所周知的可溶性物质。
他们还具有热塑性，并表现出良好的附着力。
把柔性硅基连接刚性的酰亚胺单元显著提高聚酰亚胺的加工性能。
聚（硅氧烷酰亚胺），PSIS，通常是通过缩合合成的含硅单体（1,5-7），即二胺或二酐。
我们建议另一个可能性，典型的含硅聚合反应，polyhydrosilylation酰亚胺双端烯烃组。
硅氢加成反应，即增加一个硅烷烯，在有机硅化学中是一个重要的反应。
它可以进行热或在各种催化剂中使用，例如hexachloroplatinic酸，二氯（内双环戊二烯）铂金或铂金四甲基divinyldisiloxane（PTDD）（9-12）。
在本研究中，我们合成了一系列新的聚酰亚胺，下面给出的一般公式进行酰亚胺基团和1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane单元。
英文文献及翻译
Geotextile reinforced by soft soil1. IntroductionGeotextile known, it has high tensile strength, durability, corrosion resistance, texture, flexibility, combined with good sand, to form reinforced composite foundation, effectively increase the shear strength , tensile properties, and enhance the integrity and continuity of soil. Strengthening mechanism for the early 60's in the 20th century, Henri Vidal on the use of triaxial tests found a small amount of fiber in the sand, the soil shear strength can improve the image of more than 4 times in recent years, China's rock Laboratory workers also proved in the reinforced sand can effectively improve the soil's bearing capacity, reduce the vertical ground settlement, effectively overcome the poor soil and continuity of overall poor performance. As with the above properties of reinforced soil and the characteristics of its low price, so the project has broad application prospects.2.1 Project OverviewThe proposed retaining wall using rubble retaining wall of gravity, the wall is 6 meters high, the bearing capacity of foundation soil required to 250kPa, while the basement geology from the top down as follows: ①clay to a thickness of 0.7 to 2 meters saturated, soft plastic; ② muddy soil, about 22 - 24 meters thick, saturated, mainly plastic flow, local soft plastic; ③ sand layer to a thickness of 5 to 10 meters, containing silty soil and organic matter, saturated, slightly wet; ④ gravel layer, the thickness of the uneven distribution points, about 0 to 2.2 meters, slightly dense; ⑤ weathered sandstone. Including clay and silty soil bearing capacity is 70kPa, obviously do foundation reinforcement.2.2 Enhanced Treatment of reinforced foundation cushion Reinforcement replacement method can be used for sand and gravel used forsoil treatment, but due to loose bedding, based on past experience, witha gravel mat to treat a large settlement of the foundation always exist, even the characteristics of poor, often resulting in cracks in the superstructure, differential settlement of the image, this works for6-meter-high rubble retaining walls, height and large, and because the walls are 3 meters high wall, if there is differential settlement of retaining walls, cracks, will result in more serious consequences and thus should be used on the cushion reinforcement through economic and technical analysis, decide on the sand and gravel stratum were reinforced hardening. Reinforcement treatment method: first the design elevation and the basement excavation to 200mm thick layer of gravel bedding, and then capped with a layer of geotextile, and then in the thick sand and gravel on the 200, after leveling with the yellow sand using roller compaction; second with loaded bags of sand and gravel laying of geotextile, the gap filled with slag, geotextile bags capped 100 thick gravel, roller compaction. Its on repeat laying geotextile → → compacted gravel, until the design thickness of the cushion, the bridge is 1 m thick cushion, a total of 4 layers of geotextile, two bags of sand.This method works fast, simple machine, investment, after years of use, that reinforce good effect, building and construction units are satisfied.3 ExperienceTo achieve the reinforced soil reinforcement effect, must be reinforced earth construction technology, construction strict quality control: 1, geotextile should increase the initial pre-stress, and its end should be a reliable anchor to play the tensile strength of geotextile, anchoring more firmly, more capacity to improve, the foundation of the stress distribution more uniform, geotextile side Ministry of fixed length by laying end to ensure the fold, the folded end wrapped sand to increase its bond strength to ensure that the use will not be pulled out duringthe period.Second, the construction process have a significant effect on the reinforcement effect, the construction should be as soon as possible so that geotextile in tension, tensile strength geotextile can be played only when the deformation, so do not allow construction of geotextile crease occurs, the earth Fabric tension leveling as much as possible. Geotextile in order to have enough by the early Dutch strain, according to the following procedure works: ① laying geotextile; ② leveled the tension at both ends; both ends of the folded package gravel and sand filling at both ends; ③ center fill sand; ④ 2 higher end of sand; ⑤ Finally, the center of sand filling. Click here to enable the construction method of forming corrugated geotextile being stretched as soon as possible, to play a role in the early loaded.Third, the construction of geotextile-reinforced cushion should the level of shop using geotextile geotextile and laying of gravel bags cushion the turn to play bag cushion integrated turn out good, flexural rigidity, and dispersion of good and peace bedding layer of the overall continuity of good advantages.4 ConclusionGeotextile reinforced by soft soil is an effective, economical, safe, reliable, simple method, but the literature describes only qualitative, experience more components, yet the lack of rigorous The theoretical formula, reliable test data to be adequate, these are yet to be theoretical workers and the general engineering and technical personnel continue to explore.土工织物加筋垫层加固软土地基1. 引言土工织物又称土工聚合物，它具有高抗拉强度，耐久性、耐腐蚀性，质地柔韧，能与砂土很好地结合，组合成加筋土复合地基，有效地提高土的抗剪强度、抗拉性能，增强土体的整体性和连续性。
英文文献中文翻译
工作过程中，一些几乎镰刀形的工作空间被封闭在螺旋位移体和气缸的两个圆周壁间的 气体容积空间中。如此，气体从入气口进入，通过缸容积的不断缩小，伴随着工作介质 压力的增加，进而从出气口排出。 在这个已知的机械中，有两个偏心装置被隔开一定距离放置，其中一个能被驱动轴 所驱动。这使得在静态轴承的正常运转过程中能保证在转子位置的上下死点处有积极的 引导。 为了使旋转体得到确切的引导， 在旋转体的死点位置一根导轴也被安装在外壳内， 另外有两个通过传动装置 （一般由齿状传送带构成） 力封闭安装在驱动轴上的平衡装置。 驱动旋转体的主轴中心安装并对称布置了两个平衡块，以使偏心轴承得到保护。这 种平衡块的角位置通常由键来保证。该连接，键的位置在加工问题上是次要的问题。因 为首要条件——装置的平衡运转，要求键有精确的角位置。
则与轴表面在径向的最低点平齐。半径 rW 的选择（在任何情况下应大于轴径）现在则提供 了一种决定面积δA 的方法。 这样有类似椭圆形孔的平衡块 20 能够装入支承座 40。这些平衡件，如烧结零件或低厚 度的冲压件等一个接一个排布安装在轴上构成平衡块。 在这种情况下， 最接近偏心装置的那 些零件就能够装在一个简单的滑块支座上， 并且只有正对于偏心装置， 零件才能被压到轴上。 所有作例说明的原件在图 3 所示的位移机械中都有展示 （解释这个压缩机的工作， 由于 不是本发明的主要课题，请参见 DE-C3-2 603 462） 。接下来的内容，为了解这个发明，只 有机器的结构和工艺步骤是值得简要描述的。 该机械的转动部分由 1 来总体指示。 在碟形件 2 的两侧， 在每个缸中有两个螺旋延伸位 移体相互 180°反向布置。这是垂直安装布于碟形件 2 上的位移体 3,3′。而这些螺旋体， 通常则是由众多相互毗邻的圆弧线构成。 碟形件 2 通过 4 所指示的毂安装在滚动轴承 22 上。 轴承自身则安装在作为驱动轴 24 一部分的偏心盘 3 上。在位移体 3 及 3′外放射状布置着 用于调节安装偏心轴承 26 的位于导向轴承 25 的一个孔 5。 这个导向轴承一方面也是导轴 27 的一部分。 机器的外壳由 7 和 7′两部分组成，它们通过孔 8 的螺栓连接在一起。相互呈 180°布 置的传递空间 11 及 11′以螺旋槽的形式在两部分壳体中被加工出来。传递空间从布置在壳 体内螺旋槽外圆周出的入气口延伸到壳体内侧的出气口。 它们有几乎平行的相互之间距离相 等的缸壁，且形状接近于 360°螺旋线或像碟形位移体 2 一样。在缸壁之间装有与之贴合的 位移体 3 及 3′。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)
外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
激励机制英文文献及翻译
英文文献及翻译1. One of the p ri nciple s: i nce ntives to vary fro m perso n to pe rso n Because o f the differe nt needs of diffe re nt s ta ff, the refo re, the same i nce nti ve effec ts of po lic y inc e nti ves will pla y a differe nt. Eve n wi th a s ta ff, at differe nt ti mes or circ ums ta nces, wi ll ha ve diffe re nt needs. Beca use of i nce nti ves depe ndi ng o n the internal and the s ubjec ti ve fee li ngs of the sta ff a re, there fo re, i nce ntive to va ry from perso n to pers o n.In the fo rmula tio n a nd imp le me ntatio n of i nce nti ve po licies, we must firs t i nves tiga te ea c h e mp lo yee clearly wha t is rea llyreq uired. Req uired to orga ni ze, cla ssify, a nd the n to formulate appropria te policies to he lp mo ti vate e mplo yees to me et these needs.2. Two pri ncip les: app rop riate ince nti vesAppropria te i nce nti ves a nd pe na lties wi ll no t affec t the i nce nti ve effe ct, whi le i nc reasi ng the cos t of i nce ntives. A ward o ve rweig ht emplo yees wo uld ha ve to meet the mood of p ride a nd lost the desire to further e nha nce their o wn; re wa rd ince nti ves too lig ht wi ll no t a c hie ve the effec t, o r s o e mplo yees do not ha ve a se nse of atte ntio n. Hea vy pe na lties a re unfair to make emp lo ye es, o r loss of the comp a ny's ide nti ty, o r e ve n s lo w down o r da mage arisi ngfro m the emo tio ns; le nie nc y erro r will undere stimate theserio us ness o f the sta ff, whic h will prob ably make the sa me mistake.3. The p rinciple of three: fairnessThe fai rness of the ma nage me nt s ta ff are a very importa nt principle, e mp lo yees are a ny unfair trea tme nt wi ll a ffe ct his mood and wo rk e fficienc y, a nd e ffecti ve ness o f the i mpact o f i nce ntives. Emplo ye es to obtai n the sa me sco re, we mus t recei ve the sa me le ve l o f ince nti ve s; the sa me toke n, emp lo ye es c ommitted the same e rror, b ut also s ho uld be s ub jec t to the sa me le ve l o fpunis hme nt. If yo u ca n no t do this, ma nage rs wo uld pre fe r no t to rewa rd or p unis hme nt.Ma nagers dea l wi th emp lo yees a t iss ue, mus t ha ve a fair mi nd, sho uld no t ha ve a ny p rejudices a nd p refe re nce s. Altho ug h so me staff ma y a llow yo u to e njo y, some yo u do not e njo y, b ut at work, must be trea ted eq ually a nd s ho uld not ha ve a ny o f the wo rds a nd acts of i njustice.1. S timulate the tra nsfe r o f sta ff fro m the res ults o f eq ua l to eq ual opportuni ties a nd s trive to crea te a le ve l pla yi ng field.For e xa mp le, Wu S hi ho ng at IB M from a clea n s tart wi th the people, s tep b y step to the sa les c lerk to the district perso n i n cha rge, Ge nera l Ma nage r o f Chi na, wha t a re the reaso ns for this? In addi tion to i ndi vidual effo rts, b ut a lso said tha t IB M s ho uld be a good co rpora te c ulture to a stage o f d e velopme nt, that is,eve ryo ne has unlimited oppo rtuni ties fo r de velop me nt, as lo ng a s there is capacity there will be space fo r the de ve lopme nt ofself-imp le me nta tio n, whic h is to do a lot o f co mpa nies are not, this syste m will undo ub ted ly ins pire a g reat role o f the s taff.2. Inspire the best time to grasp.- Take s aim a t p re-orde r i nce nti ve the mis sion to ad va nceince nti ves.- Ha ve Diffic ulties e mp lo yees, desire to ha ve s tro ng de ma nd, to give the ca re a nd time ly e nco urageme nt.3. Wa nt a fai r a nd acc ura te i nce nti ve, re ward- So und, perfec t pe rforma nce appraisa l s ys tem to e ns ure appropria te assess me nt sc ale, fair a nd re aso nab le.- Ha ve to o ve rco me the re is thi nni ng of the huma n pro-wind.- In re fere nc e sa la ry, p romo tio ns, a wa rds, e tc.评优i nvo lve thevi tal i nte res ts of emp lo yees o n ho t i s s ues i n order to be fai r.4. The imp le me nta tio n of Emp lo yee Sto ck Owners hip P la n.Worke rs a nd e mp lo yees i n o rder to do uble the c apacity o finves tors, mo re co nce rned a bo ut the o utco me of b usi nessoperatio ns a nd imp ro ve the i nitiati ve.Modern huma n reso urces ma nag eme nt e xperie nce a nd re searc h sho ws that emp lo ye es a re involved i n mode rn ma nage me ntreq uire me nts a nd aspira tio ns, a nd c rea te a nd p ro videopportuni ties fo r all emplo yees is to mobi li ze the m to pa rticipa te in the ma nage me nt o f a n e ffecti ve wa y to e nthusiasm. There is no doub t tha t very few peop le participate d i n the disc ussio ns o f the act a nd i ts o wn witho ut i nce nti ves. There fore, to a llow tradeunio ns to participate i n the ma nage me nt o f p rope rly, ca n mo ti vate work ers, b ut a lso the s ucce ss of the e nterp rise to ob tain va luab le kno wledge. Thro ug h participatio n, the fo rmatio n of trade unio nson the e nterprise a s e nse of be lo ngi ng, ide nti ty, se lf-e stee m a nd can further mee t the ne eds o f s elf-rea li zatio n. Se t up a nd impro ve emplo yee p articipatio n i n ma nageme nt, the ra tio nali za tio n of the proposed s ys tem a nd the E mplo yee S tock Owne rs hip a ndstre ng the ni ng leaders hip a t a ll le ve ls a nd the e xc ha nge of communica tio n a nd e nha nce the a ware ne ss o f staff to participate in o wne rs hip.5. Ho no r i nce nti veStaff a ttitude a nd co ntrib ution o f labo r to ho nor rewa rds, s uc h as recog nitio n of the mee ting, iss ued certifica te, ho nor ro ll, i n the compa ny's i nterna l a nd e xte rna l p ublicity o n the media repo rts, ho me visi ts co ndo le nces, vi sit sig htseei ng, co nva lesce nce,trai ni ng o ut o f trai ni ng, ac cess to recomme nd ho nor socie ty, selec ted sta rs mode l, s uc h as clas s.6. Co nce rned abo ut the ince nti vesThe staff co ncerned abo ut work a nd li fe, s uc h as the sta ff se t up the birthda y tab le, birthda y ca rds, ge nera l ma nage r of the iss ue of staff, c are s taff or diffic ult a nd p rese nted a sma ll gi ft s ympathy. 7. Co mpeti ti veThe pro mo tion o f e nte rprise amo ng e mp lo yees, de partme nts compete o n a n eq ua l foo ting be twee n the ord erly a nd the s urvi val of the fi ttes t.8. The mate rial i nce nti vesIncrea se their wages, we lfa re, i ns ura nce, b o nuses, i nce nti veho use s, daily ne cessities, wage s p romo tio n.9. Informatio n i nce ntivesEnterp rises to communica te o fte n, i nformatio n amo ng e mplo yees, the idea of co mmunica tio n, i nfo rma tio n s uc h as co nfere nc es, field relea se, e nterp rises repo rte d that the repo rti ng s ys tem, the associatio n ma nage r to re cei ve the s ys tem da te.附录二：翻译1. 原则之一：激励要因人而异由于不同员工的需求不同，所以，相同的激励政策起到的激励效果也会不尽相同。
英文文献及中文翻译
REVISTA BOLIVIANA DE QUÍMICA VOLUMEN 25, No.1 - 2008DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDSCONTENT AND THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF ANDEAN TUBERS AND ROOTS (OCA, ULLUCO AND ARRACACHA)Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl ca Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia,b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology, Lund University, Lund-SwedenKey Words: Andean tubers, oca, ulluco, roots of arracacha, Total Antioxidant Capacity, ABTS, FRAP,Total Phenolic Compounds.ABSTRACTFour species of Andean tubers, isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and roots of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), were studied for the quantification of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPH). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using ABTS and FRAP methods, and the total phenolics compounds were measured using the Folin & Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant capacity found in the tubers and root studied ranged from 0.35 to 11.8 μmol trolox equiv/g dry sample, and phenolics ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μmol gallic acid equiv./g dry sample. In genera l black isaño tubers showed the highest values of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds compared with the other tubers.INTRODUCTIONThe interest in natural antioxidants has increased considerably in recent years because many antioxidants exhibit beneficial biological effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiallergic, antithrombotic and because they arelinked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer disease [1]. The Andean habitantshave been using tubers and roots such as isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha for their medicinal and nutritionalproperties since remote times. The diversity of tubers growing in the Andean region at altitudes between 2000 and4200 m above sea level shows a large variability in size, color, form, primary nutrient constituents and secondary metabolites [2, 3, 4]. Bolivia is well known for its ample diversity of genetic recourses of potential utility for the humanity. The traditions and the diversity of cultivation constitutes an important source of knowledge that must be systematized and utilized by means of different actions. Andean tubers have a big importance for the food supply and economy of the people living in the Andean region who eat isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha both fresh and dry. The unfavorable climate at high altitudes only permits a limited number of cultivars. They are also used in folk medicine [5]. These mostly unproven medicinal properties could in part be attributed to the antioxidants present in these tubers. The objective of this study was to provide new data regarding Andean tubers and roots from Bolivia as asource of antioxidant compoundsRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTotal Antioxidant Capacity of Andean tubersThe TAC values measured in the polar and non-polar extracts from seven samples by the ABTS and FRAP methodsare shown in Table 1and 2. The highest TAC value was observed in black isaño in the methanol extract.1esTScuthAPds meIntermediatte values were found in yellow isaño, yellow oca, arracach and dappled ulluco, and lowwer TAC value. were demonstrateed in pink oca and pink ulluuco. For black isaño higher TAC values were obtained in the polar fraactions (methanol and ethyl acetaate) than in the non-polar fractions (dichloroomethane and petroleum etheer) by the ABT and FRAP methhods. The TAC values of the calibration urves showed good reproducibbility (Figure 1,2) by both meethods. Data from FRAP displayyed a linear corrrelation with TPH data for the 28 extracts (r =0.96; Figuure 3). Similar linear correlations have also beeen observed in previous studie [6]. The TAC values obtainned for Andean tuber samples usingthe FRAP method were in most, but not in all cases, higgher than those obtained with the ABTS methhod. In black isaaño the highest valuues was found by the ABTS method in the methanol extract as well as in he total value of TAC.Figure 1: Calibration currve obtained by FRA method on diffeferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as Trolox Equivalents/L (TE)Figure 2: Calibration currve obtained by ABBTS method on diffferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as trolox equivalent s/L (TE)Figure 3:: Relation betweenn TAC-FRAP and TPH measuremennts in the 28 extraccts of 7 andean tubers.FRAP and ABTS method have been ussed for analysis of TAC in diffferent kinds of foods and som data on tubeers and roots are avvailable [7, 8]. Previous TAC values on tubeers were approxx. 0.27 – 3.03 µmol/g fresh ssample and 0.9 – 14.7 µmol/g dry sample using ABTS and 0.32 – 1.57 µmol/g fw and 1.0 - 7.6 µmol/g dw by FRAP.Total Phennolic Compounnds of Andeann tubers 2The content of Total Phenolic Compounds of the seven samples and twenty-eight extracts measured using the Folin& Ciocalteau method is shown in Table 3. The highest value was obtained in black isaño in both the methanol andethyl acetate extracts. In the present study the range of TPH determined in tuber pulp was 0.002-0.02 µmol GAE/gdm expressed as the sum of the polar and non polar fractions. The values of Total Phenolic Compounds of theextracts showed a good linear correlation (Figure 3) between TAC values obtained by FRAP (r =0.96) and by ABTS(r =0.78) methods.EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONChemicalsTrolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid, 97%.), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl benzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 98%), potassium persulfate, sodium acetate, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, gallic acid (98%) and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA).The solvents used were: methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and petroleum ether.Plant materialSeven samples of andean tubers were purchased in the markets of La Paz, Bolivia in June 2006. The selected plants were ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum). The seven varieties of samples were: two samples of oca (pink and yellow), two samples of Isaño (yellow with blach eyes and black), two samples of Ulluco (pink and dappled) and a sample of Arracha (yellow).Sample preparationThe collected tubers and root were washed and peeled and 800 g of fresh sample was dried at 30°C during 24 hours. The dry samples (only dry pulp) were ground and sequentially soaked with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol during 24 hrs for each solvent. TAC and TPH were measured in the seventy-eight concentrated extracts.Measurement of TACTAC was assessed by using the ABTS [2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] method describedby Re et al. [9] and a modification of the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method described by Benzie & Strain [10]. Both are spectrophotometric methods and the absorbance readings were performed on a double beamUV-Visible spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer model lambda 25 at 25°C. As a standard compound Trolox (6-hydroxy- 2,5,7,8–tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used, The stock solution contained 5 mmol/L of Trolox in ethanol, and was stored at 4°C.ABTS method. The ABTS method is based on the oxidation of ABTS to the green ABTS·+ radical cation after the addition of potassium persulphate (2.42 mmol/L) [11] for 12-16 hours at room temperature in the dark. On the day of analysis the ABTS·+ solution was diluted with acetate buffer pH 5.0 to an absorbance of 0.70 (±0.02) at 734 nm.After the addition of 1.0 of ABTS·+ solution to 100 µl of sample the mixture was stirred for 30 s and the absorbanceat 734 nm and 25°C was recorded for 6 min. The decrease in absorbance caused by the addition of sample was compared with that of a standard curve by use of Trolox (20-200 µmol/L).FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) method. The FRAP method was used for the determination of total antioxidant capacity, based on the reduction of yellow Fe3+-TPTZ complex to the blue Fe2+ -TPTZ complex by electron donating substance under acidic co ndition. The FRAP reagent (900 μl) containing TPTZ, FeCl3, and acetate buffer, was mixed with 90 μl of distilled water and 30 μl of the test sample or the blank (solvents used for extraction). Maximum absorbance values at 593 nm were recorded for 10 min at 25°C. The final absorbance was compared with the standard curve (100 –1000 μmol/L). The data were expressed as μmol trolox equivalents pergram of dry matter.Measurement of total phenolic compoundsThe phenolic compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, based on the reduction ofphosphor-wolframate-phosphomolybdate complex by phenolics to a blue reaction product [12, 13, 14]. TheFolin-Ciocalteu reagent, diluted 10 times (2.5 ml) was mixed with 2 ml of saturated sodium carbonate (75 g/L) and350 μl of sample (supernatant) and homogenized for 10 s and heated for 30 min at 45°C. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm after cooling at room temperature. The data were calculated by comparison between a standard curve (212-1062 μmol gallic acid /L) and the absorbance of each sample. The data were expressed as μmol gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter.Statistical Analysis.Results were expressed as mean values (standard deviation) of six replicates measured over three days of one extract. Linear correlation coefficient was calculated.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe study was supported by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA/SAREC) in a collaborative project between Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia) and Lund University (Sweden).REFERENCES[1] Nilsson J, Pillai D, Önning G, Persson C, Nilsson Å, Åkesson B. “Co mparison of the ABTS and FRAP methods to assess the total antioxidant capacity in extracts of fruit and vegetables.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2005, 49: 239-246[2] León, J. Botánica de los cultivos tropicales. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia 1997.[3] De Lucca, M. D.; Zalles, A. J. Flora Medicinal Boliviana Diccionario Enciclopédico. Los Amigos del Libro, Cochabamba - Bolivia 1992.[4] Vimos, C. N.; Nieto C.; Rivera M. El Melloco Características, técnicas de cultivo y potencial en Ecuador”. Centro Internacional de Investigación para el Desarrollo, CIID de Canadá. 1997.http://archive.idrc.ca/library/document/096951/index_s.html[5] Cárdenas M. Manual de Plantas Económicas de Bolivia, Segunda Edición, Los amigos del libro.La Paz - Cochabamba - Bolivia 1989.[6] Peñarrieta, M.; Alvarado, J. A.; Ǻkesson, B.; Bergenståhl, B. “Total Antioxidant Capacity In Andean Food Species From Bolivia”. Revista Boliviana de Química 2005, 22, 89-93.[7] Campos, D.; Noratto, G.; Chirinos,R.; Arbizu, C.; Roca, W.; Cisneros, L. “Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav ´ on), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas)”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2006, 86, 1481–1488.[8] Halvorsen, B. L.; Holte, K.; Myhrstad, M.C.W.; Barikmo, I.; et al. “A systematic screening of total antioxidantsin dietary plants”. Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132, 461-471.[9] Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C. “Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay”. Free radical Biology & Medicine 1999, 26, 1231-1237. [10] Benzie, I.; Strain, J. J. “The Ferric Reduci ng Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of Antioxidant Power: The FRAP Assay”. Analitycal Biochemestry 1996, 239, 70-76.[11] Scalzo, J.; Politi, A.; Pellegrini, N.; Mezzetti B.; Battino, M.“Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic c ontents in fruit”. Nutrition 2005, 21, 207–213.[12] Kyoung, Ch. O.; Kim, D.; Smith, N.; Schroeder, D.; Taek, H. J.; Yong, L. Ch. “Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruit and vegetables in the American diet”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005, 85, 1715–1724.[13] Bonoli, M.; Verardo, V.; Marconi, E.; Fiorenza, C. M. “Antioxidant Phenols in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Flour: Comparative Spectrophotometric Study among Extraction Methods of Free and Bound Phen olic Compounds”. Journal of the Science Food Chemistry 2004, 84 5195- 5200.[14] Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J. A. Jr. “Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungtic acid reagent”. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 1965, 16, 144-158.4总酚类化合物含量测定以及南美洲根筋类植物的抗氧化能力Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl cInstituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia, b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology,Lund University, Lund-Sweden关键词：南美洲根筋类植物，大洋洲，胡萝卜根部，总抗氧化能力，2，2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)，三价铁降低抗氧化(剂)能力，总酚类化合物含量。
高管薪酬状况外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Y azan Damiri; The State of Executive Compensation[D]; University of Tennessee-Knoxville ; 5-2006英文原文The State of Executive CompensationY azan DamiriUniversity of Tennessee-KnoxvilleCompanies use different methods to compensate executives. An ideal compensation package aligns executive incentives with shareholder interests to minimize agency problems. These methods often include a combination of: salary, bonus, stock options, stock grants, and pensions. Since the use of stock options has recently been a subject of great controversy, they will be discussed in greater detail since corporate scandals such as Enron and WorldCom have been linked to stock option grants (Hall-Murphy). However, the first component of compensation that will be discussed is one that the average employee can relate to-salary.SalarySalary is a fixed amount of a compensation package and does not vary in the short run (Balsam 35). However, salary can vary in the long run depending on performance. Normally, companies include clauses in compensation contracts allowing for raises that are contingent onperformance and duration. Since salary is the most risk-free component of a compensation package it is very important in attracting executive talent, especially if that individual is risk-averse (Balsam 312).BonusA large portion of companies pay their executives a bonus based on performance. A bonus is a form of compensation that is conditioned upon the performance of one or more measures. According to Balsam's book, "An Introduction to Executive Compensation," these measures can be implicit or explicit, objective or subjective, or financial or non-financial. Usually, the maximum bonus is expressed as a percentage of salary; as an employee moves up in the corporate ladder, the percentage of salary that can be earned as bonus usually increases (Balsam 314). It is not uncommon for a CEO's bonus to be 100% of salary. In 2005, Wall Street bonuses set a new record of $21.5 billion; the last record of $19.5 billion was during the bull market of 2000 (). Wall Street bonuses increased 15.5% over their levels in 2004 ().Stock OptionsStock options allow the person who receives them to purchase stock at a certain price usually over a certain period of time. Sometimes the grantee has to wait until the vesting period is over before the options can be exercised. A vesting period is a specified amount of time that the grantee must wait before exercising the options. Typically, grants areexercisable by allowing the grantee to exercise a certain percentage of the entire grant over the vesting period. An example is allowing the executive to exercise 25% of the grant in the first year of a four year vesting period and the rest at the end of the period. The use of stock options increased significantly during the 90's and has declined amid recent controversy (Hall-Murphy). Options allowed companies to align their incentives with those of managers and provided a form of compensation that did not require an initial cash outlay. For many of the high tech startup firms of the 90's this form of compensation seemed optimal. Stock options have been the most controversial form of compensation due to several events and misuses. The majority of Michael Eisner's compensation came in the form of stock options, and some of the most prominent corporate scandals, such as Enron and WorldCom, have been linked to the excessive use of options (Hall-Murphy). One of the biggest issues surrounding the use of options is how companies should account for them. The rules that govern the accounting for stock options are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Accounting Principles Board (APB), which existed before FASB. The pronouncement that is concerned with the expensing of stock options is APB Opinion 25, issued in 1972, which states that the accounting charge for stock options is the difference between the market price of the stock and the exercise price on the date that the options are granted (Hall-Murphy). As a result there is nocharge for options that have an exercise price that is at or above market price on the date the options are granted. However, in 1995 FASB released FAS 123 which recommended that companies expense the fair market value of options using an option pricing model, most prominently the Black-Scholes model (Hall-Murphy). The pronouncement still allowed companies to continue reporting options under APB Opinion 25, however if they chose to do so they would also be required to disclose the value of the option grant in a footnote to the financial statements. As late as 2002, only a few companies were reporting stock options using FAS 123; although, amid corporate scandal in 2003 more than a 100 companies began to report using FAS 123 (Hall-Murphy). The reason that so many companies choose not to expense the estimated fair market value of the options is that it could significantly hurt their bottom line. Furthermore, many startup companies use a tremendous amount of stock options to attract talent to the firm because they do not have the resources to pay high salaries or bonuses.Stock GrantsStock grants are shares of the company's stock that are given to employees as compensation. They are valued at the market value of the company's stock and have no exercise price (Balsam 38). Stock grants are either classified as restricted or unrestricted; restricted grants cannot be sold until the employee has been with the company for a certain amountof time, whereas unrestricted shares can be sold at any time (Balsam 38). The stock grants method of compensation is not as popular as stock options because they are more expensive and they are not as effective in aligning the interests of the executives with those of the company.PensionsA pension is a form of senior management who receives deferred compensation after he/she retires from the company. After retirement, executives receive payment or quantity. The amount may be based on a pension plan or a cumulative amount of money that the executive may have in a particular pension account. Therefore, pensions can be divided into fixed benefit plans and fixed contribution plans. A fixed benefit plan pays the employee based on a predetermined benefit formula, and the employer contribution in the fixed contribution plan is defined as the plan and the employee can give it an increase. Recently, the reduction of employee pensions by major companies has become the focus of public attention. As previously mentioned, Michael Eisner still receives an annual pension of 297,779 US dollars from Disney (Plitch). However, compared to paying $6518,459 a year to Pfizer chief executive officer Henry McKinnell, this doesn't seem like a thing (The Corporate Library). Recently, similar to Eisner, Mckinnell, the Pfizer shareholders have held a "No V ote" campaign, supporting up to 22% of the board members of Mckinnell's board members hiding their support (Masters). In addition tonormal pensions, companies have even established a special retirement plan for key executives called the "Top Hat" plan to avoid tax consequences (AFL-CIO).trendIn 2005, the salaries and bonuses of senior executives rose by 7.1%, following a 14.5% increase in 2004 and a 7.2% increase in 2003 (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). An increase of more than 3.6% for executives' increased wages and bonuses was paid to white-collar workers (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). However, the increase in the median total pay for executives,Including wages, bonuses, and option exercise income, other long-term incentive bonuses and value-recovery of restricted shares rose by 15.8% from 2004 to US$6,049,504 (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). This may seem like a big leap, but it is actually 40.9% more than the $5.9 million in 2004. It is actually quite modest (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). In 2005, 192 executives exercised a median option income of 3,493,440 U.S. dollars. In 2004, 197 executives exercised a median option stock option return of 3,229,072 U.S. dollars (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). The expansion of inflation is not a valid reason, because it is clear that the rate of increase in executive compensation has far outpaced the inflation rate, creating an increasingly large salary gap between executives and employees. Currently, a CEO pays 431 times the average worker's salary.As executive compensation continues to grow, employee compensation remains relatively stagnant, and this ratio continues to grow. This can be directly observed from the increase in executive compensation and employee compensation drawn in Figure 1.The chart shows that employee compensation has been relatively stable, and executive compensation has experienced significant growth. By observing the relationship between the employee's salary CPI, in recent years, the employee's salary has not even kept pace with inflation. It can also be observed that executive compensation is directly proportional to corporate profits, but not very drastic. This can be attributed to the variable compensation components of executive compensation packages such as bonuses, stock options and stock awards. However, some experts question whether making variable compensation such as stock options can really bring benefits to the company. Recent research has found that there is a correlation (Norris) between using CEO stock options and accounting for other financial statements. Proponents of this view believe that stock options hold senior executives “false accounts”. As we can see in Figure 1, the balance of executive compensation has increased with the proportion of corporate profits, we can draw a contrary view. This raises the question of who is responsible for determining executive pay plans. Some people replied that they are the executives who control the amount of compensation.Another trend of executive compensation is corporate governance. A c ompany’s board of directors is responsible for compensating executives.However, the problem is that in many cases the company’s CEO is also the chairman. Earlier this issue appeared in the Eisner case. In fact, the American Federation of Labor-Industrial Union estimates that in two-thirds of the companies, the CEO is also the chairman (AFL-CIO). This situation can lead to agency problems that make executives get "economic rent." The economic rent is equivalent to a monopoly profit owned by investors (Labour Union-CIO). This phenomenon triggers agency costs and expenses for shareholders. However, the relevant laws and regulations have recently been specifically formulated to safeguard the interests of shareholders.Trial RegulationsOn January 17th, 2006, members of the Securities and Exchange Commission put forward a bill that could cause a dramatic change in the disclosure of executive compensation since 1992 (AP). The plan accepts a 60-day public comment period that will not take effect until the spring of next year (AP). Under the new legislation, the company will be required to provide its annual report and display the total annual remuneration of the company's chairman, chief financial officer, and the highest-paying executive in the next three years (AP). Its regulations stipulate that the level of administrative benefits should be reduced from $50,000 to$10,000, and that the retirement benefits of managers and remuneration of board members must be disclosed in detail (AP). In addition, non-independent pay committee members must disclose (). Finally, the company will be asked to explain the goals behind executive compensation. In the face of booming executive compensation, in order to restore investor confidence, new regulations have been proposed. Future executive compensationRecent scandals and excessive abuse of company resources have caused the public to strongly oppose high executive compensation. However, we must first define what is the problem of over-exposure. Executives take over the com pany’s power and make decisions that determine the company’s lifeline. It seems sensible that a CEO who leads a multinational company to get high pay because of his efforts. However, there are three major problems in the current executive compensation issues: performance, information disclosure, and corporate governance. We should take some measures to evaluate the CEO's performance and pay the CEO's compensation based on performance. These measures should include long-term and short-term goals. This can prevent executives from sacrificing the company's long-term interests to achieve short-term financial goals in order to obtain incentive compensation. A bad or mediocre CEO should not get paid more than his value. There is no doubt that CEOs like Jack Welch who increase their shareholder'swealth significantly outweigh the compensation they receive. Therefore, I believe that the first question is whether or not the CEO pays a match with what he gets compared to the growth of executive pay in general. The view that the CEOs’ salary is too high is partly appropriate. It is partly due to the company’s constant scandals and misuse of public trust that leads to public resentment of the company. According to Figure 1, the ratio of executive compensation increases with the increase in corporate profits. increase. If the company's profits decline and executive compensation increases, then it can well verify that executive compensation is too high. Another major issue is the disclosure of information, which is currently being handled by the US Securities Regulatory Commission.To ensure investor confidence, executive compensation must be disclosed to the maximum extent, especially after the recent corporate scandal. Stock options should be included in current profit or loss based on their open market value. Obviously, they are valuable when they are given value, otherwise they are not part of the compensation package. Disclosure of executive benefits seems to be reasonable because essentially the shareholders pay them, and shareholders have the right to know. To ensure that the board of directors can focus on the interests of the company, it must strengthen corporate governance issues.The company’s CEO should not be allowed to be the chairman of theboard because it causes agency problems and leads to possible conflicts of interest. According to current legislation, all remuneration committee members are not independently disclosed (). However, this bill is not enough. Senior executives should not be allowed to hold the position of chairman of the board of directors. In the corporate governance structure, there should be a system of checks and balances between the separation of powers and the inspection of systems. Although issues such as how corporate governance and agency issues will be handled are not clear, one thing is clear and the public is no longer illusions about the current system. In order to maintain public trust, major changes must be made in the responsibilities and disclosures within the scope of executive compensation.中文译文高管薪酬状况研究雅赞·达米里田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校公司使用不同的方案来补偿高管。
英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site –1,603 As) and from an uncontaminated site –As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plantsgrowing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained –These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 Arsenic increased from to 15,861 in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 arsenic accumulated 755 Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fernroots were less than 303 whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 of 100 Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots %), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution anddetoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。
英文文献原文及翻译
外文文献翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师原文：Visual Basic language and arithmeticThe summary of Microsoft Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Basic (abbreviate VB) as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner." Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development; Make web page use more VBScript script language sub collection of VB too at present.Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part. Utilize ActiveX(TM) technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft,, Word of Microsoft,, Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.Integrated development environmentsIntegrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, engineering management devicewindow, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window bodyoverall arrangement, etc. of designing etc.. Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc .In VB, the application program calls the project too. When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program. One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally. The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote . System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.Visual Basic language brief introductionsBasic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most. Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC. As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So the body is popular. Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner. But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems. But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above (such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure. VB has stipulated the form ofsentences and function.Grammar:The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence. All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a certain specific function the procedure. Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.VB application program code window write in" code editing machine" generally. " editing machine of code" is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there aremany easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In" code editing machine" code that window written.“Editing machine of code” windowDevelop the application program with Visual BasicUse VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows:Establish application program interfaceThe interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset. with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish. Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.2. Design by each attributes of target in interfaceDemand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name,, size of targeted. according to interface of planning.Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already, Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code. Have the targets respond programming by procedure code3. Respond procedure code of programming targetInterface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through" code editing machine" soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc. after accepting external message, Add code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task.4. Keep projectOne VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called. Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time. For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded andbeing called. Frm sum. In the window body of foxfire. At the time of opening a project( file), this project relevant files load at the same time.5. Operate and debugged by procedureOperate the procedure thoroughpin operate" selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug" within operate" menus too.6. Can produce by executive programFor make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through" file"" producing project 1.exe" of menu but executive program (eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this. In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.Visual Basic algorithmIn computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality. Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve. In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize. Therefore, the algorithm design and the analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method. In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method. The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question; Second, programming technical question. Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship. The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specifictype question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description. Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time. To algorithm study including five aspect contents:①Design algorithm. The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;② Expresses the algorithm. The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm. The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity. The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④ Parsing algorithm. The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis. The parsing algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤Confirmation algorithm. With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes:① Determinism. Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;②Effectiveness. Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;③ Input. An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④Output. Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤ Has poor. An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis. The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher; Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has division time complexity and the spatial complexity.The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time. The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation. The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered. Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow. Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.外文文献中文翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师译文：Visual Basic 语言与算法Visual Basic的概述Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。
英文文献翻译成中文
英文文献翻译成中文per a la garantia, plans de beneficis per poder posar empresa de totes les activitats empresarials de producció són orgànics al'organització cap amunt. Quart anual pla integral és el mitjà- i pla de desenvolupament a llarg termini d'encarnació i garantia principal, però també és la base per a la preparació de trimestral i l'objectiu de les decisions de gestió empresarials. Cinquè anual integrat de planificació i implementació per procedir de la realitat, reforçar la recerca ianàlisi exhaustiva, àmpliament mobilitzar les masses, segons l'esperit avançada, positiu, fiable, realista, conservador, adonar-se del potencial de producció existent, producció més productes comercialitzables, assequibles, les necessitats de l'estat i el mercat. Sisena anual pla integral... Vuit, pla de reparació d'equips: inclou dos DPS arribant: elaborat per l'equip és responsable. Nou, un plad'infraestructures: preparat per la construcció és responsable. Deu, laboral, pla de salari: elaborat pel Departament d'educació de les persones. Planificació financera, tercer: elabora el Departament de Finances és responsable. 12, subministrament de materials, pla de consum de eina: elabora el Departament de subministrament, l'eina és responsable. 13, personal, formació, planificaciód'introducció de talent: elaborat pel Departament d'educació de les persones. Vuitè pla els tipus d'indicadors i el Departament: els principals indicadorstècnics i econòmics pel Director a càrrec, sota el Director a càrrec,oficina funcional centralitzat preparació, planificació i programació total consolidat. 1, rendiment producte mitjançant la programació de servei és responsable de la preparació d'un pla. 2, elaborat perl'empresa Màrqueting responsable. 3, qualitat total divisió és responsable de la p reparació. ?, taxa de pas de examen de varietat. B, les parts principals de la taxa de mostreig principal. ?, mecanitzat de ferralla. 4, preparat pel Departament de Finances és responsable del cost. ?, productes comparables Costa declivi. ?, producció cost de les taxes. 5, consumits per l'oferta Departament és responsable de preparar. ? milions de iuans sortida valor i b eficiència, consumenergètic i acer. 6, productivitat que elabori el Departament de seguretat laboral és responsable. 7, el fons preparat pel Departament de Finances és responsable. ?, el nombre de capital fix ocupat. ?, capitals dies hàbils. ?, cent Yuan sortida valor pren cap amunt de liquiditat. 8, elaborat pel Departament de Finances s'encarrega de beneficis. Els beneficis ? es va conver tir en benefici del valor de producció c b d benefici marges tots els marges ?, vendes marge de benefici 9, valor total de la producció industrial del Departament de planificació és responsable de la preparació dels plans novena i objectius del programa: e n primer lloc, la fase de preparació: 1 reunió, Director, preparació de mobilització de disposició plans i objectius per a l'any i va proposarl'elaboració de研究的INTERACT德业? (2007 ) 1:143-154作者10.1007/s12008-007-0016-2模拟的数值控制工具机( NCMT )基于虚拟现实使我们以前的可视化上生产的部分执行不同的进程。
英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cyclingand Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。
英文参考文献及翻译
（二 零 一 五 年 六 月英文参考资料翻译 题 目：多层横机针织织物面料的开发 ****：*** 学 院：轻工与纺织学院 系 别：服装设计与工程系 专 业：服装设计与工程 班 级：服装设计与工程11-1班 指导教师：邱莉 讲师学校代码： 10128学 号：************Development of Multi-Layer Fabric on a Flat KnittingMachineAbstractThe loop transfer technique was used to develop the a splitable multi layer knit fabric on a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine. The fabric consists of three layers: inner-single jersey, middle-1X1 purl and, outer-single jersey. By varying the loop length the multi layer knit fabric samples were produced,namely CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3. The above multi layer fabrics were knitted using 24s Ne cotton of combined yarn feed in feeders 3, 4, and 4 respectively. The influence of loop length on wpc,cpc and tightness factor was studied using linear regression. The water vapor and air permeability properties of the produced multi layer knit fabrics were studied using ANOVA. The change of raw material in three individual layers could be useful for the production of fabric for functional, technical, and industrial applications.Keywords: multi layer fabric, loop length, loop transfer, permeability prope1.INTRODUCTIONcapable of manufacturing engineered fabric in two dimensional, three dimensional of bi-layer, and multilayer knit fabrics. The feature includes individual needle selection, the presences of holding down sinkers, racking, transfer, and adapted feeding devices combined with CAD. The layered fabrics are more suitable for functional and technical applications than single layer fabrics. These fabrics may be non-splitable (branching knit structure, plated fabric, spacer fabric) and splitable (bilayer,multilayer). The functional knitted structure of two different fabric layers based on different textile components (hydrophobic and hydrophilic textile material) is used to produce leisure wear, sportswear and protective clothing to improve the comfort. The separation layer is polypropylene in contact with skin, and the absorption layer will be the outside layer when cotton is used for the knit fabric .Garments made of plant branch structured knit fabrics facilitate the transport of sweat from the skin to the outer layer of the fabric very fast and make the wearer more comfortable. Qing Chen et al .reported that the branching knitted fabrics made from different combinations of polyester/cotton yarns with varying linear density and various knitted structure produced in rib machine improved water transport properties. The Moisture comfort characteristics of plated knitted fabric was good, reported by the authors findings from three layer plated fabric of cotton (40s), lycra (20 D) and superfine polypropylene (55 dtex/72 f) was used as a raw material in face, middle and ground layers respectively . The applications in wearable electronics for the multilayer fabric are wider. Novel multi-functional fibers structure include three layered knit fabric embedded with electronics for health monitoring. The knit fabric consists of 5% spandex and 95% polypropylene in –1stlayer, -2nd layer composed of metal fibers to conduct electric current to embedded electronics + PCM and the 3rd layer is composed of highly hydrophilic cotton . In flat knitting, two surface (U-,V-,M-,X- and Y-shaped) and three surface layers (U-face to face, U- zigzag and X-shaped) spacer fabric were developed from hybrid glass filament and polypropylene for light weight composite applications.HCebulla et al produced three dimensional performs like open cuboid and spherical shell using the needle parking method. The focus was in the area of individual needle selection in the machine for the production of near net-shape performs. The multi layered sandwich knit fabric of rectangular core structure (connecting layer: rib), triangular core structure (connecting layer:interlock), honeycomb core structure (connecting layer: jersey combined with rib), triple face structure 1 (connecting layers are not alternated), Triple face structure 2 (connecting layers are alternated) were developed on a flat-knitting machine for technical applications .In this direction the flat knitting machine was elected to produce splittable multi layer knit fabric with varying loop length and loop transfer techniques. The influence of loop length on wpc, cpc and tightness factor was studied for the three individual layers in the fabric. The important breathability properties of the fabric such as water vapor permeability and air permeability were studied. The production technique used for this fabric has wide applications such as in functional wear, technical textiles, and wearable textiles.2.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe production of multi-layer knit fabrics such as CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3 cotton yarn with the linear density of 24s Ne was fed in the knit feeder.For layered fabric development, a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine and combined yarn feed was selected like 3, 4 and 4 respectively, shown in the Table I. Q. M. Wang and H. Hu [9] was the selected yarn feed in the range of 4 –10 for the production of glass fiber yarn composite reinforcement on a flat knitting machine. The intermediate between integral and fully fashioned garment was produced using the “half gauging orneedle parking” technique. The use of only alternate needles on each bed of the flat knitting machine was used for stitch formation, The remaining needles did not participate in stitch formation in the same course,but the loops formed were kept in the needle head until employed for stitch formation again, thus freeing needles to be used as temporary parking places for loop transfer . For production of layered fabric and fully fashionedgarment, the loop transfer stitch is essential part of the panel. The running-on bars were used for transferring of loops either by hand or automatically from one needle to another needle depending on the machine. The principle of the loop transfer is shown in the Figure1.FIGURE. 1. Principle of loop transfer.(a)The delivering needle is raised by a cam in the carriage. The loop is stretched over the transfer spring. (b)The receiving needle is raised slightly from its needle bed. The receiving needle enters the transfer spring of delivering needle and penetrates the loop that will be transferred. (c)The delivering needle retreats leaving the loop on the receiving needle. The transfer spring opens to permits the receiving needleto move back from its closure. Finally, loop transference is completed.TABLE I. Machine & Fabric parameters.2.1 Fabric DevelopmentUsing STOLL M1.PLUS 5.1.034 software the needle selection pattern was simulated is shown in Figure 2.In Figure3, feeder 1, 2 and 3 are used for the formation of three layer fabric (inner-single jersey,middle-1X1 purl and outer-single jersey) respectively. With knit stitches the outer and inner layer knit fabrics are formed by means of selecting the alternate working needles in each bed. But the middle layer fabric is formed by free needles in each bed with the help of loop transfer and knit stitches.FIGURE 2. Selection of Machine & pattern parameters.FIGURE 3. Needle diagram for the multi-layer knit fabric.2.2TESTINGThe produced multi layer knit fabric was given a relaxation process and the following tests were carried out. The knitted fabric properties are given in Table II. and the cross sectional view of the fabrics is shown in Figure 4.FIGURE 4. Cross Sectional view of Multi-layer knit fabric.2.3 Stitch DensityThe courses and wale density of the samples in outer,middle and inner layer were calculated individually in the direction of the length and width of the fabric.The average density per square centimeter was taken for the discussion.2.4 Loop LengthIn outer, middle and inner layers of various combinations in multi layer fabric, 20 loops in a course were unraveled and the length of yarn in cm (LT) was measured. From the LT value the stitch length/loop length was measured by usingStitch length/loop length in cm (L) = (LT)/20 (1)The average loop length (cm) was taken and reported in Table II.2.5 Tightness Factor (K)The tightness of the knits was characterized by the tightness factor (K). It is known that K is a ratio of the area covered by the yarns in one loop to the area occupied by the loop. It is also an indication of the relative looseness or tightness of the knitted structure. For determination of TF the following formula was usedTightness Factor (K) = √T/l (2)Where T= Yarn linear density in Tex, l = loop length of fabric in cm. The TF of three layers (outer, midd le, and inner) were calculated separately is given in Table II.TABLE II. Multi-layer knitted fabric parameters3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe water vapor permeability of the multi layer knit fabrics were analyzed and shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that a linear trend is followed between water vapor permeability and loop length. With increases in loop length, there is less resistance per unit area, so, the permeability property of the fabric also increased. Anova data show increasesin loop length yield a significant difference in the water vapor permeability of the multi fabrics [F (2, 15) > Fcrit]. The regression analysis was done between CCC-1and CCC-2 and CCC-2 and CCC-3 for studying the influence of the number of yarn feeds.R2 values shows 0.755 for both comparisons. The water vapor permeability of the fabric is highly influenced by the length of the loop in the fabric and less by the number of yarn feed in the fabric.The air permeability of the multi layer knit fabricswas analyzed and is shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that the air permeability of the CCC-1,CCC-2, and CCC-3 fabrics is linear with loop length.FIGURE 8. Water Vapor Permeability & Air Permeability of fabric.As loop length in the fabric increased, air permeability also increased. The Anova- single factor analysis also proves that there is a significant difference at 5 % significance level between the air permeability characteristics of multi layer fabrics produced from various loop length [F (2, 15) > F crit] shown in Table IV. To study the influence of the combination yarn feed, the regression analysis was done between CCC-1 and CCC-2 andCCC-2 and CCC-3. It shows R2 =0.757. So, the air permeability of the fabric is may not be dependent on the number of yarns fed, but more influenced by the loop length.4. CONCLUSIONSIn flat knitting machine using a loop transfer technique, multi layer fabrics were developed with varying loop length. With respect to loop length, the loop density and tightness factor were analyzed.Based on analysis the following conclusions were made:TABLE III. Permeability Characteristics of Multi-layer knit fabrics.TABLE IV. ANOVA single factor data analysis.For multi-layer fabric produced with various basic structures (single jersey and 1x1 purl), the change of loop length between the layers has no significant difference.The wpc and cpc had an inverse relationship with the loop length produced from CCC combination multilayer fabrics.The combination yarn feed is an important factor affecting the tightness factor and loop lengths of the individual layers in knitted fabrics.The water vapor and air permeability properties of the multi layer knit fabrics were highly influenced by the change in loop length followed by the combination yarn feed.多层横机针织织物面料的开发摘要循环传输技术被用于开发一种计算机化多针距的横机上的一个多层编织织物。
外文文献及翻译
（（英文参考文献及译文）二〇一六年六月本科毕业论文 题 目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED INTHE AUDIT学生姓名：王雪琴学 院：管理学院系 别：会计系专 业：财务管理班 级：财管12-2班 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 201210707016Statistics and AuditRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndingsPhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANUAbstractThe rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the earlytwentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selectionof a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, tocharacterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes oftransactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys,market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach aconclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of thesedata. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, iethat set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling appliesonly to certain types of audit procedures.Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests ofcontrols, substantive procedures.Statistical samplingCommittee statistical sampling of American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled“Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use ofstatistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted AuditingStandards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of paperson statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, foruse in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974,the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’sApproach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional educationof accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “AuditSampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods,statistical and non-statistical.Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period coveredby the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not givenparticular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures programprinted in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” includedseveral references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.Statistics and Audit The program was developed by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute.In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relationship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control.In 1964, the AICPA’s Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled “The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)” which illustrated the relationship between the accuracy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS.In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts,“Statistical Auditing”which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing.In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named “Audit Sampling”, which provides guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the population’s characteristics. This means that selected items are identical with those remaining outside the sample.In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they “may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample selection and evaluation” [1]. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled.Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor.Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible for Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthe auditor to reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling.Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may decide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selecting items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a non- statistical.Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is random, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor’ findings can be extended to the entire population.Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the sample selected is representative.Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate.Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditor’s professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evidence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion.As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using random selection involves using random numbers generated byRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit a computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of risk are valid sampling.In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. “The auditor calculated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series.”[2].Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units’recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal to the recorded value of the item;Stratifi ed selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homogeneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. “The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a proportionate increase in the risk of sampling.” [3] If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer.I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is subjective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him.The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor, Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthat regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the recommended method, because is not objective.That sampling is based on the auditor’s professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to reproduce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative.Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor considers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the application of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors.Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Control tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management.Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample.An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test.Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identification of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls.Other tests:In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the frequency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. WeightRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit deviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations.Risk associated with sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would be subject to audit.Types of risk associated with sampling:Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that there are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required objective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested.Population is the mass of data on which the auditor wishes to generalize the findings obtained on a sample. Population will be defined compliance audit objectives and will be complete and consistent, because results of the sample can be designed only for the population from which the sample was selected.Sampling unit - a unit of sampling may be, for example, an invoice, an entry or a line item. Each sample unit is an element of the population. The auditor will define the sampling unit based on its compliance with the objectives of audit tests.Sample size - to determine the sample size should be considered whether sampling risk is reduced to an acceptable minimum level. Sample size is affected by the risk associated with sampling that the auditor is willing to accept it. The risk that the auditor is willing to accept lower, the sample will be higher.Error - for detailed testing, the auditor should project monetary errors found in the sample population and should take into account the projected error on the specific objective of the audit and other audit areas. The auditor projects the total error on the population to get a broad perspective on the size of the error and comparing it with tolerable error.For detailed testing, tolerable error is tolerable and misrepresentations Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditwill be a value less than or equal to materiality used by the auditor for the individual classes of transactions or balances audited. If a class of transactions or account balances has been divided into layers error is designed separately for each layer. Design errors and inconsistent errors for each stratum are then combined when considering the possible effect on the total classes of transactions and account balances.Evaluation of sample results - the auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether assessing relevant characteristics of the population is confirmed or needs to be revised.When testing controls, an unexpectedly high rate of sample error may lead to an increase in the risk assessment of significant misrepresentation unless it obtained additional audit evidence to support the initial assessment. For control tests, an error is a deviation from the performance of control procedures prescribed. The auditor should obtain evidence about the nature and extent of any significant changes in internal control system, including the staff establishment.If significant changes occur, the auditor should review the understanding of internal control environment and consider testing the controls changed. Alternatively, the auditor may consider performing substantive analytical procedures or tests of details covering the audit period.In some cases, the auditor might not need to wait until the end audit to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of operational control, to support the control risk assessment. In this case, the auditor might decide to modify the planned substantive tests accordingly.If testing details, an unexpectedly large amount of error in a sample may cause the auditor to believe that a class of transactions or account balances is given significantly wrong in the absence of additional audit evidence to show that there are not material misrepresentations.When the best estimate of error is very close to the tolerable error, the auditor recognizes the risk that another sample have different best estimate that could exceed the tolerable error.ConclusionsFollowing analysis of sampling methods conclude that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. But the auditor is important in choosing the sampling method is based on professional judgment and take into account the cost / benefit ratio. Thus, if a sampling method proves to be costly auditor should seek the most efficient method in view of the main and specific objectives of the audit.Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit The auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether the preliminary assessment of relevant characteristics of the population must be confirmed or revised. If the evaluation sample results indicate that the relevant characteristics of the population needs assessment review, the auditor may: require management to investigate identified errors and likelihood of future errors and make necessary adjustments to change the nature, timing and extent of further procedures to take into account the effect on the audit report.Selective bibliography:[1] Law no. 672/2002 updated, on public internal audit[2] Arens, A şi Loebbecke J - Controve …Audit– An integrate approach”, 8th edition, Arc Publishing House[3] ISA 530 - Financial Audit 2008 - International Standards on Auditing, IRECSON Publishing House, 2009- Dictionary of macroeconomics, Ed C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2008Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit摘要美国公司的规模迅速增加，从第二十世纪初创造了必要的审计程序，根据选定的部分总人口的审计，以获得可靠的审计证据，以描述整个人口组成的帐户余额或类别的交易。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is Y ou may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
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倒置AAO工艺的生产性试验研究陈宏斌1，唐先春1，董斌1，高廷耀1，Martin Wagner21 中国上海同济大学污染控制和资源化研究实验室2 IWAR Institute, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Germany摘要倒置缺氧/厌氧/好氧工艺（倒置AAO工艺）是上世纪90年代中期开发出来的用于脱氮除磷的污水处理工艺。
本文主要阐述了松江污水处理厂（中国）二期工程倒置AAO工艺处理城市污水的运行效果、运行参数以及影响因素。
近两年的运行结果表明：对CODCr 、BOD5、SS、NH3-N和TN具有较好的处理效率，对TN 和NH3-N的处理效率分别达到了0.022 kg TN·kgMLSS-1·d-1和 0.026 kg NH3-N·kgMLSS-1·d-1。
然而，对PO4-P和TP的去除率却并不高。
因此，我们提出了一个除磷效率更高的改进措施。
运行结果表明：倒置AAO工艺不仅适用于新建的污水处理厂的脱氮除磷，同样也适用于现有的脱氮除磷效率不高的污水处理厂改造和扩建。
关键词：硝化反硝化除磷倒置AAO工艺城市污水引言氮和磷是城市污水中导致受纳水体富营养化的主要因素。
生物硝化、反硝化和除磷工艺是经济的可行的控制排放水水质的方法。
生物脱氮除磷技术主要有：AAO工艺系列，氧化沟工艺和序批式活性污泥工艺（SBR法）。
不同菌种脱氮除磷的新陈代谢过程是需要在缺氧，厌氧和好氧条件下进行的。
在AAO工艺和氧化沟工艺中，可通过搅拌、曝气和污泥回流等方法实现上述条件。
SBR工艺是一个以时间顺序实现缺氧，厌氧，好氧的AAO工艺。
在中国，AAO工艺广泛应用于许多污水处理设施。
传统的AAO工艺有很多优点，同时也有两个缺点：1）需要两个回流系统，其总回流比不少于300％；2）从二沉池抽走的剩余污泥有部分没有完全经过厌氧，缺氧和好氧阶段，这可能会减少总磷（TP）的去除率。
Qasim和Udomsinrot把内回流和外回流系统并为一个外回流系统进行试验性研究，将回流污泥被直接抽入曝气池的入口处，这一措施使处理工艺取得了较高的TN和TP的去除率。
对只有外回流系统的倒置AAO工艺去除城市污水中氮和磷效果的深入研究表明倒置AAO工艺对总磷的去除率有所提高，对总氮的去除率与传统AAO工艺差不多。
另有研究表明：良好的除磷效率不仅包括释放磷的程度的功能和聚磷菌对PHB的吸收量，还包括水力停留时间和在厌氧阶段氧化还原电位。
倒置AAO工艺是上世纪90年代末提出的以实现城市污水的生物同步脱氮除磷技术。
其主要特点：污水依次经过缺氧、厌氧和好氧阶段以去除生物营养物；只有一个回流系统和在生物反应池中具有相对较高的混合液悬浮固体浓度。
对倒置AAO 工艺处理不同城市污水的初期和中期试验表明，当关闭传递硝酸盐的内回流系统和增加外回流系统污泥回流比至100 - 200％时，好氧池具有稳定高效的脱氮除磷效率。
这一积极有效的措施降低了污水处理的能耗。
倒置AAO工艺适用于那些现存的没有脱氮除磷功能的污水处理厂的改造。
生产性试验研究表明倒置AAO 工艺也适用于新建的污水处理厂。
松江污水处理厂二期工程是上世纪90年代末设计和建设的，采用的是早期的倒置AAO工艺，本文根据近两年的运行数据对其污水处理效果进行了评估。
材料与方法松江污水处理厂坐落于上海西南部，包括分别建设于上世纪80年代中期的一期工程和90年代末期的二期工程。
一期工程以去除污水BOD5和SS为目标，处理能力为18,000m3·d-1。
为实现脱氮除磷功能，二期工程采用倒置AAO工艺，处理能力为50,000 m3·d-1。
嗜温厌氧消化有助于污泥稳定。
二期工程的流程图在本文中已给出。
松江污水处理厂的进水包括80%的生活污水和20％的工业废水：前者主要来自于松江新城区的污水管道系统，还有少量来自于老城区的黑水；后者则来自于附近的企业。
与常规污水管道系统中的污水相比，其平均CODCr , BOD5, TKN 和TN浓度都比较高。
由于高浓度的污水进入污水处理工艺，进水中的污泥负荷也将增大。
二期工程主要的设计和运行参数如下：初级沉淀池该工程采用两座直径35米高4米的圆形沉淀池沉淀分离大颗粒悬浮固体。
其设计比表面积容积负荷为1.5 m3·m-2·h-1，水力停留时间为2小时。
曝气池工程采用两座矩形曝气池用于生物法去除有机物、脱氮除磷，每一座曝气池有效容积尺寸为：52×39×6 m3，设计水力停留时间为12小时。
每座曝气池组成一个系列，都分为三个廊道，其中第一个廊道又分为4格（见图1）。
前三格池子内安装了搅拌器，第四格安装了鼓风曝气系统（盘片式）。
设计水力停留时间缺氧区和厌氧区与好氧区的比例为1:3。
曝气池设计悬浮固体浓度为4.0g·L-1，进水有机负荷为0.10 kg BOD5·kg MLSS-1·d-1。
外回流系统将二沉池中富含硝酸盐的污泥回流至曝气池入口处，最大回流比为200％。
二次澄清剂二沉池采用的是4座圆形辐流沉淀池来进行泥水分离。
每座沉淀池直径35米深4米，设计表面负荷0.76 m3·m-2·h-1，水力停留时间4小时。
二期工程于2001年初投入运营。
一般情况下，污水厂日流量在38,000-52,000 m3·d-1，年平均流量在43,000-45,000 m3·d-1。
由于进水CODCr , BOD5,SS, TN 和TP浓度大于设计值，实际平均BOD5进水负荷为0.114 kgBOD5·kgMLSS-1·d-1。
在运行期间，采用短时间初次沉淀有助于将更多的营养物带入曝气池，这有利于脱氮除磷。
尽管有许多固体被带入曝气池，池内的悬浮固体浓度可保持在4.5 gL-1以上。
实际曝气率（气水比）在7.5:1到8:1之间。
在曝气池出口处溶解氧浓度（DO）大约为3.0 mg/L。
污泥的循环利用率为100%至150%，正常情况下平均为120%，污泥停留时间为12至15天。
结果除了一个半月的设备修理外，该项目连续23个月的每周平均运行数据被进行了不间断的记录。
下图2-7绘出了主要污染物、CODCr 、BOD5、N 和 P的详细变化情况。
COD Cr 、BOD 5和SS 的去除进水COD Cr 在435至1680间变化，夏季周平均值最高1443mg ·L -1，冬季周平均值最低450mg ·L -1。
平均进水COD Cr 浓度为918.6 ± 306.7 mg ·L -1 ，COD 负荷率两季节都和设计值一样，为0.34 kg ·Kg MLSS -1·h -1。
为控制运营期间出水水质达标，可曝气池的悬浮固体浓度增加至4.5gL -1。
根据图2，可以发现 ， 出水COD Cr 低于60 mg ·L - 1；其平均值为56.2 ± 9.7 mg ·L - 1。
进水的BOD 5浓度在162.6 to 591.9 mg ·L -1间，平均浓度为07.5 ± 97.4 mg ·L -1。
处理后，出水的BOD 5浓度低于15·0 mg/L ，其平均浓度为0.2 ± 4.3 mg ·L -1。
总的COD Cr 和BOD 5的平均去除率分别为93.9和96.7％。
尽管生化池内悬浮固体浓度远大于活性污泥浓度，在最近三年的运行中还是很难见到污泥膨胀现象。
通常活性污泥的污泥容积指数（SVI ）介于74.3 和124.2 ml ·g -1之间，而MLVSS/MLSS 值比较稳定，保持在60-70％之间。
进水SS 浓度介于257.1和1,499.4 mg ·L -1之间，平均浓度为626.1 ± 264.9 mg ·L -1。
尽管经过短时间的初级沉淀，可去除约50%的SS ；还有许多SS 流进了曝气池，因此相对较高的MLSS 的情况下有较好的沉降效果不难理解的。
最终出水SS 浓度低于15 mg/L ，其平均值为11.9 ± 3.6 mg ·L -1。
脱氮除磷进水NH 3-N 和TN 浓度分别为23.6-47.7 mg ·L -1 and 44.9-138.2 mg ·L -1，平均值分别为31.3 ± 4.7 mg ·L -1和78.2 ± 18.8 mg ·L -1。
进水中约有70%的TN 是有机氮。
从图4中可以看出：出水NH 3-N 和TN 的浓度通常分别低于10mg ·L -1和21 mg ·L -1，其平均浓度分别为：3.14 ± 2.6mg ·L -1 and 18.9 ± 3.1 mg ·L -1。
当回流比为100%至150%时，平均有90.0%的NH 3-N 和75.8%的TN 被去除。
根据图5可看出出水的TKN 平均浓度也很低，为8.2 ± 3.8 mg ·L -1。
可以看出TKN 的去除效率基本不受季节和进水峰值率的影响。
而季节变化对NH 3-N 和TN 则略有影响。
夏天的出水TN 浓度正常低于18 mg/L ，冬天和早春出水TN 浓度则在18 mg ·L -1到25 mg·L-1变化；而NH3-N的春水浓度则基本不受温度的影响。
这可能是由于缺氧池水力停留时间短，而好氧池水力停留时间相对长得多的缘故。
进水的TN 的容积负荷率为0.08 - 0.24 kg·m-3·d-1，平均值0.14 kg TN·m-3·d-1，这要比周围其他污水处理厂高。
年平均去除负荷率为0.11 kg TN·m-3·d-1，相当于0.022 kg TN·kgMLSS-1·d-1。
考虑到有机氮会降解成氨氮，实际平均生物硝化率为0.026kg NH3-N·kg MLSS-1·d-1，最高可达0.033 kg NH3-N·kg MLSS-1·d-1。
有意思的是实测的TN去除率比理论值高出了15-20%，这意味着在曝气池内同时进行着硝化和反硝化反应。
图6显示：进水中NO3-N浓度低于2.0 mg·L-1。
出水NO3-N浓度在6.0与14 mg·L-1之间，平均值为10.8 ± 2.5 mg·L-1。