18世纪的英国文学ppt
英国文学TheAngloSaxonPeriod ppt课件
The Anglo-Saxon Period witnessed a Transition from tribal society to feudalism.
British Literature I
5. The Anglo-Saxon religious belief
The Anglo-Saxons were heathen (异教徒) people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe.
Early Inhabitants
Britons
Britain
a tribe of Celts the land of Britons
primitive people clustering of huts
tribal society
2. The Roman Conquest
British Literature I
British Literature I
History and Selected Readings of British Literature
British Literature I
Outline of British Literature
▪ 1. Anglo-Saxon Period 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(449-1066) ▪ 2. Anglo-Norman Period (Middle Ages)盎格鲁- 诺曼时期
English language was influenced by the Northern mythology.
▪ 6.The Romanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832） ▪ 7.The Critical Realism 批判现实主义时期（19世纪30年代-
《英国浪漫主义文学》课件
历史背景
哲学思考
英国浪漫主义文学作品中常常包含深 刻的哲学思考，探讨人性、道德、自 由等主题，表现出对人类命运的关注 和思考。
英国浪漫主义文学关注历史背景，将 文学作品与历史事件、社会现实等联 系起来，展现出浓厚的历史感。
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英国浪漫主义文学的影响与评价
对世界文学的影响
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丰富了世界文学的多样性
作品风格
现实主义与浪漫主义相结合， 注重细节描写和人物塑造
晚期浪漫主义
时间范围
1830年-1860年
特点
关注人性探索，深入挖掘内心世界，强调个 性表达
代表人物
丁尼生、布朗宁、梅尔维尔等
作品风格
心理分析、象征主义和神秘主义，注重艺术 表现和情感渲染
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英国浪漫主义文学的主要代表人 物及其作品
威廉·布莱克
诗歌形式与技巧
诗歌形式
英国浪漫主义诗歌形式多样，包 括长诗、短诗、叙事诗等，强调 韵律和节奏感。
象征与隐喻
英国浪漫主义诗歌善于运用象征 和隐喻手法，通过具象的描绘传 达抽象的概念和情感。
情感渲染
英国浪漫主义诗歌注重情感渲染 ，通过强烈的情感表达和渲染来 打动读者。
自然与人文的融合
பைடு நூலகம்
自然描绘
英国浪漫主义作家善于描绘自然，将 自然元素融入到作品中，强调人与自 然的和谐共存。
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时间范围
1789年-1800年
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03
04
代表人物
拜伦、雪莱、济慈、华兹华斯 等
特点
强调个人情感、自然和自由， 反对理性主义和传统束缚
作品风格
富有想象力，追求形式和语言 的创新
中期浪漫主义
时间范围
英美文学赏析-18世纪英国文学PPT文档60页
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样家的法律中只有某种 神灵， 而不是 殚精竭 虑将神 灵揉进 宪法， 总体上 来说， 法律就 会更好 。—— 马克·吐 温 37、纲纪废弃之日，便是暴政兴起之 时。— —威·皮 物特
38、若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律 是丝毫 没有力 量的。 ——菲 力普斯 39、一个判例造出另一个判例，它们 迅速累 聚，进 而变成 法律。 ——朱 尼厄斯
1718世纪外国文学ppt课件
理性是艺术的最高准则，提出理性、真、自然三 位一体的主张：为了求美就要求真，也就必须摹仿自 然。他所说的自然指的是体现在事物中的“常情常 理”，人性自然。
为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ，保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
高乃依的悲剧《熙德》突出表现 了这一特征。西班牙贵族青年罗狄 克为了家族利益，失去了和施曼娜 的爱情。又为国家利益，克服失恋 的痛苦，走上战场，拯救了国家。 他成为民族英雄，被人尊称“熙 德”。国王英明贤达，让罗狄克与 施曼娜结为夫妇。
本剧提出了放弃个人得失，以国 家利益为重的道德标准。
为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ，保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ，保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
古典主义悲剧的三一律
三一律亦称“三整一律”，它是17世纪古典主义 的剧本创作规则。规定剧本情节、地点、时间三者必须 完整一致。即每剧只能有单一的故事情节，事件发生在 一个地点并在一天之内完成。
崇拜古希腊罗马文化是17世纪古典主义的突 出特点，古典主义把古希腊罗马的艺术看作是艺 术创作的理想模式，在文艺理论和创作实践上以 古希腊罗马文学为典范，因而被称为古典主义。
为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ，保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
17-18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期的英国文学
(1660—1798)
Zhang Yangli
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Period：
1660：
Stuarts
the return of the
↓
1798：
Lyrical Ballads
2
The Neoclassical Period
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The great writers
Daniel Defoe Swift Jonathan Henry Fielding
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The dramatist Richard B. Sheridan （理查德· 布· 谢里丹）
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The essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson （塞缪尔· 约翰逊 ）
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purpose
:
to enlighten people with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; to celebrate reason or rationality, equality and science
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5. Pre-Romanticism:
in
the latter half of the 18th century departures from the orderly framework of Neoclassicism
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William Blake (1757-1827), Visionary poet and painter.
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18世纪英国文学
二《汤姆·琼斯》 汤姆·琼斯》
1.
内容简介
以主人公的活动为线索,用第三人称叙述的传纪体小说。中心 故事是写主人公汤姆·琼斯的坎坷命运和曲折遭遇,他自幼遭到 遗弃与虐待,在成长过程中又不断受到小人布立非的暗算,最后 又遭恩主兼养父奥尔华绥误解,被逐出家门,同时又与恋人索菲 亚离散。这一对恋人分别后历尽各种磨难与诱惑,最后苦尽甘来, 汤姆的身世之谜大白（与布立非是同母异父兄弟，也是奥尔华 绥的外甥）,重获奥尔华绥恩宠，并与索菲亚结成眷属。
“编者相信，这部自述是事实的忠实的记录， 其中绝无虚构之处” 其中绝无虚构之处” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第一卷 序言 鲁滨逊漂流记》 — “ 这个故事，虽然是寓言性，同时又是历 史的。它是一种绝无仅有的生活苦难和一 种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” 种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第三卷 序 鲁滨逊漂流记》 言
⑤
典型性
现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外, 现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外,还要 真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《 真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《汤 姆·琼斯》中,菲尔丁运用对比手法成功塑造了同 琼斯》 一类型而不同特点的一系列典型人物
身份的焦虑
英国学者威廉· 英国学者威廉·布洛姆在总结有关身份问题的最近 研究成果时简要概括到: 研究成果时简要概括到:“身份确认对任何个人来 说,都是一个内在的、无意识的行为要求，个人努 力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感, 力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感,也努力设法维 持、保护和巩固身份以维护和加强这种心理安全 感,后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说,有至关重要 后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年,身份确认这一 行为要求一直发挥着作用“ 行为要求一直发挥着作用“。而一个人的身份包 括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特· 括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德有关 文化身份的论述, 文化身份的论述,一个人始终同时属于以下不同层 面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/ 面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/语言 层面、性别层面、代的层面、阶级或身世层面、 组织或职业层面等等。
英国文学课件
beauty, studies, riches…
His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression
☆his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose
English people → Alliteration( 头韵） • 2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury Tales • ①The Romance( describing the life and adventures of a
noble hero) • ②Geoffrey Chaucer • → the “father of English poetry”, • →“The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucer’s masterpiece
• <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action
• To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action
• Selected readings In English And American Litercatures
• Tracy_0823
Part one Old and Medieval English
Literature
• 1. Old English Poetry and “Beowulf”(贝尔武夫) • “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and
18世纪英国文学(课堂PPT)
Literary Development
• 1. Neo-classicism • 2. sentimentalism • 3. Modern novel • 4. Romanticism
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1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义
• The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.
• Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.
The Literature Of
18thCentury
1
Introduction
Literary background Literary Development Famous writers
2
Literary background
1. The contending(敌对的) factions(派别) 2. Literati(文人学士) as servants of
• The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.
18世纪的英国文学
❖Gulliver’s Travels records the pretended four voyages of Gulliver, and his adventures in four strange countries.
❖A Modest Proposal is a more bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.
the guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality
Ration became standard for measurement of everything.
The Enlightenment Movement
❖ 2.The rise of English novel: an important phenomenon of the period.
❖ 3. Gothic novels emerged and flourished in the last decade of the 17th century, which combine both elements of horror and romance.
18世纪的英国文学
18世纪的英国文学
18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).
18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.
迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.
斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉
菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他
的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象。
第五章 18世纪文学 (《外国文学史》PPT)
从显性层面上来说，这部小说的最大贡献 在于成功地塑造了鲁滨逊这一资产阶级上升 时期的正面典型形象。 但从象征层面来看，鲁滨逊所处的海上 “荒岛”其实是人类远古生活状态的象征。
乔纳森•斯威夫特（1667—1745）是英国启 蒙主义文学中杰出的讽刺作家，作品有小说、 诗歌、散文和书简。小说《格列佛游记》 （1726）是他讽刺文学中最为出色的作品。
高特荷德•艾弗拉姆•莱辛 （1729—1781）是德国启 蒙运动的杰出代表，也是 德国民族文学的奠基人。
莱辛著作颇丰，理论著作有《汉堡剧评》 （1767—1769）、《拉奥孔，论绘画和诗歌 的界限》（1766）等。在美学理论上，他强 调艺术必须克服脱离现实的倾向，要发挥各 种艺术形式的特性，真实而生动地反映现实。
伏尔泰（1694—1778）原名弗朗索瓦•马利 •阿鲁埃。文学创作中成就最大的就是哲理小 说，一共出版了26部之多。著名作品有《査 第格》（1748）、《老实人》（1759）、 《天真汉》（1767）等。
德尼•狄德罗（1713—1784）是法国新一代 杰出的启蒙思想家和作家。他组织和主编的 《百科全书》成为新兴资产阶级与反动势力 进行斗争的理论阵地，并以此把法国启蒙运 动推向高潮。
女皇叶卡捷琳娜二世（1762—1796）即位 之初，假意接受启蒙思想，标榜“开明君主” 制度，鼓励文学创作，出版杂志，并亲自动 笔写作，但其目的是要使文学为其统治服务。
杰尼斯•伊凡诺维奇•冯维辛（1744—1792） 是俄罗斯最早出现的具有启蒙思想的作家之 一。
亚历山大•尼古拉耶维奇•拉 吉舍夫（1749—1802）是较为 激进的俄国启蒙学者之一。他 写过哲学、政论著作和文学作 品，其中最重要的是《从彼得 堡到莫斯科旅行记》(1790)。
18世纪的欧洲出现了一次更为伟大的思想 解放运动——“启蒙运动”。 它于17世纪最早萌芽于英国与荷兰，随后 在法国、德国、俄国、意大利等国广泛传播 开来，成为思想文化的主潮。其中，法国启 蒙主义运动最具典型性。
英国文学简史-18th-century(1)PPT课件
man as an imperfect being, inherently sinful, whose potential was limited.
emphasis on order and reason, on restraint, on common sense
Enlightenment Movement
The England Enlightener (P127)
2021//12
2
The 18th Century England
comparatively peaceful development
In politics
a constitutional monarchy
2021/3/12
11
Dissimilarities in Point of View
man as a being fundamentally good and possessed of an infinite potential for spiritual and intellectual growth.
2021/3/12
5
The Features of English Enlightenment
▪ (1)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.
3
《英国文学简介》课件
3
文艺复兴时期文学
莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的史诗，代表了英国文艺复兴时期的顶峰成就。
18世纪文学
启蒙时代文学
以强调理性和人权为特点，代表作品包括斯威夫特 的《格列佛游记》。
浪漫主义文学
通过追求自然、个人情感和幻想，让艺术与内心相 互融合，如拜伦的诗歌作品。
罗曼主义文学
文学流派 诗歌 小说 戏剧
代表作家 威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治 简·奥斯汀、勃朗特姐妹 威廉·莎士比亚
现代主义文学
特征
反叙述、流派混合、内心意识流的表达方式，如弗 吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》。
代表作家
T.S.艾略特、詹姆斯·乔伊斯、维吉妮亚·伍尔夫。
当代文学
文学派别
后现代主义、魔幻现实主义、 女性文学、后殖民文学等。
重要作家
伊恩·麦克尤恩、朱利安·巴恩 斯、萨尔曼·鲁西迪。
全球影响
当代英国文学作品在全球范 围内受到广泛关注，引领潮 流并触及世界共同话题。
《英国文学简介》
本PPT课件将带领大家一起探索英国文学的丰富历史和重要作家，以及各个时 期的文学流派和风格。
英国rse
英国文学拥有丰富多样的作品，从古代到现代，涵盖了各种题材和风格。
2 Influential and Enduring
英国文学对世界文学产生了深远的影响，作品在多个国家和文化中广为传播与研究。
3 Reflecting Society
英国文学作品引人深思，反映了当时社会的价值观、文化特征和历史背景。
英国文学史
1
古英语文学
从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的《贝奥武夫》到中世纪的传说故事，古英语文学充满古 老而神秘的魅力。
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中世纪文学
18世纪英国文学史
English Literature in the 18th Century (the Age of Enlightenment or the Age ofReason)BackgroundSome Important TermsThree Stages in the EnlightenmentPolitically➢Glorious Revolution in 1688 ended the monarchy, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy.➢The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament.➢the Tory and the Whig dominated the parliament by turnsSocially⏹the rapid growth of middle class⏹The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness, self-discipline ⏹better education was available⏹more schools and social clubs were establishedEconomically◆Industrial Revolution, the 1st powerful industrial country◆continued to expand its coloniesIdeologicallyUnder the influence of scientific discoveries( Galileo,Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Some Important Terms Enlightment:an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe.•a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education•the guiding principle or slogan isRation/Reason, natural right and equality •Ration became standard for measurement of everything.Some Important Terms Neoclassicism: Appeared in last decades of the 17th to the early of the18th•Modelled Greek and Latin authors •Stress on order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste major exponents of the neoclassical school: John Dryden and Alexander Pope.Sentimentalism:One of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century.•A new vision of love, a new view of human nature : prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. •Representives:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith (prose fiction )Gothic Novel•against the rationalism and commercialism •emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature; the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castle •Representative:Horace Walpole--The Castle of OtrantoSome Important TermsPre-Romanticism:•It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion & emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.•Rrpresentatives:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)The First Stage•Lasted from the “Glorious Revolution”to the end of the 1730’s.•Characterized by the so-called neoclassicism in poetry(the representative poet:Alexander Pope)•A new prose literature appeared in the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and in the first realistic fiction of Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift.Alexander Pope •Alexander Pope(1688-1744)•An English essayist,critic, satirist,and one of thegreatest poets of Enlightenment.Works•An Essay On Criticism, 1711 •The Rape Of The Lock, 1712-14 •Dunciad, 1728 -Widened in 1742 •An Essay On Man, 1733-34Translations:•Homer's Iliad, 1715-20•Homer's Odyssey, 1726Literary Style •Alexander Pope was best known for his satirical verse.He is famous for his use of the heroic couplet.•Heroic Couplet is a traditional form for English poetry ; commonly used for epic and narrative poetry. it refers to poems constructed form a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines .The rhyme is always masculine.Alexander Pope’s famous quotations •For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.•To err is human, to forgive, divine.• A little learning is a dangerous thing.Richard Steele(1672-1729)Joseph Addison(1672-1719)•Their literary activities:They jointly ran two newspapers:the Tatler(from 12 Apr.1709 to 2 Jan. 1711) the Spectators(from 1 Mar.1711 to 6 Dec. 1712),Published essays dealing with manners, morals and literature.•Their importance:Their essays truthfully portrayed the social life of England and paved the way for the coming of the English novel.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)➢The Father of the English fiction •Personal Life:•1701: The True-born Englishman •1703:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters •1704: The Review a political and literary magazine in prison.•1719: Robinson Crusoe•1731: his deathWorks •Robinson Crusoe(masterpiece)•Captain Singleton•Moll Flanders•A Journal of the Plague Year •RoxanaFeatures of Daniel Defoe's Novels •1.Central idea : man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. Society is the source of various crimes and vices.•2. Daniel Defoe deliberately avoided all arts, all fine writings, so that the readers could concentrate only on a series of plausible events. •3. Taking the form of memories or pretended historical narrative, everything in them giving the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift•His life(1667-1745)•Born in Ireland of an English couple.•His education: Studied at Trinity college , at Dublin University•After graduation:•Sir William Temple (private secretary, ten years).•Worked in a little church in Ireland•His death: brain diseaseWorks•Bickerstaff Almanac•The Battle of the Books •The Tale of A Tub•The Journal to Stella•The Drapier’s Letters •Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels•Four books: four voyages of Gulliver •The first part: his shipwreck in Lilliput •The second part: Gulliver’s adventure •in Brobdingnag•The third part: Gulliver continues his adventures in Laputa•The four part:Gulliver came to a place where inhabitants are those wise horsesSwift’s Style •Jonathan Swift is one of the realist writers•His language is simple, clear and vigorous.•“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style”•Swift is a master satirist and his irony is deadly.The Second Stage •Lasted from 1740s to 1750s.•The more important works : the novels of Samuel Richardson, Henry Feilding and Tobias Smollett.•The last two writers make rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions.Samuel Richardson•His life(1689-1761)•His works:•Pamela(Pamela Andrews, Mr. B the first English Psycho-Analytical novel)•Clarissa Harlowe(1747-1748)•Sir Charles GrandisonHenry Fielding•Father of the English Novel•He was the greatest playwright in his own time.•He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the 18th century.•The first to write specifically a “comic epic inprose”),whose subject is“the true ridiculou s”in human nature.Works•The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew•The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great •Amelia•The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling •Don Quixote in England•1. Fielding starts “the third-person narration”, that is told directly by the author, an omniscient narrator.•2. Satire abounds everywhere in his novels. There are two kinds of satire. One is the humorous satire, which is meant to be instructive and corrective. The other kind is grim satire, which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling class.•3.Fielding believes in the educational function of the novel.•4. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, bit extremely vivid and vigorous.•5.His novels are noted for individual dramatic dialogues, and other theatrical devices such suspense, coincidence and surprise.Tobias Smollett•Tobias George Smollett (19 March 1721 –17 September 1771)•A Scottish poet and author. He was best known for his picaresque novels(流浪汉小说), such as The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle(1751), which influenced later novelists such as Charles Dickens.The Third Stage •Covered the last decades of the 18th century. •Characterized by the appearance of new literary tendencies of Sentimentalism and Pre-romanticism.Sentimentalism:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver GoldsmithPre-romanticism:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)•Realistic dramatist: Richard B. SheridanEdward Young •Edward Young (1683 –April 5, 1765) was an English poet, best remembered for Night Thoughts.•Night Thoughts is noted for its psychological probings and its mixing of personal sentiments with religious deliberations.•Significance: It helped, in its small way, to move poetry forward toward the age of Romanticism.Sentimentalism:Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)•He is the forefather of the sentimentalism novel.•As a novelist, he was conscious and original, and contributed a good deal toward perfecting the art of genre in its early phase.•He was an iconoclast, an innovator, a trail-blazer, and an eternal presence in literary history.Works and Fictions' features •The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,GentlemanA Sentimental Journey through France and Italy by Mr. Yorick.•Features: grotesque goodness, sweet humility, sensitive humanity, boisterous humor and idiosyncratic discursiveness.Sentimentalism:Oliver Goldsmith•General Comments•A man sometimes blundering and ridiculous, but tender-hearted,simple and generous• A versatile writer as a poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist•One of the representatives of English sentimentalism•Social justice and compassion for the poorWorks•The Vicar of Wakefield(1762)（a sengtimental novel）•The Citizens of the World(1762 )•The Traveller(1764)•The Good-Natured Man(1768)•The Deserted Village(1770 ) （a poem of sentimentalism）•She Stoops to Conquer(1773 0Writing style •Alternately praises, satirizes, and sentimentalizes a pioneer settlement •His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice •Show passive resistance to social evilPre-romanticism:William Blake•A poet and an engraver• a Pre-Romantic Poet or the forerunner of the romantic poetsMajor worksPoetical SketchesSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocenceMarriage of Heaven and HellWriting style•Plain and direct language.•Lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.•Embody the views with visual images.•Symbolism in wide range.eg.To see a world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flowerHold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hourRichard B. Sheridan(Dramatist)•Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816), •British dramatist and politician, whose work is considered the finest development of the comedy of manners(风尚喜剧) in 18th-century England.•Works:The Rivals,The School for Scandal and The CriticWriting Style•1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional.•2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulationof such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.•3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Samuel Johnson •Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 [O.S.7 September] –13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.•Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory,and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".•He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature"A Dictionary of the English Language•Johnson began to wrotethe dictionary from 1747,and it took him 7 years tofinish it.Though it was widelypraised and had a hugeimpact, Johnson didn’tgain much money fromit.Other works•The Idler, a weekly series, ran from 1758 to 1760.•Proposals for Printing, by Subscription, the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare, in 1756, which argued that previous editions of Shakespeare were edited incorrectly and needed to be corrected•Rasselas, a philosophical novella, on 19 April 1759.•The Plays of William Shakespeare, in Eight Volumes... To which are added Notes by Sam. Johnson,10 October 1765 •Lives of the English Poets, in 1777Thank You !。
18世纪英国文学
I . Historical BackgroundWith the Glorious Revolution, England became a constitutional monarchy and, the state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers. Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale, manual production methods of the home industry were hardly adequate. All these created not only a great demand for large quantities of manufactured goods but also standardized goods made in Britain. This was the basic cause of the Industrial Revolution, of the invention of textile machines and other kinds of machinery.At home in the country, Acts of Enclosure were putting more lands into the hands of fewer privileged rich landowners and forcing thousands of small farmers and tenants off their land to become wage earners in industrial towns. As a result, there appeared a market of free labor anal free capital, thus providing the essential conditions for the rising of Industrial Revolution. So, towards the middle of the 19th century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country, the work-shop of the world, flooding the markets both at home and abroad with itsmanufactured goods.These changes, both political and social, enriched the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy who ruled the country, but brought great miseries to the majority of the people in England, Scotland, and Ireland; and in the colonies. Popular uprisings again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government.As England was growing into a powerful industrial country, it also witnessed the rapid growth of the bourgeois middle class at home. These- were mainly city people: traders, merchants, manufacturers, and other adventurers such as slave-traders and colonists. They became the backbone of the fast developing England. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class. It was a revolutionary class then and quite different from the feudal-aristocratic class. They were the people who had known poverty and hardship, and most of them had obtained their present social status through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. For them, to work and to accumulate wealth constituted the wholemeaning of their life.Ⅱ. Cultural Background1. EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They were different from those of France, for they appeared not before but after the bourgeois revolution. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to carry the revolution through to an end.Most of the English writers were enlighteners. They fell into two groups-the moderate group and the radical group. The more moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe andSamuel Richardson.The more radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.Most of the writers of the moderate group acknowledged that the existing social system of the day was essentially fair and just. On this basis they tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions while the writers of the radical group stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper moral standards" and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.2. Cultural ProgressInspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment, people were encouraged to cultivate a sense of rationality and a witty intellectuality. More schools were set up throughout the country so as to provide a better education for the masses. As more people had now more money and more leisure time, and became better educated, a widely distributed reading public grew,especially among the well-to-do middle class women. This demanded more reading materials which would be of interest and satisfy their need for a rational and moral life. Outside regular schools, literary works of all kinds played a decisive role in popularization of general education. The Copyright Act of 1709 made, for the first time in English history, literary creation an honorable and independent profession. Writers like Alexander Pope were able to live a life independent of those rich aristocratic patrons. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper. For the first time too, the literary tendency of the age was moving-away from the conventional romance stories about the life of the rich and noble people of the aristocratic class and turning to works that would give accounts of the common life of the ordinary folk.Besides the popular forms of poetry, novel and drama, the period also saw the appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals which served as the party mouth-organs as well as an ideal medium for public education. And there was also the flourish of coffee houses andall kinds of social clubs, (about 2000 in London.) which greatly helped the cultivation and promotion of the new English culture.However, in the later part of the century, people began to feel discontented with the rigidity of rationality. A demand for a release of one's spontaneous feeling, a relaxation from the cold and rigid logic of rationality and an escape from, the inhuman Industrial Revolution gradually took shape in the form of sentimental novel and poetry.Ⅲ. Characteristics of the Literature1. A General ViewThe main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. In this century the newspaper was born. Literature, which included the book, the newspaper and the magazine, became the chief instrument of the nation's progress. The new social and political conditions demanded expressions not simply in books but more especially in pamphlets, magazines and newspapers. Poetry, which had been the glory of English literature in the preceding ages, was inadequate for such a task. So prose had a rapid development in this age. The 18th century was an age of prose. A group ofexcellent prose writers, such as Addison, Steele, Swift, Fielding, were produced.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. The main characters in the novels were no longer kings and nobles but the common people.In this age satire was much used in writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule follies, stupidities，the vices and corruptions of the society, which threatened to be contrary to the maintenance of good moral order and literary discipline. So, it answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. It also proved to be an effective weapon for arguments of all kinds and verbal attacks on enemies of both the parties and the personal. Since there was fierce strife of the two political parties in society, nearly every writer of this century was employed and rewarded by Whigs or Tories for satirizing their enemies. English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as Pope, Swift and Fielding. So, it became the fashion for all forms of writing at the time.The development of the literature in this period can be summarized as: the predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose in the early decades of the 18th century; the rise andflourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century; and the appearance of the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last few decades of the 18th century.2. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureNeo-Classicism made a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century. In early 18th century, writers of the neo-classical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle decades of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.This term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from their works, for example, rimed couplet instead of blank verse and the three unities of time, place and action，etc. It put the stress on the classical ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste .The English classicists followed these standards in their writings. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. Prose should be precise, direct and flexible. Allthe neo-classicists followed these standards in writing.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Pope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. In the field of satiric and didactic verse, he was the undisputed master. His influence completely dominated the poetry of his age. Many foreign writers and the majority of English poets looked to him as their model. His poetry clearly reflected the spirit of the age in which he lived. Pope was a master in satire and heroic couplet. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody诗学.Pope's Major WorksAn Essay on Criticism, written in heroic couplet, consisting of 744 lines and divided into three parts, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism as Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it. Pope’s Essay on Criticism was a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism.Essay on Man, written in heroic couplet, indicates the poet's political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man' srelation to the universe, to society, to himself, and to happiness. The Dunciad is Pope' s famous satirical poem. It is full of bitter personal attacks on the poet's personal enemies, and it also gives a broad satirical picture of the whole literary life in the early 18th century England.“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”“Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind.”“Hills peep over hills, and Alps on Alps arise!”Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729) In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named “The Tatler”. In 1711, Addison collaborated with Steele to create a literary periodical called “The Spectator”."The Tatler" was published three times a week. It became widely read in London, especially in clubs and coffeehouses. The paper became extremely popular because it was just the sort of thing that suited the needs of the reading public among the bourgeoisie. "The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together. It was much more important than "The Tatler" because it dealt with a wide range of subjects and was written in a maturer style. It offered the models of social and moral behaviour to the new British middle class besides discussing the current affairs and culture issues. Moreover Addison’s prose which is very clear, plain, fluent and elegant became a model for the writers of that time. His style is rich in humor and common sense, which is also imitated by other weiters and exerts a great influence abroad.The most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern Englishnovel.The essays in this periodical had a moral purpose．They attempted to improve manners and morals, and continued to struggle against the ideas of the aristocracy．Steele and Addison’s Contributions to English Literature1) Their writings in “The Tatler” and“The Spectator" provide anew code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2) They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century．3) In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre．Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel．3. English Realistic NovelsThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement in the 18th century English literature. The novelists of this group told the reader in their novels, not about knights or kings but about the ordinary people; about their thoughts; feelings and struggles. The major realist novelists of this century are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollett.The early literature in the Medieval or Renaissance period, only served the feudal aristocratic class. Almost all the literary works were about kings, queens, princes, feudal lords and their way of life. Even Shakespeare's plays were dominated by these people. Romance was the typical literary form which was to delight and entertain the aristocrats. But now, after the bourgeois revolution, the English middle-class people were ready to cast away the aristocratic literature of feudalism and to create a new kind of realistic literature of their own to express their ideas and serve their interests. Thus instead of the life of kings and feudal lords, the whole life in its ordinary aspects of the middle class became a major source of interest in English literature. This change of subject matter was most obvious in the new literary form of English realistic novel. Defoe, Richardson, Fielding,Sterne, Goldsmith and Smollett were among the major novelists of the time. They achieved in their works both realism and moral teaching. The influence of their works was very great both at home and abroad. It found impact in some of the great works of European writers and paved the way for the great nineteenth-century realistic writers like Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens and William Thackeray.“The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois, or capitalist, civilization to the world’s imaginative culture.” (Ralph Fox)Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”—one of the forerunners of English realistic novelFielding: the real founder of realistic novelF.G. Smollet: his satirical novels touched upon various aspects of English life.Samuel Richardson: “Pamela” psychological an alysis Jonathan Swift: Swift is one of the greatest masters of satire.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)Defoe was a journalist, a pamphleteer, a poet, and above all these, he was a novelist. He has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel.Robinson CrusoeAt the head of Defoe' s works stands his most important work The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It has held its popularity for more than two centuries.The story was based upon the experiences of a Scotch sailor called Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on a desert island off the coast of Chile and lived there in solitude for four or five years. After his return to Europe in 1709, his experiences became known. Defoe got inspiration from this real story and with many incidents of his own imagination, he successfully produced the famous novel Robinson Crusoe.The story is told in the first person singular as if it was told by some sailor-adventurer himself. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a colonizer and a foreign trader, who has the courage and will to face hardships, and who has determination to preserve himself and improve his livelihood by struggling against nature. Crusoe represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. Being a bourgeois writer, Defoeglorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.Features of Defoe's NovelsA. Defoe is remembered chiefly for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.B. Defos' s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as real stories. For that reason, he deliberately avoids all art, all fine writing, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible events. Defoe's novels all take the form of memoirs, but everything in them gives the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Swift was born in Dublin.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. The writer influenced by classicism in the literature of the time thought the ancient writers were better than the modern ones. The latter is a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal. The Drapier's Letters were written of the actual social struggle against the debasement of the Irish coin. In the fourth letter, Swift speaks again and again of liberty and slavery in connection with the Irish people. In A Modest Proposal, Swift, with bitter irony, suggests that the poor Irish peasants fatten their one-year-old children and then sell them as food to the rich. This proposal is a most powerful blow at the English government's policy of oppression and exploitation in Ireland. Gulliver' s TravelsThe book contains four parts, each of them deals with one particular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventureson some remote island.In the first part, Gulliver goes to sea as a ship's surgeon. In a big storm the ship is wrecked and he is cast upon the shore of the island of Lilliput. The first part is full of references to current politics. Lilliput is the miniature of England. Swift's satire is directed against the English ruling class, the two political parties and the religious disputes.In the second part, Gulliver again goes to sea and his ship is again wrecked in a storm. Gulliver is abandoned on the land of the Brobdingnagians. The Brobdingnagians prove to be superior to the men and women of Gulliver's society in wisdom and humanity as well as in stature. Compared with them, he is very small, insignificant, mean and unworthy. In this part, the King of Brobdingnag is described as a wise and kind king, and the inhabitants are said to be a civilized race. The law of the country is used to defend the natives' freedom and happiness.The third part, which is often considered to be the least interesting, deals with a series of the hero's adventures at several places. The first place that Gulliver gets to is the floating island of Laputa. Gulliver finds out here the king and the noble persons are a group of absent-minded philosophers and astronomers who care for nothing but mathematics and music and who speakalways in mathematical terms of lines and circles. They often do useless research work, for example a scientist makes researches on how to get sunlight from cucumbers. Another scientist is studying how to construct a house by first building the room and then laying the base. Through these descriptions, Swift satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.In the country of Laputa, the king and his ministers use cruel methods to suppress any rebellion of the people living on the continent below. Whenever the people rise up against them, they make the flying island hover over the place of the rebellion, thus preventing sunlight and rain from reaching it, or let the island drop directly upon the heads of the rebellion people. Here Swift condemns the cruelty of the ruling class to the people.Then Gulliver comes to the island of Sorcerers. This part contains Swift' s sharp satire against all kinds of English social institutions. While condemning the English ruling class, Swift praises the English people, thinking they are honest, brave, and have true love for freedom.The fourth part describes the hero's voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms and has generally been considered the best part of the book because the satire here is the sharpest and the bitterest.In this part Gulliver is cast upon the shore of the land of the Houyhnhnms, who are horses endowed with reason, and who are the governing class. In this country there is a species of wild animals called Yahoos. The horses are extremely intelligent and noble, and possess all good qualities, while the Yahoos, though in many ways they are like human beings, are low and vile and despicable and no better than beasts. Gulliver praises the life and virtues of the horses and feels disgusted at the Yahoos. When Gulliver returns homes he can't stand the human life there. To him all his countrymen are the hateful Yahoos. This part does not show Swift's hatred and disgust for all the humanity. It just shows he dislikes those people who bring evils and inhuman life modes to human society. He cherishes a great love for the common people.Swift's Writing FeaturesA. Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe's. Defoe's stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift's plots come from imagination, which is the chief means he uses in his satires.' His satire is very powerful. He not only criticizes the evils of the English bourgeoisie but those of other bourgeois countries.B. Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.C. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, "Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature.5. SentimentalismIn the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English Literature and heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. By the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of this school continued to struggle against feudalism, but they, at the same time, sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. It was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism which had dominated people’s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel.Dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, to “the human heart”. Sentimentalism turned to countryside for its material, and their writings were marked by a sincere sympathy for the peasants. It indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were used as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice. They thought the bourgeois society was founded on the principle of reason, so they began to react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.In English poetry of the 18th century, sentimentalism first found its full expression in the forties and the fifties, in Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. In the later decades of the century, it was found in a number of poems by William Cowper.In the field of prose fiction of the 18th century, sentimentalism had its most outstanding expression. There were three novelists who followed this tradition in novel writing. They are Samuel Richardson, Oliver Goldsmith and Laurence Sterne. It was first found in “Pamela”, an early English realistic novel by Richardson. Some famous novels of this kind are Laurence Sterne’s “A sentimental journey through France and Italy” and goldsmith’s “The Vicar of Wakefield”.6. Pre-romanticismWhile the classical literature prospered, a new Romantic movement quietly showed its appearance in English poetry. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by William Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassicaltradition of poetry. The chimney sweeper。
第四章18世纪文学歌德ppt4课件
鲁滨逊有三个特征：①有冒险进取精神。他厌恶平凡中庸的小 康生活，一心要到海外去，父亲劝告，船破教训，都不能使他 回头。②有坚强的毅力。由于船只触礁，他只身来到荒岛二十 八年。离开文明社会的日子是艰难的，但是，在荒岛上建造了 自己的“小王国”。③他又有殖民主义特点。
鲁滨逊是一个理想化的新资产阶级典型，表现了上升时资产阶 级的事业心和进取精神，也体现了资本主义的私有观念和殖民 主义占有欲。
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康桥风光
1、期刊文学
在英国，小说起源于18世纪的期刊文 章。英国期刊兴起于16世纪末17世纪初，最 初期刊发布社会新闻，把口头流传的政治见 闻、商业见闻见诸文字，为政治和商业服务。 到了18世纪，期刊具有了文学性，登载各种 娱乐性、杂感性的文章，报导社会上的各种 趣闻，具有“街谈巷议”的小品文特点，成 为期刊随笔。
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小说中的主人公格列佛，为人正直、单纯、 坦率，还具有一定的航海以及医学知识。因为 行医不能养活妻子儿女，他接受了他人的邀请， 到航海船只上去当外科医生。由此开始了他的 航海旅行。格列佛四次航海，先后到小人国、 大人国、飞岛国、贤马国等地的历险，影射讽 刺英国政治、法律、社会、党争和哲学。
《新爱洛伊丝》创作
爱洛伊丝是法国十二世纪人，她和她的教师阿贝拉相爱，遭到 她叔父的反对和暴力干预。两人虽未能结为眷属，但仍互相依恋， 书信往还，直到阿贝拉死后为止。爱洛伊丝和阿贝拉相爱的故事， 哀艳动人，得到了卢梭的同情。因此，他把他小说中的女主人公 朱莉比做爱洛伊丝，将他的小说取名为《朱莉，或新爱洛伊丝》， 用醒目的标题，表明书中的女主人公朱莉和十二世纪的爱洛伊丝 在爱情上有相似的不幸遭遇。 作者对题材的处理独具匠心。前三 卷主要铺叙朱莉和圣普乐的爱情的发展，后三卷通过他们爱情故 事的叙述，尽情讴歌美好的德行，赞美婚姻的神圣，吟哦自然的 风光，针砭社会的积弊，对当时的宗教、文化、伦理道德与各国 的风土人情,均有细致的描写和探索。全书的语言平易，不蔓不枝， 行云流水，以文笔清新朴实的美，打动读者的心。书中最令人同 情和赞美的，是女主人公朱莉和她在爱情上所表现的美德。朱莉 和圣普乐的爱情的不幸结局，得到了人们的同情，因此,《新爱洛 伊丝》一出版,就引起了广大读者的共鸣,取得了巨大的成功。
第十讲 十八世纪英国文学
1、讽刺统治集团内部的阴谋倾轧 小人国里复杂的权力争夺和宗教纠纷 2、对新思想和科学思潮、理性的讽刺 飞岛国的废物哲学家 飞岛国的奇特“科学研究” 慧马国的纯粹理性统治：yahoo（粗鲁、粗俗） 3、攻击英国对爱尔兰的奴役和海外殖民
（二）启蒙主义中期（18c.40s——50s）：小说 成就最高 1、约翰逊（1709-1784）：18世纪中后期英国
歌是英国新古典主义最高发展，把英雄双韵体推到近乎 完美的地步；代表作讽刺史诗《夺发记》
2、
（1661-1731）：英国近代长篇小说奠基
人；代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》
3、
（1667-1745 ）：讽刺艺术大师；
代表作《格列佛游记》
1、叙事文学的悠久历史 2、 的产生：18世纪城市繁荣和市民阶层的兴起
（1741-1748）
1、故事情节：
a、帕美拉与B先生的引诱与被引诱 b、克拉丽莎逃婚，陷入拉夫雷斯的圈套 克拉丽莎被拉夫雷斯陷害，身心遭受重创 拉夫雷斯爱上克拉丽莎，克拉丽莎坚贞不屈
2、《帕美拉》与《克拉丽莎》在当时欧洲的影响：
a、菲尔丁的嘲弄 b、强烈的社会反响 c、狄德罗的盛赞；卢梭与歌德争相模仿
Robinson Crusoe 全 名：
《约克镇海员鲁滨逊〃克鲁索自述他的生涯及惊奇冒险；他独居美洲 海边奥龙诺克河口附近的荒岛上达28年，同舟者都于海难中丧生，鲁 滨逊〃克鲁索一人独自漂流岸上，侥幸余生；最后同样情节奇特，一 只海盗船将他从岛上救出》
新闻背景：1704年，一个叫亚历山大〃塞尔柯克的英格兰水手，因和 船长发生冲突，被遗弃在距智利海岸约500里的一个荒岛上，4年之后 获救
英国文学十八世纪
பைடு நூலகம்16
Gothic Horror: A thriller designed not only to terrify or frighten the audience, but also to convey a sense of moral failure or spiritual darkness. The Gothic in England begins with The Castle of Otranto奥伦 托城堡in 1760, by Horace Walpole沃尔浦尔，霍勒斯, which emphasized the supernatural mixed with the grotesque in a medieval setting.
Use of a dark setting or moody atmosphere, sensationalism, exotic settings in the past, the sublime 异常的, atmosphere of dread
18
A ruined or weird landscape
12
Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical叙事诗的, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Neo-classical writers are: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc.
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6）《鲁滨逊漂流记》的艺术特点
（1）始终使用第一人称叙述，使整篇 小说显得非常朴素。 （2）“荒岛模式”。 （3）结构散漫。
（二）萨谬尔· 理查逊
萨谬尔· 理查逊的代表作品《帕美拉》、 《克拉丽莎》等都是用书信体写的小说。 很多人认为英国的感伤主义是从理查逊 开始的。
理查逊的小说里也有大量议论的部分。 有些议论被人斥为是“自满自足的中产阶级 的道德说教”。 理查逊小说中细腻的感情分析成为英国 小说中重要的倾向，他还创造了“书信体” 小说。 理查逊小说的整体格调是哀婉的。
3）“荒岛模式”在文学上的功能
（1）把小说的叙述安排到非常陌生、 荒凉的处境中，运用的是“陌生化”的文学 原则。 （2）能够给作家一个非常真实的再现 “创世纪”过程的机会，通过对荒岛故事的 讲述方法，安排在荒凉中生存的逻辑。
（3）荒岛的处境有助于作家表现人物 性格。 人与荒凉的大自然之间的关系是一种新 的关系，人与荒蛮的社会也是一种新的关系。 作家和读者关注的是在这种新的关系中，人 物有哪些心理特征。
关于笛福的生平众说纷纭。据说他曾经 当过投资商、发明家、旅行家，又参加过政 治运动，还是英国最早最早办报的新闻工作 者，有着丰富的经历。 主要作品： 《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《辛格顿船长》、 《杰克上校》等。
2．《鲁滨逊漂流记》 《鲁滨逊漂流记》（原名为《鲁滨逊的 生活和冒险以及其他》）是笛福接近晚年时 的作品，也是他的代表作。作品描写了鲁滨 逊一生的生活和冒险，不单只有他在荒岛上 的经历。
1）从内容上看，《鲁滨逊漂流记》有 很多和以前的作品不同的价值：
（1）《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人冒险 内容
（2）在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中，作家非 常明确地告诉读者他要写一个离奇的遭遇。
（3）作家对作品有自我的估计和设想。 （4）作家还对作品的叙述方式有所约 定。要用理智的、严肃的态度来写个人经历， 这实际上是笛福的写作原则。 （5）最后笛福还规定自己在设计作品 时，不能让作品和宗教信仰离得太远。
第二节
十八世纪的英国文学
一、诗歌
1．亚历山大· 瀑普 瀑普在英国的诗歌史上有很高的地位。 瀑普是一个有争议的人物，他的创作有古典 主义和讽刺两种倾向。他的代表作是长诗 《卷发遭劫记》。
2．威廉· 布莱克 威廉· 布莱克被评价为“天才独具的诗 人和画家”。布莱克的诗歌中开始抒发个人 的情感。在布莱克的诗歌中，可以听到浪漫 主义的先声。 3．罗伯特· 彭斯 罗伯特· 彭斯的诗歌创作在18世纪英国 文学史上有一定影响。
2）《鲁滨逊漂流记》的具体内容
（1）主人公不满足于中等阶级的幸福 生活的冒险 （2）荒岛生活 （3）从荒岛回来后的生活
《鲁滨逊漂流记》创造了独特的“荒岛 文学”的模式。这种模式在以前的文学作品 中也有，比如《荷马史诗》中的《奥得修 记》，但是它关注的中心是回家，关于荒岛 情景的描写没有在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中体现 得充分。
4）鲁滨逊的性格
鲁滨逊是一个不安分的人。 鲁滨逊也是一个顽强的人。 笛福在作品中把鲁滨逊塑造成一个爱冒 险的上升的资产阶级形象，性格中有很多殖 民者的天性。 鲁滨逊身上还体现了虔诚的宗教态度。 总的来说，鲁滨逊的性格带有时代性和 超越时代的普遍性。
5）《鲁滨逊漂流记》的主题思想
在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中，处处表现了鲁 滨逊始终想打破日常格局、求变化的思想倾 向，而且作者对这种精神持赞赏态度。 《鲁滨逊漂流记》主张出走，主张扩张， 主张发现新世界。这表现了18世纪英国在新 时代产生的新阶级的新的要求。
费尔丁的代表作是《汤姆· 琼斯》，在 英国文学史上有很大影响。 小说的内容大致有以下几个方面： 1．弃儿汤姆· 琼斯在乡村的遭遇。 2．汤姆· 琼斯遭到迫害，不得不逃离家 乡来到伦敦，最后真相大白，在汤姆· 琼斯的 身份得到证明以后，他终于苦尽甘来，继承 了遗产。
《汤姆· 琼斯》的情节富有离奇性，处 处充熟的套路里装进了英国18世纪的社会生活， 在内容上几乎对当时英国的整个社会生活都 有所涉及，所以在文学史上被看作英国伟大 的现实主义小说。
《汤姆· 琼斯》可以分为三个部分，每 个部分都有各自不同的风格倾向： 第一部分是风俗小说；第二部分是流浪 汉小说和风俗小说；第三部分又是专门以城 市为背景的城市风俗小说。 《汤姆· 琼斯》的价值就在于用一个烂 熟的套路广泛地描绘了英国的社会生活。
（四）劳伦斯· 斯泰恩
斯泰恩是英国感伤主义文学的代表作家， 他的小说对世界文学都有重要的作用，代表 作是《感伤的旅行》。 英国的感伤主义发展到斯泰恩已经形成 一个大的浪潮，感伤主义的名称即因斯泰恩 的小说《感伤的旅行》而确定下来。
（三）亨利· 费尔丁
亨利· 费尔丁是18世纪英国很有影响的 小说家，他的创作很丰富。最早的小说是 《约瑟· 安德鲁斯》，是针对《帕美拉》的感 伤情调写的反讽，费尔丁把它叫做“散文滑 稽史诗”，是对当时以理查逊为代表的作家 创作的一系列感伤小说的讽刺。
费尔丁影响较大的作品是《大伟人江奈 生· 魏尔德传》，这是一部文学史上奇特的作 品，和瀑普的《卷发遭劫记》相似。《大伟 人江奈生· 魏尔德传》也是用反讽的方法，用 英雄赞歌的风格写一个名叫江奈生· 魏尔德的 江洋大盗，在形式上造成反讽。
（五）约拿旦· 斯威夫特
约拿旦· 斯威夫特（1667-1745）在文学 史上有独特的地位，代表作是《格列佛游 记》。 《格列佛游记》一共分为四部分：第一 部分叫“小人国”；第二部分叫“大人国”； 第三部分叫“飞岛”和“飞岛的地下部分”， 第四部分叫“慧马国”。
《格列佛游记》第四部分“慧马国”写 的是主人公格列佛漂流到一个孤岛，被一群 野人包围，一匹马把格列佛带到了“慧马 国”。格列佛回到人类社会后，被不相信他 的人关进疯人院。他的妻子让大夫为他做一 个诊断。结果格列佛一见到穿着严肃的医生， 就把他们称为“野人”，认为这些穿着文明 的人和岛上没穿衣服的人是一样的。
二、小说 （一）丹尼尔· 笛福
1．概况 丹尼尔· 笛福被英国文学史专家认为是 “当代小说的源头”。《英国文学史》认为 把小说加强，使之成为一种文学形式的过程 是从“迷离而神秘的人物——丹尼尔· 笛福” 开始的。
西方的“小说”概念是指18世纪后期才 正式定名的文学式样，以前只能叫“准小 说”，是用散文写的虚构故事。英国所说的 “小说”，就是指从笛福所开创的通过一个 主人公的遭遇对现实生活进行描写的文学样 式，所以他们把18世纪看作小说的开端时期。