经济学原理·萨缪尔森-中山大学岭南学院

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B. Applications to Major Economic Issues
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Prices of Basic Farm Products Have Declined Sharply
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Agricultural Distress Results from Expanding Supply and Price-Inelastic
需求与供给弹性
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Price elasticity of demand
需求的价格弹性： (price elasticity): measuring how much the quantity demanded of a good changes when its price changes.
Demand
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The economic of agriculture:
Price support（价格支持） Tariffs and Quotas（关税与配额） not to Produce Crop restriction
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Crop-Restriction Program Raise both Price and Farm Income
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ED=(percentage change in quantity demanded )/percentage change in price.
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Elastic Demand Shows Large Quantity Response to Price Change
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Price elasticity of Supply
供给的价格弹性： ES=(percentage change in quantity supplied )/percentage change in price.
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Supply Elasticity Depends upon Producer Response to Price
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Impact of a Subsidies on price and quantity
补贴对价格与数量的影响
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Minimum floors and maximum ceilings:
最高限价与最低限价 Minimum wage: unemployment Energy price controls: shortage
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Categories of price elasticity:
价格弹性的分类： price-elastic demand: ED >1 price-inelastic demand: ED <1 unit-elastic demand: ED =1
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Price Elasticity of Demand Falls into Three Categories
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Impact of a tax on price and quantity:
The incidence of a tax: consumers and producers. The relationship of tax and elasticity:
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Gasoline Tax Falls on Both Consumer and Producer
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Formula for elasticity:
Q
P
ED(Q 1Q 2)/2(P 1P2)/2
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Special case: Linear demand curve:
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Linear demand curve:
elasticity is high at top, low at bottom, exactly 1 in the middle.
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Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Demands
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A Simple Rule for Calculating the Demand Elasticity
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Total Revenue(TR)=PQ
When ED <1, P PQ When ED >1, P PQ When ED =1, P PQ constant
Part Two
Microeconomics: Supply, Demand and Product
Market
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Ch4. Applications of supply and demand
需求与供给的应用
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A. Elasticity of demand and supply
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wenku.baidu.com
The Minimum Wage and Teenage Unemployment, 1947-2002
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Effects of a Minimum Wage
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Price Controls Produce Shortages
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