EnglishStylistics1
文体学简介 Chapter 1
Main contents in stylistics
Part One: Theoretical Preliminaries and Major Varieties of Eng lish Chapter 1 Style and Stylistics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions of Style 1.3 Definitions of Stylistics 1.4 The Development of Stylistics 1.5 The Scope of Study Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 2.1 Linguistic Description 2.2 A Checklist of Linguistic Description 2.3 Textual Analysis 2.4 Contextual Factors Analysis Chapter 3 Stylistic Functions of Linguistic Items 3.1 Stylistic Functions of Speech Sounds 3.2 Stylistic Functions of Graphological Items 3.3 Stylistic Functions of Lexical Items 3.4 Stylistic Functions of Syntactic/Grammatical Items
General description
1. Less difficult 2. More interesting 3. More practical
Course related Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
WeekOne_文体学
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
(5) 时间time：古，中古、现代； 变体分析有文字内容，涉指意义(referential meaning)，和社会意义(social meaning)。Such as mountain=山；river=河; but classmate=? Guanxi=?
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
1.7 The Concern of Stylistic Study The refined definition The concerns: 索绪尔（Saussure,1857-1913）distinction between langue and parole.
b. What’s the time? What time is it, please? c. d. How’s the enemy? 同伴。
e. Time?
f. How much longer have we got?
g. My watch seems to have stopped…
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
Longman 1985)
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
(3) 文体学是研究文体的学问。广义：各类文体； 狭义：文学文体。共核语言（The common core） 构成常规(norm)，各类文体是变异(deviation)。加 强认识各体英语，了解功能，增强运用能力。(王佐
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
文体学课件Chapter1分析
of language on which most linguists agree.
And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?
The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex), his awareness of the various factors of a social situation, etc.
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study? – What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Charles Bally, the student of Saussure, is the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
Stylistics 1 文体学课件
English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristotle’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social sciences (Lott, 1988) that brought it to the right track and brought about its present status.
Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.
One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writings. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect of content as well as language.
文体与修辞次
• consonance（辅音韵）: Syllables ending with the same consonants are described as having consonance.
add-read rain-tone
economical Chinese study student
per﹒form mir﹒ror walls
unk﹒ind
ad﹒mi﹒rable
per﹒sua﹒sive cup﹒board
glad﹒i﹒a﹒tor
blushed
el﹒e﹒va﹒tor u﹒ni﹒ver﹒si﹒ty
ed﹒u﹒ca﹒tion e﹒co﹒nom﹒i﹒cal
The other group such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns are called functional words (or closed class words since new words are not usually added to them.)
3) polysyllabic words:
Stress and syllables of words
•
perform mirror
walls
unkind
admirable persuasive
cupboard gladiator blushed
elevator university education
• Semantics---the study of meaning • Pragmatics---the study of how speakers of a
文体学答案
English StylisticsAnswers to Questions and TasksI. Introduction1. What is stylistics? Why is it considered to be a sub-branch of linguistics?Stylistics is a science dealing with styles. It is relegated to linguistics because it studies styles using the theories and methods of modern linguistics. It is concerned with the characteristic use of language by an individual or a group.2. What is style?Style refers to the habitual use of language typical of an individual or a group, including the effectiveness of language use in a particular context.3. Can we call the compositions written by a class of middle school students different styles?Explain.It is not appropriate to call the compositions of students of a class ‘different styles’ because students are still learning the language and they have not formed a linguistic habit yet. As they progress in language learning with time, they will improve their ability of using the language. As a result, the language they produce will be different. Only when they have a relatively fixed ways of using the language can we refer to their writings different styles.4. Name a few types of language habitually used by a group.The language that a group of people habitually use is usually known as a variety—the characteristic use of language in a particular context for a specific purpose, such as news report, business letter, advertisement, poetry, play, short story and so on.5. In what way can stylistics help us in our comprehension of the text?A very important part of comprehension is to get the meaning of a text. A grammarknowledge can only help us to understand the text in terms of its surface meaning. The study of style, however, can deepen our understanding and lead us to go beyond the surface and dig out the hidden meaning or the writer’s intended meaning such as class background, social status, region, occupation, education, political attitude, etc.6. How can stylistics help us in our study of a foreign language?Language is the most important means of communication. We learn a foreign language because we need it in communication. The most difficult problem in language learning is the appropriate use. Making correct sentences does not guarantee our effective use. Without a sense of style, it is impossible to achieve effective communication. As a foreign language learner, we can not acquire this sense of style as a native speaker does. We have to learn it formally and consciously. Once we internalize this conscious knowledge, we can improve our sense of style, which in turn leads to a better use of language.7. Explain how stylistics can help improve our study of literature.Each piece of literature is a piece of art. The understanding and appreciation of a literary work should be based on the study of the work itself. Since stylistics focuses on the study of literary language and explain how language contributes to the literary achievement of the text, it is scientific and convincing. Stylistics will introduce us to the theories and techniques of such intrinsic study, and this will no doubt raise our literary awareness and develop our ability of literary study and appreciation.8. What is the coverage of this course of stylistics?In simple terms, stylistics studies the language in use. It studies both spoken and written varieties, both literary and non-literary varieties, and both long and short texts. It covers a variety of genres. Because of the restraint of the time, we shall choose a few very practical varieties and make a detailed analysis.II. Procedures of Analysis1. What is text?A text is a passage, long or short, spoken or written, which is logically arranged and naturallyconnected.2. What makes a text a text?A text should be coherent. That is the whole text should center around one main idea.Meanwhile, a text should be cohesive. That is all the language units should be naturally connected.3. Comment on the following dialogue. Can we call it a text? What is missing?A. You come back for dinner, Darling?B. It’s Monday, Mum.C. OK.On the surface, the utterances seem not to come together as a text because they are not naturally connected. What is missing is cohesive devices. But put in the context that B is on night shift every Monday, and this knowledge is shared by Mother, the text can be said to be coherent and make sense. The coherence of the text is achieved by pragmatic implications. 4. What is wrong with the following passage consisting of three sentences in terms of text? (Thethree sentences are numbered (1),(2),(3)for the sake of discussion.)(1) I bought a new car yesterday. (2) His father got hurt in a car accident the daybefore. (3) Accidents are frequent nowadays.Although the three sentences are linguistically related, for example, in (1) a new car is mentioned, in (2) the same word car appears and in (3) accident used seems to refer back to car accident. But in terms of idea, the three sentences do not form a whole as a text because the three sentences are semantically unrelated.5. What is linguistic context?Linguistic context refers to the language environment in which a linguistic item is used and its meaning is defined. Such a language environment can consist of a phrase, a clause, a sentence, a paragraph, a passage, and even the whole book.6. What is non-linguistic context?Non-linguistic context refers to the physical situation, in which an utterance or a piece of discourse is produced. The meaning of the utterance or discourse is defined by the contextual factors.7. What are the components of the context of situation?The context of situation is non-linguistic context. It is composed of such factors relating to the user as: age, sex, family background, ethnic group, social status, education, economic status, etc. and factors relating to the use such as: setting, role-relationship, medium, etc.8. Comment on the following linguistic choices and classify them according to contextualfactors.1) What’s the time now?2) How is the enemy?3) Excuse me, but could you tell me the time me?4) Time?5) Would you mind telling me the time?6) My watch has stopped.7)Who’s got time?9. Find an example from any source to illustrate the mutual influence of linguistic choices andcontext.Professor: Good morning, good morning…You are…er…I suppose you really are … the new pupil?Pupil: Yes, Sir. Good morning, sir. You see I came at the right time. I didn’t want to be late.Professor: Good. Yes, that’s very good. Thank you. But you shouldn’t have hurried too much, you know. I don’t know quite how to apologise to you for having kept youwaiting…I was just finishing…you understand, I was just…er…I do beg your pardon…I hope you will forgiveme…Pupil: Oh, but you mustn’t, Sir. It’s perfectly all right, Sir.Professor: My apologies(Eugene Lonesco, The Lesson, pp.183-4)The role-relationship between the professor and the pupil requires more polite language on the part of the pupil. But through the conversation we can see the professor is polite and nervous and too polite for his status. It indicates the unusualness of the pupil. Although the language used by the pupil is polite, it implies dignity and sort of superiority of the pupil.10. In what way do we usually describe a text?A text can be described by its phonological level and graphological level. A text has itsphonological features such pronunciation, intonation, stress, rhethm and so on. The intonation and stress can often change the meaning of the utterance. Graphological forms of the utterance consist in spelling, capitalization, punctuation and so on. The former is to be heard and the latter is to be read. In terms of lexis and grammar, an utterance is the result of connecting a number of words by grammatical rules to convey meaning. The re-arrangement of words may lead to the change of meaning.11. What is the use of frequency in stylistic analysis?The style of a text is usually related to the high frequency of certain features. When the writer or speaker makes linguistic choices, s/he normally has the meaning in mind. The high frequency indicates their preference or intention. For example, if the writer wants to be friendly and intimate, s/he frequently uses informal features. If s/he wants to be cold and distant, s/he makes frequent choices of formal features.12. What is the effective way of making out the sense of a text?The effective way of making the sense of a text is to place the text in a context. Only when the contextual factors are determined, can we interpret the text validly.13. What is norm? How is norm formulated?Norm is the normal practice in speech or writing. That is language use according to conventional rules. These rules are usually based on the language practice by comparison. If in the same context, most people use language in a certain way, that usage can be said to be the norm. Unusual or peculiar ways of using the language is considered abnormal—against the norm. This norm results from comparison of large quantities of linguistic data.14. Look at the following passage. In what way is the high frequency of passive voice related tothe style of the text and its effect?We are now looking at another process. The heated plastics material is extrudedthrough a die in the form of threads. The threads are now drawn through a bath, tocool them. Then they are chopped into granules.This is a piece of scientific and technological English. Of the four sentences, three are in the passive voice. The high frequency of passive voice makes the writing impersonal, objective and formal. The one sentence in the active is concerned with people. In all the rest, focus is put on the material.15. Put the following text in three different contexts and give an interpretation for each.It will be raining tomorrow.In general cases, this is a statement, informing people there will be rain tomorrow. Suppose a class of students have planned to have a picnic in the open-air, this means “We must change our plan and postpone or cancel it.” If one is going to travel, i t asks the traveler to take an umbrella or rain coat along. If a place suffers from draught, this statement may mean get ready for the crop, and so on.III. Style Markers in Phonology1. What is usually dealt with in phonology?In phonology, we usually discuss speech sounds, stress, pitch, tempo, loudness, intonation patterns and so on.2. Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples.1) Words and phrasesshilly-shally super-duper high and mightyfair and square k ith and kin toil and moilpart and parcel b y hook or by crookshilly-shally = pararhymesuper-duper = rhymehigh and mighty = assonancefair and square = rhymekith and kin = reverse rhymetoil and moil = rhymepart and parcel = reverse rhymeby hook or by crook = rhyme2) Titles and headlinesPride and PrejudiceThe Love’s labour LostOf Mice and ManBill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon ManFather in a FixWitch WatchThe Wonder of WaterfallPride and Prejudice = alliterationThe Love’s labour Lost = alliterationOf Mice and Man = alliterationBill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliterationFather in a Fix = alliterationWitch Watch = alliterationThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration3) Advertisements--Drinka Pinta Milka Day--Extra Pintas Warma Winta--Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Ex-periment, but still economise.Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank.--Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision--Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision--Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment,but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order)alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration3. The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples is (are) understood as patterned insound on a word (or words) not present in the sentence. Can you explain the function of the implicit sound patterning?1) A chimp (chimpanzee) is named as Nim Chimpsky.2) A man called his tommy cat Romeow.3)Moby Disc—A Whale of a Record shop. (Advert)1) Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a languagelearning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language howeverbadly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such adevice. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal)can never learn the language however hard it is taught.2)Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciationwith the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master.3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it remindsone of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.4. Point out phonological devices in the following extract.A creak of hinges and a booming thud at the back of the church indicates the arrival of alatecomer. As the priest turns back to the altar to read the offertory prayer, and the rest flutter the pages of their missals to find the English translation in its proper places, all hear the hurried tiptap of high-heeled shoes on the tiled surface of the central aisle.(David Lodge, How Far Can You Go)In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable.IV. Style Markers in Graphology1. What is graphology concerned with?Graphology deals with types of letters, spelling, capitalization, italicization, punctuation, hyphenation, paragraphing and all other forms.2. Explain the functions of punctuation.The written language is considered to be the graphological form of the spoken language.Punctuations take the place of pause, intonation, stress, tempo, loudness and so on in spoken form. A good writer can always manipulate punctuations to express different kinds of mood, tone, emotions such as anger, happiness, excitement, urgency, warning, surprise and so on. 3. How would you account for the role of paragraphing?As we know, each genre such as poem, pose, letter, and advertisement has its conventional graphological forms and requires different ways of paragraphing. The proper way of arranging paragraphs can contribute to the meaning of the text as well as attract attention and arouse the reader’s interest. For example, journalists favour short paragraphs, re gulations and rules are usually arranged in blocks numbered, business letter and a letter to a friend certainly require different paragraphing, and so on. In a novel, the conversations between characters and the language of the narrator are clear because of the paragraphing. Often just by paragraphing, reader can understand the intention of the writer.4. Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer and comment on thegraphological forms.“TOM!”No answer.“Tom!”No answer.“What’s gone with that boy, I wonder? You, TOM!”No answer.The old lady pulled her spectacles down and looked overthem about the room, then she put them up and looked out under them. She seldom or never looked through them for so small a thing as a boy; they were her state pair, the pride of her heart, and were built for “style”, not service—she could have seen through a pair of stove lids just as well. She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear:“Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll—”She did not finish, for by this time she was bending downand punching under the ed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat.“I never did see the beat of that boy!”She went to the open door and stood in it and looked outamong the tomato vines and “jimpson” weeds that constituted the garden. No Tom. So she lifted up her voice at an angle calculated for distance, and shouted:“Y-o-u-u, Tom!”There was a slight noise behind her and she turned just intime to seize a small boy by the slack of his roundabout and arrest his flight.“There! I might ‘a’ thought of that closet. What you beendoing in there?”“Nothing.”“Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth.What is that truck?”“I don’t know, aunt.”--Mark TwainThis is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “—“ implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through.V. Style Markers in Syntax1. What are the major elements of basic clause structure?The major elements of basic clause structure is SV(O)(C)(A).S stands for subject which can be a noun phrase, a pronoun and a noun clause. V is the short form for verb, which can be a single verb or a verb phrase. (O) (C) (A) mean the elements are optional; (O) stand s for ‘object’, (C) for ‘complement’ and (A) for ‘adverbial’. For example,SentenceS V O C AJohn found his dog dead in the yard.2. What are the criteria for clause classification?There are usually three ways of classifying clauses, i.e. classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause.3. Differentiate a finite clause from a non-finite clause.A finite clause is one in which the verb is affected by the subject in number or person and bythe context in terms of time. For example,The earth moves around the sun.Zhang set out for the train station at 8:00 in the morning.A non-finite clause, however, is one in which the verb does not change. Such a cause can bean infinitive clause, participial clause or gerundial clause. For example,I heard Mary singing in the next room half an hour ago.He suggested going to the lecture.To be honest, I don’t like the movie.4. Explain the difference between an independent clause and a dependent clause.An independent clause is one which can stand alone such as:The Great Wall is really a wonder!She bought a notebook computer yesterday.Whereas a dependent clause can not stand alone but is always a subordinate element in a sentence. For example,I know that she bought a notebook computer yesterday.That the Great Wall is one of the seven wonders is known to many people across the world. *5. What is situation type?Clauses can be viewed as means of representing patterns of one’s objective and subjective experience in the world. Each of these clauses is called a situation type. All the clauses can be categorized into a number of situation types*6. How do we distinguish situation types?Situation types can be distinguished according to verb meaning, i.e. whether the meaning is dynamic or stative. Dynamic meaning refers to a happening or occurrence, which has a beginning and an end. It may be momentary or durative, e.g.He left for Beijing two hours ago.The students have been play basket ball for more than an hour.Stative meaning refers to a situation thought of as existing, continuous and unchanging, e.g.Who owns the house?I understand what you mean.*7. Name the participant roles in action types?The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).*8. What are the participant roles in stative types?Stative types involve such participant roles as (1) relational: identifier and the identified, and carrier and the attribute, e.g.a. Cathy is diligent.b. Tom is our class president.In a Cathy is the carrier and diligent the attribute, and in b Tom is the identified and our class president is the identifier.(2) mental: sensor and the phenomenon, e.g.The dog smelled the handbag and started barking.In this example, the dog is the sensor and the handbag is the phenomenon.*9. Why do we need to analyse situation types of clauses in a text?In language agency, animacy, dynamic action, mental states and so on seem to be the basic categories to show how hunman beings present the world and their experiences through language. Consistent choice and avoidance of certain types suggests the mind-style of a writer or speaker. For instance, the emphasis of objective or instrumental role manifests the writer’s intention to disclaim the agent’s responsibility as in “Penalty is enforced when books are taken out of the library” rather than “We shall penalize those who take books out of the library.”10. What is sentence?A sentence is the largest language unit, which expresses a complete thought and is able tostand alone; it begins with a capital letter and ends with full stop, question mark or exclamation mark when it is written on paper. But it ends with a long pause or in rising tone or falling tone.11. What is a simple sentence?A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A).12. What is a multiple sentence?A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. A compound sentence contains two or morecoordinating clauses. A Complex sentence is composed two or more clauses, among which one must be the main clause and the rest is or are subordinate clauses. A mixed clause comprises both compound and complex sentence, and sometimes called compound-complex sentence.13. What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence?Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is finished. An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example,(1) Attention, please.(2) Help!(3) Going to the lecture?(4) Why are you late?Because I—Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete.14. Analyse the text below, considering such aspects as:(Day Survey written by Phyllis Walden, a housewife, married to a farm labourer.)9 o/c I get up, wash, make tea, cook breakfast and feed everyday. He says he’ll help withthe housework, as Jay has contracted a skin complaint and I have to dress her badplaces’. This takes half an hour. Clear away wash up. We both tidy dining room. Hehelps me upstairs too. Then at 10:30 I start to prepare dinner. This consists of roastbeef, potatoes, beans and marrow all from own garden. Apple pie and custard tofollow.2:15 Dinner on the table at last. I am surprised I’ve not had a ‘wigging’ from himself at it being so long after one o/c our usual time. But I just couldn’t hurry today. We allenjoy meal.3:30 Clear away we wash up together. Children out in garden. I make scones for tea.4:45 Sit down. Look at the wireless programme—Decide to tune in at 5 o/c.6 o/c Rouse to the tune of crockery being put on the table. Himself getting tea ready.Good gracious! I’ve been asleep an hour. Rush to wash and change.Looks verydull going to rain I think.7:30 Put children to bed. Himself sits nursing cat. I curl up in a low armchair. Listening to wireless. Going to get dark early tonight. Raining. We sit in the twilight….1) the average length of the sentences;The passage has 230 words and 32 sentences. The average sentence length is 7.2 words.This shows the style is colloquial, casual.2) the ratio of simple to multiple sentences;The ratio of simple to multiple sentences is 32: 4.3) the ratio of minor to major sentences.The ratio of minor to major sentences is 59(19 minor S):41(13 major S).15. What is noun phrase?A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as the key word and functions as a noun in a sentence16. What are the major components of a noun phrase?A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head andpost-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.17. What is the use of pre-modification?Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader’s interest as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out.Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.18. What is the function of post-modification?Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in moreformal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation.19. The following is a text from From Russia with Love written by Ian Fleming, follwed by a listof noun phrases. Please mark the constituents in number (1, 2, 3, 4).Breakfast was bond’s favourite meal of the day. When he was stationed in London it was always the same. It consisted of very strong coffee, from De Dry in New Oxford Street, brewed in an American Chemex, of which he drank two large cups, black and without sugar. The single egg, in the dark blue egg cup with a gold ring round the top, was boiled for three and a third minutes.It was a very fresh, speckled brown egg from French Marans hens owned by somefriend of May in the country. (Bond disliked white eggs and, faddish as he was inmany small things, it amused him to maintain that there was such a thing as theperfect boiled egg.) Then there were two thick slices of whole wheat toast, a large patof deep yellow Jersey butter and three squat glass jars containing Tiptree ‘LittleScarlet’ strawberry jam; Cooper’s Vintage Oxford marmalade and Norwegian HeatherHoney from Fortnum’s. The coffee pot and the silver on the tray were Queen Anne,and the china was Minton, of the same dark blue and gold and white as the egg cup.very strong coffee from De Bry…sugaran American Chemextwo large cups, black and without sugardark blue egg cup with a gold ring round the topa very fresh speckled brown egg from French…countryFrench Marcans hens owned by …countrytwo thick slices of wholewheat toastwholewheat toasta large pat of deep yellow jersey butlerdeep yellow jersey butlerthree squat glass jars containing…Fortnum’stiptree ‘Little Scarlet’ strawberry jamcooper’s Vintage Oxford marmaladeNorwegian Heather Honey from Fortnum’sVery (1) strong (2) coffee (3) from De Bry…sugar (4)An (1) American (2) Chemex (3)Two (1) large (2) cups (3), black and without sugar (4)dark blue egg (2) cup (3) with a gold ring round the top (4)a (1) very fresh speckled brown (2) egg (3) from French…country (4)Fre nch Marcans (2) hens (3) owned by …country (4)two (1) thick slices of wholewheat (2) toast (3)wholewheat (2) toast (3)a (1) large pat of deep yellow jersey (2) butler (3)deep yellow jersey (2) butler (3)。
English-Stylistics1
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
The eventual thrust of literary criticism is to evaluate works of literature. But interpretation comes before evaluation, and description comes before interpretation. Stylistic analysis, by starting with linguistic facts, relates description to interpretation and formal features to their artistic function. It thus forms an essential part of literary critical activity.
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
Definition: The study of style (Wales, 1989:437) The study of literary discourse from a linguistic
orientation (Widdowson,1975:3) The study of the use of language in literature, a
英语写作Figures of speech (I)(1)
Kindness is the golden chain by which the world is bound. (Goethe) 仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。
Simile
w 1. Origin: Latin, meaning like w 2. Comparative words: like, as w 3. Functions: describing shape, scenery; expressing emotions; explaining; vivid description, making easy to understand; creating interest.
Metaphor
w Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire. w Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned. w Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.
O, my love‟s like a red, red rose, That‟s newly sprung in June: O, my love‟s like the melody That‟s sweetly played in tune. －Robert Burns 啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰； 六月里迎风初开； 啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌； 唱得合拍又柔和。 (王佐良译）
Metonymy
2020年stylistics1definition&introduction文体学参照模板
II. Concepts of Stylistics
1. Stylistics is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners / linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
3. The level of syntax / grammar
• Syntax refers to rules for ordering and connecitng words into sentences.
4. The level of semantics
Semantics studies the overall meaning of a text, the meaning derived from the way sentences / utterances are used and the way they are related to the context in which they are used / uttered and some rhetoric devices.
characteristics of language use
2. e.g. Hemingway’s style
英语文体学
Chapter OneStyle and Stylistics1.1 Introductione.g.(1)“Take an egg, and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. And then, apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”“It fair beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked.”e.g.(2)(1) My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.(2) My dear father has passed away.(3) My father has died.(4) My old man has kicked the bucket.分析：(1) My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.(This sentence is very pompous and sententious, elevating the event of John Smith‟s death to a divine status, probably said with respect in a poem or a formal ceremony, addressing an audience of high social status or nobility.)(2) My dear father has passed away.（This sentence is still a bit formal, with sincere loving sentiment, expressing a kind of deep emotion fro his father’s death, addressing people of or above middle class status in a relatively formal occasion.）(3) My father has died.(This sentence is a everyday kind of expression with no emotions revealed, said in an informal occasion, addressing his peers or friends. )(4) My old man has kicked the bucket.(This sentence is slangy, said in a very informal occasion showing disrespect for his father.)e.g.(3)(1) Expectoration is forbidden.(2) Please do not spit.(3) No spitting.（The three sentences state the same fact that : spitting is not allowed, but, they are of different styles.）e.g.(4) (参见教材P.4)(1) When his dad died, Peter had to get another job.(2) After his father‟s death, Peter had to change his job.(3) On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment.I.2 Definitions of StyleSome general senses of the word “style”:(1) A person‟s distinctive language habits, or the set of individual characteristics of language use.e.g. Shakespeare‟s styleHemingway‟s styleHe nry James‟s styleMark Twain‟s style(2) Style may refer to a set of collective characteristics of language use, i.e. language habits shared by a group of people at a given time. Here the concentration is not on the individual of the speaker or writer, but on their similarities in a given situation.e.g. Elizabethan stylethe style of public speakingthe style of news reporting(3) Style mar refer to a characteristic of “good” or “beautiful” literary writings.e.g. ornate style , grand styleterse style , lucid styleplain style(4) Style may refer to the effectiveness of a mode of expression, which is implied in the definition of style as …saying the right thing in the most effective way‟ or …good manners‟, as a …clear‟ or …refined‟ style advocated in most books of composition.Many different views of style from different scholars:Le style, c‟est I‟ homme meme. (Style is the man. )（Buffon）Style as form. （Aristotle）（form and content ）Style as eloquence.（Cicero）（skill to use language persuasively）（the relation with rhetoric）Style as personal idiosyncrasy.（Murry）Saying the right thing in the most effective way.（Enkvist）Style is a set of individual characteristics. It is the man himself. (Enkvist)Style as equivalence. （Roman Jacobson）（between form and function）Style as the choice between alternative expressions. （Enkvist）Style as deviation.（Mukarovsky & Spitzer）Style as foregrounding. （Leech Mukarovsky）Style as prominence.（Halliday）Style is meaning potential. (Michael Halliday)Style as the selections features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, themes, etc. （Traugott & Pratt）Style as linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought.（Enkvist）(参见教材:P5-7)Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics defines style as:“the manner of expression in writing or speaking which changes at all times according to the actual situational elements, e.g., the participants, time, topic, etc. of the communicative event, from very formal to very informal.”(见教材P.5)The Definition of style used in the textbook:Manner indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (见教材P.7)分析：e.g. (After a quarrel between the two lovers)With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then she checked herself and said calmly, “Listen, John, I imagine you‟re tired of my company. There‟s no sense in having tea together. I think I‟d better leave you right here.”“That‟s fine,” he said. “Good afternoon.”“Good-bye.”总结：So broadly speaking, we can say that, from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described, style is saying different things in different ways; from the perspective of the ways of expression used, style is saying the same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language, style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the function of the text, style is the functions of texts for different purposes.1.3 Definitions of Stylistics(1) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.(2) Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language incontext. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in time, all belong in a particular situation. In other words, they all have …place‟.Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.(3) Stylistics is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline thatstudies the styles of language in use.(4) Stylistics is a linguistic approach to literature, explaining the relation between language andartistic function, with motivating questions such as “why” and “how” more than “what”.---- G. N. Leech: Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (5) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the principles of choice and the effect of choice of different language elements in rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication. (I. R. Galperin)(6) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic wayconcerning the manners / linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.（见教材P8）(7) Linguistics is the academic discipline that studies language scientifically, and stylistics, as a part of this discipline, studies certain aspects of language variation.---- D. Crystal: Investigating English Style(8) Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal, 1980)分析：e.g. Housewife to milkman:Which sentence is appropriate?a. Can you leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow please?b. Leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow and don‟t forget.c. It would be greatly appreciated if you kindly leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow.d. Would you leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow, just for me.1.4 The Development of StylisticsLead-in Questions:What do you know about the stylistic studies in China?How does linguistic theories affect the studies on stylistics?What do you know about the different schools of thoughts in stylistics?In the West:Modern stylistics got its development in the 19th and 20th centuries from rhetoric and from interpretation of literature.Rhetoric (Aristotle)Beginning (Charles Bally)Development (L. Spitzer)Flourish (Investigating English Style)总的来看，现代文体学是现代语言学理论与现代文学批评理论的基础之上发展起来的一种研究形态，并且处于进一步的发展之中。
文体学
Definition of style
An example: “a grief ago”
Why is this phrase deviant? The phrase violates two rules of English: a) the indefinite article clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief, because it normally modifies a countable one; b) the postmodifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion.
Definition of style
Style as deviance: the distinctiveness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal. The approach of style as deviance has the advantage of helping us to see and keep in mind that there is a difference between everyday language and the language of literature. It also helps us realize that deviant features provide important clues for interpretation.
文体学——(引言)
Stylistics we are discussing here is general stylistics, which studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language covering the functional varieties from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities) Formal vs. informal varieties from the dimension of tenors of discourse (different addresseraddressee relationships) Spoken vs. written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums) Covering the various genres of literature
Ways out 1. Preview 2. Review 3. Memorizing 4. Thinking
Assessment
A.Daily Performance 30%
1. Attendance 30% 2. Classroom Performance 25% 3. Homework 25% 4. Course Paper 20%
0.5 The Needs for Stylistics
Stylistic study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness Stylistic study sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works Stylistic study helps achieve adaptation in translation
北京大学英语专业课程表
课程名
班号
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总学时
教师
人数
起止周
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备注
03830131
美国文学史与选读(一) Survey of American Literature And Selected Readings (1)
1
必修
2.0
32.0
毛亮
50
1-16
3-4
20140610
口语(二) Oral English (2)
3
专业必修
2.0
32.0
17
1-16
7-8
Andrew Chi
03830060
应用文写作Writing for Practical Purposes
1
专业必修
2.0
32.0
张世耘
55
1-16
3-4
03834410
西方古典文学与社会Readings in Western Classical Literature
课程编号
课程名
班号
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教师
人数
起止周
星期一
星期二
星期三
星期四
星期五
考试时间
备注
03830092
英国文学史(二) History of English Literature and Selected Readings (2)
1
专业必修
4.0
64.0
苏薇星
50
1-16
3-4
1-2
20150116
英语文体学教程Ch1概要1
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
Classification: Modern Stylistics
General Stylistics
Literary Stylistics
Variety Features Genre Features Literary Text Style
Literary stylistics: unique features of various literary works
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
General stylistics
Stylistic features of main varieties of language
3 functional varieties: 1. Fields of discourse—different social activities 2. Tenors of discourse—formal vs. informal 3. Modes of discourse—spoken vs. written
1. Ideational/Referential function 2. Interpersonal/Expressive/Social function 3. Textual function Interrelated Relation bet. types & functions
Different types of language—predominant functions
expression—good/refined style 4. A characteristic of “good” or “beautiful”
英语文体学教学课件
Register refers to the field or category of language use, such as technology, law, news, etc. The use of languages in different domains has different characteristics and rules, reflecting different social, cultural, and contextual contexts.
The Basic Concepts of English Stylistics
02
Context and Register
Context is the environment in which language is used, including the context in which language occurs, social and cultural background, and the relationships between participants. In English stylistics, context has a significant impact on the use and meaning of language.
Contents
目录
The Practical Application of English Stylistics The Future Development and Challenges of English Stylistics
Introduction to English Stylistics
Language and Style
stylistics 1
Description of Stylistics
(Definition 3)
• A basic problem, acknowledged by a number of stylisticians, is to distinguish between the innumerable features and patterns of a text which can be isolated by linguistic analysis, and those features which are functionally stylistic – that is, features which make an actual difference in the aesthetic and other effects on a competent reader. See, for example, Michael Riffaterre’s objection to the elaborate stylistic analysis of Charles Baudelaire’s sonnet “Les Chats” by Roman Jacobson and Claude Levi Strauss, in Structuralism, ed. Jacques Ehrmann (1966). (to be cotylistics (Definition 3)
• or the distinction between surface structure and deep structure in transformational linguistics, or the distinction between the propositional content and the illocutionary force of an utterance in speech-act theory. For a stylistic analysis of the ways a character’s speech and thought are represented in narratives, refer to free indirect discourse, under point of view. • Sometimes the stylistic enterprise stops with the qualitative or quantitative determination, or “fingerprinting,” of the style of a single text or class of texts. Often, however, the analyst tries also to relate distinctive stylistic features to traits in an author’s psyche; or to an author’s characteristic ways of perceiving the world and organizing experience (see Leo Spitzer, Linguistics and Literary History,1948); or to the typical conceptual frame and the attitude to reality in an historical era (Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, 1953); or else to semantic, aesthetic, and emotional functions and effects in a particular literary text (Michael Riffaterre and others). • (To be continued)
chapter_1_Style_and_Stylistics_教案
■Course: English Stylistics■Time: Sep.6—30■Course material： English Stylistics： A New Course Book《新编英语文体学教程》董启明编著外语教学与研究出版社■Teaching procedure: Part One Theoretical Preliminaries（理论预备) and Major Varieties（主要变体）of EnglishChapter 1 Style and StylisticsIntroductionWhat is Language？ And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on？A。
Language is the primary object of the study of linguistics, and linguists construct theories of language in general or of particular languages from differing points of view. The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects of language on which most linguists agree。
B. Language is viewed as a system of different types of linguistic organization such as phonology，syntax and lexicon. The English language consists of its pattern of sounds, sets of grammatical rules and a large body of vocabulary。
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Kachru’s English Language Circles
The inner circle: traditional bases of English as primary language: UK , Ireland, USA, Canada, Soutnd.
Kachru’s Model
The expanding circle: countries that recognize the importance of English as an international language, but with no history of colonization; English has no special administrative status in these countries, e.g. China, Japan, Sweden, Poland and many more
grammar Halliday’s systematic functional linguistics
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
1. Stylistic study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness English is not a homogenous phenomenon.
It has a wide range of varieties. People have to respond to a given situation with an appropriate variety of language, and as they move through the day, they change the type of language they
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
Examples of different varieties of English: Regional dialect Regional differences
Social dialect Differences in social status
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
3. In the late 1950s, it became a field of academic inquiry.
4. In the last three or four decades, the object of analysis expands into the study of nonliterary texts.
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
Definition: The study of style (Wales, 1989:437) The study of literary discourse from a linguistic
orientation (Widdowson,1975:3) The study of the use of language in literature, a
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
are using with the changing situation. Only in this way can they communicate on a range of subjects, with persons in various walks of life, and gain their understanding as well as understand them.
English Stylistics
Liu Ruiqin
The Study of Stylistics
Chapter One
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
The development of stylistics: 1. It has developed on the basis of traditional
meeting ground of linguistics and literary study (Leech, 1969:1-2)
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
Now stylistics can be defined as “the study of discourse or text on the basis of modern linguistic theories”. Linguistically Initiated by: Chomsky’s transformational generative
rhetoric traced back to the time of the great Greek civilization with Plato and Aristotle as pioneering figures. 2. Before the 1950s, it was mainly concerned with the study of literary works.
The outer or extended circle: represent the earlier spread of English in non-native contexts; English is part of the country’s leading institutions; plays a second-language role in a multilingual society, e.g. Singapore, India, Malawi, and 50 other territories.