定语从句与名词性从句的互换
定语从句和名词性从句讲解
定语从句和名词性从句讲解作者：李宏福来源：《新高考·英语基础（高一）》2017年第08期高一语法的定语从句和名词性从句是高中英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。
纵观近年各地高考试题，对两大从句的考查不是单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查学生的实际综合运用能力。
本文试图分析这两大从句的常见考点，帮助学生在学习中总结应对的策略。
一、定语从句的考点1.关系代词的用法（1）关系代词that和which的用法that和which在限制性定语从句中都可以做主语、表语或宾语，先行词均指物；做宾语时，均可省略。
在通常情况下，可以互换使用，但是that不能引导非限制性定语从句，which 可以引导非限制性定语从句。
命题角度主要以that与which指物时的区别为重点进行命制。
【例题】①You can borrow any book________you want to read in our school library.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.where【解析】答案是B。
先行词被all，every，no，some，any，（a）few，（a）little，much 等限定词修饰时，用that引导，不用which。
②The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.when【解析】答案是B。
此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是a passion，并在定语从句中做starting的宾语，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
（2）关系代词as的用法关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物，只能替代由such，the same等修饰的先行词；as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，句中或置于句尾，而which则只能置于主句之后。
高中英语知识点归纳名词性从句与定语从句的区别
高中英语知识点归纳名词性从句与定语从句的区别在高中英语学习中，名词性从句和定语从句是两个常见的语法结构。
虽然它们在形式上很相似，但在功能和用法上有很大的区别。
本文将对名词性从句和定语从句进行归纳和区分。
一、名词性从句名词性从句作为主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语，起到名词的作用。
名词性从句一般由关系词“that、whether/if, who, whom, whose, which”等引导。
下面将具体介绍名词性从句的几种情况。
1.主语从句一个句子的主语可以被一个从句所替代，这个从句就是主语从句。
例如：What he said puzzles me.（他说的话让我迷惑不解）2.表语从句一个句子的表语可以被一个从句所替代，这个从句就是表语从句。
例如：My dream is that I can travel around the world.（我的梦想是能够环游世界）3.宾语从句一个句子的宾语可以被一个从句所替代，这个从句就是宾语从句。
例如：I believe that he will pass the exam.（我相信他会通过考试）4.同位语从句同位语从句是对前面名词性成分进行解释或说明的从句，常用的引导词是“that”。
例如：The news that he won the competition excited me.（他赢得比赛的消息让我兴奋）二、定语从句定语从句用来修饰或限定名词或代词，并且不能单独存在，必须依附于名词或代词。
定语从句一般由关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which）或关系副词（where, when, why）引导。
下面将具体介绍定语从句的几种情况。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣）The boy who is talking to Mary is my brother.（正在和玛丽说话的那个男孩是我的弟弟）2.关系副词引导的定语从句Do you still remember the place where we first met?（你还记得我们第一次见面的地方吗）I still remember the day when we had a picnic in the park.（我依然记得我们在公园野餐的那天）三、名词性从句与定语从句的区别总结名词性从句与定语从句最大的区别在于名词性从句本身是一个句子，可以在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语；而定语从句是一个从句，用来修饰或限定名词或代词。
定语从句where,when,what,which用法
(4) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。
It is the first foreign book that I have ever seen.
This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
学案：定语从句重难点复习性讲练
学案：定语从句重难点复习性讲练关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与whose 后的名词为所属关系。
whose多指人，也可指物，可分别与of which/whom the互换使用。
This is the book whose cover is blue.This is the book of which the cover is blue.This is the book the cover of which is blue.关系副词表示从句动作发生在某时：when=at/on/in + which表示从句动作发生在某地：where=at/on/in + which表示从句动作发生的原因：why=for + which一、何时用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句？when 引导定语从句:先行词是表示时间的名词而且是从句动作发生的时间时，用when引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you.This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .We will put off the outing until next week, when(=in which) we won’t be busy.where 引导定语从句:先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词而且是从句动作发生的地点时，用where引导定语从句。
This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.The table at which she is sitting is a new one.I’ll show you the point where you failed.why引导定语从句:先行词是reason并且从句是表示结果时，用why引导定语从句。
定语从句 where,when,what,which用法
二、关系代词that, which的用法
A.以下情况多用that.
(1)如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。
五、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
主题：
定语从句知识讲解定语从句何时用that,何时用which,何时用where,when,what…
内容：
定语从句何时用that,何时用which,何时用where,when,what…
名词性从句和定语从句
宾语从句一、记住连接词，并记住连接词永远放在从句的开头（一）that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义（二）whether或if：起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”讲。
（三）连接代词：which（whichever）…………….which在从句中中作定语whose（whosever）……………..whose在从句中中作定语what(whatever)…………………..what在从句中作主语或者宾语who(whoever)……………………who在从句中作主语或者宾语whom（whomever）……………whom在从句中只能作宾语（四）连接副词：when（whenever）、where（wherever）、why、how(however)在从句中分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语。
（五）掌握How many、how much、how long、how often、how soon在从句中的意义二、宾语从句的语序是肯定句语序，所有从句都是肯定句。
三、注意从句否定意义的转移：在think、believe、suppose、expect等动词所带的宾语中，如果从句位于是否定的，一般将否定词not转移到主句谓语上，使从句变成肯定句。
四、宾语从句的形式：（一）主谓宾句型的宾语从句：把作为名词的宾语扩展为一个Be句型或者do句型。
（二）主谓宾宾句型：把直接宾语(物)变成一个be或者do句型。
（三）主谓宾补句型的宾语从句需要it来做形式宾语五、宾语从句的省略形式：表示人物的心理、情感等状态的形容词后面的宾语从句为：sb+be+adj+that宾语从句表语从句表语从句的连词和宾语从句一样，规律也一样，只不过称呼不同。
但是要注意一下几点：（一）只能用whether连接表语从句（as…if除外）(二) that在表语从句中不能省掉，在宾语从句中可以省掉。
(三) 注意比较that is because（指原因或者理由）…..和that is why（某种原因造成的后果）…..（四）当主语是reason、fact、ider等抽象名词时，表语从句的连接词应该用that主语从句主语从句的连词和宾语从句一样，规律也一样，只不过称呼不同。
定语从句与名词性从句的区别
13. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone __w_h__o_s_e_family was poor
14. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _w__h_a_t__ it used to be .
指代
成分
that
主、宾 人、物
无
意思 无
which whose
主、宾
定 (whose+n. 主、宾)
物 人，物
整理课件
定 (which+n. 主、宾)
定 (whose+n.
主、宾)
哪一个 谁的
6
Ex3 比较： 定语从句与宾语从句 1)Finally, the thief handed everything _t_h_a_t__ he
read.
5. Is this the farm _w__h_e_re_ they work?
6. I’d like a room _w__h_o_s_e_ window looks out over the sea.
7. We enjoyed the three months _w_h_i_c_h we spent in HongKong.
had stolen to the police. 2)Finally, the thief handed ___w_h_a_t___ he had
stolen to the police. 3) Our teacher did all __t_h_a_t____ he could to help
them. 4) Our teacher did __w_h__a_t ___ he could to help
定语从句与名词性从句
4.关系词用法： A. 关系代词： 1. who 人, 2. whom 人 3. that 人/ 物 4. which 物, 5. whose + n
主语 / 宾语 (作宾语可省略) 宾语 (作宾语可省略) 主语 / 宾语/表语 (作宾语可省略) 主语 / 宾语 (作宾语可省略) 一起构成从句主语
Last week , I met John ,. who seemed to be very excited. I like the girl who ,. who has has short short hair. hair.
2.先行词 指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词 一般先行词在定语从句的前面 3. 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词： when, where, why 关系副词： ①连接主句从句 ② 代替先行词 关系词作用： ③在从句中充当一个句子成分
1.句子基本句型： 1>谓 He came . I bought a book yesterday .
2>主谓宾
3>主谓+间宾+直宾 I gave him a book .
4>主谓+宾语+宾补 We made him monitor .
5>主系表 2. 状语及定语 He is a brilliant student .
3.名词性从句 1>That he has won the prize is true. 主语从句 = It is true that he has won the prize. 2> I know that he has won the prize. 宾语从句
名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句
1．名词性从句定语从句状语从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词：who whose whom what which。
有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when where why how。
有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、从属连接词：that whether if as if。
that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if whether as if 虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。
连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词（从属连词）whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。
根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if 都用不上时，才用that 作连接词（that 本身无任何含义）。
（二）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g. Who kept the door open all night was unkonwn.2、用it 作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn‟t matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that 引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. It made us surprised that he…（三）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词that 有时可省去。
语法中的名词性从句省略法与定语从句的转换技巧
语法中的名词性从句省略法与定语从句的转换技巧名词性从句是语法中一个非常重要的概念，它可以在句子中充当名词的作用。
而在名词性从句的表达中，省略法是一种常见的技巧。
同时，我们也可以通过一些转换技巧将名词性从句转换为定语从句。
本文将重点探讨语法中的名词性从句省略法与定语从句的转换技巧。
一、名词性从句省略法名词性从句省略法是指在名词性从句中省略从句中的某些成分，以简化句子结构。
常见的名词性从句省略有主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的省略。
1. 主语从句省略法主语从句省略法通常将主语从句中的“that”省略掉，使整个句子更加简洁明了。
例如：原句：That he is late again annoys me.（再次迟到让我很烦）省略法：He is late again annoys me.（再次迟到让我很烦）2. 宾语从句省略法宾语从句省略法通常将宾语从句中的“that”或“whether”省略掉，简化句子结构。
例如：原句：I know that he is coming.（我知道他要来）省略法：I know he is coming.（我知道他要来）原句：She asked whether he is ready.（她问他是否准备好）省略法：She asked if he is ready.（她问他是否准备好）3. 表语从句省略法表语从句省略法通常将表语从句中的“that”省略掉。
例如：原句：His belief is that he can succeed.（他的信念是他能成功）省略法：His belief is he can succeed.（他的信念是他能成功）二、定语从句的转换技巧定语从句是在句子中用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
有时候，我们可以通过一些转换技巧来将名词性从句转换为定语从句。
1. 用关系代词“that”替换名词性从句原句：I don't know when he will come back.（我不知道他什么时候回来）转换：I don't know the time that he will come back.（我不知道他回来的时间）2. 用关系代词“which”替换名词性从句原句：She wants to know if there is any book about history.（她想知道是否有关于历史的书）转换：She wants to know if there is any book which is about history.（她想知道是否有一本关于历史的书）3. 用关系代词“who”或“whom”替换名词性从句原句：They didn't tell me who will be the next president.（他们没有告诉我谁将成为下一任总统）转换：They didn't tell me the person who will be the next president.（他们没有告诉我将成为下一任总统的人）通过以上的转换技巧，我们可以将名词性从句转换为定语从句，更好地修饰名词或代词，使句子更加流畅和精确。
名词性从句和定语从句的主要区别
名词性从句和定语从句的主要区别作者：王燕来源：《高中生·高考指导》2013年第01期词性从句和定语从句是高中阶段语法的重点和难点，很多同学不能正确区分这两种从句，导致解题困难。
其实，同学们只要对以下几个方面加以注意，问题就可以迎刃而解。
同学们首先要熟悉这两种从句的概念，因为概念是判断与区分的标准。
名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。
因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
定语从句：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中的一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、成分的区别名词性从句充当句子的主要成分，如主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
例：①Why he didn’t come here is not clear to anyone. （画线部分充当句子的主语）②I wonder whether/ if he is fit for the job. （画线部分充当句子的宾语）③His brother’s health is not what it used to be. （画线部分充当句子的表语）④He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting had been put off.（画线部分充当news的同位语）定语从句充当句子的修饰成分，起修饰作用。
例：①He has two sons who work in the same company. （画线部分修饰two sons）②I had never seen such a good film as I watched last night. （画线部分修饰such a good film）二、引导词的不同引导定语从句的关系词按其在从句中所起的作用分为：关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as关系副词：when，where，why关系代词在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语，而关系副词在从句中只起状语作用。
高考英语名词性从句和定语从句区别知识点分析
专题（四）名词性从句和定语从句名词性从句名词性从句的语法功能：在句中充当名词成分,也就是说做主语, 宾语,表语, 同位语.于是就形成了主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句.引导名词性从句的引导词可分为三类：一.引导词本身无词义,在从句中无地位. 这类词只有一个,that二.词本身有词义但在从句中无地位, 如:whether , if 和as if三. 词本身有词义且在句中有地位. 如:who , whom , whose , what , which , when , where , why , how例句如下:1). That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised .上星期他突然病倒使我们都感到吃惊. ( that 引导主语从句)2). It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not .你是否来关系不太大. ( whether 引导主语从句, it 作形式主语)3). Who will go is not important .谁要来不重要. (who 引导主语从句)4). The question was who could go there .问题是谁能去那儿. (who 引导表语从句)5). He said ( that ) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart .他说课文非常重要,我们应当背诵下来. ( 两个that 引导的都是宾语从句)6). The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.他什么也没说使大家感到吃惊. ( that 引导同位语从句)运用名词性从句是应当注意的几个问题:1. whether 与if 引导名词性从句是略有区别, if 不能引导主语从句, 不能与or not 连用,不与不定式连用.2. 宾语从句应当注意时态的呼应, 主句为与动词时过去时,宾语从句也应当是过去时(过去完成时,过去进行时, 过去将来时)3.宾语从句否定前移问题: 当主句中有: I think ( suppose , expect , believe , imagine , guess ) 时.应当否定这些词,其实就是对后面从句的否定,应当注意的是主语必须是"I " , 其他主语同于一般动词的否定. 如: I don't think you are right . (我认为你不对.)I don't believe they will win the game . (我相信他们不会赢得这场比赛.)She supposed that we couldn't arrive so early . ( 他认为我们不会到到达如此早.)4. 同位语从句一般用that 引用,先行词一般为: news , fact , idea , suggestion , promise.当先行词为是可以用其他引导词. 如:Everyone knows the fact the earth goes round the sun .( 众所周知地球围绕太阳转.)I have no idea when he will be back . (我不知道他什么时间回来.)练习I. 找出各句中的从句并指出是何种从句1.I don't if I can do it .2. What he is doing seems very difficult .3. The important thing is how we can improve our studies .4. Mr Li always thinks of how he can do more for the people .5. The news that she was pretending to be sick was whispered from one to another .6. I was surprised at what he said .7. That's what you are going to do first .8. That'll be decided who is the monitor of our class at the class meeting .9. When the sports meet is to be held is still under discussion .10. Here comes the news that some foreigners from America will visit our school .答案：1.if I can do it 宾语从句2 What he is doing 主语从句3 how we can improve our studies 表语从句4 how he can do more for the people 介词宾语从句5 that she was pretending to be sick 同位语从句6 what he said 介词宾语从句7 what you are going to do first 表语从句8 who is the monitor of our class at the class meeting宾语从句9 When the sports meet is to be held 主语从句10 that some foreigners from America will visit our school 同位语从句II.把下列各句填入适当的引导词1.---Could you tell me _____ the man is ?--- He is my brother.2. I didn't know _____ he was coming until yesterday .3.----It's still a question ____ we shall have our sports .--- It's said we shall have it next week .4. The news _____ he was chosen made us happy .5. The doctor asked ____ medicine you have taken .6. This is _____ they solved the problems in the city .7._____ our football team will win is uncertain yet .8. _____ frightened us most was _____ two lights appeared suddenly in the darkness .9. My mother asked ____ was the matter with me .10. The reason I didn't come to the meeting was ____ I got ill .答案： 1. who 2. that 3.when 4.that 5.what 6.how 7.Whether 8.What 9. what 10 that III.翻译下列各句1. .肯定他将来参加宴会。
定语从句,名词性从句
定语从句：判断方法：跟在名词或代词后，该名词或代词能还原到定语从句。
该名词或代词叫先行词（也可以是一句话）The hotel（which/ that I visited last year）was good.先行词关系代词关系代词：定语从句的引导词，代替先行词在定语从句中做主，宾，表语，可将先行词还原后判断其充当什么成分先行词充当成分关系代词人/物主，宾，表 that (作宾可省) 物/一句话主，宾 which(作宾可省) 人主 who人宾 whom(可省)人/物定 whose先行词被such/the same/so/as 主，宾 as修饰或为一句话as所引定语从句先行词为一句话时该从句多位于句首eg.1.Shanghai is not the city that it used to be.2.I like the watch which is red.3.He won the match, which made his parents happy.4.Do you know the man who/that is over there?5.Do you know the man whose coat is red?6.Have you read the novel whose author is Dickens?7.It is such a useful machine as we all like.8.As is known to us, China is a developing country.9.As we all expected, they won the match.注：一下列情况用that 不用which1)先行词是不定代词或被不定代词（如all，everything）修饰时 He gave her all that he had. 2) 先行词被序数词/形容词最高级/the only/the very/the last 修饰时 This is the very book that I want.3）先行词即有人又有物时They often talk about the people and the animals that they met there.二下列情况用which 不用that1)先行词与定语从句之间有逗号的定语从句不用that 2）介词提到定语从句前先行词为物可用which不用that This is the house in which he lives.He bought three books, one of which is great. 3介词提到定语从句前先行词为人可用whom引导，不用whoDo you know the man with whom she works?He has three sons, two of whom are doctors.He has three sons and one of them is a doctor(并列句) 4介词提到定语从句前，先行词还原做定语，仍用whose.Do you know the man in whose department Tom works.5. whose 引导的定语从句whose +n=the +n +of +whichI sold the house whose windows are blue.=the windows of which6.先行词是way, 还原后不作主，宾，表，用that/in which 引导也可省略I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks to you关系副词：代替先行词在定语从句中作状语关系副词先行词充当成分when 时间状where 地点状why the reason 状I can’t forget the day when I went to college.(the day 还原到从句中为I went to college on the day 作状语)I can’t forget the farm that/which you visited yesterday. The day 还原从句中为 you visited the farm 作宾I often go to the farm where my father works.The farm 还原后为 my father works on the farm作状I often go to the farm that/which you visited yesterday. The farm 还原后为 you visited the farm 作宾语提示：判断出是定语从句题后要将先行词还原回从句中看充当什么成分选择相应的引导词名词性从句（包括主，宾，表，同位语从句）一主语从句(一般位于句子最前面)1.句子做主语动词单数，但what引导的主语从句如果表语为复数动词要复数Whether he will come isn’t known.What he wants are some books.2．可用it 作形式主语，把主语从句移后(当句首有it 后面从句能翻译或移回主语位置上即主语从句移后)It is a pity that he didn’t come.It doesn’t matter whether he comes or not.It is certain that he won’t come.二．宾语从句（位于及物动词或介词后）可用it 作形式宾语，宾语从句移后I think it certain that he won’t agree.三．表语从句（位于系动词后）My advice is that he (should) set off at once. 四．同位语从句（位于名词后，解释名词的内容, 不同于定语从句，该名词不能还原）常跟在下列名词后：fact, news, information, promise, order, decision, suggestion，idea, doubtThe fact that he knows nothing about it surprises us.名词性从句的引导词（适用于主，宾，表，同位语从句）一．从句缺主，宾，表语选择下列引导词1.what，whatever（任何东西）可单独或与名词一起在名词性从句中充当主，宾，或表语。
定语从句与名词性从句的互换
定语从句与名词性从句的互换一、定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要，有时可以互相转换。
大致有下面三种情况：（１）定语从句与表语从句的互换That's the thing that we're worrying about.（定语从句）That's what we're worrying about.（表语从句）那就是我们正在担心的事。
This is the way she did it.（定语从句）This is how she did it.（表语从句）这就是她做这件事的方法。
This is the reason why we must go now.（定语从句）This is why we must go now.（表语从句）这就是我们现在该走的理由。
That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.（定语从句）That is where Xiao Lin was born.(表语从句)那就是小林出生的地方。
（２）定语从句与宾语从句的互换I don't know the reason why she is so happy.（定语从句）I don't know why she is so happy.（宾语从句）我不知道她为什么这样高兴。
He showed me the place where he used to live.（定语从句）He showed me where he used to live.（宾语从句）他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。
Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated（定语从句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated(宾语从句)你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗（３）定语从句与主语从句的互换The thing that we need is more time.（定语从句）What we need is more time.（主语从句）我们所需要的是更多的时间。
1.定语从句重难点
定语从句重难点1. As you can imagine, things are really different from the way they are at home.U 12 P982. E-mail English is a new kind of written English that is being used to save time.U12 P1003. ICQ is an e-mail “chatline”that people use to have online conversations with friends.4. You are also supposed to use them to show the emotion you are feeling.关系代词所属关系。
This is the book whose cover is blue.This is the book of which the cover is blue.This is the book the cover of which is blue.关系副词表示从句动作发生在某时：when= ___________________表示从句动作发生在某地：where=___________________表示从句动作发生的原因：why=___________________一、何时用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句？1. when 引导定语从句: ______________________________________I’ll never forget the day when (= ____which ) I met you.This was the time when ( =_____ which ) he left for Beijing .We will put off the outing until next week, when(=_____ which) we won’t be busy.2. where 引导定语从句: ______________________________________This is the town where (= _____ which ) I spent my childhood.The table at which(= ________) she is sitting is a new one.I’ll show you the point where(= ________) you failed.3. why引导定语从句: ______________________________________This is the reason why ( = ______ which ) I didn’t come here.The reason ________________ she gave was not true.★特别注意：当定语从句缺主语或宾语才直接用which或that引导定语从句。
定语从句与名词性从句的互换
定语从句与名词性从句的互换一、定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要，有时可以互相转换。
大致有下面三种情况：〔１〕定语从句与表语从句的互换That's the thing that we're worrying about.〔定语从句〕That's what we're worrying about.〔表语从句〕那就是我们正在担忧的事。
This is the way she did it.〔定语从句〕This is how she did it.〔表语从句〕这就是她做这件事的方法。
This is the reason why we must go now.〔定语从句〕This is why we must go now.〔表语从句〕这就是我们现在该走的理由。
That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.〔定语从句〕That is where Xiao Lin was born.(表语从句)那就是小林出生的地方。
〔２〕定语从句与宾语从句的互换I don't know the reason why she is so happy.〔定语从句〕I don't know why she is so happy.〔宾语从句〕我不知道她为什么这样快乐。
He showed me the place where he used tolive.〔定语从句〕He showed me where he used to live.〔宾语从句〕他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。
Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated?〔定语从句〕Do you know when Wuhan was liberated?(宾语从句)你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗？〔３〕定语从句与主语从句的互换The thing that we need is more time.〔定语从句〕What we need is more time.〔主语从句〕我们所需要的是更多的时间。
定语从句与名词性从句的区别
• = Shanghai is no longer what it used to be.
• （what引导的表语从句：what在从句中充当表语）
• → That is all that I want to say.
• 那就是我想说的。
• （that引导的定语从句：修饰限定先行词all；并在从句中作宾语）
引导词的不同：
不会出现在名词从 句中的关系词：
不会出现在定语从 句中的关系词：
1
且 when, where
等不能与
in/on/at which
互换。
2
whether, if, what,
3
as,
how
4
• 1) ____________ is known to everyone that Taiwan is part of China.
3.介词后面的which和what的使用区别：
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定语从句和名词性从句的区别和比较
定语从句和名词性从句考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1．whose是一个表示所属关系的词;在定语从句中作定语;of which可以代替whose 指物;词序一般是名词＋of which或of which＋名词..of whom 可以代替whose指人;词序是名词＋of whom..Many children;whose parents are away working in big cities;are taken good care of in the village.父母亲在大城市里打工的许多孩子在村庄里被照顾的非常好..The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.那座在暴风雨中屋顶受损的古庙现在正在维修中..2．which;that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词;在从句中可作主语、宾语等..先行词既有人又有物时;关系代词用that；which代指前面整个句子内容..They talked for about an hour of things and people that they remembered in the school.关于他们记得的上学时的人和事;他们讨论了一小时..The Internet is a huge computer system which/that allows millions of people around the world to share information.因特网是一个庞大的计算机系统;它使得世界上成千上万的人们共享信息成为可能.. 3．who;whom;that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词;在从句中可作主语、宾语等..The settlement is home to nearly 1;000 people;many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.近千人在这一社区居住;他们当中很多都是从农村老家来城市寻求更好的日子的..考点二介词提前了的定语从句1．与定语从句中的动词构成搭配..In the dark street;there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助..2．与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配..Patience;without which you can't do the work well;is a kind of quality.耐心是一种品质..没有了耐心;你不能做好工作..3．of＋which/whom表示所属关系..表所属关系也可用whoseRecently I bought an ancient vase;the price of which＝whose pricewas very reasonable.最近我买了个古老的花瓶;它的价钱很合理..考点三关系副词引导的定语从句1．关系副词在定语从句中作状语;when指时间;where指地点;why指原因;在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语..Occasions are quite rare when I have time to spend a day with my kids.我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少..After graduation I'd like to find a job where I can use what I have learnt at school.毕业后我要找到一份能利用在学校所学知识的一份工作..2．先行词是时间名词或地点名词时;如果在从句中不作状语;则不能用when或where 引导定语从句;而要用which/that..Is this the reasonthat /whichhe gave us for the delay of the project这是他给出工程推迟的原因吗考点四先行词为point; situation; case等的定语从句point;situation;case;activity等;从表面上看它们不是表地点的;但却表示类似地点的意义;因此它们作先行词时;如果引导词在从句中作状语;那么这个引导词要用where；如果不作状语;则用关系代词that/which..It's helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves different.where作状语把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益..I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.where作状语我已经到了应该自己作决定的那个人生阶段..Now there is just one point that/which I wish you make quite clear.which/that 作宾语现在只有一点我希望你弄清楚..考点五主语从句主语从句在主句中作主语;位于主句谓语动词之前;但多数情况下由it作形式主语;而把真正的主语放在句子的后面;其句型结构为：It＋be＋n./adj.＋that/whether/why/when＋从句..It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.我真的没有想到你能说服他改变主意..It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about;although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管已经有两千名病人服用了这种药品;但是;这种药品会带来什么副作用还不明确.. Whether there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasn't been proved up to now.外太空是否存在像地球上一样的生物迄今尚未确定考点六同位语从句1．同位语从句常放在fact;news;idea;truth;hope;problem;information;belief;thought;doubt 等名词的后面;是对前面的名词作进一步的解释;说明前面名词的具体含义..There seems to be no possibility that Li Hua can win the first prize in the 100meter race.看起来似乎李华在一百米比赛中没有可能获得一等奖..There is a popular belief among the Europeans that chicken soup can help cure flu.欧洲人普遍相信鸡汤可以帮助治愈流感..The question has been raised at the meeting whether each member country should equally share the expense of the committee.每一个成员国是否均等分担委员会的费用在会议上提出..I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来..2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明;引导词只起引导作用;不在句中作任何成分;一般不可省略..定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制;引导词在句中作一定的句子成分..The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校..此句为同位语从句;进一步解释“the news”的内容The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望..此句是定语从句;它指的是“你昨天告诉我的那个消息”考点七表语从句表语从句在句中作表语;位于主句的系动词之后..引导表语从句的连词有that;whether;as if；疑问代词有who;what;which；疑问副词where;why;when;how 等..The problem is that we don't have much time left.问题是我们剩下的时间很少.. My question is who is responsible for all this.我的问题是谁对这事负责..考点八“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”的区别“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”虽然都有“无论……”的意思;但是用法有区别：“疑问词＋ever”既可以引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句;而“no matter ＋疑问词只能用来引导状语从句..The poor young man is ready to accept whatever help he can get.这位可怜的年青人无论什么样的帮助都乐意接受..The how to book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.指南类的书对想从事这项工作的人会有帮助..Whatever/No matter what you say ;I will not believe you.无论你说什么;我都不会相信你..语法训练1．2011年高考重庆卷 It is still under discussion________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A．whether B．whenC．which D．where解析：本题考查名词性从句..句意：那个旧公交车站是否应该被一家现代化宾馆所取代仍在讨论中..“It”作形式主语;“________the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”作真正的主语..根据句意及题干中的“or not”可知答案为whether;“whether...or not”在名词性从句中意为：是否..答案：A2．2011年高考湖南卷Before a problem can be solved; it must be obvious________the problem itself is.A．what B．thatC．which D．why解析：本题考查名词性从句..句意：在一个问题得到解决之前;必须要清楚问题本身是什么..根据句子结构可知it作形式主语;后面的“________ the problem itself is ”作真正的主语;该从句缺少表语;故用what引导..答案：A3．2011年高考四川卷The school shop;________customers are mainly students;is closed for the holidays.A．which B．whoseC．when D．where解析：句意：这家校内商店放假时关门;它的顾客主要是学生..考查定语从句..本句没有并列连词也没有从属连词;故可判断逗号后面是非限制性定语从句；本句先行词是the school shop;还原到从句后为：The school shop's customers are mainly students.因此选B;用whose引导定语从句;关系代词whose在从句中作定语..答案：B4．2011年高考山东卷The old town has narrow streets and small houses________are built close to each other.A．they B．whereC．what D．that解析：句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子..本题考查定语从句..先行词是narrow streets and small houses;还原到从句中作主语;所以用关系代词that..A和C不能引导定语从句；B是关系副词;不能作主语..答案：D5．2011年高考湖南卷Julie was good at German; French and Russian;all of________she spoke fluently.A．who B．whomC．which D．that解析：句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语;所有的三门语言她都说得很流利..先行词为German;French;Rus sian;代入定语从句后为：She spoke all of the three languages fluently.由此可见;先行词在定语从句中作of的宾语;先行词指“物”;且介词提前;故用which..答案：C6．2012年武汉联考Faced with trouble or difficulty;a person takes________ help that is available.A．whatever B．wheneverC．wherever D．however解析：句意：面对困难或挫折;一个人会接受任何可能得到的帮助..whatever在此修饰help;意为“无论什么”;而其他三个选项;不作形容词;不能修饰名词;故排除..答案：A7. 2011年银川调研She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do________ it takes to save her life.A．whichever B．howeverC．whatever D．whoever解析：句意：她对我们弥足珍贵..我们已经准备好尽一切努力挽救她的生命..这里的whatever既作take的宾语;也引导do后的宾语从句..答案：C8．2011年郑州调研Being angry is OK; but knowing how to tell someone________made you angry is important.A．that B．whichC．why D．what解析：考查名词性从句..句意：生气没什么;但是知道如何告诉别人什么导致你生气是很重要的..tell someone之后是宾语从句;且从句缺少主语;因此空处填what..答案：D9．Mother bought many tomatoes from the market two days ago; ________some have gone bad due to the bad weather.A．of those B．from whichC．of which D．in which解析：考查定语从句..此处表示“其中的一些西红柿”;故用“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句..答案：C10．Everyone will go through life's stages of ups and downs;________self respect plays a key role in the maturity of a person.A．when B．whichC. asD. that解析：考查定语从句..句意：每个人都将经历人生的浮沉阶段;其间;自尊在一个人的成熟过程中起着关键作用..根据句意可知;后半句是定语从句;when在从句中作状语..答案：A11．2012年扬州测试________you didn't know the rules won't be an excuse for your failure to report.A．That B．WhereC．What D．Why解析：考查主语从句..句意：不要把你不知道规则作为你报道失败的借口..that 引导陈述句作主语;that不能省略..答案：A12．2012年南京模拟In recent years; there has been a heated argument about________it is necessary for children to learn English from an early age.A．whether B．ifC．what D．that解析：考查宾语从句..空白处在介词about之后;表示“是否”之意;且在介词之后引导宾语从句;只能用whether;介词后通常不用if引导宾语从句..答案：A 13．The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was aware________she had gone.A．that where B．of the place whichC．of what D．of where解析：句意：全家人都为詹妮担心;因为没人知道她去哪里了..be aware of知道;为固定搭配；where引导的从句作介词of的宾语..答案：D14．As a teacher;I seldom give my students so difficult a problem________they cannot work out.A．that B． ifC．in order that D．as解析：句意：作为老师;我很少给我的学生难以解决的问题..先行词为so difficult a problem;代入定语从句后为：They cannot work out so difficult a problem.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作宾语..“so或such＋名词”作先行词、且先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时;需用as引导定语从句..本题易误选为A项;用that引导状语从句;但状语从句应是完整的;所以;如选A项;题干应该为：As a teacher;I seldom give my students so difficult a problem that they cannot work it out.作为老师;我很少给我的学生如此难的问题以至他们不能解决..答案：D15．－How are you getting along with your project－I was about to give up when an idea occurred to me________I could work with my roommate Tim.A．that B．howC．why D．whether解析：考查名词性从句..从句I could work with my roommate Tim句意完整;不缺少成分;因此使用that引导同位语从句解释说明idea的内容..答案：A。
名词性从句和定语从句
名词性从句判断名词性从句的方法：在主语位置：引导的从句后面跟动词宾语位置：及物动词之后或非及物动词+介词之后表语位置：系动词之后同位语：抽象名词之后，如fact、reason、news、opinion等。
一般用that引导，且不充当成分。
注：reason +that是同位语从句，reason+why是定语从句。
定语从句判断定语从句方法：1、定语从句一般位于名词后面。
2、有先行词，先行词一般是前面的名词或整个句子。
3、定语从句中关系代词在从句中充当宾语是可以省略。
4、与同位语从句的区别：同位语从句前面一般为抽象名词，而定语从句后面一般为具体名词，如the man、car、cup等或不定代词something（一般后接that）。
介词+关系代词1、介词是强调先行词和从句谓语动词（一般为不及物动词）之间的关系。
2、还原结构应为：从句的谓语动词+介词+先行词。
3、who和that前面不能加介词，因此它们不会出现在此结构中。
所以，在这个结构中，表示人用：whom，表示物用：which例1：The English play my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.A.for whichB.at whichC.in whichD.on which答案：act 和 play之间应用介词in，C正确。
例2：York, last year, is a nice old city.A.that I visitedB.which I visitedC.where I visitedD.in which I visited答案：A,非限定性定语从句不用that引导，错误。
B，关系代词在从句中做宾语，which可用于非限定性定语从句，正确。
C，where不能再从句中作宾语，错误。
D，visited为及物动词，不需要用介词+关系代词结构，错误。
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定语从句与名词性从句的互换一、定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要，有时可以互相转换。
大致有下面三种情况：（１）定语从句与表语从句的互换That's the thing that we're worrying about.（定语从句）That's what we're worrying about.（表语从句）那就是我们正在担心的事。
This is the way she did it.（定语从句）This is how she did it.（表语从句）这就是她做这件事的方法。
This is the reason why we must go now.（定语从句）This is why we must go now.（表语从句）这就是我们现在该走的理由。
That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.（定语从句）That is where Xiao Lin was born.(表语从句)那就是小林出生的地方。
（２）定语从句与宾语从句的互换I don't know the reason why she is so happy.（定语从句）I don't know why she is so happy.（宾语从句）我不知道她为什么这样高兴。
He showed me the place where he used to live.（定语从句）He showed me where he used to live.（宾语从句）他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。
Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated（定语从句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated(宾语从句)你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗（３）定语从句与主语从句的互换The thing that we need is more time.（定语从句）What we need is more time.（主语从句）我们所需要的是更多的时间。
The time when they will start out has not been decided yet.（定语从句）When they will start out has not been decided yet.（主语从句）他们什么时候动身还没有决定下来。
The reason why he did it wasn't quite clear.（定语从句）Why he did it wasn't quite clear.（主语从句）他为什么做那件事还不很清楚。
The place where she lives is not known yet.（定语从句）Where she lives is not known yet.（主语从句）她住在什么地方，大家还不知道。
二、学习定语从句应注意的几个问题（１）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。
例如：The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School.但注意下列一组句子：He is the only one of the students who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.如果"one of +复数名词"后跟有定语从句，一般情况下"one of"后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。
（２）定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。
Where is it that he found the lost watch(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。
Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch)（３）定语从句与并列结构He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.I've got two of them are in Shanghai.第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。
第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。
第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。
（４）定语从句与状语从句He found the books where he had put.He found the books in the place where he had put.第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地点状语。
第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。
This is such an interesting book that I'd like to read it.This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。
第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。
（５）定语从句中的先行词Is this book the one that you bought yesterdayIs this the book that you bought yesterday第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。
在第二个句子中this 是主句的主语，the book是先行词。
一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday（６）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。
例如：The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句)The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句)另：在"have no idea+从句"结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。
例如：I have no idea when she will be back.三、把握定语从句中的时空概念在定语从句的运用中，当其先行词表示时间或空间概念时，有些学生很容易想当然地用关系副词when或where引导，而没有具体情况具体处理。
所以，应注意以下几点。
（１）从逻辑意义上讲，只有从句中的谓语动词与该先行词构成动状（时间、地点）关系时，才能用when或where引导从句；或视不同情况以prep.+which代之。
例如：1、This is the country where/in which Edison was born。
（动状关系）2、I'll never forget the year when/in which the terrible earthquake happened.(动状关系)3、England was one of the places from which the settlers moved to America.(动状关系)（２）从逻辑意义上看，当从句中的谓语动词与该类先行词有主谓关系或动宾关系时，则以which/that或prep.+which引导从句。
4、Please follow the custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.(动宾关系)5、For ever I'll remember the year that/which brought me happy memo ry.(主谓关系)6、He is going to work in Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei Province.(主谓关系)（３）从逻辑意义上讲，当从句中作主语的名词与先行词存在所属关系时，则用词whose。
7、is going to the country whose name is Sweden.(所属关系)8、Generally,we refer to the time whose speed is unchanged.(所属关系)浅述主动式定语从句的简化一、定语从句简化英语表达方式是相当灵活的，为了表达言简意赅，使叙述简洁明快，常用一定的语法手段把句子加以简化，定语从句被简化成简单句就是常见的一种。
下面简单谈谈主动式定语从句简化的几种情况。
（１）定语从句中的关系代词为从句主语，其谓语动词是现在进行时，可以用现在分词短语来简化。
例如：The man who is teaching us English now graduated from Hubei Univ ersity three years ago.-->The man teaching us...现在教我们英语的老师三年前毕业于湖北大学。
但是，如果定语从句动词之后没有介词作状语时，现在分词常置于中心词之前。
例如：The countries which are developing should get united.-->The developing countries should...发展中的国家应该团结起来。
（２）把定语从句简化为现在分词短语有以下几个条件。
1、从句的动词和主句的动作的时态的一致。