机械工程-外文文献

The content of mechanical engineeringMechanical engineering services and multi-faceted, who use machinery, tools, and energy and material production department of mechanical engineering, need the service. The summary mentions, modern machinery engineering has five services: development and provide energy conversion, and provide for mechanical manufacturing all kinds of products and machinery, provide various services in the machinery, the development and provide family and personal life, the development and the application of the machines provide various mechanical weapons.Regardless of what a field service to the working content of mechanical engineering, basic and same, mainly include:The establishment and development of mechanical engineering construction and theoretical basis. For example, research force and motion and fluid mechanics, engineering mechanics, Metallic and non-metallic materials to study the performance, and its application in engineering materials, The heat conduction, research and conversion of thermodynamics, All kinds of mechanical components are independent of the function of the working principle, structure, design and calculation of mechanical principle and mechanical parts; Study of metallic and nonmetallic machining and forming technology of metal and technology, etc.Research, design and development of new products and continuously improving existing machine mechanical products and new generation of mechanical products, in order to adapt to the current and future needs.Mechanical products production, including: the planning and production facilities, Production plan and production scheduling, Prepare and implement manufacturing process, Design and manufacturing tools, moulds, Determine the quota and material quota, Organization processing, assembling and commissioning and package delivery, For product quality effectively control. Mechanical manufacturing enterprise operation and management. Mechanical general is composed of many each have unique shape, processing precision parts assembled into a complex products. Production batch have single piece and small batch, also have a large batch, until production. Throughout the entire industry and sales target individual, family. And sales in the social and economic situations, may appear under the influence of the big wave. Therefore, mechanical manufacturing enterprise management and operation of enterprises, especially complex production management, planning and management of research are also began in machinery industry.The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency.The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency.Research in the manufacturing process of mechanical products, especially in the use of the natural resources and environmental pollution, excessive consumption issues, andtreatment measures. This is a modern mechanical engineering is particularly important task, and its importance.Mechanical engineering classificationMechanical variety, can according to several different ways into various categories, such as: the function can be divided into mechanical power, material handling machinery, machine etc, According to the service industry could be divided into agricultural machinery, mining machinery, textile machinery, etc. According to the principle of work can be divided into the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical, bionic machine, etc. In addition, machinery in the research, development, design, manufacture, application process to work through several stages of nature. According to the different stage, mechanical engineering and can be divided into each other, with several branches system, such as mechanical research, mechanical design, mechanical manufacturing, mechanical using and maintenance, etc.According to the different aspects of the various branches of system is divided into each other, thus overlap, mechanical engineering may be differentiated into hundreds of branches. For example, according to the function of dynamic mechanical, it points with the working principle of mechanical, thermal fluid machinery, turbine machinery, reciprocating machinery, steam power machinery, nuclear power plant, internal combustion engines, gas turbine, according to industry and the center of power equipment, industrial power plant, locomotives, ship, automobile engineering Marine engineering are complex and overlapping relation. Marine steam turbine power machinery, also is the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical and turbine machinery, it belongs to the Marine power plant, steam power plant, may also belongs to the nuclear power plant etc.The development of mechanical engineeringHumans become "modern" sign is manufacturing tools. The Stone Age, all sorts of this stone hammers and wood, leather simple tools is rough pioneer of the machinery. From a simple tool to make manufacturing by multiple parts, components of modern machinery, experienced a long process.Thousands of years ago, humanity has created a shell and crushed grain used to carry mortar and grinding, the JieGao engineer-in-chief with wheels, with the car, the ship sailing in rivers, buildings, and the rudder. The power from the physical, one's own development, using animal, hydraulic and wind. Materials from the natural stone, wood, clay, leather, synthetic materials development. The earliest artificial material is made of pottery and porcelain, is already has the pottery, transmission and three parts of the complete machine work.Humans from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age, and then to the iron age, to flourish of drum wind blows of the development plays an important role. Have strong enough, the drum wind to get a high enough metallurgical furnace temperature, can have refined metal from ore in. In China, the former 900 years to use the drum for metallurgy, and gradually from the human drum wind to work and hydraulic drum wind.15-16 centuries ago, mechanical engineering development is slow. But in practice, the millennium project in machinery development and has accumulated much experience and technical knowledge, became the mechanical engineering development potential. Since the 17th century, capitalism in the English, French and European countries, commodity production began to become the center of social problems.In the 18th century, the application of steam from mining to textiles, flour, metallurgy, etc. The main material of production machines from wood to use more tough, but with manual processing of metal. Mechanical manufacturing industry, and began to form in the decades to become an important industry.Mechanical engineering through expanding from the practice, the dispersion, mainly depends on the needs of individual talents and craft a skill, gradually develop a theoretical guidance, system and independent engineering technology. Mechanical engineering is 18-19 century and the industrial revolution, the capitalist mechanical production main technological factors.Power is an important factor of the development of production. In the 17th century, along with the development and improvement of machinery, metal ore with coal and the requirements of increased year by year, people feel rely on human and animal will not produce to a new stage.In Britain, textile, grinding industries are increasingly using workshop in the river, will work to drive hydraulic machinery. But when the coal mine, the copper ore, etc, with lots of groundwater is only to ascend and excluded. Animal In this production needs, 18 century appeared newcomen atmospheric type steam, mine drainage pumps to drive. But the steam engine fuel consumption, high, basically applies only to mine.In 1765, watt invented the steam engine have separate condenser, reduce the fuel consumption. 1781 watt and create the steam engine, turning provide motivation of steam expanding the scope of application. The steam engine invented and development, mining and industrial production, railways and shipping to mechanical power. The steam engine was almost in the 19th century, but the only power and steam boiler, condenser, cooling water system huge volume, bulky, application is not easy.19 century, the power supply system, and the development and popularization of motor start. At the beginning of the 20th century, the motor in industrial production has replaced the steam, become the basic mechanical drive all kinds of work. Production mechanization, already from electrification of electrified by mechanization production function.Power for the initial application of the steam engine. In the early 20th century, high efficiency, high speed, high steam turbine, also appeared to water resources of the turbine power supply system, promote the vigorous development.The invention of the late 19th century, has improved combustion through light and small, high efficiency, easy manipulation, and can always start the engine. It is used to drive to work without power supply of land, and mechanical for automobile, mobile machinery and ships, until the middle of 20th century began for locomotives. Steam turbine engine in the crowd, and are no longer important power machinery. After the invention of internal combustion engine and gas turbine, jet engines, is the development of aircraft, such successful development foundation spacecraft technical factor.Before the industrial revolution, mostly of wood, mechanical hand made by the carpenter. Metal (mainly copper, iron) only to manufacture equipment, lock, clocks, pump and mechanical parts of the small wood. Metal processing of the machine mainly by seiko spy, achieves the need of precision. Steam power plant, and the promotion of the mining, metallurgical appears, ships, large machinery development of locomotive, forming and cutting processing of metal parts, growing more and more and more is also high accuracyrequirements. The application of metal materials from copper and iron development to steel.Mechanical processing including forging, forging, sheet metal work, welding, and heat treatment technology and equipment, and machining technology and machine tools, measuring tools, etc, is rapidly developing, ensuring each industry development for production equipment supply.The development of social economy, the demand of mechanical products explosion. Production batch of increase and precision machining technology development, promote the formation of large production methods, such as division of professional production and interchangeability parts and collaboration, water processing line and assembly line etc.Simple interchangeable parts and division of professional production, in ancient collaboration has appeared. In mechanical engineering, the interchangeability embodied in mo for 1797 Bates USES its created by threading lathe of bolts and nuts production. At the same time, the American engineers with interchangeable manufacturing production methods, Whitney, shows the feasibility and superiority of interchangeable. The production methods, in the United States has formed the so-called "American production methods".In the early 20th century, ford car manufacturing and created the assembly line. Mass production technology in the 19th century and Taylor was that the scientific management method, automobile and other mass production machinery production efficiency quickly reached the height of past cannot imagine.In the late 20th century, the main characteristics, mechanical processing, continuously improve the machine is processing speed and accuracy, reducing the dependence of craftsmanship, Improve machining and forming, cutting and assembly of mechanization and automation, Using CNC processing center, the group technology, etc, to develop flexible manufacturing systems, small volume and multiple varieties of production efficiency is to improve the level of production, Study hard and improve the processing of metallic and non-metallic materials, new forming and machining technology.18 centuries ago, mechanical artisan, intuition and experience in mechanical manufacture craft, and almost no scientific association. To 18-19 century, in the emerging of capitalist economy, promote the scientific knowledge of master production, and people start paying attention to direct production needs to start to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, communication between them and made great achievements in mutual inspiration. In this process, and gradually formed a set of basic theory on mechanical engineering.Mechanical power with the advanced scientific combination. The steam engine invented Avery, pizza, applied physicist watt pat Penn and black theory, Based on the practice in the steam engine, physicists cano, LanJinHe kelvin established a new science - thermodynamics. Engine is based on the theory of France in 1862 LuoSha founded, In 1876, the application of theory LuoSha otto thoroughly improve he had created the rough heavy, noise, low efficiency of internal combustion and laid the position. Other such as steam turbine, gas turbine, etc. In theory, and under the guidance of the theory in practice and improvement.In early BC, China has applied the car in guide in complex system of gear was applied to the burner and level of the place turn, etc. Ancient Greece had cylindrical gears, bevel gears and worm transmission. However, the instantaneous speed on gear tooth shape and the relationship of tooth profile curve and the 17th century, until after a theory.The agency's hand and pedal pioneers of crank rod system in the ancient civilization has a long history, but in the form of crank rod system, movement and dynamic analysis and synthesis, exactly is modern organization learning achievements. As a specialized agencies, until the early 19th century in higher engineering college for the technology institute (Paris). Through the theoretical study, people can accurately analysis of various institutions, including the complex space of movement, and then according to need a new comprehensive.Mechanical engineering work object is dynamic mechanical, it will happen. This change is sometimes randomly and unforeseeable, Actual application materials are incomplete, there may be various defects, Machining accuracy has certain deviation, etc.With the static structure for the civil engineering work, mechanical engineering in more difficult problems in theory to solve accurate. Therefore, the early application of mechanical engineering only simple theoretical concept, combined with practical experience. Experience in design and calculation formula for more on, To ensure safety, rather conservative, results of large and heavy machinery, high cost and low productivity, energy consumption.In the 18th century, a new theory of birth, and the development of mathematics method, design calculation precision of continuous improvement. In the 20th century, appear all sorts of experimental stress analysis method, the experimental method to detect with people already on the physical model and the stress. 20 century, and the finite element method and the wide application of electronic computers, which makes the complex machinery and zero. Component force, moment, stress analysis and calculation of such as possible. To master have sufficient practice or experimental dataMechanical or its components, can use statistical techniques, according to the requirements of reliability, mechanical design scientifically.The development of mechanical engineeringTo increase the production of mechanical engineering and improve labor productivity, improve the production efficiency of research and development for the goal to new mechanical products. In the future development of the new products, to reduce the consumption of resources to develop clean and renewable energy, management, reduce and eliminate environmental pollution as super economic goals and tasks.The persons involved with both hands and mechanical can eyes and ears, feet and cannot be directly directly, and finish the job finished faster and better. Modern mechanical engineering to create more and more exquisite and increasingly complex machinery and mechanical device, the past many fantasy to become a reality.Humans can now upstream sky and the universe, diving deep ocean, and nearly 100 million light-years out till the cellular and molecular. The emerging electronic computer hardware and software to strengthen human has begun to replace the brain, and part of the scientific and technological means, this is the artificial intelligence. This is a new development has shown great influence in the future, it will constantly create people cannot imagine the miracle.The growth of human wisdom does not reduce the hands, but instead as more and more delicate hands, more complex, so more promote the function of hand. The practice of hand, in turn, promote the wisdom of the human brain. In the process of evolution of humanity, and the growth of each individual in the process, the brain and the hand is mutual promoting peace line of evolution.Artificial intelligence and the relationship between mechanical engineering in the brain and the hand approximation, the relationship between the difference is only in artificial intelligence will need to use the hardware machinery manufacturing. In the past, all kinds of machinery without man's operating and controlling the reaction speed, accuracy and operating by the brain evolved slowly and nervous system restriction, artificial intelligence will eliminate this restriction. Computer science and mechanical engineering, the mutual promotion between parallel, will make the mechanical engineering at the higher level is the beginning of a new round of development,In the 19th century, mechanical engineering knowledge is limited in European universities and colleges, it is generally for a comprehensive and civil engineering disciplines, civil engineering, called the 19th century has become an independent discipline. In the 20th century, with the mechanical engineering technology development and growth of knowledge, mechanical engineering and began to decompose the specialization of branch appeared. The decomposition of the trend in the middle of the twentieth century, and that in the end of the second world war during peak reached before.Due to mechanical engineering knowledge has been expanded to be far from certain professional master, all is indispensable. But the excessive specialized knowledge, caused by excessive vision narrow orthodoxy and as a whole, not the whole of the project scale slightly, and shrink and technical exchanges, hampering the new techniques and technology progress on the whole, the ability to adapt to the change of external conditions is very poor. Closure of professional experts have acquired knowledge, consider problems in work, had only with difficulty, also coordinate when to self-study. Unfavorable Therefore, since the 20th century, and the comprehensive trend appears. People pay more attention the basic theory, widen the field of merger, division meticulous professional.Comprehensive - professional differentiation - again, is the comprehensive knowledge of the development process of the reasonable and necessary. Different professional experts have different exquisite specialized knowledge, and have enough knowledge to the comprehensive understanding, understanding other subject and overall appearance, can form each other powerful collective work.Comprehensive and professional is mutiple level. In mechanical engineering expertise and internal contradictions are integrated, In the comprehensive engineering technology also has a comprehensive and professional problem. In all human knowledge, including social sciences and natural sciences and the engineering technology, also have a higher layer, in more comprehensive and professional macro problem.。