高级英语第十一课
高级英语thefutureoftheenglish中英笔记
第二册lesson 11 The Future of The English英国人的未来J . B. Priestley JB普里斯特利1 【To write about the English in standard and cosmopolitan political terms, the usual Left-Centre-Right stuff, is almost always wasting time and trouble. The English are different. The English are even more different than they think they are, though not more different than they feel they are. And what they feel — Englishness again - is more important than what they think. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England. 背诵】若想用世界上流行的标准政治术语，即左、中、右三派这种毫无意义的陈腔老调来描述英国人的话，那多半是白费时间，徒耗精力。
英国人可是与众不同。
他们甚至比自己想象中的英国人还要不同，倒是同他们自己感觉中的英国人差不多。
而他们所感觉到的…这一点再次反映出英国人的特性——比他们想象到的更为重要。
在英国，决定一切事物形式和色彩的不是人的理性思维，而是人的本能感觉。
cosmopolitan (adj.) : common to or representative of all or many parts of the world；not national or local世界性的；不限于国家或地区范围的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 For example, although the English seem to be so sharply divided, always indulging in plenty of loud political abuse, there are nothing like so many Communists or neo- or potential Fascists in England as there are in most other countries. Again, although the English seem to have more than their share of rallies, protest marches, confrontations with authority, what could begin to look like a murderous encounter in France or America, or might be a bloody street battle in Japan, would in England end at the worst in a few scuffle s and arrests. This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English, and at the same time, below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling, not yet exhausted though it may not befilling up. Not everybody can draw on that reservoir. No doubt there are in England some snarl ing shop steward s who demand freedom for the workers when what they really want is to bring the whole system crashing down, together with every guarantee of liberty. No doubt there are wealthy employers who smile at the TV cameras and declare that all they desire is the friendliest relation with their work force, when at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them. But there are not many of these men, either on the board or the shop floor, and they are certainly not typical English. Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.举例来说，尽管英国人表面上似乎存在着严重的意见分歧，彼此之间进行政治上的攻击谩骂也是常有的事，但英国却不像许多其他国家一样有那么多的共产主义者以及新的或潜在的法西斯主义分子。
高级英语第三版第二册第十一课FourLawsofEcologyPartI.ppt
The Poverty of Power, a bestseller
• Commoner addressed the "Three E's" that were plaguing the United States in the 1970s:
• First there was the threat to environmental survival; • then there was the apparent shortage of energy; • and now there is the unexpected decline of the economy.
• He criticized Ronald Reagan and George Bush for regulating pollution and not presenting it.
Barry Commoner
(1917 – 2012)
Commoner’s Books
• In the 1950s, Commoner began ng of nuclear weapons, thereby bringing himself into public prominence. In the 1960s, he became involved in other environmental issues; these included pollution and energy sources.
• Commoner also has strong views on social causes of the present environmental situation. He argues, for example, that eliminating Third World debt payments would lesson the economic gap between developed and less developed countries and end the desperation that usually results in overpopulation. This debt forgiveness could also compensate for previous decades of damage inflicted on such countries. Commoner also calls for redistribution of the world's wealth.
高级英语第二册11课课件
Background Knowledge
1) About the Author and His Works 1) A brief introduction to the author, Priestley: /Jpriestley.ht m
The conflict between Admass and Englishness.
Admass:
What is central to Admass is the production and consumption of goods. Dissatisfaction is embedded in Admass Ruthless competitiveness Take man only as a producer and consumer Dependence upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy
The Future of the English
J . B.ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱPriestley
Aims:
1 ) Improving students’ ability to read between lines and understand the text properly; 2) Cultivating students’ ability to make a creative reading; 3) Enhancing students’ ability to appreciate the text from different perspectives
Exposition and Argument
1) Type of literature: part exposition and part persuasion or argument /santab/jeff/sbargue_in dex.html http://homepages.iol.ie/~laoistec/LENGLIS H/lpers.html
高级英语Lesson 11 第1-3段
Lesson 11 – 第1-3段组长苑力超，组员潘家琪，刘欢欢段落重点词汇和表述1.A single knoll rises out of the plain in Oklahoma, north and west of the Wichita Range. For my people, the Kiowas, it is an old landmark, and they gave it the name Rainy Mountain. Th e hardest weather in the world is there. Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summer the prairie is an anvil's edge. The grass turns brittle and brown, and it cracks beneath your feet. There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory and pecan, willow and witch hazel. At a distance in July or August the steaming fol iage seems almost to writhe in fire. Great green-andyellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to stingthe flesh, and tortoises crawl about on the red earth, going nowhere in the plenty of time. Lo neliness is an aspect of the land. All things in the plain are isolate; there is no confusion of o bjects in the eye, but one hill or one tree or one man. To look upon that landscape in the e arly morning, with the sun at your back, is to lose the sense of proportion. Your imagination comes to life, and this, you think, is where Creation was begun.…词语用法knoll n. a small natural hill 小山There is a bower on the Knoll.小山上有一个凉亭。
高级英语第一册 第十一课重点单词
A buse咒骂accelerate加速accuse指出abominable讨厌的automobile机动车anthropologist 人类学家abdicate放弃accuracy精确性admonish警告B rief简短buggy小机动车bombinate嗡鸣barbarism芜杂brevity简短barrier栅栏barn谷仓C ontempt轻视calamity灾难citation引用compel强迫clout抨击convention惯例contemporary 当代的constant坚定的comprehensive广泛的condemned谴责colloquial口语的coincidence 巧合cumbrous笨重conviction信念conspicuous明显的cabin小屋compute计算contraption 新玩意cabinet柜cellar地窖D eterioration变质deplorable糟透的deluge洪水dismay惊慌discrepancy细节dialect方言democracy民主制distinction区别decussate交错E ditorial编辑的eliminate除去extraneous外来的extraordinary非凡的elevation高处enclosure 封入exclude排除F lagrant骇人听闻的fraud欺骗furnish装饰firm坚硬frame框架G ibberish令人费解的话grant同意gyp苦难H oax恶作剧hence因此habitual习惯的I rresponsibility不负责任inseminating使受精insofar程度indication指出illustrative阐释instance例子inadequate不充分的imprecise不严密的ignorant无知J et喷雾L exicographic词典编纂的label标签lease出租landlord地主M onstrous巨大的merriment欢乐mesh网丝meritorious可称赞的O bscure低微的omission省略Oak栎树P hilology语文学procedure程序precisely严密地proposition提议pervasively蔓延地purist语言纯正癖者pivot支点proliferation增生preference偏爱pretentious自负的R emedy补救relegate驱逐restrict限制的revolving旋转的roaring抗议reticulate网状的refuge 庇护removal移动S tature道德scandal丑事sternly严厉地static静态的subtly隐约地scorn轻蔑stiff拘泥的structure物质subsequent其后的seal糊住solemnly肃穆的T out赞扬theoretical理论的trap行李terrain地面U nbridled无约束的underlie成为…的基础unparalleled无比的unprecedented空前的utilitarian 有效的unyielding坚硬的V ariant不同的vanity自负verbosity唠叨vehicle车辆virtue美德W ager赌注。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案1）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园建造的。
The Garden of Harmonious Interest was modeled on a garden in Wuxi.2）他号召孩子们以 ___英雄为榜样。
He called on the children to model themselves on the PLA heroes.3）这本书应归入哲学类。
This work may be related to philosophy.4）本杰明·富兰克林不仅是政治家，而且还是科学家、发明家。
Benjamin Franklin was as much a scientist and an inventor as a statesman.5）他把每次试验的结果都记在本子上。
He set down all the findings of every experiment in his notebook.6）你能用简明的语言概括这首古诗的中心思想吗？Can you sum up the central idea of this ancient poem in plain terms?7）我们应不断地使自己的思想适应变化的情况。
We should constantly adapt our thinking to the changing conditions.8）年轻的士兵冻死在雪地里，手里还紧握着枪。
The young soldier was frozen to death in the snow, his hands still hanging on to a gun.9）该公司将为他们提供住宿和交通工具。
The said pany will furnishthem with lodging and transportation.10）车速限制在每小时55公里之内。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案篇一：高级英语第一册课后Lesson 1The Middle Eastern BazaarI．1)A bazaar is a market or street of shops and stands in Oriental countries．Such bazaars are likely to be found in Afghanistan，the Arabian Peninsula，Cyprus，Asiatic Turkey and Egypt．2)The bazaar includes many markets：cloth—market，copper— smiths’market．carpet—market，food—market，dye—market，pottery—market，carpenters’market，etc．They represent the backward feudal economy．3)A blind man could know which part 0f the bazaar he was in by his senses of smell and hearing．Different odours and sounds can give him some ideas about the various parts 0f the bazaar．4)Because the earthen floor，beaten hard by countless feet，deadens the sound of footsteps，and the vaulted mudbrick walls and roof have hardly and sounds to echo. The shop-keepers also speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers follow suit.5)The place where people make linseed oil seems the most picturesque in the bazaar. The backwardness of their extracting oil presents an unforgetable scene.II .1)little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another2)Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market.3)they drop some of items that they don t really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price.4)He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount.5)As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear.Ⅲ. See the translation of text.IV.1)n. +n..seaside, doorway, graveyard, warlord2)n. +v..daybreak, mooise, bullfight3)v. +n..cutback, cutthroat, rollway4)adj. +n..shortterm, softcoal, softliner, hardware5)adv. +v. .output , upgrade, downpour6)v. +adv..pullover, buildupV.1)thread (n.) she failed to put the thread through the eye of the needle.(v.) He threaded through the throng.2)round (v.) On the 1st of September the ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope. (adv.) He wheeled round and faced me angrily.3)narrow(v.) In the discussions we did not narrow the gap any further. (adj．)He failed by a very narrow margin．4)price(n．) The defence secretary said the U．S．was not looking for an agreement at any price．(v．)At the present consumption rates(of oil)the world may well be pricing itself out of its future．5) (v．)live About 40％of the population lives on the land and tries to live off it． (adj．)The nation heard the inaugural speech in a live broadcast．6)tower (n．)The tower was built in the 1 4th century．(v．)The general towered over his contemporaries．7)dwarf (v．)A third of the nation s capital goods are shipped from this area，which dwarfs West Germany s mighty Ruhr Valley in industrial output．(n．)Have you ever read the story of Snow White and the Dwarfs?Ⅵ．1)light and heat：glare，dark，shadowy，dancing flashes．the red of the live coals，glowing bright，dimming，etc．2)sound and movement：enter，pass，thread their way．penetrate，selecting，pricing，doing a little preliminary bargaining，din，tinkling，banging，clashing，creak，squeaking，rumbling，etc．3)smell and colour：profusion of rich colours，pungent and exotic smells，etc．Ⅶ．1)glare指刺眼的光；brightness指光源发出的强烈稳定的光，强调光的强度。
自考高级英语下Lesson 11 On Human Nature and Politics
elude
• if something that you want eludes you, you fail to find or achieve it
– The appropriate word eluded him. – 他找不到合适的字眼
• to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them SYN avoid
acquisitiveness
• strong desire to acquire and possess • We live in an acquisitive society... • 我们生活在一个物欲横流的社会。 • The most acquisitive firms tend to be
• 拜占庭风格的
divans
• a long backless sofa (usually with pillows against a wall)
• Lord Henry stretched himself out on the divan and laughed.
• 亨利勋爵伸手摊脚地躺在沙发椅上，笑着。
city. • 他们住在乡下，但在城里工作。
on that account
• 由于这个[那个]缘故 • I hope you will not on that account reject
what evidence I place before you. • 我希望你不要因此而拒绝我向你提供的证
据。
gratified
• having received what was desired
• He was gratified to hear that his idea had been confirmed...
【ppt课件】高级英语课件第十一课
4. stature:originally a person’s bodily height. Figuratively,
mental or moral quality , development, growth, or level of
attainment, especially as worthy of esteem. Not to be confused
doesn't accelerate. 尽管人们努力想根除腐败，但腐败现象仍存在着，虽然 没有恶化。
Precipitate表示通常引起某事突然地或在时机未成熟时发 生的突然性或匆促性：
The mere mention of the issue precipitated an outburst of indignation during the meeting. 会议上刚一提到这件事就引发了一阵愤怒
dictionary.
flagrant:conspicuously bad, offensive, or reprehensible: 臭名远扬的，丑恶可耻的、讨人厌的
flagrant glaring gross egregious rank:These adjectives refer
to what is conspicuously bad or offensive flagrant crime 滔天罪行 a glaring error; 明显的错误；
deluge of words滔滔不绝的话
After me the D-! After us the D-! (死)后(之)事与我何干! 14. monstrous: ( colloquial )quite absurd,scandalous adj.巨大的, 怪异的, 恐怖的, 凶暴的 adj.<口>难以置信的, 荒谬的 15. abominable : disgusting 16. cause ( for dismay ): a reason, motive or ground for some action or feeling, etc, . Especially sufficient reason (cause for complaint ) When cause means something producing an effect or result, it is followed by the preposition of , e.g. causes of the traffic accidents. 17. They doubted that : “ Lincoln could have modelled his Gettysburg Address” on it: They didn’t believe that Lincoln could have written his famous Gettysburg Address with the language described in the Third International as model.
高级英语第二册Lesson11The Future of the English
J . B. Priestley
Aims:
1 ) Improving students’ ability to read between lines and understand the text properly; 2) Cultivating students’ ability to make a creative reading; 3) Enhancing students’ ability to appreciate the text from different perspectives
Background Knowledge
1) About the Author and His Works 1) A brief introduction to the author, Priestley: /Jpriestley.ht m
2) The Future of the English rests upon the decision made by English workers together with the people on the management side who will have to put an end to the conflict between Admass and Englishness.
Englishness: With its relation to the unconscious Dependence upon instinct and intuition Adherence to the past and deep long roots Not hostile to change and deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake Rejecting being committed to some inevitable mechanical progress
高英第二册十一课课文翻译-高级英语2-Unit11-Lesson11
第十一课英国人的未来若想用世界上流行的标准政治术语，即左、中、右三派这种毫无意义的陈腔老调来描述英国人的话，那多半是白费时间，徒耗精力。
英国人可是与众不同。
他们甚至比自己想象中的英国人还要不同，倒是同他们自己感觉中的英国人差不多。
而他们所感觉到的…这一点再次反映出英国人的特性——比他们想象到的更为重要。
在英国，决定一切事物形式和色彩的不是人的理性思维，而是人的本能感觉。
举例来说，尽管英国人表面上似乎存在着严重的意见分歧，彼此之间进行政治上的攻击谩骂也是常有的事，但英国却不像许多其他国家一样有那么多的共产主义者以及新的或潜在的法西斯主义分子。
再如，虽然英国人举行的群众集会、示威游行、与当局对抗的事件似乎比一般国家多，但有些在法国或美国有可能发展成生死搏斗，在日本有可能演变成街头血战的恶性事件，而在英国至多也不过以一阵扭打或几个人被拘捕的结局了事。
这是因为在英国人当中狂热的盲从分子较少，同时，在他们那一片乱哄哄的争论、谩骂和吵闹的背后，还蕴藏着一股河海般深厚、纯真的同胞之情。
这种情谊虽然还不到充溢的程度，却还没有枯竭。
当然，也不是每个人都能够利用这种蕴藏的同胞之情。
在英国，毫无疑问，还存在着那么一些喜欢大声咆哮的工会代表，他们口口声声嚷着要为工人们争自由，而事实上，其真正目的是想破坏现行的社会制度及一切保障自由的措施。
毫无疑问，也有那么一些腰缠万贯的资本家，他们面对着电视摄像机，笑容可掬地宣称他们唯一的愿望是同自己的劳动队伍建立起最亲密友好的关系，而实际上他们心里只想拿起鞭子狠狠抽打那群专爱惹事生非的懒虫。
不过，像这样的人，无论在管理者中间还是在劳动者中间，都不是很多，而且他们无疑也不是典型的英国人。
他们性格上的肿瘤已经吞噬了他们身上的英国人特性。
那些“与众不同的”真正地道的英国人，由于继承了英国人的特性而又尚未抛弃这一祖传特性，因而对于这个代表了整个时代日新月异的发展形势的现代世界感到不很习惯。
现代世界事事求“大”，而英国人却对此不以为然。
高级英语第11课
Lesson ElevenOn Getting off to Sleep谈睡眠人真是充满矛盾啊! 毫无疑问，幽默是惟一帮助我们摆脱矛盾的办法，要是没有它，我们就会死于烦恼。
What a bundle of contradictions is a man! Surely, humor is the saving grace of us, for without it we should die of vexation.=Life is full of contradictions! It is no doubt that humor is the only way to get us out of it; otherwise, we will be annoyed to death.saving grace[1]上帝拯救灵魂的恩典[2] a redeeming quality or characteristic可资弥补的特点；可取之处在我看来，没有什么比睡眠更能说明事物间的矛盾。
With me, nothing illustrates the contrariness of things better than the matter of sleep.=From my point of view, sleeping best explains [serves as the best example] the oppositions between things.比如，我打算写一篇文章，面前放好了笔、墨和几张白纸，准保没写几个字我就会困得要命，无论当时是几点都会那样。
If, for example, my intention is to write an essay, and 1 have before me ink and pens and several sheets of virgin paper, you may depend upon it that before I have gone very far I feel an overpowering desire for sleep, no matter what time of the day it is.Virgin paper=blank paperI bet [ it is not uncertain/ you can be sure] that I will be desperate for sleep before I have written a few words on the paper.Overpower[1] 压服, 击败Police overpowered the criminal and took him away.警察制服了那罪犯并把他带走了。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案篇一：张汉熙高级英语第一册课后翻译11-161）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园建造的。
The Garden of Harmonious Interest iddle Eastern countries. 2）第三世界国家决心独立地发展自己的工业。
The Third e aterials. 10）美国国会批准了这项条约，使它立即生效。
The U.S. Congress ratified the treaty, thus bringing it into force at once. 11）一座新的电报大楼即将完工并交付使用。
A neoslem 16)fulfillV .1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the loodern linguistics take Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933)as its authority.4)But if so, he has made unconsciously one of the biggest mistakes one is liable to make in dictionary making.5)Anyone aggie.Soon he knoaggie, so he stops trying to shake hands aggie.11)Though, in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the Civil ent. 1)一场大火把贫民区三百多座房子夷为平地。
A big fire burned to the ground more than 300 homes in the slum neighborhood.2)只要你为人正直，不怕失去什么，那你对任何人都不会畏惧。
高级英语(第三版)第一册第十一课 The Way to Rainy Mountain
Structure of the Text
Part I: Paras 1-3: introduction to the whole text
Part II: Paras 4-10: the author explores the three stages of the Kiowa culture emergence, evolution and decline.
• Loneliness is an aspect of the land
Loneliness is a major quality of this landscape. The author emphasizes loneliness, perhaps because this quality enables one to concentrate one’s mind on the earth.
• One hill or one tree or one man:
The use of “one” instead of an indefinite article “a” emphasizes the fact that there is only one hill, only one tree or only one man.
高级英语第二册第十一课学习辅导资料
opolitan political terms, the usual Left-Centre-Right stuff, is alm ost always wasting time and trouble. The English are different. The English are even m ore different than they think they are, though not m ore different than they feel they are. And what they feel — Englishness again - ism ore important than what they think. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England.to be so sharply divided, always indulging in plenty of loud political abuse, there are nothing like so m any Comm unists or neo- or potential Fascists in England as there are in m ost other countries. Again, although the English seem to have m ore than their share of rallies, protest marches, confrontations with authority, what could begin to look like a m urderous encounter in France or Am erica, or m ight be a bloody street battle in Japan, would in England end at the worst in a few scuffles and arrests. This is because there are fewer fanatical believers am ong the English, and at the sam e tim e, below the noisy argum ents, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling, not yet exhausted though it m ay not be filling up. Not everybody can draw on that reservoir. No doubt there are in England som e snarling shop stewards who demand freedom for the workers when what they really want is to bring the whole system crashing down, together with every guarantee of liberty. No doubt there are wealthy employers who sm ile at the TV cam eras and declare that all they desire is the friendliest relation with their work force, when at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idletroublesom e m ob of them. But there are not m any of these m en, either on the board or the shop floor, and they are certainly not typical English. Som e cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.‘different’, who have inherited Englishness and have not yet thrown away their inheritance, cannot feel at hom e in the contemporary world, representing the accelerated developm ent of our whole age. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness. (And there is now not only Industrial bigness; there is also Scientific bigness, needing m ore and m ore to discover less and less.) Clearly everything cannot be done by smallish and reasonably hum an enterprises. No cosy shipyard can undertake to build a 150,000-ton ship, though we m ay not be in our right minds if we want such a ship. But it is safe to say that while Englishness m ay reluctantly accept bigness, its m onsters are never heartily welcom ed. They look all right in America, itself so large, but seem altogether out of scale in England. Along with the demand for bigness goes a demand for severe efficiency, often quite rational but not reasonable, therefore alien to Englishness. A further necessary demand, to feed the m onster with higher and higher figures and larger and larger profits, is for enorm ous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen. Finally, from the m onster and all its spokesm en com es a m essage, endlessly repeated. It runsm ore or less as follows: ‘You ought to be happy. But you are not happy. You can be happy, though, if you buy what we are m aking for you.’ And a postscript might be added from Iago: ‘Put m oney in thy purse.’‘Admass’, and will do so from now on. I will also announcewhat the future of the English hangs upon, while at the sam e tim e, unlike almost everybody else, keeping well clear of econom ics. It hangs upon the final result of a battle that has been going on for som e years now and that explains why the Englishseem so odd, eccentric, unsatisfactory, not only abroad but to many persons at hom e.It is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English. It is between 'Admass', which has already conquered m ost of the Western world, and 'Englishness', ailing and im poverished, in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars, francs, deutschmarks and the rest, for public relations and advertising campaigns. The triumphs of 'Admass' can be plainly seen. It operates in the outer visible world, where it offers m ore andm ore things - for m ore and m ore money of course - and creates the so-called ‘Good Life’. Against this, at least superficially, 'Englishness' seem s a poor shadowy show –a faint pencil sketch beside a poster in full colour - belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world, m erely offering states of m ind in place of that rich variety of things. But then while things are important, states of mind are even m ore important.'Englishness'. What is central to 'Admass' is the production and consum ption of goods. If there is enough of this —though of course there never is, because dissatisfaction is built into 'Admass' - there will be sufficient m oney to pay for its‘Good Life’. But it is worth noting along the way that while America has been for many years the chief advocate of 'Adm ass', America has shown us too m any desperatelyworried executives dropping into early graves, too m any exhausted salesm en takingrefuge in bars and breaking up their hom es, too m any workm en suffering fromm onotony or tim e-and-motion studies and wondering how the hell they got into these traps. And America, to its credit, can also show us a lot of sensible m en and wom en who have denounced all this and have walked out of it. But this book is about the English, not the Am ericans. Now 'Englishness', with its relation to the unconscious, its dependence upon instinct and intuition, cannot break its links with the past: it has deep long roots. Being itself a state of mind, it cannot ignore other states of mind and cannot help feeling that 'Admass', with its ruthless com petitiveness, its idea of m an simply as a producer and consum er, its dependence upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy, m ust be responsible for bad and not good states of mind. Furtherm ore, while 'Englishness' is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake, rejecting the idea that we are now committed to som e inevitable m echanical progress. Here we m ight take a concrete exam ple. 'Englishness' would support animmediate dem and, at the expense of many other things, for m ore and better housing.Without adequate shelter and a decent place to call their own, people feel wretched. But people in England, not a big country, do not have to have m ore and m ore and larger and larger cars, with longer and wider m otorways, wrecking the countryside, to take the cars. If they think they do, this is 'Admass' at work. People have wanted houses for centuries, and cars of their own only for a very short tim e. To put cars and m otorways before houses seem s to 'Englishness' a comm unal imbecility .this time of writing, we in England are in the m iddle of it. I must add that while'Englishness' can still fight on, 'Admass' could be winning. There are various reasonswhy this m ay be happening. To begin with, not all the English ho ld fast to 'Englishness'.Som e important and influential m en carefully train them selves out of it - politicians, academ ics, bureaucrats, ambitious financiers and industrialists, can be found am ong these m en - and a horde of others, shallow and foolish, wander away from it, shrugging off their inheritance. 'Englishness' is not as strong as it was even thirty years ago. It needs to be nourished by a sense of the dignity and possible destiny of mankind. It m ust have som e m oral capital to draw upon, and soon it m ay be asking for an overdraft . The Zeitgeist seem s to be working for 'Admass'. So does m ost of what we read and what we hear. Even our inflation, which keeps everybody nudging everybody for m ore m oney, is often seen not as a warning, not as an enem y of the genuine good life, but as a proof that we need m ore and not less 'Admass'.e battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided alm ost at the last m oment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the sam e situation as that commander just before he could m ake up his mind. These m en believe that if there is a ‘Good Life’ going, then it’s high tim e they had their s hare of it. But som e rem aining 'Englishness' in them whispers that there m ay be a catch in it. Where’s this ‘Good Life’ in sweating your guts out, just because the m anagers are on theproductivity-per-m an-hour caper? It’s all a racket anyhow. If we don’t work like the old man used to do, we’re not turning out the honest stuff the old m an was expected to turn out. It’s the profit now, not the product. Half the time, we cheat the forem en, the forem en cheat the m anagem ent, the m anagem ent cheats the custom ers. Okay, we want shorter hours, m ore holidays, bigger pay packets - then the ‘Good Life’ of the adverts for us. Or are we kidding ourselves?not pretending that som ething like this is being said in every branch of English industry, and certainly not where there is a genuine - if rather old-fashioned –pride in the work on hand. But som ething like it is being said, thought or felt, in the very places where there is the m ost m oney, the m ost boredom, the m ost trouble and‘industrial action’, and indeed the m ost 'Admass'. Behind the constant bickering , the sudden walk-outs and strikes, the ‘bloody-m indedness’, which bewilder so m any foreign comm entators, is the conflict between 'Admass', offering so m uch, and the 'Englishness' that instinctively recoils from 'Admassian' values and life-style. There are, of course, people on the m anagement side who m ay be aware of this conflict in them selves, but it is probably nothing like so sharp, the 'Admass' spoils being greater for them and their instinctive feeling not being so strong. The comm on people have clung harder to tradition than any other class. In addition to this conflict, all the m ore worrying because it is hardly ever openly discussed, there is som ething else that m ust disturb many officials and m embers of the m ore powerful trade unions. This is the anomalous position of these huge organizations. What exactly are they? One day they describe themselves as existing simply to negotiate rates of pay, hours and conditionsof work. Another day they talk and behave as if the country was m oving towardssyndicalism and they were in the van. A week later they will be back in their purely negotiating role. They m ake the rest of us feel that either they should be m oreim portant and if possible creative, or less im portant, just minding their own business. As it is they are like a hippopotam us blundering in and out of a pets’ tea party. Moreover, sooner or later they will have to put an end to this conflict between 'Adm ass' and what remains of their 'Englishness', com ing down decisively on one side or theother, for they cannot enjoy both together. The future of the English may be shaped by this decision.fascinated and then enslaved by 'Admass', and who if necessary are ready to m ake afew sacrifices, largely m aterial, to achieve a satisfying state of m ind. They probably believ e, as I do, that the 'Admass Good Life’ is a fraud on all counts. Even the stuff it produces is m ostly junk, m eant to be replaced as soon as you can afford to keep on buying. Such people can be found am ong workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises, in which everybody still cares about the product and does not assum e the custom ers are idiots. They can be found, too - though not in largenum bers because the breed is dying out - am ong crusty High Tories who avoid the City and d irectors’ fees. But they are strongest and, I fancy, on the increase in the professional classes, m en and wom en who m ay or m ay not believe in m y'Englishness' but have rejected 'Admass'. They are usually articulate; they have m any acquaintances, inside or outside their professions, ready to listen to them; and not afew of them have a chance to talk on TV and radio. If the battle can be won, it will probably be these m en and wom en who will swing it.member that as soon as we consider even the fairly immediate future then our young will not be the young anym ore; som e other young will have arrived. It is one difficulty the Am ericancounter-culture enthusiasts have to face - that while they are still praising the rebellious young, half those lads and girls may have already lost their youth and m ay be as busy conforming to Madison Avenue as they conform ed earlier to Hippy California or the road to Katmandu. So far as the English young are concerned, I am dubious about the noisy types, whether they are shouting in the streets or joining the vast herds at pop festivals. Too m any of them lack the individuality to stand up to'Admass', which can provide them with another and even larger herd to join. I have far m ore faith in the quieter young, who never swaggered around in the youth racket , who may have com e under the influence of one or two of those professional m en and wom en, who have probably given som e thought to what life m ay be like at forty or forty-five. They, too, m ight help to swing the battle.and underpaid, to all the English who have som e integrity, som e individual judgment and real values. Far too m any of the other English - though 1 don’t say a m ajority - are sloppy people. They are easy to get along with, rarely unkind, but they are not dependable; they are inept , shiftless, slovenly , m essy . This is not entirely their ownfault. Unlike their fathers or grandfathers, they have not been disciplined by grimcircum stances. They are no longer facing starvation if they don’t work properly or go on strike, no longer told to clear out if they aren’t properly respectful and start answering back, no longer find themselves the victim s of too many hard facts. And this, in m y opinion, is how things should be in a civilized society. But people who have been liberated from the harsh discipline of circumstance should then m ove on to acquire som e m easure of self-discipline. Without self- discipline a m an cannot play an adequate part in a civilized society: he will be just slopping around, accepting no responsibility, skimping the work he is supposed to be doing, cheating not only‘the bosses’, the capitalists, but even his neighbours. And unless he is an unusual type, he will not even find m uch satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect. (I am keeping this on the male side, if only because a wom an’s problem s are generally m ore personal, immediate, em otionally urgent, so that unless she is a hopeless case she has to face and deal with som e of them.) And this is the situation that m any of the English, decent at heart, find them selves in today.Bewildered, they grope and m ess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.is a m enace, now and in the future. All heavily industrialized societies are in the boredom business. This is not sim ply because so m uch of the work they offer is boring. It is also because, after having shattered the slow rhythms, thetraditional skills, the closely knit communities of rural societies, they crowd peopletogether, excite them by large prom ises that cannot be kept, so drive them into boredom. Now the English - at least the contem porary English of m y experience - can soon feel bored, which largely explains why they gamble and booze so m uch and enjoy any dram atic change in public life, any news that encourages excited talk: the urban English have always seem ed to m e a dramatic people. When boredom can’t be banished, there is always danger ahead. Teenagers, ‘who have not been able to use up enough energy during the day (they should be worked harder), turn at night to idiot vandalism . Later, if boredom hardens into frustration, som e of them, too m any ofthem, take to crim e, all kinds, from petty shop-lifting to ferocious robbery with violence.ore superficially insecure, when I wasyoung, but there seem ed to be m ore honesty about, less constant cheating and pilfering and certainly far less vicious criminality. Other elem ents apart from boredom of cour se have been at work here. There is Iago’s ‘Put m oney in thy purse’; there is the false notion that the world owes you som ething while you owe it nothing; the other idea that so long as you are not found out, then all will be well - no final dam nation threatening you any longer, and no understanding yet that there can be plenty of Hells on a do-it-yourself basis. Behind it all, whether people are sunk into alm ost m indless apathy or scream out of their frustration for violence, there is a feeling that everything is different now, that life has been ‘found out’ to be without m eaning, without purpose, equally negative for all m ankind or for your own nation. Naturally I am not saying all theEnglish are down on this level. We still have som e 'Englishness' left, keeping ourminds open to the past and retaining som e faith in our future, rejecting thelogic-chopping rational for the widely if hazily reasonable, refusing to be cut off frominstinct and intuition.Yes, 'Englishness' is still with us. But it needs reinforcem ent, extra nourishm ent,especially now when our public life seems ready to starve it. There are English peopleof all ages, though far m ore under thirty than over sixty, who seem to regard politics asa gam e but not one of their gam es – polo , let us say. To them the 'House ofCommons' is a rem ote squabbling-shop. Recognized political parties are repertorycom panies staging ghostly cam paigns, and all that is real between them is thearrangem ent by which one set of chaps take their turn at m inisterial jobs while the otherset pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin. The whole thing, inthe eyes of these people, is an expensive and tedious farce. In m y view they aremistaken, indeed quite dangerously wrong, and I can only hope that no youngdem agogue of genius and his friends are listening to them. Otherwise they could soonlearn, in the worst way, that heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have beenshrugging away politics. You can ignore politics, taking what has been gained forgranted, only to discover your cousins have vanished and you are being knocked up atthree in the m orning. Dictatorships have thrived on m ajorities that are apathetic andthen frightened, and on m inorities that are fanatically divided, brutally quarrelsom e and stupid.ajority, whichim agines itself to be outside politics, and the stubbornly divided m inority, only agreeing in being m yopic and entirely self-interested, exist in England. But I believe there m ust also still exist, if only on a hidden level, what rem ains of a characteristically English sense of community, decent fellow-feeling, fair ness. (‘It isn’t fair’, children still cry.) In spite of the 'Admass' atm osphere, inflation, the all-round grab, all this must yet exist even now, for there are deep roots here. But those roots m ust be needing nourishm ent. 'Englishness' cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality, the latest figures of profit and loss, a constant appeal to self-interest. Politicians are always m aking such appeals, whereas statesmen, when they can be found, prefer to take themselves and their hearers out of the stock exchanges, shareholders’ m eetings, counting-houses. They offer men the chance of behaving better and not as usual. They create an atm osphere in which the fam iliar greed and envy and resentm ent begin to seem small and contem ptible. They restore to people their idea of themselves as a family. It has been done in England over and over again. But not lately. There has been little or no appeal from deep feeling to deep feeling, from imagination to im agination. Recent years have ‘robbed us of immortal things’. But we do not have to go on like that, to enter a 'Comm on Market of national character'. It is now m any years since I first declared in public m y belief that the English, despite so m any appearances to the contrary, are at heart and at root an im aginative people immediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives. Deprived of it, they drift towards boredom, sulks and foolish short-sighted quarrels.And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable m ops of hair.To face the future properly they need both a direction and a great lift of the heart. A rather poorer and harder way of life will not defeat them so long as it is not harder and poorer in spirit, so long as it still refuses to reject 'Englishness' - for so m any centuriesthe secret of the islanders’ oddity and irrationality, their m any weaknesses, their creative strength.The Final Chapter from ‘The English’ published by William Heinemann in 19731. Iago: the villain in Shakespeare's Othello. His advice to Roderigo is, "Put m oney in thy purse", (to get rich, to have a lot of m oney) if he wants to win the favor of Desdem ona. (Act I, Scene Ⅲ, Line 340)2. Admass: a system of comm ercial marketing that attempts to influence great masses of consum ers by m ass-m edia advertising3. tim e-and-m otion studies: an investigation of the m otion perform ed and time taken in industrial work with a view to increase production4. adverts: colloquial abbreviation of "advertisem ents"5. bloody-m indedness: a show or a m ood of aggressive obstinacy6. High Tories: a bigoted or extrem e conservative in politics7. Hippy: sam e as "Hippie"8. road to Katm andu: a search for truth in Eastern religions or m ysticism9. east wind: the spring wind that revitalizes nature1)Im proving students’ability to read between lines and understand the text properly;2)Cultivating students’ability to m ake a creative reading;3)Enhancing students’ability to appreciate the text from different perspectives4)Helping students to understand som e difficult words and expressions;5)Helping students to understanding rhetorical devices;6) Encouraging students to voice their own viewpoint fluently and accuratelyTeaching Contents1.Background Knowledge2.Exposition and Argument3.Detailed Study of The Essayanization Pattern5.Style and Language FeaturesTim e allocation1.Background knowledge (15 min.)2.Detailed study of the text (180 min.)3.Structure analysis (15 m in.)nguage appreciation (15 m in.)5.Free talk (30 min)课文讲解部分Background Knowledge About the Author and His Works1) A brief introduction to the author, Priestley: /Jpriestley.htm2) AdmassThe whole system of an increasing productivity, plus inflation, plus a rising standard of material living, plus high-pressure advertising and salesmanship, plus mass communications, plus cultural dem ocracy and the creation of the m ass mind, the mass man the part of society that can be influenced by advertising or publicityExposition and Argument1) Type of literature: part exposition and part persuasion or argum entFor further information, connect to< http://hom epages.iol.ie/~laoistec/LENGLISH/lpers.html>Difference between exposition and argum entDifference between persuasion and argumentHonest persuasion and dishonest persuasionForm al argument and informal argum entDetailed Study of The Essay1. The dom inant intention or the controversial topic of his argum ent is stated early in paragraph one in one unam biguous sentence: “ The English are different”.1) It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England.“Englishness again”—an inserted elliptical phrase standing for perhaps: This shows their Englishness again.“Below the noisy argum ents, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow –feeling”—The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.“Som e cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness”figure of speech:___________. Compare ________ to _______.2) The English do not feel at hom e in the contem porary world, representing the accelerated developm ent of our whole age. They are suspicious of largeness, severe efficiency and admass.“Along with the demand for bigness goes a dem and for severe efficiency, ofter quite rational but not reasonable, therefore alien to Englishness.”—Along with the demand for bigness, there is also a dem and for strict and dem anding efficiency. This is often the product of cold logical thinking but not sensible. Therefore it is opposed or repugnant to Englishness.3) The English are also deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake.4) The English can soon feel bore d and that’s why they gamble and booze so m uch and enjoy any dram atic change in public life.5) The English have a sense of comm unity, decent fellow feeling, fairness.6) The English are at heart and at root an im aginative people imm ediately responsive to any suggestion of dram a in their lives.2. The Future of the English hangs on1) The final result of a battle between Admass and Englishness.The striking contrast between admass and Englishness to show how inevitable the battle is.Admass Englishness1.Already conquered m ost of the western world2.receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs, Deutschmarks and the rest for public relations and advertising campaigns3.offers m ore and m ore things for m ore and m ore m oney ,creates the so-called “Good Life”4.operates in the outer visible world5.a poster in full colour1.ailing and impoverished2.in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs, Deutschmarks and the rest for public relations and advertising campaigns3.offers states of m ind in place of that rich variety of thins4.belong to the invisible inner world5.a poor shadowy show, a faint pencil sketch“Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seem s a poor shadowy show — a faint percil sketch beside a poster in full colour …”Shadowy show: ____________.The conflict between Admass and Englishness.Admass: What is central to Admass is the production and consumption of goods. Dissatisfaction is em bedded in AdmassRuthless com petitivenessTake m an only as a producer and consum erDependence upon dissatisfaction, greed and envyEnglishness: With its relation to the unconsciousDependence upon instinct and intuitionAdherence to the past and deep long rootsNot hostile to change and deeply suspicious of change for change’s sakeRejecting being committed to som e inevitable m echanical progressWhile Englishness can still fight on, Admass could be winning.Reason:Not all the English hold fast to EnglishnessSom e important and influential m en carefully train them selves out of itA horde of others, shallow and foolish, wander away form itThe spirits of age is working for AdmassMost of what we read and what we hear is working for AdmassInflation proved that we need m ore and not less Admass2) The Future of the English rests upon the decision made by English workers together with the people on the m anagem ent side who will have to put an end to the conflict between Admass and Englishness.3) The Future of the English hangs upon m en and wom en who are strong-minded enough to hold the Englishness and reject Admass4) The Future of the English depends upon the quieter young, who under the influence of one or two of those professional m en and wom en, far-sighted enough to think what life would be like in the future.5) The Future of the English can not depends on the SLOOPY PEOPLE3. Boredom is a MENACE.Heavily industrially societyoffer boring work shatter slow rhythm s, crowd and excite people bytraditional skills, closely knit prom ises that cannot be keptcommunities of rural societies↓boredom↓idiot vandalism, frustration, ferocious robbery with violence, vicious crim inality4. English is still with us. But it needs reinforcement, extra nourishm ent.1) On a hidden level, there rem ains of a characteristically English sense of community, decent fellow feeling, fairness.2) Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality, the latest figures of profit and loss, a constant appeal to self-interest.3) English are at heart and at root an im aginative people imm ediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives.Question:“And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable m ops of hair.”The rhetorical device used in this sentence is __________.“bowler hats” is standing for ___________.“ungovernable m ops of hair” is standing for ___________.5. The writer’s voice。
高级英语(第三版)第一册 练习答案 Lesson 11 Key
《高级英语》（第三版）重排版（第一册）Lesson 11 The Way to Rainy MountainKey to ExercisesIII. Paraphrase1. The landscape makes your imagination vivid and lifelike, and you believe that the creation of the whole universe was begun right here.2. The Kiowa often fought just because they were good warriors, because they fought out of habit, character, nature, not because they needed extra lands or material gains for the sake of surviving and thriving. And they could not understand why the U.S. Cavalry never gave up pushing forward even when they had won a battle.3. Luckily, my grandmother did not suffer the humiliation of being put into a closure for holding animals, for she was born eight or ten years after the event.4. They moved toward the east, where the sun rises, and also toward the beginning ofa new culture, which led to the greatest moment of their history.5. Now they got horses. Riding on horseback, instead of walking on foot, gave them this new freedom of movement, thus completely liberating their ancient nomadic spirit.6. The earth unfolds and the limit of the land is far in the distance, where there are clusters of trees and animals eating grass. This landscape makes it possible to see far into the distance and in all directions.7. I was not sure that I had any right to overhear her praying, which did not follow any customary way of praying, and which I guess she did not want anyone else to hear.8. In this way she was completely moved to another state in the dancing light among the shadows of her room, and she seemed to be timeless (what she represented would last for ever).9. On these special occasions, women might make loud and elaborate jokes and talk among themselves. Their gossip revealed their position as servants of men and was also a reward for their servitude.IV. Practice with Words and ExpressionsA.1. knoll: a hillock2. anvil: an iron or steel block on which metal objects are hammered into shape3. writhe: to twist and turn the body as in agony4. infirm: weak or ill especially because one is old5. headwaters: the beginning of a large stream or river6. fork: the point where a river is divided into two or more branches, or where branches join to form a river7. pilgrimage: a journey made by a pilgrim, especially to a shrine or holy place; any long journey to a place of historical interest8. engender: to bring into being, bring about, produce9. consummate: to make complete, perfect10. beadwork: decorative work in beads11. warlord: a military leader, especially an unofficial one fighting against a government or king12. hie: to hurry or hastenB.In language, alliteration refers to repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words and/or phrases. Alliteration has historically developed largely through poetry and is still used often in poetry. In the essay “The Way to Rainy Mountain,” the author uses alliteration a lot. Here are some examples from the essay: brittle and brown (Para. 1), willow and witch hazel (Para. 1), great green-and-yellow grasshoppers (Para. 1), the eagle and the elk (Para. 6), the badger and the bear (Para. 6), bent and blind (Para. 6), sad in the sound (Para. 11), lean and leather (Para. 13), jest and gesture (Para. 13), fright and false alarm (Para. 13). The frequent use of alliteration shows the author’s special interest in the sound of language, the rhythm of language, and how words sound to him and the reader. Alliteration helps to achieve a poetic effect of description.C.1. The weather here is extremely harsh.2. In summer the prairie is very hot.3. They were no longer dominated by the simple necessity of survival; they werea proud and dangerous group of fighters and thieves, hunters and pious believers in the sun as their god.4. In a sense, their migration confirmed the ancient myth that they entered the world from a hollow log, for they did emerge from the sunless mountain forests.5. Although my grandmother never left Rainy Mountain in her long life, the immense landscape of the Great Plains existed clearly in her memory as if she had lived there herself.6. As hunters, it was very important for the Kiowa to be able to see a long way. So if a Kiowa could see very far, he would be respected by his fellow Kiowa.7. They would not yet change the direction southward to the land lying below which was like a large kettle. First, they must give their bodies some time to get used to the plains. Second, they didn’t want to lose sight of the mountains so soon.V. TranslationA.1. Changes in the political situation brought the two small parties into alliance.2. His failure was due to his disposition rather than his ability.3. I have something important to discuss with you. Could you spare half an hour?4. Many people prefer to chat online as this can spare them any awkwardness that may occur when talking face to face.5. No longer are the rivers clean and clear, and the water quality has reduced to worse than Level V, unfit even for agricultural irrigation.6. Short as it is, the article is very rich in symbolic implications which deserve a thorough analysis.7. The snow mountain reached into the sky, its beauty beyond all comparison.8. He left home as a child and has seen little of his father since then. So he never feels at home in his father’s presence.9. As this meeting is very important, nobody should be absent without cause.10. In her memory, her mother was at once severe and kind.B.1. 虽然那里很美丽，但人们可能有受束缚、被禁锢的感觉。
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II. Detailed study of the text
Textual Structure
Part 1: ( 1-3 ): Opening paragraphs: raising the question
Part 2: ( 4 – 13/17): Statements before basic principles
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The broad general findings of descriptive linguistics
1. All languages are systems of human conventions, not systems of natural laws. The first – and essential – step in the study of any language is observing and setting down precisely what happen when native speakers speak it. Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It cannot be described in terms of logic or of some theoretical, ideal language. It cannot be described in terms of any other language, or even in terms of its own past. All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a ―rule‖ in any language can only be a statement of contemporary practice. Change is constant – and normal. ―Correctness‖ can rest only upon usage, for the simple reason that there is nothing else for it to rest on. And all usage is relative.
Lesson Eleven
But What’s a Dictionary For?
By Bergen Evans
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Webster’s Third New International Dictionary -- published in 1961 -- In content , size, shape, and design, this dictionary of 2,752 pages is the great library of the English language. It has over 460,000 entries, 200,000 usage examples, over 3,ooo pictorial illustrations, and more than 1,000 synonym articles. ( addition of 100,000 new words or new definitions that were not included in the Second International Dictionary) -- This unabridged Merriam—Webster involved enormous work and money. over 200 permanent staff of language experts who specialize in dictionary making, together with a hundred special outside consultants. 2013-7-29 2
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Prescriptive vs. Descriptive linguistics
• In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules for the use of a language, or the making of recommendations for effective language usage. It includes the mechanisms for establishing and maintaining an interregional language or a standardized spelling system. (e.g traditoinal grammar) • Prescription is typically contrasted with description, which observes and records how language is used in practice, and which is the basis of all linguistic research. Serious scholarly descriptive work is usually based on text or corpus analysis, or on field studies.
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Prescriptive vs. Descriptive linguistics
• Unlike prescription, descriptive linguistics eschews value judgments and makes no recommendations, without reference to the histories or to comparison with other languages. • Prescription and description are often seen as opposites, in the sense that one declares how language should be while the other declares how language is. But they can also be complementary, and usually exist in a dynamic tension to each other. Most commentators on language show elements of both prescription and description in their thinking, and popular debate on language issues frequently revolves around the question of how to balance these.
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The storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster’s Third International Dictionary is a curious phenomenon. Never has a scholarly work of this stature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt. …Atlantic viewed it as a ―disappointment,‖ a ―shock,‖ a ―calamity,‖ ―a scandal and a disaster. The New York Times, in a special editorial, felt that the work would ―accelerate the deterioration‖ of the language and sternly accused the editors of betraying a public trust. The Journal…saw the publication as ―deplorable,‖ ―a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility,‖ ― a serious blow to the cause of good English.‖ Life called it ― a non-word deluge,‖ ―monstrous,‖ ―abominable,‖ ―a cause for dismay.‖ They doubted that ― Lincoln could have modelled his Gettysburg Address‖ on it – a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary -- 27 years -- over $3.5 million were spent on the preparation and making of this dictionaries. -- a total of 10 million citations were collected as background for definition. -- three virtues were held for making this new edition: accuracy, clearness, and comprehension. Accuracy always comes first .