中美贸易摩擦实例(英文)
国际贸易英文案例及解析
国际贸易英文案例及解析1. A Chinese exporter signed a CFR contract with an importer in American on canned meat for an amount of US$50000,with payment by D/P at sight. On the morning of May 5,2006,the goods were all loaded onto the named vessel. The Chinese salesperson in charge of this contract was so busy that he forgot to send the buyer the shipping advice until the next morning. Unexpectedly, when the American importer went to the local insurance company to insure the goods, the insurance company had already learned that the ship suffered a wreck on May 6 and refused to insure the shipment. The American importer immediately sent a fax to the Chinese exporter saying "owing to your delayed shipping advice, we are unable to insure the goods. Since the vessel has been destroyed in a wreck, the loss of goods should be for your account. At the same time, you should compensate our profit and expense losses which amount to US$50000."Soon all the shipping documents sent through the collecting bank were returned to the Chinese exporter ,for the reason that the importer refused to take up the shipping documents. Who should be responsible for the loss and why?The Chinese should be responsible for the loss. As per the clause of CFR term, the exporter is responsible for notifying the shipping details ASAP and the importer can arrange the insurance in time. If the notify delayed and cause the loss without insurance covering, the exporter must bear the loss.2.A Chinese international trade company exported a batch of walnut to England on the basis of CIF London.As it was a seasonal commodity,it was stipulated in the contract that the covering L/C should reach the seller before the end of September.The seller guaranteed that the vessel would reach the port of destination not latter than December 2.If the vessel reached the port of destination later than that day,the buyer was entitled to cancel the contract.In case the payment had been made,the seller should return the payment to the buyer .Then,where do you think the crux lies in this case?In this case, the crux lies is the date of reaching the destination.Because it is normal for vessel delay on sea shipment. The seller cannot control the shipping times on the sea. So the L/C should amend for the reach time, instead of the departure time.。
中美贸易争端英文作文
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论文素材(中美贸易战
论文素材(中美贸易战Financial Times报道1:Will the US-China trade war impact on global growth?The US decision to impose tariffs on $200bn of Chinese imports marked a serious escalation in its hostilities with Beijing over trade. Yet economists believe protectionist measures will have only a modest impact on global growth —provided the bilateral conflict does not turn into an all-out multilateral war.These four charts help explain why.International trade in goods has already fallen as a proportion of global output in recent years, despite the upswing in the world economy. This is partly because of currency effects and changes in commodity prices, but manufacturers are also becoming less reliant on imported inputs and popular hostility to globalisation may also be playing a part, with trade disputes and the use of anti-dumping measures on the rise even before the latest rounds of tariffs.World trade is largely concentrated in three regions: North America, Europe and East Asia, with a large share of trade being intra-regional.4. Emerging markets may benefit if the dispute leads China to trade more with neighbours in south-east Asia.International trade is largely composed of trade flows between rich countries and the East Asian region but developing countries’ trade with China is increasingly important. A big question now is whether other countries in south-east Asia are able to benefit from greater integration with China as existing trade flows are diverted to new markets, and if Chinese manufacturers seek to shift production to countries not affected by tariffs.报道2: China stocks tumble on US trade war concerns （Financial times）Chinese stocks cemented their position as the world’s worst performing major equity market on Monday, as they missed out on the return of some stability following last week’s global ructions.After rising 22 per cent in 2017, the CSI 300, an index of some of thelargest companies listed on the Chinese mainland, has tumbled by the same amount so far in 2018, making it one of the bigger casualties of the US-China trade dispute. China’s ambassador to the US, Cui Tiankai, told Fox News on Sunday that Beijing had not wanted a trade war but had “to respond and defend our own interests”.The sharp drop in Chinese equities, which hit a record peak in the middle of 2015 before plunging for the rest of that year, comes at an awkward time for foreign investors after index provider MSCI in June included more than 200 of the A-shares in its widely followed emerging market benchmark for the first time.George Efstathopoulos, a multi-asset portfolio manager at Fidelity International, said the trade wars had driven weakness in Chinese equities, with those companies most exposed to US trade hit hardest. The concern over trade tensions has deepened existing worries over whether Chinese consumer spending is slowing down.On Monday, the CSI 300 finished 1.4 per cent lower, bringing its decline since it peaked for the year in late January to 28 per cent. Strategists at Citigroup pointed to an almost 25 per cent decline in car sales in September as evidence of the pressure on China’s consumers.Although Chinese economic growth slowed in the second quarter to 6.7 per cent, strategists at Citi believe that the full drag from the trade dispute is yet to be felt. “We think the impact will show up in the coming quarters once the supply chains start to relocate elsewhere.”New York-based MSCI said last month that it was consulting with investors over a plan to double the number of A-shares in the EM index to 434 by May 2020, which MSCI estimates would attract about $66bn from passive and active funds.Gary Greenberg, head of global emerging markets at Hermes Investment Management, said the current weakness in Chinese stocks should not present a big risk to the inclusion of A-shares in the index, and that improving corporate governance in A-share companies was key.The continued weakness in Chinese equities was a sharp contrast to the performance of European markets which, as trading opened on Wall Street,had erased earlier losses. The S&P 500 was down 0.2 per cent in early trading, and after last week’s decline, is up just 3.5 per cent for the year.Beyond stocks in Shenzhen and Shanghai, the Hong Kong bourse was also under pressure on Monday. Tencent, the Chinese consumer technology company whose decline has been a significant drag on the Hang Seng index, fell a further 1.9 per cent on Monday. Its stock has now plunged 40 per cent from its January peak.Monday also saw a 2 per cent drop in Japan’s Nikk ei 225, but analysts put much of that down to the 7 per cent drop in shares of SoftBank, which counts Saudi Arabia as the biggest investor in its Vision Fund. The kingdom, has come under intense pressure from politicians and business leaders over the disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.CHIAN daily报道3Trade war threatens global growth: IMF （From China daily）NUSA DUA, Indonesia — International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde on Thursday warned countries of the perils of a trade or a currency war, saying they could be detrimental to global growth and hurt “innocent bystanders”.Lagarde, at the outset of the World Bank’s annual meeting with the IMF, urged countries to “de-escalate” trade frictions and fix global trading rules,rather than abandon them.We certainly hope we don’t move in either direction of a trade war or a currency war. It will be detrimental on both accounts for all participants,” Lagarde told a news conference during the annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank on the Indonesian resort island of Bali.And there would also be lots of innocent bystanders.”She also defended central bank rate hikes in a veiled rebuke to Donald Trump after the US president blamed “crazy” Fed policies for contributing to financial market turmoil. A global market sell-off rolled on following Trump’s comments.Lagarde said central bank rate increases such as those by the policy-setting US Federal Reserve were justified by fundamentals.“It is clearly a necessary development for those economies that are showing much-improved growth, inflation that is picking up ... unemployment that is extr emely low,” she said. “It’s inevitable that central banks make the decisions that they make.”Following a sharp Wall Street sell-off on Wednesday, Trump said the Federal Reserve “is making a mistake”.“I think the Fed has gone crazy,” he said.In the shadowThreats to growth and the trade that helps drive it are overshadowing the gathering of finance officials, central bankers and other leaders on Bali, a tropical tourist destination that reflects Indonesia’s own rapid development over the past three decades.World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said escalating trade tensions between the US and China could undo global progress in helping end extreme poverty.He joined Lagarde and others in warning of the risks to world growth and economic development from threats to world trade after the US imposed tariffs on tens of millions of dollars of Chinese exports and China responded with similar retaliatory taxes on imports of US goods.“We’re very concerned about trade tensions,” Kim said. “Trade is verycritical because that is what has lifted people out of extreme poverty.“I am a globalist. That is my job. That is our only chance of ending extreme poverty. We need more trade not less trade.”He said the World Bank was working with countries to prepare for a worsening situation because if tariffs were imposed to the most extreme limits there would be a “clear slowdown and the impact on the developing countries would be greater”.Lagarde said she would advise Washington and Beijing to cool down.．报道四Trade standoff hits US and China stocks（China Daily）Stocks slumped on global markets on Tuesday as investors began to fear that the China-US trade dispute could erupt into an all-out trade war.In China, Shanghai stocks tumbled 3.78 percent to a two-year low of 2,907.82, while Shenzhen was down 5.31 percent.The selloff spread to other Asian markets and to Europe. Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index finished 2.76 percent lower. Stock markets in London, Paris and Frankfurt declined.In the US, all the major indices fell as the Dow Industrials lost 287.26 points or 1.15 percent to finish at 24,700.21, the average's worst day this month, which pushed it slightly negative for the year.As they did on Monday, US industrial companies including heavy equipment maker Caterpillar and aerospace company Boeing – the biggest US exporter to China –declined on Tuesday, dropping more than 3 percent each on the New York Stock Exchange.Shares of Chinese companies listed in the US including e-commerce company Alibaba slid 2 percent and search engine Baidu declined 2.5 percent.Kate Warne, investment strategist for Edward Jones, said investors are concerned about what they are seeing, but they still believe the US and China will work out their differences."There's concern but there's not overall great worry at this stage," she told The Associated Press. "We are certainly taking the first steps toward a trade war, and the more tit-for-tat actions are taken, the harder it is to pull back." The stock market declines on Tuesday followed US President Donald Trump's late-Monday threat to put an additional $200 billion in tariffs on Chinese imports unless China agrees to major trade concessions."If the US loses its senses and publishes a new list, China will be forced to take comprehensive measures that are both strong in quantity and gravity and will fight back," the Ministry of Commerce said in a statement.Trump's trade adviser Peter Navarro said Tuesday that tariffs against China will be "ultimately bullish" for American businesses, as the administration tries to bring "structural change"."Trump is playing a game of chicken: Who will blink first?" Ivan Feinseth, chief investment officer at Tigress Financial Partners, told The Washington Post. "Trump is betting that China understands they have more to lose in the tariff war because we import more from them than they do from us, like five times more."。
中美贸易战(英文)
soybeans, automobiles, etc. alloy plate(铝合金板) from China exists
Stop provocations(挑衅) （51% exported to China） subsidy(存在补贴行为).
Tax↑ prices ↑ competitiveness↓ development of high technology industry↓ Infer that the price of American products will definitely rise.
China ministry adjudicated that the US company had dumped(倾销) broomcorn(高粱) on the Chinese
market and the imports had caused substantial damage to the domestic producers.
输入简单的文字
American farmer
China raises taxes on our soybean exports, it is not beneficial to my career. My farm may go out of
Chinese fruit vendor
Chinese consumer
Trump threatened to set an extra tariffs worth $1,00 billion on Chinese imports. Cannot be realized.
Seems to reach a turning point. US finance minister said he considered going to China to negotiate the trade issues. before no sit down face-to-face talk. Chance to reach agreement.
中美贸易摩擦实例（英文）
中美贸易摩擦实例（英文）In the trade of China and the United States, according to the data from Chinese ministry of commerce,In the 14 years from 1979 to 1992,China has been in deficit, Since 1993 into a surplus and up to now. in 2004,Chinese counted that amount of American deficit was $80.3 billion dollars.however, according to the data from america,1979-1982, the United States was at the position of trade surplus, and In 1983, began to appear deficit.and in 2004, the amoung of trade deficit was 162 billion dollars.it is clear that There are significant differences between the two countries statistics On the bilateral trade balance situations.It is clear that there are significant differences between the two countries statistics on the bilateral trade balance situations. We also can see that amount of trade gap was increasing year by year. Therefore, we will discuss the reasons why there was such a huge gap between Chinese and American import and export.As we all know, the iPhone was designed and have by American company Apple Inc. but most components are produced by other countries, like Japan, Germany and Korea,finally, omponent assembly is done in China,like Foxconn Electronics. But American think the iPhone is Chinese products exported to the United States.Therefore, American consumers to buy the iPhone only added to America's trade deficit with China。
中美贸易摩擦（Sino-UStradefriction）
中美贸易摩擦（Sino-US trade friction）Chinese factors have promoted the rise of the United StatesOn November 15th, President Obama paid a state visit to china. How to avoid trade friction between China and the United States is also an important topic of Obama's trip. Some people in the United States believe that China's large trade surplus with the United States has contributed to the rapid development of China's economy. In fact, today's Sino US trade is a win-win situation for both countries. More than 200 years ago, the newly independent America gained more and greater benefits from its trade with china.1., the United States faces many difficulties after independenceIn November 1782, after 6 years of the war of independence, the United States received the British recognition in the Treaty of Paris. During the war of independence, many states in the United States issued large amounts of paper money to pay for their military expenses, causing serious inflation, and armed revolt against poor citizens and white indentured slaves broke out everywhere. Not only that, but in the early days of independence, the United States faced three difficulties: backward manufacturing, social poverty and tight government revenues. The United States was the lack of an independent system of light industry, per capita industrialization level is much lower than that of Britain and France and other countries in Western Europe, is also lower than China, urban and rural residents can not self necessities of life (for example, before 1840s, the United States can not be large-scaleproduction of porcelain).The harsh international environment has exacerbated the difficulties in the United states. In retaliation for the United States, the United Kingdom not only cancelled all trade preferences for the 13 colonies in North America, but also deliberately raised tariffs on American goods and prohibited American ships from entering Canada and the West indies. Against this background, the ruling elite of the United States turned their attention to the developed, affluent and friendly Eastern powers, China, in their minds.2. Guangzhou residents said the "Citi china"In 1784, under the support of the U.S. government, sailing "China empress of departure from New York, the ship loaded with ginseng, leather, sweater, pepper, cotton, lead and silver goods, with the U.S. government certificate seal cover. The governor of New York, U.S. officials think, "Chinese Queen" will be exposed to China officials at all levels of various important figures, therefore also wrote a series of title certificate: the monarch, the emperor, kings, princes, dukes, earls, barons, and Lord Mayor, members......Six months later, the empress of China arrived at the then China's only maritime trading port, Guangzhou. Guangzhou residents after learning it from a new country, think it's flag there are 13 stars garish, and 13 lines, so the country known as the "American", nicknamed "Citi people" in this country, they shipped ginseng called "Citi ginseng" or "ginseng". Later, even "Citibank" (translated as city bank) was also called"Citibank"".After 4 months, all China empress goods sell, the crew to buy tea, porcelain, silk, ivory carving, lacquer, cinnamon, cinnamon and other goods China gold embroidery, returned to New York in May 1785, and lasted for two months a year. Chinese goods became popular in New York, forming the first "Chinese craze" in American history". George Washington, the first president of the United States, also made a list of some of the goods brought back by the empress of china. The voyage, a total investment of $120 thousand, net profit of $more than 30 thousand. The business agent on a ship called Chinese praised Mao Shan businessmen "intelligent, accurate in the diary, trading punctual", and "good moral character". He submitted a report to the U.S. Congress, called "sailing through the earth with the very Eastern link", Congress on the voyage was satisfied, Samuel Shaw was appointed U.S. ambassador to Guangzhou's first consul.In April 20, 2006, China President Hu Jintao in the United States President Barack Bush in the White House held a welcoming ceremony speech, the one mentioned in the beginning "Chinese empress:" 1784 (Qian Long forty-nine years), American merchant ship "Queen Chinese" across the ocean sea voyage Chinese, opened a prelude to the friendly exchanges between the two peoples."3., China's trade with the United States greatly benefitThe success of the Chinese Queen's maiden voyage made American businessmen feel that direct trade between China and the UnitedStates was indeed profitable. The US government immediately introduced preferential policies such as taxes and subsidies to protect trade with China, and American merchant ships sailed to Guangzhou. The goods bought China businessmen often underfunded American businessman. In this regard, American businessmen believe that Chinese businessmen are "faithful, faithful and reliable" in all transactions and are generous in their compliance with contracts".In 1790, the proportion of trade with China in the United States in foreign trade rose to 1 / 7 ($14.28%), which is even higher than the 2007 China trade accounted for the proportion of American foreign trade (U.S. Commerce Department data released in 2008 12.4%). Since then, the US trade with China has continued to expand. From 1791 to 1841,US trade with China has increased by 6 times.Before 1792, the United States had become China's second largest trading partner, second only to the United kingdom. In 1833, China's total imports from the United States accounted for 19.3% of China's total imports from Europe and the United states. Of course, as foreign trade accounted for a small share of China's total economy, China did not rely on the US market as much as it does today.The massive trade with China has benefited the business, the bourgeoisie, the common people and the government of the United states.As for the ordinary people as producers, the trade with Chinahas brought market demand and income has increased. At the beginning of the Sino US trade, American businessmen learned that the Chinese loved a kind of "fragrant grass roots", so they bought ginseng on a large scale throughout the country. The United States all over the newspapers are filled with the acquisition of ginseng advertising, then along the Hudson River and the new men and women, old and young in the west of England, the hills mining wild ginseng. In the 1804~1829 year, the United States exports 1817 ginseng to China every year. ("burden" is a unit of volume, about 50 kilograms of solid objects.).For ordinary consumers as a consumer, trade with China has also reduced the cost of living and improved the quality of life. 1800~1804 years, Americans bought 68.7% of China's exports of cotton cloth from Guangzhou, and Chinese porcelain was widely regarded by Western businessmen as "goods of extremely high value and low price". In 1797, the average number of Nanjing blue and white tea sets in Guangzhou was 9 cents a piece, and the tableware was 12 cents a piece. Dealer in Philadelphia Woln wrote in 1820: "Chinese porcelain has been replaced by a British vessel, high and middle class all use, even the poorest families can also boast their work after a buy several pieces of porcelain Chinese. The girl got married, almost no dowry send China tea." Therefore, he believes that Chinese goods (porcelain, silk, tea) have become the necessities of the United States, the importance of almost the same as bread.For the commercial bourgeoisie, trade with China is a huge profit (exports of fur, wood, to 10 times the original price to 20 times sold in Guangzhou; the acquisition of Guangzhou in China, in the United States in 2 times the original price forsale), New York, Philadelphia, Boston city merchants, through trade with China realized the original accumulation of capital.At the beginning of the founding of the United States, the high tariff policy of trade protectionism, which accounted for about 1 / 7 of China's total foreign trade, brought huge tax to the US government and eased the financial difficulties. In China for example, the United States government since 1796 on American ships carrying China porcelain 15% levy ad valorem taxes for other countries, China porcelain vessels carrying is 16.5% tax.4. the United States shipbuilding and shipping technology thus developedThe Americans came to Guangzhou when the face is almost unlimited Chinese market, but the industry was also developed, sparsely populated with (independent only about 2000000), higher labor costs, domestic goods are competitive in the market is not much Chinese. As a result, American merchant ships transported a third country cargo to china. In 1825, US exports to China were worth about $5 million 410 thousand (another source called $5 million 500 thousand) for third country goods, worth only $160 thousand, and third country goods were 30 times more expensive than American goods.In search of goods that can be sold in Guangzhou, Americans are active all over the world.In 1787, starting from Boston's "Columbia" and "Washington" around the southern tip of the horn to the northwest coast ofNorth America, with its chisel contained a class of iron tools and buttons, snuffboxes, earrings and other cheap gadgets for Indian sea otter, then go to Guangzhou in exchange for tea, home via Cape of Good Hope. The "alliance", starting from Philadelphia, via South Australia to Guangzhou. At the same time, American businessmen also carry out seals, sandalwood, trade, these goods can be equivalent to the original price 10 times to 30 times the price sold in Guangzhou.Around 1805, American traders began exporting opium to China, and almost all American traders who were trading with China took part in the dirty business. At that time, the main opium producing region, India, was monopolized by the British East India Co, and American businessmen could not afford to encroach on it. American businessmen discovered opium and Persian opium in Turkey. American merchant Astor bought furs from the northwest coast of North America and shipped them to the Mediterranean port of Osman, Turkey's empire, in exchange for opium from Turkey and then shipped opium to china. In the process, as American merchant ships were attacked by pirates, the American Navy entered the Mediterranean, attacked pirates, and attacked the North African seaport city, the first naval operation by the United States navy. In addition, for the British American businessman from India shipped to Guangzhou for sale with opium, commission and 1% from 3% in the bonus.American ocean navigation focusing on opening up China market,The United States has greatly contributed to the development of the shipbuilding industry and shipping technology, American merchant ship speed so that Britain and France's surprise, theQing Dynasty "Guangzhou Customs record" in the United States "ready to ship, as he can do the export country, the beginning of August and September". In 1839, the United States Merchant "Akbar" was created in 109 days to travel from New York to Guangzhou record.In addition, the ocean shipping at that time had a strong military nature. The European and American merchant ships were usually equipped with guns for the purpose of preventing pirate attacks, and the crew of warships and merchant ships often exchanged with each other. In this way, trade with China promoted the American merchant fleet to sail around the world, and gradually accumulated rich experience in navigation, commerce, diplomacy, military affairs and piracy. The American businessman with opium smuggling ship armed against Qing Dynasty Guangdong navy ships, but also accumulated a lot of coastal and estuarine areas of combat experience.5. China knows very little about the United StatesFrom the early rise of the United States, China also gained some economic benefits, but the spread of opium smuggling after a large number of export Chinese wealth in return, is the poison of physical and mental health and undermine social stability in water. Over 50 years of Sino American trade, hundreds of American ships came to China, but no Chinese merchant ship went to the United states. America's growing understanding of China has found that China is just a rich but weak country. However, China's understanding of the United States has been stuck in ignorance, more and more passive.In the first Opium War, the United States remained neutral on the surface, and essentially followed the British aggression against china. In 1844, the United States forced the Qing government to sign the "Sino American Wangxia treaty", the end of the two equal communication history.Since then, Chinese factors in the rise of the United States to continue to exist, such as trade with China has become one of the North American continent, America West and Pacific Islands to China to promote the expansion of textile exports after the American Civil War South economic recovery, Chinese workers for the United States to build the transcontinental Pacific railway.。
中美贸易 英文作文 范文
中美贸易英文作文范文The trade relationship between China and the United States has always been a topic of great interest and concern. It is a complex and multifaceted issue that involves various aspects such as economics, politics, and culture. In recent years, the trade tensions between the two countries have escalated, leading to a series oftariffs and retaliatory measures. This has had asignificant impact on both economies and has raised questions about the future of their trade relationship.China and the United States are two of the largest economies in the world, and their trade volume is substantial. Both countries have benefited from this trade relationship, as it has allowed them to access new markets, increase their exports, and create jobs. However, there have also been concerns about the trade imbalance between the two countries, with the United States importing more goods from China than it exports. This has led to accusations of unfair trade practices and intellectualproperty theft.The trade tensions between China and the United States have resulted in the imposition of tariffs on a wide range of products. This has affected industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and technology, and has led to higher prices for consumers. Both countries have retaliated with their own tariffs, creating a cycle of escalation that has had a negative impact on global trade.The trade dispute between China and the United Statesis not just about economics, but also about politics and national security. There are concerns about China's growing influence and its alleged unfair trade practices, as well as its human rights record and its actions in the South China Sea. The United States has taken a tough stance on these issues, imposing sanctions and restrictions on Chinese companies and individuals.The future of the trade relationship between China and the United States is uncertain. Both countries have expressed a desire to reach a trade agreement and resolvetheir differences, but negotiations have been challenging and have not yet produced a comprehensive deal. The ongoing trade tensions have created uncertainty and volatility in the global economy, affecting businesses and investors around the world.In conclusion, the trade relationship between China and the United States is a complex and multifaceted issue that involves various aspects such as economics, politics, and culture. The trade tensions between the two countries have had a significant impact on both economies and have raised questions about the future of their trade relationship. The imposition of tariffs and retaliatory measures has affected industries and consumers, while concerns about unfair trade practices and national security have added to the complexity of the issue. The future of the trade relationship remains uncertain, and negotiations between the two countries continue.。
中美贸易逆差的英语
中美贸易逆差的英语The Persistent Trade Deficit Between China and the United StatesThe trade relationship between China and the United States has been a complex and often contentious one, with the persistent trade deficit between the two countries being a constant source of tension and debate. This imbalance in trade has been a topic of much discussion and analysis, with both countries seeking to understand the underlying causes and find ways to address the issue.One of the primary factors contributing to the trade deficit is the stark difference in the economic structures and development levels of the two countries. China, with its vast population and rapidly growing economy, has become a major manufacturing hub, producing a wide range of goods that are exported to the United States and other countries around the world. In contrast, the United States has a more service-oriented economy, with a significant portion of its GDP coming from the financial, technology, and healthcare sectors.This difference in economic structure has led to a situation where the United States imports a large volume of goods from China, whileexporting a relatively smaller amount of goods and services to the Asian giant. The resulting trade deficit has been a source of concern for policymakers in the United States, who argue that it has contributed to the loss of manufacturing jobs and the decline of certain industries.However, it is important to note that the trade deficit is not solely the result of unfair trade practices or currency manipulation, as some have claimed. Rather, it is a complex issue that is influenced by a variety of factors, including differences in comparative advantage, the global supply chain, and the relative strength of the two economies.For instance, China's comparative advantage in manufacturing and its ability to produce goods at lower costs has allowed it to capture a significant share of the global market, including the United States. This has led to a situation where American consumers have access to a wide range of affordable goods, which has benefited them in terms of increased purchasing power and improved standards of living.At the same time, the global supply chain has become increasingly integrated, with many American companies relying on Chinese suppliers and manufacturers to produce components and finished goods that are then sold in the United States and other markets. This interdependence has made it difficult to simply shift production backto the United States, as doing so would require significant investment in infrastructure, training, and other resources.Furthermore, the relative strength of the two economies has also played a role in the trade deficit. The United States has a large and affluent consumer market, which has made it an attractive destination for Chinese exports. Meanwhile, the Chinese economy has been growing at a rapid pace, with a burgeoning middle class that has increased demand for American goods and services.Despite these complexities, both the United States and China have taken steps to address the trade deficit. The United States has implemented a range of trade policies, including tariffs and other restrictions, in an effort to level the playing field and reduce the imbalance. China, on the other hand, has sought to increase its imports of American goods and services, as well as to encourage its citizens to consume more domestic products.However, these efforts have had limited success, and the trade deficit has persisted. This has led to increased tensions between the two countries, with both sides engaging in a protracted trade war that has had significant economic and political consequences.In conclusion, the persistent trade deficit between China and the United States is a complex and multifaceted issue that cannot beeasily resolved. While both countries have taken steps to address the imbalance, the underlying structural and economic factors that have contributed to the deficit remain in place. Ultimately, finding a sustainable solution to this issue will require a nuanced and collaborative approach, one that takes into account the interests and concerns of both countries and their citizens.。
中美贸易战英语作文
中美贸易战英语作文The Sino-US Trade War。
In recent years, the trade war between China and the United States has become a hot topic in the international community. The two largest economies in the world have been engaged in a tit-for-tat tariff battle, with both sides imposing tariffs on each other's goods. This has not only affected the two countries' economies, but also had a significant impact on the global economy.The trade war began when the United States accused China of unfair trade practices, such as intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer. In response, the US imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting China to retaliate with tariffs of its own. The situation escalated further when the US blacklisted Chinese tech giant Huawei, and China suspended purchases of US agricultural products.The trade war has had far-reaching consequences forboth countries. In the United States, the tariffs have ledto higher prices for consumers and disrupted supply chains for businesses. In China, the economy has also been affected, with exports declining and businesses facing uncertainty. The trade war has also had a ripple effect on other countries, as global trade has slowed and investment has been put on hold.Despite the negative impact of the trade war, bothChina and the United States have shown a willingness to negotiate and find a resolution. In December 2019, the two countries reached a "phase one" trade deal, which included commitments from China to purchase more US goods andaddress intellectual property concerns. However, the trade war is far from over, and both sides continue to engage in talks to resolve their differences.The trade war between China and the United States has highlighted the importance of fair and open trade practices. It has also underscored the interconnectedness of theglobal economy, and the need for countries to work together to address trade disputes. While the trade war has hadnegative consequences, it has also provided an opportunity for both countries to reevaluate their trade policies and work towards a more balanced and mutually beneficial relationship.In conclusion, the Sino-US trade war has had a significant impact on the global economy, and has highlighted the need for fair and open trade practices. While the trade war has caused disruptions and uncertainty, it has also provided an opportunity for both countries to address their differences and work towards a more balanced trade relationship. It is important for China and the United States to continue engaging in dialogue and negotiations to find a resolution to the trade war, and to ensure that their trade practices are fair and beneficial for both countries.。
Trade tension of Sino-US
从我们自己的立场说，我们 并不希望变成第二个日本， 1985年的广场协议使日本进 入十多年的经济低迷期，并 且持续至今，而今来看，同 样的背景条件（美国面临， 巨额的财政赤字，和大幅增 长的贸易逆差，而中国也正 好是美国最大的债权国）我 们只能说不得不警惕我们会 “被”变成第二个“日本”。
Our opinions about out-of-balance of Sino—US trade
Centre of trade dispute
Our opinions about out-of-balance of Sino—US trade
中美贸易摩擦迎来秋季“频繁期”
这两天，美国钢铁工人联合 会（USW）再度发难，把目 标瞄准中国的新能源产业， 提出中国巨额补贴这一产业， 导致美国在这一领导工业机 会的丧失。 实际上，美国政治周期使每 年秋季都容易成为贸易摩擦 频发的时期：9月的劳动节和 美国国会复会都会成为劳工 组织活动的“频繁期”。
美国钢铁工人联合会（USW）是美国最大工会之一. 9月9日，USW按照《1974年美国贸易法案》第301节的规定，向美国 贸易代表（USTR）办公室提交了长达5800页的诉状。“301条款”规 定，USTR有义务接受行业或企业起诉，对有可能损害本国行业利益的 外国政策措施展开调查，此后由美国总统做出裁决并与外国政府协商， 必要时可采取单方面补救措施。 在起诉文件中，USW称中国政府通过歧视性法律法规、技术转让条件、 关键原材料控制及大规模政府补贴，事实上造成了有利于本土企业的价 值“数千亿美元”的措施。 USW认为，上述政策给美国造成两大损害：国际市场上降低了美国出 口竞争力，压低美国国内市场价格、使本土企业销售额下降。在美国国 内，过去两年美国对太阳能需求增长了41%，中国出口至美国的太阳能 电池板翻番，而美国本土产量只增加7%，四家美国主要生产商损失了 580个就业岗位。 按规定，在提出起诉后，USTR有45天时间决定是否受理；若决定受理， 此后可能展开长达一年的调查，其中也会与中国政府进行磋商.
中美贸易摩擦(国际经济学基础)
• Between 2008 and 2004, imports of tires from China, which at $50 or less can easily undercut those made in the U.S.A., rose to $9.3 billion from $5.1 billion, giving the Middle Kingdom a 17-percent market share, according to trade data. That put a stress on the U.S. tiremakers, people in the industry say. Seven U.S. tire plants have closed since 2006. There were 5,168 fewer workers in the industry in 2008 than there were in 2004. 贸易数据显示，2004至2008年期间，中国输美轮胎额从 51亿美元增加到93亿美元，中国在美国轮胎市场的占有率 达到17%。中国每条输美轮胎的价格在50美元以下，可以 在与美国本土轮胎的竞争中轻而易举占据优势。 美国轮胎业人士说，这给美国轮胎生产商造成了压力。自 2006年以来，已有七家美国轮胎厂先后关闭。2008年的 美国轮胎业从业工人比2004年减少了5,168人。
CHINA’S ACTION
• Since then, China has slapped import tariffs or restrictions on imports of U.S. nylon, industrial acid, chicken and other products. It's also begun an investigation into whether U.S. automakers are selling below cost, or 'dumping', cars in China. • 自那以来，中国已经对美国出口到中国的尼龙、工业用酸、 鸡肉和其他产品加征了进口关税或采取了贸易限制措施。 中国还开始就美国汽车生产商是否以低于成本价在华“倾 销”汽车展开调查。
微新闻阅读16中美贸易战(共9张PPT)
tthey would be hit with a 15 percent tariff increase, while a possible 25 percent tariff would be imposed on eight other products with a worth of $1.992 billion, including pork, pork products and recycled aluminium.
Stocks in Asia have fallen sharply over fears that the US and China around the brink of a trade war.
Investors, economists and policymakers are worried about a China-US trade war that could embroil 使卷入；使混乱the global economy.
Trump blamed the trade imbalance be the loss of American jobs. He said, "It is the largest deficit逆差 of any country in the history of our world."
We have also noted some reports accusing China of"economic aggression经济侵略", a term we can never agree with or accept, because China could not be labeled as aggressive at all in any way.
中美贸易摩擦论文完整版
中美贸易摩擦论文 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】中美贸易摩擦现状及对策Research on Current Situation of Sino-America Trade Conflicts andCountermeasures学院：经济学院专业/班级：国际经济与贸易 0701 班学号：学生姓名：指导教师：2011 年 6 月26日摘要近年来，中美贸易摩擦愈演愈烈，中美摩擦已经成为了阻碍中美贸易以及经济发展的绊脚石。
因此，本文尝试对近年的中美贸易摩擦现状和特点进行综述，找出中美贸易摩擦产生的主要原因并提出相应的对策建议。
经研究发现中美贸易摩擦又呈现出了新的特点。
首先，美国针对人民币对美元汇率的立法不断出台。
其次，中美贸易摩擦呈现出多样化、综合化和隐蔽化的特点。
再次，反补贴已经成为了我国面临贸易摩擦的焦点。
中美贸易摩擦的产生是我国、美国和世界环境因素共同作用的结果，导致中美贸易摩擦问题的中方因素主要有：我国政府提供各种各样的鼓励措施，使我国企业出现恶性竞争现象；我国行业协会应对贸易摩擦的机制不完善；我国企业一味追求外贸商品数量上的扩张，“薄利多销”现象广泛存在，自我保护意识差及战略缺乏。
美方因素有：美国国内长期存在“中国威胁论”的论调，担心中国的崛起可能会触动美国自身的利益，因而寄希望与通过一些措施来遏止中国的发展；美国利益集团对中美贸易摩擦的产生起到了推波助澜作用。
另外，这也是由世界经济形势造成的。
因此，需要两国政府和企业及国际社会共同努力来应对中美贸易摩擦的问题。
最根本的解决措施是促使世贸组织贸易规则公平化，我国政府应加强与美国政府及相关利益集团的协商及联系，同时调整完善经济贸易政策，扩大内需，发展内向型经济，学会运用WTO贸易规则。
关键词:中美贸易摩擦；贸易保护主义；WTOAbstractSino-US trade frictions are becoming more and more fierce in recent years. Sino-US trade friction has become the barriers of the development of Sino-US trade and paper attempts to describe theSino-US trade friction status and characteristics in recent years so as to identify the main reasons for the Sino-US trade friction andfind out the corresponding countermeasures.After the study ,we found that Sino-US trade frictions are showing new , the The yuan to the dollar exchange rate legislation have been introduced by the , Sino-US trade friction are showing diverse, comprehensive, and concealed features. Third, anti-subsidy has become the focus of Sino-US trade friction.Sino-US trade friction is the result of the comprehensivation of China ,the and environmental factors of the world. Factors fromChina leading to Sino-US trade friction are as following : Our government offers a variety of incentives, Vicious competition in China's enterprises are brought out due to our government offering a variety of trade association’ systems dealing with trade frictions are not very enterprises are on the blind persuit of the increase of goods numbers,and “a large number of goods are for sale at lowprices ” are widespread. The sense of self-protection and strategyof our enterprises are very from the US are: "China threat" has been in the US for a long time .They are worried about the development of China will affect the intrests of their take some measures to curb China's intrests group in the US are playing a important role in promoting Sino-US trade friction. In addition, Sino-US trade friction is also caused by the world economic situation.So the efforts paid by two countries’ orgnization,enterprisesand the world are needed. The key measures to ease Sino-US are : WTO promote the fairness of the trade regulation; Our government should strengthen cooperation with the . government and relevant interest groups in the same, our government should adjust and improve economic and trade government also should expanse domestic demandand develop inward-looking ,we should learn how to use the WTO trade rules.Key words: Sino-US trade fliction; trade protectionism; WTO目录第1章引言选题的背景、目的与意义2008年一场对全球经济具有极大杀伤力的经济危机席卷全球，世界各国采取了各种各样刺激经济增长的措施。
中美贸易摩擦
政府
政府方面，应把握国际经济环境的变化趋势，及时调整经济与贸易发展战略，按照科学发展观所要求的增长模式，在处理外需和内需的关系上，采取更加均衡的战略。政府要积极参 中美贸易摩擦
与国际谈判，在贸易壁垒制定的标准和规则方面，中国要有一席之地。进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制，在融入WTO多边贸易体制和区域经济一体化中，我们应加快制度的调整和创新，尽快建立符合WTO规则的、完善的社会主义市场经济体制，以消除可能诱发国际贸易摩擦的制度因素。建立贸易摩擦预警机制，政府有关部门应实时跟踪一些产品的出口贸易情况，防止可能爆发的贸易摩擦。
企业
中国加入WTO已经六年，中国企业应进一步熟悉WTO争端的解决机制并熟练掌握WTO争端解决机制规则，为抑制贸易战、打赢贸易战做好准备。具体而言，发生贸易争端时，解决贸易争端、平息贸易摩擦的办法之一就是拿起世界贸易组织争端机制这个武器，争取以磋商方式解决争端。而大力实施品牌战略，提高企业竞争力，从提高产品档次，形成产品的个性化竞争优势入手，打造产品国际品牌，这是解决贸易摩擦的根本途径。积极实施走出去的战略，不仅可以使东道国对进口的保护措施失去原有的威力，而且还可以打开新的市场，将发生贸易摩擦的风险降至最低。
编辑本段背景
中美贸易关系自从两国建立贸易关系以来就在摩擦和曲折中发展。一年一度的最惠国待遇审议，与贸易有关或者无关的人权问题，正是中国“入世”前中美贸易关系特点的真实写照。中国“入世”随着两国经贸关系的发展，贸易摩擦出现的频率反到有所增加，美国成为了与中国发生贸易摩擦最多、最激烈的国家。美国公司对海外竞争对手提出的倾销指控中，有20%以上涉及中国。尽管 中美贸易摩擦
贸易摩擦政治分析
1、公平贸易取代自由贸易。美国在战后到20实际70年代这段时间的主调是自由贸易。70年代以后因为巨额贸易赤字等问题开始转向公平贸易政策，其基本观点是认为美国市场开放度远远高于别国。而最终美国从中增强了自己的竞争力，而且常常借此来以经济手段来制裁其他国家，这就导致别的国家不服，从而贸易摩擦就产生了。 2、偏重双重标准和单边标准注意。这种双重标准和单边主义行动，很容易招致其他国家的报复行动，贸易摩擦饿就在所难免了。 3、利益集团对贸易政策有重要影响。各种利益集团为了实现共同的目标和利益积极影响美国立法和其他政策决策，对直接或间接关系到其成员的公共关系决策施加影响。在美国的特有制度下，我们经常会看到，对于有利于的美国的事情，美国政界睁只眼闭只眼，而对于不利于美国的事情，哪怕仅仅影响到了一小部分人的利益，也立刻会有反对的意见。 4、国会管理贸易。美国的宪法规定，国会有管理同外国贸易的商务合同，并制定和征收关税。美国的行政部门更具国际视野却不能制定对外贸易政策，更注重本地区利益的议员却可以对外贸易政策，因此贸易保护主义的主义经常得到体现。 5、代言制度。在美国的民主制度下，议员和政府官员往往是某种利益的代言人。在选举的制度下，个人影响力和知名度对于前途有着至关重要的影响。美国的政界人士不是本人拥有巨额的财产就是能得到他人的资助。官员当选后，资助的要求就可以得到体现，因此就很容易就很容易因为某些官员的一些利益而导致贸易摩擦！
中美贸易战英文相关表达
中美贸易关系1.Trade war 贸易战2.Tariff关税3.Import/export tariff 进/出口关税4.Impose tariff 征收关税5.Tariff barriers 关税壁垒6.Trade surplus贸易顺差7.Trade deficit 贸易逆差8.Retaliate 回击；报复9.Countermeasure 对策10. Lose-lose situation 两败俱伤“谈，大门敞开；打，奉陪到底。
”“If the U.S. wants to talk, the door is open; if they want to fight, we’ll fight till the end.”1. United States President Donald Trump has signed an order calling for up to $60 billion in new tariffs on Chinese imports.美国总统特朗普签署了一项命令，要求对中国进口产品征收高达600亿美元的关税。
2. The action also calls for restrictions on the transfer of technology to China.该举措还要求限制向中国转让技术。
3. China’s trade surplus with the U. S. last year was about $375billion.去年，中国对美国的贸易顺差为3750亿美元。
4.贸易战没有赢家, 只会给中美两国和世界经济带来灾难。
中国不希望打贸易战，也不会主动发起贸易战，但是我们能够应对任何挑战，坚决捍卫国家和人民的利益。
There is no winner in a trade war, and it just brings a disaster to both China and U.S., as well as the world economy. China doesn’t want to attend a trade war or launch a trade war. However, we can cope with any challenge and insist on defending the interests of the nation and people.5. 政府决定提高关税壁垒以抵制外国货The government decided to raise tariff walls against foreign goods.6. 从今天开始，美国和中国之间的贸易关系紧张。
中外贸易战英语作文
中外贸易战英语作文The Trade War between China and the United States。
In recent years, the trade war between China and the United States has become a hot topic in the global economy. The two largest economies in the world have been engaged in a tit-for-tat battle of tariffs and trade restrictions, causing disruptions in international trade and impacting global economic growth.The trade war between China and the United States began in 2018, when the Trump administration imposed tariffs on billions of dollars worth of Chinese goods in an effort to address what it saw as unfair trade practices by China. In response, China retaliated with its own tariffs on American goods, leading to a cycle of escalating tariffs and trade restrictions.One of the main issues at the heart of the trade war is the large trade imbalance between China and the UnitedStates. The United States has long accused China of engaging in unfair trade practices, such as currency manipulation, intellectual property theft, and forced technology transfer. China, on the other hand, has accused the United States of protectionism and violating international trade rules.The trade war has had a significant impact on both countries' economies. In China, the trade war has led to a slowdown in economic growth, as exports to the United States have declined and Chinese companies have faced higher costs due to tariffs. In the United States, the trade war has also had negative effects, with American consumers facing higher prices on imported goods and American companies suffering from disrupted supply chains.The trade war has also had broader implications for the global economy. As the two largest economies in the world, China and the United States play a key role in global trade and economic growth. The trade war has disrupted global supply chains, increased uncertainty in financial markets, and raised concerns about the future of the global tradingsystem.Despite the negative impacts of the trade war, there have been some signs of progress in recent months. In January 2020, China and the United States signed a Phase One trade deal, which included commitments from China to increase purchases of American goods and address some of the issues raised by the United States. While the Phase One deal was seen as a positive step, many of the underlying issues in the trade war remain unresolved.In conclusion, the trade war between China and the United States has had far-reaching implications for the global economy. While there have been some signs of progress in recent months, the underlying issues driving the trade war remain unresolved. It is essential for both countries to continue to engage in dialogue and work towards a resolution that benefits both economies and promotes global economic growth.。
中美贸易战英文相关表达
中美贸易关系1.Trade war 贸易战2.Tariff关税3.Import/export tariff 进/出口关税4.Impose tariff 征收关税5.Tariff barriers 关税壁垒6.Trade surplus贸易顺差7.Trade deficit 贸易逆差8.Retaliate 回击；报复9.Countermeasure 对策10. Lose-lose situation 两败俱伤“谈，大门敞开；打，奉陪到底。
”“If the U.S. wants to talk, the door is open; if they want to fight, we’ll fight till the end.”1. United States President Donald Trump has signed an order calling for up to $60 billion in new tariffs on Chinese imports.美国总统特朗普签署了一项命令，要求对中国进口产品征收高达600亿美元的关税。
2. The action also calls for restrictions on the transfer of technology to China.该举措还要求限制向中国转让技术。
3. China’s trade surplus with the U. S. last year was about $375billion.去年，中国对美国的贸易顺差为3750亿美元。
4.贸易战没有赢家, 只会给中美两国和世界经济带来灾难。
中国不希望打贸易战，也不会主动发起贸易战，但是我们能够应对任何挑战，坚决捍卫国家和人民的利益。
There is no winner in a trade war, and it just brings a disaster to both China and U.S., as well as the world economy. China doesn’t want to attend a trade war or launch a trade war. However, we can cope with any challenge and insist on defending the interests of the nation and people.5. 政府决定提高关税壁垒以抵制外国货The government decided to raise tariff walls against foreign goods.6. 从今天开始，美国和中国之间的贸易关系紧张。
中美贸易战(英文)汇总.pptx
Trump threatened to set an extra tariffs worth $1,00 billion on Chinese imports. Cannot be realized.
Seems to reach a turning point. US finance minister said he considered going to China to negotiate the trade issues. before no sit down face-to-face talk. Chance to reach agreement.
Thanks for your attention
Us Commerce Department
Show attitude
taxes on American
roughly adjudicated that aluminum
Not start trade war
soybeans, automobiles, etc. alloy plate(铝合金板) from China exists
Part two
How did it happen?
(prelude) tariffs Steel：25% Aluminum(铝)：10%
Not long after, exemption(豁免) EU, Australia，Canada Coca-Cola 0.67%↑
China has imposed the tariffs on 128 items of US imports.
Stop provocations(挑衅) （51% exported to China） subsidy(存在补贴行为).
中美贸易摩擦【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文US AND CHINA TRADE FRICTIONMaterial Source: Author:PHAN CAM TUINTRODUCTIONThe history of trade passed by more than thousands of years (Dechent and Hewitt 2008, 12), the milestones were marked in 500 BC when ancient networks established between Greece cum its Eastern neighbors and from 206 BC to 220 AD when the “Silk Road” connected between China and markets concluding India, Afghanistan, Iran and Europe. Over years, trade has expanded towards the international scale and plays an important role in the world economy. Along with this trend, theories related to trade have been developed and more perfected. In this assignment, I will go into details of trade theories from classical to neoclassical and then implement them to explain the underlying current reach-to-peak trade friction between US and China.LITERATURE REVIEWAccording to the classification of Appleyard, Field and Cobb (2006), theories inherent in trade are divided into two main streams consisting of the classical and neoclassical or modern. With respect to the early theory of trade, there are conceptions of Mercantilists and three salient economists embracing David Hume, Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Re Mercantilism or political economy of state building, albeit it was derived from the years of 1500 to 1750, so far it still remains its original values and has been applied in various nations, notably China in this case. For this reason, I am sure I should discuss fully issues adhered to it.The key thinking of this school is that the acquisition of gold and precious metals is the origin of wealth and power of a country. Trade is regarded as a zero sum game or beggar-thy-neighbor, that is, the win of one side in trade is at theexpense of the loss of the other one. In other words, there are no play-fair game and mutual or reciprocal benefits among parties taking part in doing trade. One party has to lose its profit in return for the gain of the others. In addition, the Mercantilists stressed that export should be kept in excess of import, that is, a favorable balance of trade or positive trade balance. On the contrary, in the case that export is less than import, it is called as unfavorable balance of trade or negative trade balance. In this sense, export is supposed to bring the prosperity and economic wealth for people and the nation; by contrast, import would impoverish them (Ariffin 2007, 18). In the meanwhile, the Mercantilists stated that it is better once a nation could take advantage of or capitalize on its factors of production such as raw materials to self-suffice its domestic demands rather than waiting for the instable and volatile supplying sources from overseas countries. Whilst mentioning the Mercantilism, the roles and policies that governments have been playing and following also should be taken into account. Mainly, such of the governments control strictly the use and exchange of gold, silver and other precious metals and prominently, they prohibit export them. The Mercantilists referred this process as the bullionism. Moreover, they control over trading activities, keep laborer wages low and make use of their strong army. Until the early 18th century, the Mercantilism was challenged by technological development and market system expansion (Appleyard, Field and Cobb 2006, 18-21). The old tenets were on the verge to be replaced by the new doctrines of three famous economists including David Hume, Adam Smith and David Ricardo.TRADE FRICTION BETWEEN US AND CHINA In view of US, the trade policies of its government do not stand solely vis-à-vis the party holding power. That is to say, the ebb and flow of either Democratic Party or Republican Party, the interest or pressure groups who “can influence political outcomes in a variety of ways” (Appleya rd, Field and Cobb 2006, 347), as always, lobby for favorable trade policies to them and vice versa. To do that effectively, through a long presidential campaign, they sponsor enthusiastically a potentiallynew president. From an economic growth perspective, regardless of recent years of recessions, it is still in the peak of the world’s top economies in form of trading activities, in line with Japan (Reuters).Conferring China, it is one of the most shining emerging countries in Asia specifically and the world at large, hand-in-hand with India. It is in the middle of transformation stage from the “central planned economic model” to “the market-oriented” and more democratic economy (Harzing & Ruysseveldt 2003, 221:238). With 9.6 million square kilometers (EducationSeries: About China) and crowded population of one billion people (Xinhuanet, China to Keep Population Below 1.37b), China is likely a strong competitor in an intensive factor of production, notably labor. As a result, goods and services in terms of prices and quantity, which it is able to offer and supply in the world markets, is seemingly more competitive and attractive than other nations. This is the underlying or root reason provoking conflict in trade of US and China.The uncontrollable and formidable flows or waves of inexpensive or low prices, as compared to the domestic market prices –US market, China-origin products into US market and the shift of production off-shore, especially towards China, are the main causes of the duel of US cum China. Firstly, major imported goods with lower prices from China to US, as formal statistics, are foods, toys, paper, textile, steel and tires (Pact May Ease US-China Trade Friction 2005). In the meanwhile, from a position as the largest steel export country, US moves backward, gives way to China and even imports it from China. Most of US companies adhered to these sectors are unable to compete with the Chinese contestants to survive. They have two choices. Firstly, they have to close their business and find other fields to do business in the hope that China has not yet touched in. Secondly, they should search for other countries with lower factors of production costs (capital, labor, and land) to re-gain the comparative advantages. As a result, ironically they have chosen their competitor nation – China.Secondly, US government in the present time is worrying about the trade deficit of US (jumped by 24.5% to $201.6bn in 2005) in relation to China; thus, inthe 2008 president campaign, Clinton Hillary and Barack Obama as well emphasis on this critical issue as an effective strategy to draw attention to publics and interest groups (US To Blame For China Trade Friction 2005). Hillary stated that the US factories suddenly “shipped off” and have aimed to China to e njoy lower labor, land and manufacturing costs (USA Politics: More China-US Friction). This leads to a job creation in China and increased unemployment in the US, especially in foot-ware, apparel, textile and light manufacturing industries (Griswold 2006, 5-6).From an angle viewpoint of China, it is likely following the Mercantilism, namely export-led or outward oriented trade policies, and HO theorem. This means that it has encouraged export as a tool to boost its economic growth. Furthermore, it capitalizes on its abundant factor of production in terms of labor to produce and export that of goods, as HO theorem discussed. However, in order to support such policies, it has pegged their currency (Yuan/RMB) to $US (US and Europe Protest A Chinese News Regulation) and manipulated or kept it under market or real value as it should be, as an accusation of US (Fears Of Growing US trade Rift With China). According to US side, it should be appreciated at least 2.5 percent as compared to its present value (Yuan’s Ri se To End As Demand For Exports Slows, Straszheim Says). It is difficult for China to do what have been requested by US party indeed, because it will lose its comparative advantage and this will hurt its current trade policies. In retaliation, US has blame d for China’s intellectual property violation and dumping activities (Ikenson 2005, 5:29). Inasmuch as, US warns that it will raise tariffs to goods imported from China, although this absolutely breaks the WTO agreements among members of tariff reduction and elimination procedure (Ikenson 2005). Furthermore, US announces that it will sue China in WTO meeting for subsidy and dumping actions which cause damage to US’s car, steel and automobile industries (US-China Trade Friction Getting Hotter)In essence, it is worthy to take note that there are many ways for win-win US-China sum game. The recession and cooperation of both US and China are salient to find a trade consensus. The war fired from any party surely will hurt both sides as such. The US should be aware that it has benefits whilst trading with Chinapartner such as family life betterment with more variety of goods that US omits, higher production outcomes and investments in US treasury. In the same vein, China also gains from trade with US. The US market is sufficient and large enough for China product to invade and dominate. This ameliorates China economy and society in terms of economic growth and development, and high GDP and employment rate.译文中美贸易摩擦资料来源: 作者：PHAN CAM TU 根据Appleyard, Field and Cobb (2006),理论固有的贸易分类，分为两大主流的古典和新古典或现代理论。
贸易战
Trade: Clash of the TitansChina's refusal to revalue its currency is pushing the two countries toward conflict.By C. Fred Bergsten | NEWSWEEKThe Un it ed States and China have been the two locomotives of the world economy for the past five years. Hence, the meeting of Presidents George W. Bush and Hu Jintao in Washington this week should be a "G2" leadership conclave, reflecting their joint responsibility to ensure continued global growth and financial stability.Unfortunately, the summit is unlikely to reinforce confidence in that outcome. Bush administration officials and congressional leaders are deeply frustrated and impatient with a wide range of Chinese policies. For its part, China believes it is being unfairly scapegoated by the United States, much as Washington stoked fears of a rising Japan in the 1980s. The summit is unlikely to reduce those tensions－and could even erupt into open conflict between the world's economic titans.The chief culprit is the huge imbalance in the economic relationship. US global trade and current account deficits reached annual rates of $900 billion in late 2005, about 7 percent of the total American economy. China's global current account surplus soared to $150 billion in 2005, the second largest in the world after Japan, and also about 7 percent of its GDP. Bilateral imbalances should never be the focus of policy because of the multilateral nature of world trade, but China's bilateral surplus of $200 billion with the United States in this case accurately reflects a profound disequilibrium.This imbalance cannot continue. What's needed from China is an orderly readjustment in the value of its currency, the renminbi. In the absence of such action by China, angry US policymakers are beginning to take matters into their own hands, with protectionist trade measures. New import restrictions have already been applied to six major Chinese export 3 (apparel, color television sets, semiconductors, shrimp, textiles, and wood furniture). Senators Charles Grassley and Max Baucus, the leaders of the Senate Finance Committee, have just introduced a bill that would levy severe sanctions against China. The Chinese would probably retaliate against such unilateral action by the United States, and a trade war could result.If this trade imbalance involved any country other than China, a currency correction would have begun long ago. Large inflows of foreign money to China have attempted to push up the value of the renminbi. But the Chinese authorities have bought $15 billion to $20 billion per month for several years to maintain their fixed rate against the dollar, generating a renminbi undervaluation against all currencies that now averages 20 to 40 percent.China's refusal to let its currency rise has also had a profound effect on other Asian countries. Most of them have understandably been reluctant to let their currencies strengthen against the renminbi and weaken their competitive positions against China. Hence they, too, have intervened, often massively, to block appreciation against the dollar. The result is that China's currency policy has taken most of Asia－which accounts for about 40 percent of US trade and about half theglobal surpluses that are the counterparts of our global deficits－out of the international adjustment process.The United States would be in a far stronger position if it took action itself to reduce its excess demand, for both foreign products and foreign capital, by sharply cutting its budget deficits. Americans will have to share in the global correction whether we initiate action or not, most likely via higher inflation and interest rates and the resultant cut in consumption that will follow from a sharply lower dollar. But the most important near-term step to launch the adjustment process is revaluation of the renminbi and other key Asian currencies by at least 20 percent, which would reduce the US global deficit by $60 billion to $80 billion per year.No country likes to appear to capitulate to foreign pressure. However, the Chinese authorities have immediately and quietly settled all three trade cases that the United States has brought against them via the World Trade Organization. It is to be hoped that a major currency change by China will similarly accompany, or shortly follow, the upcoming summit. Otherwise, we could see a titanic clash between the world's two main economies.中美贸易失衡在过去的5年中，美国和中国是世界经济发展的两大发动机。
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In the trade of China and the United States, according to the data from Chinese ministry of commerce,In the 14 years from 1979 to 1992,China has been in deficit, Since 1993 into a surplus and up to now. in 2004,Chinese counted that amount of American deficit was $80.3 billion dollars.however, according to the data from america,
1979-1982, the United States was at the position of trade surplus, and In 1983, began to appear deficit.and in 2004, the amoung of trade deficit was 162 billion dollars.it is clear that There are significant differences between the two countries statistics On the bilateral trade balance situations.
It is clear that there are significant differences between the two countries statistics on the bilateral trade balance situations. We also can see that amount of trade gap was increasing year by year. Therefore, we will discuss the reasons why there was such a huge gap between Chinese and American import and export.
As we all know, the iPhone was designed and have by American company Apple Inc. but most components are produced by other countries, like Japan, Germany and Korea,finally, omponent assembly is done in China,like Foxconn Electronics. But American think the iPhone is Chinese products exported to the United States.Therefore, American consumers to buy the iPhone only added to America's trade deficit with China。