心脏瓣膜疾病详细治疗指南(2012年最新版)
ESC瓣膜性心脏病管理指南
ESC瓣膜性心脏病管理指南(2012 年版全文)——欧洲心脏学会(ESC)和欧洲气度外科协会(EACTS)瓣膜性心脏病管理联合工作组目录表缩略语1.序言2.介绍2. 1.我们为何需要新的瓣膜性心脏病指南?2. 2.这些指南的内容2. 3.如何使用这些指南3.整体状况述评3. 1.患者评估3. 1. 1.临床评估3. 1. 2.超声心动图3. 1. 3.其余非侵入性检查3. 1. 3. 1.负荷试验3. 1. 3. 2.心脏磁共振( CMR)3. 1. 3. 3.计算机断层拍照3. 1. 3. 4.荧光镜检查3. 1. 3. 5.放射核素血管造影3. 1. 3. 6.生物标记物3. 1. 4.侵入性检查3. 1. 5.归并症的评估3. 2.心内膜炎的预防3. 3.风湿热的预防3. 4.危险分层3. 5.有关状况的管理3. 5. 1.冠芥蒂3. 5. 2.心律失态4.主动脉反流4. 1.评估4. 2.自然史4. 3.手术结果4. 4.手术适应症4. 5.药物治疗4. 6.连续检测4. 7.特别患者人群5.主动脉狭小5. 1.评估5. 2.自然史5. 3.介入治疗结果5. 4.介入治疗的适应症5. 4. 1.主动脉瓣膜置换的适应症5. 4. 2.球囊瓣膜成形术的适应症5. 4. 3.经导管主动脉瓣置入的适应症5. 5.药物治疗5. 6.系列检测5. 7.特别患者人群6.二尖瓣反流6. 1.原发性二尖瓣反流6.1. 1.评估6.1. 2.自然史6.1. 3.手术结果6.1. 4.经皮介入治疗6.1. 5.介入治疗的适应症6.1. 6.药物治疗6.1. 7.系列检测6. 2.继发性二尖瓣反流6.2. 1.评估6.2. 2.自然史6.2. 3.手术结果6.2. 4.经皮介入治疗6.2. 5.介入治疗的适应症6.2. 6.药物治疗7.二尖瓣狭小7. 1.评估7. 2.自然史7. 3.介入治疗的结果7.3. 1.经皮二尖瓣连合部切开术7.3. 2.手术7. 4.介入治疗的适应症7. 5.药物治疗7. 6.系列检测7. 7.特别患者人群8.三尖瓣反流8. 1.评估8. 2.自然史8. 3.手术结果8. 4.手术适应症8. 5.药物治疗9.三尖瓣狭小9. 1.评估9. 2.手术9. 3.经皮介入治疗9. 4.介入治疗的适应症9. 5.药物治疗10.联合瓣膜和多瓣膜病变11.人工瓣膜11. 1.人工瓣膜的选择11. 2.瓣膜置换后的管理11.2.1.基线评估和随访模式11. 2.2.抗栓治疗11.2.2..1.一般治疗11.2.2.2.目标 INR11.2.2.3.维生素 K 拮抗剂过度和出血的办理11.2.2.4.口服抗凝剂与抗血小板药的联用11.2.2.5.抗凝治疗的中止11.2.3.瓣膜血栓形成的办理11.2.4.血栓栓塞的办理11.2.5.溶血和瓣周漏的办理11.2.6.生物人工瓣膜无效的办理11.2.7.心力弱竭12.非心脏手术时期的管理12.1. 围术期评估12.2. 特别瓣膜病变12.2.1.主动脉狭小12.2.2.二尖瓣狭小12.2.3.主动脉瓣和二尖瓣反流12.2.4.人工瓣膜12.3. 围术期监测13.妊娠时期的管理13.1. 自然瓣膜病变13.2. 人工瓣膜病变参照文件缩略语ACE 血管紧张素变换酶AF 心房抖动aPTT活化部分凝血活酶时间AR 主动脉瓣反流ARB 血管紧张素受体克制剂AS 主动脉狭小AVB 主动脉瓣置换BNP B-型利钠肽BSA 风光面积CABG冠状动脉旁路移植CAD 冠芥蒂CMR心脏磁共振CPG 实践指南委员会CRT 心脏再同步化治疗CT 计算机断层拍照EACTS 欧洲气度外科医师协会ECG 心电图EF 射血分数EROA有效反流口面积ESC 欧洲心脏学会EVEREST(血管内瓣膜边沿对边沿修复研究)HF 心力弱竭INR 国际标准化比率LA 左房LMWH低分子量肝素LV 左室LVEF 左室射血分数LVEDD 左室舒张末内径LVSED 左室缩短末内径MR 二尖瓣反流MS 二尖瓣狭小MSCT多层计算机断层拍照NYHA 纽约心脏协会PISA 近段等速线表面积PMC 经皮二尖瓣连合部切开术PVL 瓣周漏RV 右室r-tPA重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物SVD 构造性瓣膜退化STS 美国胸外科医师协会TAPSE 三尖瓣环平面缩短偏移TAVI 经导管主动脉瓣植入术TEE 经食管超声心动图TR 三尖瓣反流TS 三尖瓣狭小TTE 经胸超声心动图UFH 一般肝素VHD 瓣膜性心脏病3DE 3 维超声心动图1.序言在指南的编写过程中,对一个指定的问题,编委们总结和评论了所有可用的凭证,旨在帮助医师对有特定状况的每个患者,考虑对预后的影响以及特别诊断或治疗方法的风险-获益比,选择最正确的办理对策。
ACC-AHA瓣膜性心脏病处理指南
ACC/AHA瓣膜性心脏病处理指南I、导言I类:指那些已证实和/或一致公认有益、有用和有效的操作和治疗。
II类:指那些有用和有效性的证据尚有矛盾和/或存在不同观点的操作和治疗。
II a类:有关证据和/或观点倾向于有用和/或有效。
II b类:有关证据和/或观点尚不能充分说明有用和/或有效。
III类:指那些已证实和/或一致公认无用和/或无效,并对有些病例可能有害的操作和治疗。
Ⅱ、总则A、主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)行主动脉瓣置换术的建议适应症分类1、出现症状的重度AS患者。
Ⅰ2、行冠状动脉旁路外科手术的重度AS患者。
Ⅰ3、行主动脉或其它心脏瓣膜外科手术的重度AS患者。
Ⅰ4、行冠状动脉搭桥手术或行主动脉或其它心脏瓣膜外Ⅰ科手术的中度AS患者。
5、无症状的重度AS患者伴左室收缩功能不全Ⅱa对运动的异常反应(如低血压)Ⅱa室性心动过速Ⅱb显著或过分的左室肥厚(≥15mm)Ⅱb瓣膜面积﹤0.6cm2 Ⅱb6、无5项中的表现,对无症状患者预防猝死。
Ⅲ成年人主动脉瓣狭窄行主动脉瓣球囊成形术的建议适应症分类1、对血流动力学不稳定且对AVR有高度危险者是Ⅱa一种外科手术的过渡。
2、减轻患者严重的狭窄情况。
Ⅱb3、需紧急非心脏外科手术者。
Ⅱb4、替代AVR术。
ⅡbB、主动脉瓣关闭不全(AR)慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全血管扩张剂治疗建议适应症分类1、有症状和/或左室收缩不全的严重反流患者由于其它心脏或Ⅰ非心脏因素不推荐行外科手术的长期治疗。
2、有左室扩大但收缩功能正常的严重反流且无症状患者长期治疗。
Ⅰ3、有高血压和任何程度反流的无症状患者长期治疗。
Ⅰ4、AVR术后存在持续左室收缩功能不全患者长期ACEI治疗。
Ⅰ5、在行AVR术前有严重心衰症状和严重左室收缩功能不全的患者Ⅰ为改善血流动力学而长期治疗。
6、轻、中度AR和左室收缩功能正常的无症状患者的长期治疗。
Ⅲ7、左室收缩功能正常的无症状患者有瓣膜置换的其它适应症行Ⅲ长期治疗。
最新心脏瓣膜病患者管理指南(第六部分)
最新心脏瓣膜病患者管理指南(第六部分)7. 二尖瓣反流7.1. 急性二尖瓣反流二尖瓣各部分的受损均会导致急性MR。
感染性心内膜炎会导致瓣叶穿孔及慢性瓣叶破裂。
二尖瓣粘液瘤的病人可能会发生自发性的腱索断裂。
乳头肌断裂常发生于ST段抬高型心梗患者中,多见于下壁心肌梗死。
左心室、左心房的急性容量负荷过高会导致肺淤血及心输出量降低(1-4)。
尽早诊断和及时处理往往可以拯救生命。
急性二尖瓣反流的诊对于急性MR的患者,TTE是评估左心室功能、右心室功能、肺动脉压及二尖瓣功能的首选影像学方法。
对于可能由慢性腱索断裂导致严重MR的患者,通常会伴随因血流动力学异常而产生的呼吸困难。
突然的左心室高负荷增加了左心房及肺静脉压力,从而导致肺淤血及缺氧。
于此同时,组织的低血流灌注及左心室收缩压降低,导致跨瓣压差降低,从而导致了二尖瓣提前关闭。
因此,二尖瓣关闭不全的杂音可能短促且不明显,并且超声下的血流信号亦不明显。
在心梗伴随急性血流动力学不稳定,但TTE证实左心室高动力性且排除了其他退化因素导致的新功能恶化时,TTE进一步探具体推荐建议1.对无症状的严重原发性MR (C1期)患者,每6~12个月进行一次TTE,评估左心室功能(左心室射血分数和左心室收缩末内径)和肺动脉压的监测(1,2,4,5,7-11)。
慢性严重MR患者的耐受性较差,平均每年约8%的患者会接受手术(5,10)。
这种进展因人而异,并且如果在症状出现后未得到及时的干预,则预后较差。
此时应将患者转诊到综合瓣膜中心进行早期修复或密切监测。
由于超声心动图测量值是可变的,基于这些测量值的医疗决策应通过多次的TTE进行确认。
由于随着时间推移,瓣膜反流可能会恶化。
因此,对于轻度慢性原发性MR患者(A和B期),应定期使用TTE评估MR严重程度变化,监测频率取决于瓣膜解剖结构和其他因素。
由于这一过程发展缓慢,MR可以在没有任何症状和体征的情况下,出现严重反流和左心室功能障碍(表4)( 3 ,6)2.症状的出现是MR的自然病程上的一个重要分界点,也是需要进行医学干预的触发因素。
心脏瓣膜病诊治指南
心脏瓣膜病诊疗指南一、瓣膜病人诊治一般原则1.瓣膜病人的拟诊及评估不管临床表现,所有确诊瓣膜病还是疑似瓣膜病都必须详细询问病史,体格检查,并行胸片和心电图检查。
通过心脏彩超可以获得一些有用的信息,例如瓣膜损害程度,对心腔、大血管的影响,心脏功能等。
其他辅助检查,如经食管心脏彩超(TEE),CT,磁共振,应激试验,诊断性心导管检查(还可以治疗瓣膜疾病病人)也常被采用。
对于存在外科风险的,尤其是存在并发症的病人,推荐进行心脏介入检查。
应定期对这类病人进行随访,随访应包括病史、体格检查等。
当病人出现症状加重时,随访的频率应该大于每年一次。
在无症状的左心衰,某些瓣膜可能导致无法预料的结局,这都迫使提高随访频率。
重复检查频率(心脏彩超)取决于瓣膜狭窄程度、对左右心室的影响以及瓣膜状态。
2.评价瓣膜疾病严重程度依据瓣膜血流动力学改变及其结局和相关症状,瓣膜的形态改变对心脏瓣膜病进行分期(见表1),疾病的分期对治疗方式和选择具有重要的指导意义。
指南将瓣膜疾病分为A、B、C、D四期,分别是危险期、进展期、无症状重度病变期和有症状重度病变期。
分期标准包括:1)存在或者无临床症状;2)瓣膜疾病的严重性;3)因瓣膜病变导致心室腔的容积或者压力变化;4)对体循环和肺循环的影响;5)心音的改变。
指南继续采用ACC/AHA推荐强度及证据级别分级,对不推荐(无益或有害)的建议采用III级推荐。
表1 心脏瓣膜病的发展阶段分期3.推荐积极的干预瓣膜狭窄患者倡导进行积极的干预。
对于瓣膜的干预主要是改善症状和(或)延长生存期,以及降低心脏瓣膜病相关并发症如无症状的不可逆心衰、肺动脉高压、中风、房颤。
因此,对严重瓣膜病的标准是基于非手术的瓣膜病人自然病史描述的研究,以及对症状严重程度描述的观察性研究。
4.诊断及随访对于无症状的左心功能正常的瓣膜病人心脏超声的检查频率。
对于已知和可疑的心脏瓣膜疾病患者,心脏超声的检查可以确诊和建立病因、判断严重程度、评价血流动力学结果、预后情况以及干预的时期(I,证据B)。
最新心脏瓣膜病诊疗指南解读PPT课件-药学医学精品资料
• 2007年:ESC Guidelines on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease (欧洲)
• 2014AHA/ACC心脏瓣膜病指南(美国)
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推荐级别
概述
➢ Ⅰ级:有用或有效--Should be(beneficial, useful, and effective) ➢ Ⅱ级:存在争议--Conflicting ✓ Ⅱa :多数认为有用或有效--Reasonable ✓ Ⅱb: 多数认为其有用或有效待证明--Considerable ➢ Ⅲ级: 一致认为无用或无效,有时甚至有害。Should not
➢ 干预应是针对有症状的患者(在欧洲,目前MS手术 主要是MVR)
➢ 无症状MS很少考虑手术
➢ PMC禁忌患者,外科手术是唯一选择
➢ MVR术中纠正AF仅在有选择的病人实施,其益处仍 需进一步证实
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特别情况
➢ 对于外科交界切开有症状的再狭窄患者,大多数病例 再手术需要MVR。如果条件好、无禁忌症并且再狭窄 的主要机制是交界融合可以考虑
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经皮二尖瓣交界分离术(PMC) 指 征(瓣口面积<1.5cm2)
有PMC有利条件的症状患者
外科禁忌或高危的有症状患者 解剖条件欠佳但临床条件有利的 有症状患者初始治疗 对患者有利及血栓栓塞高危或血 流动力学失代偿高危的无症状患 者:
栓塞病史
左房高密度影
2012ESC瓣膜病指南解读
重度、有症状的AS高危患者,适合行TAVI,但是“心脏团队” IIa 根据个体的风险特征和解剖适宜程度考虑,支持行外科手术, 此时应当考虑AVR。 中度AS患者,需接受CABG术,升主动脉外科手术或其他瓣 膜手术,应考虑行AVR。 IIa
C
经反复分析明确的有症状的、低血流、低压力阶差 (<40mmHg)、EF正常的重度AS患者,应当考虑AVR。
I
C
患者评估
治疗方法的选择取决于个体风险-获益分析 老年患者,年龄本身不应成为外科手术禁忌症。 术前风险评估
风险评分系统(Euroscore或STS评分) 专业心脏团队的临床判断
治疗决策的制定还需考虑到患者的预期寿命、生 活质量、以及当地的条件,还有非常重要的是患 者的决定
主动脉瓣返流 (Aortic Regurgitation)
诊断、定量、评估VHD的机制及预后
评估团队
包括心脏病学家、心外科医师、影像学专家、 麻醉专家
其他:如全科医师、老年病学专家或重症医学 专家
患者评估
临床评价
症状、合并症 查体听诊
超声心动图--关键技术
确定VHD诊断、评估其严重性及预后 需要验证超声心动图诊断VHD的严重程度、机 制、瓣膜解剖与临床评价之间的一致性
心导管检查
B-型脑钠肽(BNP)
合并冠心病患者的处理
Class 冠状动脉疾病的诊断 严重瓣膜性心脏病的患者,以及合并一下任何情况的患者, 在瓣膜行外科手术前建议行冠状动脉造影 •冠状动脉疾病病史 •怀疑心肌缺血 •左室收缩功能不全 •男性年龄超过40岁及绝经后的妇女 •>=1项心血管危险因素 评估继发性二尖瓣反流时,建议行冠状动脉造影 心脏再血管化治疗的适应症 主动脉瓣/二尖瓣外科手术、合并冠状动脉直径狭窄>=70%的 I 患者,推荐行CABG。 主动脉瓣/二尖瓣外科手术、合并冠状动脉直径狭窄 >=50~70%的患者,应考虑行CABG。 IIa C C I C Level
2012ESC瓣膜病指南解读
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■现有的ESC指南发布于2007,至今
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■认识到心脏病学家和心外科医师在患者协 同处理的重要性,使ESC和EACTS共同制 定指南
ACC-AHA瓣膜性心脏病处理指南
ACC/AHA瓣膜性心脏病处理指南I、导言I类:指那些已证实和/或一致公认有益、有用和有效的操作和治疗。
II类:指那些有用和有效性的证据尚有矛盾和/或存在不同观点的操作和治疗。
II a类:有关证据和/或观点倾向于有用和/或有效。
II b类:有关证据和/或观点尚不能充分说明有用和/或有效。
III类:指那些已证实和/或一致公认无用和/或无效,并对有些病例可能有害的操作和治疗。
H、总则A、主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)主动脉瓣狭窄(AS 行主动脉瓣置换术的建议适应症分类1、出现症状的重度AS患者。
T2、行冠状动脉旁路外科手术的重度AS患者。
I3、行主动脉或其它心脏瓣膜外科手术的重度AS患者。
I4、行冠状动脉搭桥手术或行主动脉或其它心脏瓣膜外I科手术的中度AS患者。
5、无症状的重度AS患者伴左室收缩功能不全n a对运动的异常反应(如低血压)n a室性心动过速n b显著或过分的左室肥厚(》15mm n b瓣膜面积v 0.6cm2n b&无5项中的表现,对无症状患者预防猝死。
川成年人主动脉瓣狭窄行主动脉瓣球囊成形术的建议适应症分类1、对血流动力学不稳定且对AVR有高度危险者是n a一种外科手术的过渡。
2、减轻患者严重的狭窄情况。
n b3、需紧急非心脏外科手术者。
n b4、替代AVR术。
n bB、主动脉瓣关闭不全(AR慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全血管扩张剂治疗建议适应症分类1、有症状和/或左室收缩不全的严重反流患者由于其它心脏或非心脏因素不推荐行外科手术的长期治疗。
2、有左室扩大但收缩功能正常的严重反流且无症状患者长期治疗。
I3、有高血压和任何程度反流的无症状患者长期治疗。
I4、AVR术后存在持续左室收缩功能不全患者长期ACEI治疗。
I5、在行AVR术前有严重心衰症状和严重左室收缩功能不全的患者I 为改善血流动力学而长期治疗。
6轻、中度AR和左室收缩功能正常的无症状患者的长期治疗。
川7、左室收缩功能正常的无症状患者有瓣膜置换的其它适应症行川长期治疗。
心脏瓣膜病的新治疗方法
心脏瓣膜病的新治疗方法心脏瓣膜病是指心脏瓣膜结构或功能的异常,会导致心脏血液流动障碍。
传统的治疗方式包括药物治疗、心脏瓣膜替换手术等,但这些方法存在一些局限性。
近年来,随着医学技术的不断进步,心脏瓣膜病的新治疗方法逐渐被开发和应用,为患者带来了新的希望。
一、经导管心脏瓣膜植入术经导管心脏瓣膜植入术,又称为TAVI(Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation),是一种无需开胸的手术方法,适用于主动脉瓣狭窄患者。
传统的主动脉瓣狭窄手术需要开胸,切开胸骨进行瓣膜替换,手术创伤大且恢复时间较长。
而经导管心脏瓣膜植入术通过血管通道将新的瓣膜送入患者心脏,减少了手术创伤,缩短了恢复时间。
二、心脏瓣膜修复术传统的心脏瓣膜病治疗方式中,大部分是通过瓣膜替换手术来纠正异常瓣膜。
而心脏瓣膜修复术是指通过尽可能保留患者自身瓣膜的形态和结构,进行瓣膜修复和重建。
这种方法可以减少对原有瓣膜的破坏,避免了瓣膜替换手术后需要长期使用抗凝药物的问题,减轻了患者的药物负担。
三、生物瓣膜移植术生物瓣膜移植术是指将动物或人体的瓣膜移植到患者身上,代替患者原有异常的瓣膜。
相比于传统的机械瓣膜移植术,生物瓣膜移植术更接近自然瓣膜的结构和功能,避免了机械瓣膜可能引发的血栓形成和抗凝药物的长期使用。
此外,生物瓣膜移植还可以降低手术的并发症风险,提高患者的生活质量。
四、心脏瓣膜可调血流重建术心脏瓣膜可调血流重建术是一种新型的心脏手术技术,适用于瓣膜功能异常但又不适合进行传统瓣膜替换手术的患者。
该技术通过重新设计瓣膜的结构,调整瓣膜的开启和关闭时间,达到改善瓣膜功能的目的。
与传统手术相比,心脏瓣膜可调血流重建术创伤更小,恢复时间更短,对于一些高龄或伴有合并症的患者来说,是一种较为理想的选择。
五、心脏瓣膜介入治疗心脏瓣膜介入治疗是一种无需开胸手术的治疗方法,通过导管技术将瓣膜送入患者心脏,完成瓣膜修复或替换。
与传统手术相比,心脏瓣膜介入治疗具有创伤小、恢复时间短的优势。
ACCP瓣膜性心脏病和瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗指南要点(全文版)
ACCP瓣膜性心脏病和瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗指南要点(全文版)心脏瓣膜病最严重的并发症是栓塞。
抗凝治疗虽然不能消除,但是可以减少发生这一严重后果的可能性。
如果这一治疗没有风险,费用低廉,所有心脏瓣膜病的病人都应该进行治疗。
然而抗凝治疗,特别是双香豆素类药物和肝素具有出血的潜在风险;风险的大小与应用的药物、抗凝药物的抗凝强度和临床上病人个体差异相关。
例如,心内膜炎、妊娠和有出血倾向的病人的抗凝治疗的风险加大。
我们根据ACCP最新指南就各种心脏瓣膜病以及机械性瓣膜和生物性瓣膜置换术后发生血栓栓塞的风险提出抗凝治疗的策略。
主要关注需要抗凝治疗的门诊病人长期应用抗凝药物的问题。
由于患血栓栓塞高危险性的病人进行抗凝治疗的得益大于低危险性的病人,抗凝治疗的总得益应该排除抗凝治疗导致的出血风险。
同时,血栓栓塞的后果总体上讲比抗凝治疗引起的出血并发症更严重。
因此绝大多数病人愿意接受为预防脑卒中承担抗凝治疗潜在的出血风险。
一、风湿性二尖瓣疾病风湿性二尖瓣疾病发生栓塞的风险大于任何其他常见的瓣膜性心脏病。
尽管在过去的四十年中手术和长期抗凝治疗的频繁应用改变了这一疾病的自然病史,几个早期大规模二尖瓣狭窄的系列流行病学资料显示栓塞的发生率为9%~14%;总体上讲,每一个风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病病人在疾病的过程中发生有症状栓塞的可能性至少为20%。
发生心房颤动后栓塞的发生率明显增加。
高龄和心脏指数降低的风湿性心脏瓣膜病病人栓塞的风险更大,栓塞的风险和二尖瓣钙化、二尖瓣瓣口面积0或临床分型的相关性不强。
有些研究者指出频繁发生栓塞的二尖瓣瓣膜病病人瓣膜本身的病变轻,有报告指出12.4%的风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病病例以栓塞为首发症状。
目前还不清楚血栓栓塞和左心房大小之间的关系。
早期关于风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病的研究报告两者有弱相关性。
然而有些研究报告指出,在非瓣膜性心房颤动的病人中,左心房大小是血栓栓塞的一个独立预测因子,另外一个包括1066例心房颤动病人的研究未发现这种相关性。
2012ESC+心脏瓣膜病管理指南
医 脉 通w w w .m e d l i v e.c n ESC/EACTS GUIDELINESGuidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012)The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)Authors/Task Force Members:Alec Vahanian (Chairperson)(France)*,Ottavio Alfieri (Chairperson)*(Italy),Felicita Andreotti (Italy),Manuel J.Antunes (Portugal),Gonzalo Baro ´n-Esquivias (Spain),Helmut Baumgartner (Germany),Michael Andrew Borger (Germany),Thierry P.Carrel (Switzerland),Michele De Bonis (Italy),Arturo Evangelista (Spain),Volkmar Falk (Switzerland),Bernard Iung(France),Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium),Luc Pierard (Belgium),Susanna Price (UK),Hans-Joachim Scha ¨fers (Germany),Gerhard Schuler (Germany),Janina Stepinska (Poland),Karl Swedberg (Sweden),Johanna Takkenberg (The Netherlands),Ulrich Otto Von Oppell (UK),Stephan Windecker (Switzerland),Jose Luis Zamorano(Spain),Marian Zembala (Poland)ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):Jeroen J.Bax (Chairperson)(The Netherlands),Helmut Baumgartner (Germany),Claudio Ceconi (Italy),Veronica Dean (France),Christi Deaton (UK),Robert Fagard (Belgium),Christian Funck-Brentano (France),David Hasdai (Israel),Arno Hoes (The Netherlands),Paulus Kirchhof(United Kingdom),Juhani Knuuti (Finland),Philippe Kolh (Belgium),Theresa McDonagh (UK),Cyril Moulin (France),Bogdan A.Popescu (Romania),Z ˇeljko Reiner (Croatia),Udo Sechtem (Germany),Per Anton Sirnes (Norway),Michal Tendera (Poland),Adam Torbicki (Poland),Alec Vahanian (France),Stephan Windecker (Switzerland)Document Reviewers::Bogdan A.Popescu (ESC CPG Review Coordinator)(Romania),Ludwig Von Segesser (EACTS Review Coordinator)(Switzerland),Luigi P.Badano (Italy),Matjaz ˇBunc (Slovenia),Marc J.Claeys (Belgium),Niksa Drinkovic (Croatia),Gerasimos Filippatos (Greece),Gilbert Habib (France),A.Pieter Kappetein (The Netherlands),Roland Kassab (Lebanon),Gregory Y.H.Lip (UK),Neil Moat (UK),Georg Nickenig (Germany),Catherine M.Otto (USA),John Pepper,(UK),Nicolo Piazza (Germany),Petronella G.Pieper (The Netherlands),Raphael Rosenhek (Austria),Naltin Shuka (Albania),Ehud Schwammenthal (Israel),Juerg Schwitter (Switzerland),Pilar Tornos Mas (Spain),Pedro T.Trindade (Switzerland),Thomas Walther (Germany)The disclosure forms of the authors and reviewers are available on the ESC website/guidelines Ottavio Alfieri,S.Raffaele University Hospital,20132Milan,Italy.Tel:+390226437109;Fax:+390226437125.Email:ottavio.alfieri@hsr.it †Other ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:Associations:European Association of Echocardiography (EAE),European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI),Heart Failure Association (HFA)Working Groups:Acute Cardiac Care,Cardiovascular Surgery,Valvular Heart Disease,Thrombosis,Grown-up Congenital Heart DiseaseCouncils:Cardiology Practice,Cardiovascular ImagingThe content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only.No commercial use is authorized.No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC.Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press,the publisher of the European Heart Journal ,and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.*Corresponding authors:Alec Vahanian,Service de Cardiologie,Hopital Bichat AP-HP,46rue Henri Huchard,75018Paris,France.Tel:+33140256760;Fax:+33140256732.Email:alec.vahanian@bch.aphp.frDisclaimer .The ESC/EACTS Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and the EACTS and were arrived at after careful consideration of the available evidence at the time they were written.Health professionals are encouraged to take them fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement.The guidelines do not,however,override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual patients,in consultation with that patient and,where appropriate and necessary,the patient’s guardian or carer.It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable to drugs and devices at the time of prescription.&The European Society of Cardiology 2012.All rights reserved.For permissions please email:journals.permissions@ European Heart Journal doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109European Heart Journal Advance Access published August 24, 2012 by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded from医 脉 通w w w .m e d li v e.c n2.3.How to use these guidelines ..................53.General comments ............................53.1.Patient evaluation .........................53.1.1.Clinical evaluation ......................53.1.2.Echocardiography ......................63.1.3.Other non-invasive investigations ............63.1.3.1.Stress testing . (6)3.1.3.2.Cardiac magnetic resonance ...........puted tomography ...............73.1.3.4.Fluoroscopy .......................83.1.3.5.Radionuclide angiography ..............83.1.3.6.Biomarkers .......................83.1.4.Invasive investigations ....................83.1.5.Assessment of comorbidity ................83.2.Endocarditis prophylaxis .....................83.3.Prophylaxis for rheumatic fever ................83.4.Risk stratification ..........................83.5.Management of associated conditions ............93.5.1.Coronary artery disease ..................93.5.2.Arrhythmias ..........................94.Aortic regurgitation ............................104.1.Evaluation ..............................104.2.Natural history ...........................104.3.Results of surgery .........................104.4.Indications for surgery ......................114.5.Medical therapy...........................124.6.Serial testing .............................134.7.Special patient populations ...................135.Aortic stenosis ...............................135.1.Evaluation ..............................135.2.Natural history ...........................145.3.Results of intervention ......................145.4.Indications for intervention ...................155.4.1.Indications for aortic valve replacement ........155.4.2.Indications for balloon valvuloplasty ..........165.4.3.Indications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation ..............................175.5.Medical therapy...........................185.6.Serial testing .............................185.7.Special patient populations ...................196.Mitral regurgitation ............................196.1.Primary mitral regurgitation ...................196.1.1.Evaluation............................206.1.2.Natural history ........................20 6.2.1.Evaluation. (23)6.2.2.Natural history (23)6.2.3.Results of surgery (24)6.2.4.Percutaneous intervention (24)6.2.5.Indications for intervention (24)6.2.6.Medical treatment (25)7.Mitral stenosis ...............................257.1.Evaluation ..............................257.2.Natural history ...........................257.3.Results of intervention . (25)7.3.1.Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (25)7.3.2.Surgery (26)7.4.Indications for intervention (26)7.5.Medical therapy...........................277.6.Serial testing .. (28)7.7.Special patient populations (28)8.Tricuspid regurgitation (28)8.1.Evaluation (28)8.2.Natural history (29)8.3.Results of surgery .........................298.4.Indications for surgery . (29)8.5.Medical therapy (30)9.Tricuspid stenosis (30)9.1.Evaluation (30)9.2.Surgery (30)9.3.Percutaneous intervention (30)9.4.Indications for intervention (30)9.5.Medical therapy (30)bined and multiple valve diseases (30)11.Prosthetic valves (30)11.1.Choice of prosthetic valve (30)11.2.Management after valve replacement (32)11.2.1.Baseline assessment and modalities of follow-up .3211.2.2.Antithrombotic management (32)11.2.2.1.General management (32)11.2.2.2.Target INR (33)11.2.2.3.Management of overdose of vitamin Kantagonists and bleeding (34)bination of oral anticoagulants withantiplatelet drugs (34)11.2.2.5.Interruption of anticoagulant therapy (34)11.2.3.Management of valve thrombosis (35)11.2.4.Management of thromboembolism (35)11.2.5.Management of haemolysis and paravalvular leak .35ESC/EACTS Guidelines Page 2of 46 by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded from医 脉 通w w w .m e d l i v e .c n 11.2.6.Management of bioprosthetic failure .........3511.2.7.Heart failure .........................3712.Management during non-cardiac surgery ..............................3712.1.Preoperative evaluation .....................3812.2.Specific valve lesions.......................3812.2.1.Aortic stenosis .......................3812.2.2.Mitral stenosis ........................3812.2.3.Aortic and mitral regurgitation .............3912.2.4.Prosthetic valves ......................3912.3.Perioperative monitoring ....................3913.Management during pregnancy .. (39)13.1.Native valve disease (39)13.2.Prosthetic valves (39)References ....................................39Abbreviations and acronyms ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme AF atrial fibrillation aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time AR aortic regurgitation ARB angiotensin receptor blockers AS aortic stenosis AVR aortic valve replacement BNP B-type natriuretic peptide BSA body surface area CABG coronary artery bypass grafting CAD coronary artery disease CMR cardiac magnetic resonance CPG Committee for Practice Guidelines CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy CT computed tomography EACTS European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery ECG electrocardiogram EF ejection fraction EROA effective regurgitant orifice area ESC European Society of Cardiology EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair STudy)HF heart failure INR international normalized ratio LA left atrial LMWH low molecular weight heparin LV left ventricular LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter MR mitral regurgitation MS mitral stenosis MSCT multi-slice computed tomography NYHA New York Heart Association PISA proximal isovelocity surface area PMC percutaneous mitral commissurotomy PVL paravalvular leak RV right ventricular rtPA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator SVD structural valve deteriorationSTS Society of Thoracic SurgeonsTAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursionTAVI transcatheter aortic valve implantationTOE transoesophageal echocardiographyTR tricuspid regurgitationTS tricuspid stenosisTTE transthoracic echocardiographyUFH unfractionated heparinVHD valvular heart disease3DE three-dimensional echocardiography1.PreambleGuidelines summarize and evaluate all evidence available,at thetime of the writing process,on a particular issue with the aim ofassisting physicians in selecting the best management strategiesfor an individual patient with a given condition,taking intoaccount the impact on outcome,as well as the risk-benefit-ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means.Guidelines are not substitutes for-,but complements to,textbooks and cover the ESC Core Curriculum topics.Guidelines and recommendations should help physicians to make decisions in their daily practice.However,the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible physician(s).A great number of guidelines have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)as well as by other societies and organisations.Because of their impact on clinical practice,quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been established,in order to make all decisions transparent to the user.The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC web site (/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/about/Pages/rules-writing.aspx ).ESC Guidelines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic and are regularly updated.Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC and Euro-pean Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)to repre-sent professionals involved with the medical care of patients with this pathology.Selected experts in the field undertook a compre-hensive review of the published evidence for diagnosis,manage-ment and/or prevention of a given condition,according to ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG)and EACTS policy.A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was performed,including assessment of the risk–benefit ratio.Esti-mates of expected health outcomes for larger populations were included,where data exist.The levels of evidence and the strengths of recommendation of particular treatment options were weighed and graded according to predefined scales,as outlined in Tables 1and 2.The experts of the writing and reviewing panels filled in Declara-tions of Interest forms dealing with activities which might be per-ceived as real or potential sources of conflicts of interest.These forms were compiled into one file and can be found on the ESC web site (/guidelines ).Any changes in declarations of interest that arise during the writing period must be notified to the ESC and EACTS and updated.The Task Force ESC/EACTS Guidelines Page 3of 46by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded fromw w w .m e d l i v e received its entire financial support from the ESC and EACTS,without any involvement from the healthcare industry.The ESC CPG,in collaboration with the Clinical Guidelines Committee of EACTS,supervises and co-ordinates the preparation of these new Guidelines.The Committees are also responsible for the endorsement process of these Guidelines.The ESC/EACTS Guidelines undergo extensive review by the CPG,the Clinical Guidelines Committee of EACTS and external experts.After ap-propriate revisions,it is approved by all the experts involved in the Task Force.The finalized document is approved by the CPG for publication in the European Heart Journal and the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery .After publication,dissemination of the message is of paramountimportance.Pocket-sized versions and personal digital assistant (PDA)downloadable versions are useful at the point of care.Some surveys have shown that the intended end-users are some-times unaware of the existence of guidelines,or simply do not translate them into practice,so this is why implementation pro-grammes for new guidelines form an important component of the dissemination of knowledge.Meetings are organized by theESC and EACTS and directed towards their member National So-cieties and key opinion-leaders in Europe.Implementation meet-ings can also be undertaken at national levels,once theguidelines have been endorsed by the ESC and EACTS membersocieties and translated into the national language.Implementation programmes are needed because it has been shown that theoutcome of disease may be favourably influenced by the thoroughapplication of clinical recommendations.Thus the task of writing these Guidelines covers not only theintegration of the most recent research,but also the creation ofeducational tools and implementation programmes for the recom-mendations.The loop between clinical research,writing of guide-lines and implementing them into clinical practice can only thenbe completed if surveys and registries are performed to verify that real-life daily practice is in keeping with what is recommended in the guidelines.Such surveys and registries also make it possible to evaluate the impact of implementation of the guidelines on patient outcomes.The guidelines do not,however,override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual patient,in consultation with that patient and—where appropriate and necessary—the patient’s guardian or carer.It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable to drugs and devices at the time of prescription.2.Introduction2.1Why do we need new guidelines on valvular heart disease?Although valvular heart disease (VHD)is less common in industria-lized countries than coronary artery disease (CAD),heart failure by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded from医 脉 通w w w .m e d l .c n (HF),or hypertension,guidelines are of interest in this field because VHD is frequent and often requires intervention.1,2Decision-making for intervention is complex,since VHD is oftenseen at an older age and,as a consequence,there is a higher fre-quency of comorbidity,contributing to increased risk of interven-tion.1,2Another important aspect of contemporary VHD is the growing proportion of previously-operated patients who present with further problems.1Conversely,rheumatic valve disease still remains a major public health problem in developing countries,where it predominantly affects young adults.3When compared with other heart diseases,there are few trials in the field of VHD and randomized clinical trials are particularly scarce.Finally,data from the Euro Heart Survey on VHD,4,5confirmed by other clinical trials,show that there is a real gap between the existing guidelines and their effective application.6–9We felt that an update of the existing ESC guidelines,8published in 2007,was necessary for two main reasons:†Firstly,new evidence was accumulated,particularly on risk stratification;in addition,diagnostic methods—in particularechocardiography—and therapeutic options have changed dueto further development of surgical valve repair and the introduc-tion of percutaneous interventional techniques,mainly trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)and percutaneousedge-to-edge valve repair.These changes are mainly relatedto patients with aortic stenosis (AS)and mitral regurgitation (MR).†Secondly,the importance of a collaborative approach between cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in the management ofpatients with VHD—in particular when they are at increased perioperative risk—has led to the production of a joint docu-ment by the ESC and EACTS.It is expected that this joint effort will provide a more global view and thereafter facilitate implementation of these guidelines in both communities.2.2Contents of these guidelinesThese guidelines focus on acquired VHD,are oriented towardsmanagement,and do not deal with endocarditis or congenital valve disease,including pulmonary valve disease,since recent guidelines have been produced by the ESC on these topics.10,11Finally,these guidelines are not intended to include detailed infor-mation covered in ESC Guidelines on other topics,the ESC Asso-ciation/Working Group’s recommendations,position statementsand expert consensus papers and the specific sections of the ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine .122.3How to use these guidelines The Committee emphasizes that many factors ultimately deter-mine the most appropriate treatment in individual patients within a given community.These factors include availability of diagnostic equipment,the expertise of cardiologists and surgeons—especially in the field of valve repair and percutaneous intervention—and,notably,the wishes of well-informed patients.Furthermore,due to the lack of evidence-based data in the field of VHD,most recommendations are largely the result of expert consensus opinion.Therefore,deviations from these guidelines may be appro-priate in certain clinical circumstances.3.General commentsThe aims of the evaluation of patients with VHD are to diagnose,quantify and assess the mechanism of VHD,as well as its conse-quences.The consistency between the results of diagnostic inves-tigations and clinical findings should be checked at each step in the decision-making process.Decision-making should ideally be made by a ‘heart team’with a particular expertise in VHD,including car-diologists,cardiac surgeons,imaging specialists,anaesthetists and,if needed,general practitioners,geriatricians,or intensive care spe-cialists.This ‘heart team’approach is particularly advisable in the management of high-risk patients and is also important for other subsets,such as asymptomatic patients,where the evaluation of valve repairability is a key component in decision-making.Decision-making can be summarized according to the approach described in Table 3.Finally,indications for intervention—and which type of interven-tion should be chosen—rely mainly on the comparative assess-ment of spontaneous prognosis and the results of intervention according to the characteristics of VHD and comorbidities.3.1Patient evaluation3.1.1Clinical evaluationThe aim of obtaining a case history is to assess symptoms and toevaluate for associated comorbidity.The patient is questioned onhis/her lifestyle to detect progressive changes in daily activity inorder to limit the subjectivity of symptom analysis,particularly inthe elderly.In chronic conditions,adaptation to symptoms occurs:this also needs to be taken into consideration.Symptom development is often a driving indication for intervention.Patients who currently deny symptoms,but have been treated for HF,should be classified as symptomatic.The reason for—and degree of—functional limitation should be documented in the records.In the presence of comorbidities it is important to consider the cause of the symptoms.ESC/EACTS Guidelines Page 5of 46 by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded from医 脉 通w w w .m e d l i v e.c3.1.2Echocardiography Echocardiography is the key technique used to confirm the diagno-sis of VHD,as well as to assess its severity and prognosis.It should be performed and interpreted by properly trained personnel.14It is indicated in any patient with a murmur,unless no suspicion of valve disease is raised after the clinical evaluation.The evaluation of the severity of stenotic VHD should combine the assessment of valve area with flow-dependent indices such as mean pressure gradient and maximal flow velocity (Table 4).15Flow-dependent indices add further information and have a prognostic value.The assessment of valvular regurgitation should combine different indices including quantitative measurements,such as the vena contracta and effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA),which is less dependent on flow conditions than colour Doppler jet size (Table 5).16,17However,all quantitative evaluations have limitations.In particular,they combine a number of measurements and are highly sensitive to errors of measurement,and are highly operator-dependent;there-fore,their use requires experience and integration of a number of measurements,rather than reliance on a single parameter.Thus,when assessing the severity of VHD,it is necessary to check consistency between the different echocardiographic measure-ments,as well as the anatomy and mechanisms of VHD.It is alsonecessary to check their consistency with the clinical assessment.Echocardiography should include a comprehensive evaluation of all valves,looking for associated valve diseases,and the aorta.Indices of left ventricular (LV)enlargement and function are strong prognostic factors.While diameters allow a less complete assessment of LV size than volumes,their prognostic value has been studied more extensively.LV dimensions should be indexed to body surface area (BSA).The use of indexed values is of particu-lar interest in patients with a small body size but should be avoided in patients with severe obesity (body mass index .40kg/m 2).Indices derived from Doppler tissue imaging and strain assessments seem to be of potential interest for the detection of early impair-ment of LV function but lack validation of their prognostic value for clinical endpoints.Finally,the pulmonary pressures should be evaluated,as well asright ventricular (RV)function.18Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE)is useful for asses-sing anatomical features which may have an impact on the type of intervention chosen,particularly on the mitral valve.19Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE)should be consid-ered when transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)is of suboptimal quality or when thrombosis,prosthetic dysfunction,or endocardi-tis is suspected.Intraprocedural TOE enables us to monitor the results of surgical valve repair or percutaneous procedures.High-quality intraoperative TOE is mandatory when performing valve repair.Three-dimensional TOE offers a more detailed exam-ination of valve anatomy than two-dimensional echocardiography and is useful for the assessment of complex valve problems or for monitoring surgery and percutaneous intervention.3.1.3Other non-invasive investigations3.1.3.1Stress testingStress testing is considered here for the evaluation of VHD and/or its consequences,but not for the diagnosis of associated CAD.Predictive values of functional tests used for the diagnosis of CAD may not apply in the presence of VHD and are generally not used in this setting.20Exercise ECGThe primary purpose of exercise testing is to unmask the objective occurrence of symptoms in patients who claim to be asymptomatic or have doubtful symptoms.Exercise testing has an additional value for risk stratification in AS.21Exercise testing will also determine the level of authorised physical activity,including participation in sports.Exercise echocardiographyExercise echocardiography may provide additional information in order to better identify the cardiac origin of dyspnoea—which is a rather unspecific symptom—by showing,for example,an increase in the degree of mitral regurgitation/aortic gradient and in systolic pulmonary pressures.It has a diagnostic value in transi-ent ischaemic MR,which may be overlooked in investigations at by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded fromw w w.m rest.The prognostic impact of exercise echocardiography has been mainly shown for AS and MR.However,this technique is not widely accessible,could be technically demanding,and requires specific expertise.Other stress tests The search for flow reserve (also called contractile reserve)using low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography is useful for asses-sing severity and operative risk stratification in AS with impaired LV function and low gradient.223.1.3.2Cardiac magnetic resonance In patients with inadequate echocardiographic quality or discrepant results,cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)should be used to assess the severity of valvular lesions—particularly regurgitant lesions—and to assess ventricular volumes and systolic function,as CMR assesses these parameters with higher reproducibility than echocardiography.23CMR is the reference method for the evaluation of RV volumes and function and is therefore useful to evaluate the consequences of tricuspid regurgitation (TR).In practice,the routine use of CMR is limited because of its limited availability,compared with echocardiography.3.1.3.3Computed tomographyMulti-slice computed tomography (MSCT)may contribute tothe evaluation of the severity of valve disease,particularly in AS,either indirectly by quantifying valvular calcification,or dir-ectly through the measurement of valve planimetry.24,25It iswidely used to assess the severity and location of an aneurysmof the ascending aorta.Due to its high negative predictive value,MSCT may be useful in excluding CAD in patients who are at low risk of atherosclerosis.25MSCT plays an important role in the work-up of high-risk patients with AS considered for TAVI.26,27The risk of radiation exposure—and of renal failure due to contrast injection—should,however,be taken into consideration.Both CMR and MSCT require the involvement of radiologists/cardiologists with special expertise in VHD imaging.28 by guest on August 26, 2012/Downloaded from。
ESC瓣膜性心脏病管理指南
ESC瓣膜性心脏病管理指南(2012年版全文)——欧洲心脏学会(ESC)和欧洲心胸外科协会(EACTS)瓣膜性心脏病管理联合工作组目录表缩略语1.前言2.介绍2.1.我们为什么需要新的瓣膜性心脏病指南?2.2.这些指南的内容2.3.如何使用这些指南3.总体情况述评3.1.患者评估3.1.1.临床评估3.1.2.超声心动图3.1.3.其它非侵入性检查3.1.3.1.负荷试验3.1.3.2.心脏磁共振(CMR)3.1.3.3.计算机断层摄影3.1.3.4.荧光镜检查3.1.3.5.放射核素血管造影3.1.3.6.生物标志物3.1.4.侵入性检查3.1.5.合并症的评估3.2.心内膜炎的预防3.3.风湿热的预防3.4.危险分层3.5.相关情况的管理3.5.1.冠心病3.5.2.心律失常4.主动脉反流4.1.评估4.2.自然史4.3.手术结果4.4.手术适应症4.5.药物治疗4.6.连续检测4.7.特殊患者人群5.主动脉狭窄5.1.评估5.2.自然史5.3.介入治疗结果5.4.介入治疗的适应症5.4.1.主动脉瓣膜置换的适应症5.4.2.球囊瓣膜成形术的适应症5.4.3.经导管主动脉瓣置入的适应症 5.5.药物治疗5.6.系列检测5.7.特殊患者人群6.二尖瓣反流6.1.原发性二尖瓣反流6.1.1.评估6.1.2.自然史6.1.3.手术结果6.1.4.经皮介入治疗6.1.5.介入治疗的适应症6.1.6.药物治疗6.1.7.系列检测6.2.继发性二尖瓣反流6.2.1.评估6.2.2.自然史6.2.3.手术结果6.2.4.经皮介入治疗6.2.5.介入治疗的适应症6.2.6.药物治疗7.二尖瓣狭窄7.1.评估7.2.自然史7.3.介入治疗的结果7.3.1.经皮二尖瓣连合部切开术7.3.2.手术7.4.介入治疗的适应症7.5.药物治疗7.6.系列检测7.7.特殊患者人群8.三尖瓣反流8.1.评估8.2.自然史8.3.手术结果8.4.手术适应症8.5.药物治疗9.三尖瓣狭窄9.1.评估9.2.手术9.3.经皮介入治疗9.4.介入治疗的适应症9.5.药物治疗10.联合瓣膜和多瓣膜病变11.人工瓣膜11.1.人工瓣膜的选择11.2.瓣膜置换后的管理11.2.1.基线评估和随访模式11. 2.2.抗栓治疗11.2.2..1.一般治疗11.2.2.2.目标INR11.2.2.3.维生素K拮抗剂过量和出血的处理11.2.2.4.口服抗凝剂与抗血小板药的联用11.2.2.5. 抗凝治疗的中断11.2.3.瓣膜血栓形成的处理11.2.4.血栓栓塞的处理11.2.5.溶血和瓣周漏的处理11.2.6.生物人工瓣膜失效的处理11.2.7.心力衰竭12.非心脏手术期间的管理12.1.围术期评估12.2.特殊瓣膜病变12.2.1.主动脉狭窄12.2.2.二尖瓣狭窄12.2.3.主动脉瓣和二尖瓣反流12.2.4.人工瓣膜12.3.围术期监测13.妊娠期间的管理13.1.自然瓣膜病变13.2.人工瓣膜病变参考文献缩略语ACE 血管紧张素转换酶AF 心房颤动aPTT活化部分凝血活酶时间AR 主动脉瓣反流ARB 血管紧张素受体抑制剂AS 主动脉狭窄AVB 主动脉瓣置换BNP B-型利钠肽BSA 体面面积CABG 冠状动脉旁路移植CAD 冠心病CMR 心脏磁共振CPG 实践指南委员会CRT 心脏再同步化治疗CT 计算机断层摄影EACTS 欧洲心胸外科医师协会ECG 心电图EF 射血分数EROA 有效反流口面积ESC 欧洲心脏学会EVEREST(血管内瓣膜边缘对边缘修复研究)HF 心力衰竭INR国际标准化比率LA 左房LMWH 低分子量肝素LV 左室LVEF 左室射血分数LVEDD 左室舒张末内径LVSED 左室收缩末内径MR 二尖瓣反流MS 二尖瓣狭窄MSCT 多层计算机断层摄影NYHA 纽约心脏协会PISA 近段等速线表面积PMC 经皮二尖瓣连合部切开术PVL 瓣周漏RV 右室r-tPA 重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物SVD 结构性瓣膜退化STS 美国胸外科医师协会TAPSE 三尖瓣环平面收缩偏移TAVI 经导管主动脉瓣植入术TEE 经食管超声心动图TR 三尖瓣反流TS 三尖瓣狭窄TTE 经胸超声心动图UFH 普通肝素VHD 瓣膜性心脏病3DE 3维超声心动图1.前言在指南的编写过程中,对一个指定的问题,编委们总结和评价了所有可用的证据,旨在帮助医师对有特定情况的每个患者,考虑对预后的影响以及特殊诊断或治疗方法的风险-获益比,选择最佳的处理对策。
最新心脏瓣膜病患者管理指南(第七部分)
最新心脏瓣膜病患者管理指南(第七部分)8. 三尖瓣疾病8.1. 三尖瓣反流的分类与分期对于瓣膜解剖正常、无病理生理改变的轻度三尖瓣反流(TR )患者,我们往往可通过TTE发现该病的蛛丝马迹。
然而,重度或进行性加重的TR则提示远期预后不良(1 -7 )。
某些三尖瓣系统原发性病变可以导致重度TR,包括:风湿性疾病、感染性心内膜炎、先天性疾病(Ebstein's畸形)、黏液样改变及其它破坏三尖瓣瓣叶的因素(胸部钝性伤、类癌、毒品及放射线)(表19 )。
此外,医源性因素导致重度TR (导线、心内膜活检)患者越来越多的出现(8-10 )。
绝大多数重度TR为继发性改变,与右心室重构所致三尖瓣环扩大、瓣叶移位有关。
右心室重构由压力或容量负荷过重引起,可见于肺动脉高压(原发性病变或继发于左心系统病变)、扩张型心肌病(11-13 )。
此外,部分单纯性重度TR主要由瓣环扩张所致,这类瓣环扩张往往多见于心房颤动,但不伴肺动脉高压和左室收缩功能不全(2 ,14-18 )o 表20列出了TR的分期。
无症状重度TR(C期)患者的中心静脉压升高,影像学检查示重度反流。
有症状重度TR(D期)患者表现为疲劳、腹胀和外周水肿。
D期三尖瓣反流可以导致终末器官损伤,如肝衰竭与肾衰竭,且严重影响患者生存期(19-23 )。
TR的严重程度随前负荷与肺动脉压力而动态变化。
图1()二尖瓣反流GDMT,基于指南的管理和治疗;HF ,心力衰竭;PAP ,肺动脉压力; PH ,肺动脉高压;RV ,右心室;TR ,三尖瓣反流;TV ,三尖瓣。
9. 肺动脉瓣疾病详见成人先天性心脏病的管理(1 )。
10. 混合瓣膜疾病10.1. 混合瓣膜疾病的诊断概要混合瓣膜疾病是指:1 )单个瓣膜发生狭窄合并关闭不全;2 )两个瓣膜发生狭窄或关闭不全。
这类疾病给心脏重构、心室功能的评估及干预时机的选择带来了其特有的困难(1-5 )。
在这类疾病中,往往是单一瓣膜病变占据主导地位(如狭窄或关闭不全、二尖瓣或主动脉瓣病变),其症状与病理生理改变与单一病变类似。
瓣膜病治疗指南
心脏瓣膜病诊疗指南心瓣膜疾病是一组重要的心血管疾病。
近年来,心瓣膜疾病的诊断与治疗取得了重大进步。
ACC和AHA于2006年8月发表《心瓣膜疾病治疗指南(2006年修订版)》,该指南涵盖了心瓣膜疾病的诊断与治疗的各个方面,反映了该领域的最新进展,是指导瓣膜疾病临床实践的一个纲领性文件。
一、一般原则(一)超声心动图检查的强适应证1. 舒张期心脏杂音、连续性心脏杂音、全收缩期心脏杂音、收缩晚期心脏杂音、与喷射性喀喇音有关的心脏杂音或心脏杂音放射到颈或背部的无症状患者。
2. 有心力衰竭、心肌缺血和(或)梗死、晕厥、血栓栓塞、感染性心内膜炎症状或体征或器质性心脏病临床表现的心脏杂音患者。
3. ≥3级收缩中期心脏杂音的无症状患者。
(二)心内膜炎预防治疗的强适应证1. 人工心脏瓣膜患者和有感染性心内膜炎病史的患者。
2. 复杂性发绀型先天性心脏病患者(即,单心室、大动脉转位和Fallo t四联症)。
3. 外科手术建立体循环-肺特环分流的患者。
4. 先天性心脏瓣膜畸形尤其是那些主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者,后天瓣膜功能不全的患者(即,风湿性心脏病)。
5. 做过瓣膜修复术的患者。
6. 肥厚型心肌病有隐匿性或静息性梗阻的患者。
7. 二尖瓣脱垂患者并且听诊有瓣膜反流和(或)超声心动图检查显示瓣叶增厚。
(三)风湿热二级预防的强适应证风湿热伴或不伴风湿性心肌炎的患者(包括二尖瓣狭窄患者),应当接受预防治疗,防止风湿热复发。
二、特殊心瓣膜损害(一)主动脉瓣狭窄1. 超声心动图检查(成像、频谱和彩色多普勒)的强适应证(1)诊断和评估主动脉瓣狭窄的严重程度。
(2)评估主动脉瓣狭窄患者左心室室壁厚度、大小和功能。
(3)再次评估主动脉瓣狭窄诊断明确并且症状或体征发生变化的患者。
(4)评估主动脉瓣狭窄患者妊娠期间血流动力学异常的严重程度和左心室功能。
(5)应用经胸超声心动图检查再次评估无症状患者:严重主动脉瓣狭窄每年一次。
中度主动脉瓣狭窄每1~2年一次。
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心脏瓣膜疾病详细治疗指南(2008年最新版)54474044分享到我的患友会美国心脏病学会关于心脏瓣膜病的治疗指南被奉为全世界内外科医生的圣经,该指南涵盖了心瓣膜疾病的诊断与治疗的各个方面,反映了该领域的最新进展,是指导瓣膜疾病临床实践的一个纲领性文件。
原文非常长,阐述也非常缜密,但对于普通非从医人士有点难以读懂。
为了各位病友方便了解,特将其翻译为中文并摘其精髓,供大家分享和参考。
病友请注意,本文只摘录了部分“强适应证”,如果您不符合这些强适应证,并不意外着您不需要手术。
1一般原则1.1超声心动图检查的强适应症1.舒张期心脏杂音、连续性心脏杂音、全收缩期心脏杂音、收缩晚期心脏杂音、与喷射性喀喇音有关的心脏杂音或心脏杂音放射到颈或背部的无症状患者。
2.有心力衰竭、心肌缺血/梗死、晕厥、血栓栓塞、感染性心内膜炎症状或体征或器质性心脏病其它临床表现的心脏杂音患者。
3.³3级收缩中期心脏杂音的无症状患者。
1.2心内膜炎预防治疗的强适应症1.人工心脏瓣膜患者和有感染性心内膜炎病史的患者。
2.复杂性紫绀型先天性心脏病患者(即,单心室、大动脉转位和Fallot四联症)。
3.外科手术建立体循环-肺循环分流的患者。
4.先天性心脏瓣膜畸形尤其是那些主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者,后天瓣膜功能不全的患者(即,风湿性心脏病)。
5.做过瓣膜修复术的患者。
6.肥厚型心肌病有隐匿性或静息性梗阻的患者。
7.二尖瓣脱垂患者并且听诊有瓣膜返流和(或)超声心动图检查显示瓣叶增厚。
1.3风湿热二级预防的强适应症风湿热伴或不伴心脏炎的患者(包括二尖瓣狭窄患者),应当接受预防治疗,防止风湿热复发。
2特殊心瓣膜损害2.1主动脉瓣狭窄2.1.1超声心动图检查(成像、频谱和彩色多普勒)的强适应症1.诊断和评估主动脉瓣狭窄的严重程度。
2.评估主动脉瓣狭窄患者左心室室壁厚度、大小和功能。
3.再次评估主动脉瓣狭窄诊断明确并且症状或体征发生变化的患者。
4.评估主动脉瓣狭窄患者妊娠期间血流动力学的严重程度和左心室功能。
5.应用经胸超声心动图检查再次评估无症状患者:严重主动脉瓣狭窄每年一次;中度主动脉瓣狭窄1~2年一次;轻度主动脉瓣狭窄每3~5年一次。
2.1.3心导管检查的强适应症1.有冠状动脉疾病危险的主动脉瓣狭窄患者,主动脉瓣置换术前行冠状动脉造影术。
2.有症状患者无创性检查结果不肯定或无创性检查与临床结果判断主动脉瓣狭窄严重程度不符时,采用心导管检查测量血流动力学评估主动脉瓣狭窄的严重程度。
3.主动脉瓣狭窄患者考虑做肺自体移植(Ross手术)并且无创性检查不能发现冠状动脉起源时,主动脉瓣置换术前做冠状动脉造影术。
2.1.4评估低血流/低压差主动脉瓣狭窄的相对适应症1.多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图检查可以评估低血流/低压力主动脉瓣狭窄和左心室功能不全患者。
2.心导管检查采用滴注多巴酚丁胺方法测量血流动力学,有助于评估低血流/低压力主动脉瓣狭窄和左心室功能不全患者。
2.1.5主动脉瓣置换术的的强适应症1.有症状严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者。
2.严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者行外科冠状动脉搭桥术时。
3.严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者行主动脉瓣等瓣叶外科手术外科手术时。
4.严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者并且左心室收缩功能不全(射血分数<0.50)时。
2.1.6主动脉瓣球囊瓣膜成形术的相对适应症1.血流动力学不稳定的主动脉瓣狭窄成人患者主动脉瓣置换术高危时,可以施行主动脉球囊瓣膜成形术,作为后继施行外科手术的桥梁。
2.主动脉瓣狭窄成人患者由于严重合并性疾病不能施行主动脉瓣置换术时,可以施行主动脉球囊瓣膜成形术作姑息治疗。
2.2主动脉瓣返流2.2.1诊断与最初评估的强适应症1.超声心动图检查应当用于证实有否急性或慢性主动脉瓣返流及其严重程度。
2.超声心动图检查应当用于证实诊断与评估慢性主动脉瓣返流(包括瓣膜形态和主动脉根部大小及形态)的原因,应当用于评估左心室肥厚、大小(即容积)和收缩功能。
3.超声心动图检查应当用于主动脉根部扩大的患者,评估返流和主动脉扩大的严重程度。
4.超声心动图检查应当用于无症状严重主动脉瓣返流患者定期再次评估左心室大小和功能。
5.核素血管显像或磁共振成像应当用于主动脉瓣返流患者初次和序列评估静息状态下左心室容积和功能以及超声心动图检查异常者。
6.超声心动图检查应当用于新发症状或症状变化患者再次评估轻度、中度或严重主动脉瓣返流。
2.2.2药物治疗的强适应症严重主动脉瓣返流患者伴有症状或左心室功能不全,由于心脏或非心脏因素不主张施行外科手术治疗时,有指征长期应用血管扩张剂治疗。
2.2.3心导管检查适应症的强适应症1.动脉瓣返流患者,在无创性检查不能做出结论或与临床表现不吻合时,有指征行主动脉根部血管造影和测量左心室压力等心导管检查,评估返流严重程度、左心室功能或主动脉根部大小。
2.有冠状动脉疾病危险的患者,在主动脉瓣置换术前有冠状动脉造影术指征。
2.2.4主动脉瓣置换术或主动脉修复的强适应症1.无论左心室收缩功能状况如何,有症状严重主动脉瓣返流患者。
2.慢性严重主动脉瓣返流和静息左心室收缩功能不全(射血分数£0.50)的无症状患者。
3.慢性严重主动脉瓣返流患者做外科冠状动脉搭桥术或主动脉等心脏瓣膜手术时。
2.3升主动脉扩张伴主动脉瓣二瓣畸形的强适应症1.已知主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者应当做最初的经胸超声心动图检查,确定主动脉根部和升主动脉的直径。
2.超声心动图检查不能确定主动脉根部或升主动脉形态的主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者,有指征施行心脏磁共振成像或心脏计算机体层摄影。
3.主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者并且主动脉根部或升主动脉扩大(直径>4.0cm),应当采用超声心动图检查,心脏磁共振或计算机体层摄影,序列评估主动脉根部/升主动脉的大小和形态,每年一次。
4.主动脉瓣二瓣畸形患者如果主动脉根部或升主动脉直径>5.0cm或直径增加速度³0.5cm/年,有指征施行外科修复主动脉根部或置换升主动脉。
5.二瓣畸形患者由于严重主动脉瓣狭窄或主动脉瓣返流导致返流,如果主动脉根部或升主动脉直径>4.5cm,则有指征修复主动脉根部或置换升主动脉。
2.4二尖瓣狭窄2.4.1二尖瓣狭窄超声心动图检查的强适应症1.诊断为二尖瓣狭窄的患者,评估其血流动力学的严重程度(评估压力阶差,二尖瓣面积和肺动脉压力),评估伴发的瓣膜损害,评估瓣膜形态(以决定是否适合行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术)。
2.已知二尖瓣狭窄,有症状和体征患者的再评估。
3.二尖瓣狭窄患者,当静息多普勒超声心动证据、临床证据、症状和体征不一致时,应行运动负荷超声心动图检查,评估平均压力阶差和肺动脉压力。
4.二尖瓣狭窄患者,应行经食道超声心动图检查,评估是否存在左心房血栓,对考虑进行经皮二尖瓣球囊瓣膜成形术的患者,进一步评估二尖瓣返流的严重程度。
5.当经胸超声心动图检查不能够提供二尖瓣狭窄患者充分的临床数据时,应行经食道超声心动图检查,评估二尖瓣形态和血流动力学情况。
2.4.2抗凝治疗1.二尖瓣狭窄和心房颤动(阵发性、持续性或永久性)患者。
2.二尖瓣狭窄患者,以前有过栓塞事件,甚至是窦性心律。
3.二尖瓣狭窄患者伴有左心房血栓。
2.4.3有创血流动力学评估的适应症1.无创检查结果未得出结论或无创检查结果与临床检查对评估二尖瓣狭窄程度有分歧时,应当做心导管检查评估血流动力学,从而评估二尖瓣狭窄的严重程度。
2.多普勒平均压力阶差和瓣膜面积测定结果不一致的二尖瓣狭窄患者,有指征做心导管血流动力学评估,包括左心室造影术(评估二尖瓣返流的严重程度)。
2.4.4经皮二尖瓣球囊瓣膜成形术的强适应症1.有症状(心功能NYHA分级II、III或IV级)的中、重度二尖瓣狭窄*和瓣膜形态适合经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术、没有左心房血栓或中、重度二尖瓣返流的患者。
2.无症状的中、重度二尖瓣狭窄*、二尖瓣形态适合经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术、肺动脉高压(静息肺动脉收缩压>50mmHg或运动时>60mmHg)、没有左心房血栓或中、重度二尖瓣返流的患者。
2.4.5二尖瓣狭窄外科手术的强适应症1.有症状(NYHA功能分级III-IV级)的中度、重度二尖瓣狭窄患者,下述情况有指征施行二尖瓣外科手术(尽可能施行修复术):①没有施行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术的能力;②尽管抗凝但是仍有左心房血栓,或伴随中、重度二尖瓣返流,禁忌施行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术;③有一定手术风险的患者,瓣膜形态不适合经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术时。
2.中、重度二尖瓣返流的有症状中、重度二尖瓣狭窄*的患者,应当施行二尖瓣置换手术,除非进行外科手术时可以施行瓣膜修复术。
2.5.二尖瓣脱垂2.5.1无症状患者的评估与处理对没有症状而有二尖瓣脱垂体征的患者,有指征做超声心动图检查,诊断二尖瓣脱垂,评估二尖瓣返流、瓣叶形态和左心室代偿。
2.5.2有症状患者的评估与处理1.有过短暂脑缺血发作的二尖瓣脱垂有症状患者,建议阿斯匹林治疗(75~325mg/日)。
2.二尖瓣脱垂伴心房颤动的患者,建议华法林治疗用于年龄>65岁的患者或高血压、二尖瓣返流杂音或有心力衰竭病史的患者。
3.二尖瓣脱垂伴心房颤动、年龄<65岁、没有二尖瓣返流或心力衰竭病史的患者,建议阿斯匹林治疗(75~325mg/日)。
4.二尖瓣脱垂伴有卒中病史的患者,建议华法林治疗用于二尖瓣返流、心房颤动或左心房血栓的患者。
2.6.二尖瓣返流2.6.1经胸超声心动图检查的适应症1.怀疑二尖瓣返流的患者,评估左心室大小和功能、右心室和左心房面积、肺动脉压和二尖瓣返流的严重程度。
2.为了解二尖瓣返流的具体状况。
3.没有症状的中、重度二尖瓣返流患者,有指征每半年1次或每年1次做经胸超声心动图检查,监测左心室功能(通过射血分数和舒张末期内径)的情况。
4.二尖瓣返流患者症状或体征改变时,评估二尖瓣瓣环情况和左心室功能。
5.二尖瓣置换术后或二尖瓣修复术后,评估左心室大小和功能、二尖瓣血流动力学。
2.6.2经食道超声心动图检查的适应症1.评估瓣膜修复术可行性和指导修复术的患者,建立一个评估严重二尖瓣狭窄的解剖基础。
2.经胸超声心动图检查不能提供二尖瓣返流严重程度、二尖瓣返流的基本情况和(或)左心室功能状态诊断性信息的患者。
2.6.3心导管检查的适应症1.无创检查不能确定二尖瓣返流严重程度、左心室功能或判断是否需要外科治疗时,有指征做左心室造影和血流动力学测定。
2.无创评估显示肺动脉高压与严重二尖瓣返流成都不成比例时,有指征行血流动力学检查。
3.对于判定严重二尖瓣返流程度,临床表现与无创结果不符时,有指征行左心室造影和血流动力学测定。
4.冠状动脉疾病高危患者,施行二尖瓣修复术或二尖瓣替换术前,有指征行冠状动脉造影术。
2.6.4二尖瓣手术的强适应症1.有症状的急性严重二尖瓣返流患者。