(完整word版)哈佛大学公开课《公平与正义》第2集中英文字幕

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Last time,

we argued about

上次,我们谈到

the case of

The Queen v. Dudley & Stephens,

女王诉Dudley和Stephens案件,

the lifeboat case,

the case of cannibalism at sea.

那个救生艇上,海上吃人的案件.

And with the arguments

about the lifeboat in mind,

带着针对这个案件所展开的一些讨论

the arguments for and against

what Dudley and Stephens did in mind,

带着支持和反对Dudley和Stephens所做的吃人行为的讨论, let's turn back to the philosophy,

the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.

让我们回头来看看Bentham的功利主义哲学.

Bentham was born in England in 1748.

At the age of 12, he went to Oxford.

Bentham于1748年出生于英国.12岁那年,他去了牛津大学. At 15, he went to law school.

He was admitted to the Bar at age 19

15岁时,他去了法学院.19岁就取得了律师资格

but he never practiced law.

但他没有从事于律师行业.

Instead, he devoted his life to

jurisprudence and moral philosophy.

相反,他毕生致力于法理学和道德哲学.

Last time, we began to consider

Bentham's version of utilitarianism.

上一次,我们开始考虑Bentham版本的功利主义. The main idea is simply stated

and it's this:

简单来说其主要思想就是：

The highest principle of morality,

whether personal or political morality,

道德的最高原则,无论个人或政治道德,

is to maximize the general welfare,

or the collective happiness,

就是将公共福利,或集体的幸福最大化,

or the overall balance

of pleasure over pain;

或在快乐与痛苦的平衡中倾向快乐;

in a phrase, maximize utility.

简而言之就是,功利最大化.

Bentham arrives at this principle

by the following line of reasoning:

Bentham是由如下推理来得出这个原则的：

We're all governed

by pain and pleasure,

我们都被痛苦和快乐所控制,

they are our sovereign masters,

and so any moral system

他们是我们的主宰,所以任何道德体系

has to take account of them.

都要考虑到这点.

How best to take account?

By maximizing.

如何能最好地考虑这一点?通过最大化.

And this leads to the principle of the

greatest good for the greatest number.

从此引出的的原则就是将最大利益给最多数的人的.

What exactly should we maximize?

我们究竟该如何最大化?

Bentham tells us happiness,

or more precisely, utility -

Bentham告诉我们幸福,或者更准确地说,实用- maximizing utility as a principle

not only for individuals

最大化效用作为一个原则不仅适用于个人

but also for communities

and for legislators.

而且还适用于社区及立法者.

"What, after all, is a community?"

Bentham asks.

“毕竟,什么是社区?”Bentham问道.

It's the sum of the individuals

who comprise it.

它是构成这个社区的所有个体的总和.

And that's why in deciding

the best policy,

这就是为什么在决定最好的政策,

in deciding what the law should be,

in deciding what's just,

在决定法律应该是什么样,在决定什么是公正时, citizens and legislators

should ask themselves the question

公民和立法者应该问自己的问题

if we add up all of the benefits

of this policy

如果我们把这项政策所能得到的所有利益

and subtract all of the costs,