胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part5

Chapter3 Lexicon

Lexical change

3.1 What is word?

3.1.1 Three senses of word

3.1.2 Identification of words

1) stability

2) Relative uninterruptibility

3) A minimum free form

3.1.3 Classification of words

1) Variable and invariable words

2) Grammatical words and lexical words

3) closed-class words and open

3.2 The Formation of Word

3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology

Morpheme

destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

2) Morphology

which studies the internal structure of words,

and the rules by which words are formed.

3.2.2 Types of morphemes

1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme

2) Root, affix and stem

3) Inflectional affix and derivational affix

¾Inflectional affixes often only add a minute or delicate grammat to the stem, therefore serve to produce different forms of a sin derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.

¾Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word th whereas derivational affixes might or might not.

¾Inflectional affixes are conditioned by

the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence; deriv

A Basic Classification of English Morphemes

Morphemes

Free Bound Independent Affixes Bound Contracted Bases Bases Forms

Prefixes Suffixes

3.2.3 Inflection and word formation

¾Compounds can be written in different ways.

ii) Derivation

¾Derivation shows the relationship between roots and affixes.

¾Different from inflection, derivation can make the word class of original word either changed or unchanged.

¾Forms derived from derivation are relatively large and potential

3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morphology

1) Morpheme & phoneme

2) Morphemic structure & phonological structure

3) Allomorph

¾Some morphemic shapes represent different morphemes and thus different meanings.

4）Morphophonology or Morphophonemics

Morphophonology

linguistics referring to the analysis and classification of the

phonological factors that affect the appearance of morphemes, and correspondingly, the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. Briefly, it studies the interrelationshi between phonology and morphology..

3.3 Lexical Change

3.3.1 Lexical change proper

5) Back-formation

Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word

where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.

6) Analogical creation

7) Borrowing