数据库系统原理(英文)1PPT课件
合集下载
ch16-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
T2: lock-S(A); read (A); unlock(A); lock-S(B); read (B); unlock(B);
display(A+B)
Locking as above is not sufficient to guarantee serializability — if A and B
get updated in-between the read of A and B, the displayed sum would be wrong.
A locking protocol is a set of rules followed by all transactions while
If a lock cannot be granted, the requesting transaction is made to wait till
all incompatible locks held by other transactions have been released. The lock is then granted.
16.3
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Lock-Based Protocols (Cont.)
Lock-compatibility matrix
A transaction may be granted a lock on an item if the requested lock is
transaction may obtain locks transaction may not release locks transaction may release locks transaction may not obtain locks
数据库系统原理英文PPT课件
file system: file’s logical structures and access methods
I/O system : drivers
memory controllers (i.e. disk controller),
on the basis of secondary storage’s physical structures, such as storage structures, access method
February 2011
7
第7页/共70页
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems (cont.)
• Data management on the basis of file systems
• Example
— customer_record=<c_name, c_id, street, city> in Customer_File
February 2011
1
第1页/共70页
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
• Definitions in the textbook • Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files • Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
• Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives • Banking: all transactions • Airlines: reservations, schedules • Universities: registration, grades • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
I/O system : drivers
memory controllers (i.e. disk controller),
on the basis of secondary storage’s physical structures, such as storage structures, access method
February 2011
7
第7页/共70页
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems (cont.)
• Data management on the basis of file systems
• Example
— customer_record=<c_name, c_id, street, city> in Customer_File
February 2011
1
第1页/共70页
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
• Definitions in the textbook • Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files • Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
• Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives • Banking: all transactions • Airlines: reservations, schedules • Universities: registration, grades • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
数据库英文PPT课件
8
第8页/共45页
Example: Deletion
• Delete from relation StarsIn the fact that Sydney GreenStreet was a star in The Maltese Falcon:
DELETE FROM StarsIn WHERE movieTitle = ‘The Maltese Falcon’ AND
value, the value that is placed in a component if no other value is known.
23
第23页/共45页
Example
• We might wish to use the character ‘?’ as the default for an unknown gender, and we might also wish to use the earliest possible date, DATE ‘0000-00-00’ for an unknown birthdate.
22
第22页/共45页
Default values
• When we create or modify tuples, we sometimes don’t have values for all components.
• To address this problem, SQL provides the NULL value. • However, there are times when we would prefer to use default
1. Insert a tuple or tuples.
2. Delete a tuple or tuples.
第8页/共45页
Example: Deletion
• Delete from relation StarsIn the fact that Sydney GreenStreet was a star in The Maltese Falcon:
DELETE FROM StarsIn WHERE movieTitle = ‘The Maltese Falcon’ AND
value, the value that is placed in a component if no other value is known.
23
第23页/共45页
Example
• We might wish to use the character ‘?’ as the default for an unknown gender, and we might also wish to use the earliest possible date, DATE ‘0000-00-00’ for an unknown birthdate.
22
第22页/共45页
Default values
• When we create or modify tuples, we sometimes don’t have values for all components.
• To address this problem, SQL provides the NULL value. • However, there are times when we would prefer to use default
1. Insert a tuple or tuples.
2. Delete a tuple or tuples.
ch7-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
Functional Dependencies (Cont.)
Functional Dependencies
Constraints on the set of legal relations.
Require that the value for a certain set of attributes determines
uniquely the value for another set of attributes.
7.7
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
First Normal Form
Domain is atomic if its elements are considered to be indivisible units
Examples of non-atomic domains:
No repetition (as suggested by example below)
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Oct 5, 2006
7.5
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
What About Smaller Schemas?
Set of names, composite attributes Identification numbers like CS101 that can be broken up into parts
A relational schema R is in first normal form if the domains of all
bor_loan = (customer_id, loan_number, amount )
数据库系统概念(database system concepts)英文第六版 第一章
n In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .3
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Relational model (Chapter 2) n Example of tabular data in the relational model Columns
_____ Rows
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .10
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema l Applications depend on the logical schema l In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
1 .5
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Phys ical level : describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. n Logical level : describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type instructor = record ID : string;
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .3
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Relational model (Chapter 2) n Example of tabular data in the relational model Columns
_____ Rows
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .10
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema l Applications depend on the logical schema l In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
1 .5
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Phys ical level : describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. n Logical level : describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type instructor = record ID : string;
数据库系统原理(英文)syllabusfordatabasesystemprinciples
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT)School of Computer Science and Technology Syllabus for Database System Principles 1. OverviewsCourse No.:323?04105Course Title:Database System Principles Course Credit: 3 Credits, required courseSemester and Year: Spring 2007Class: 04411—04415Teaching hours:Class teaching: 51 hoursAfter-class experiments: 17 hoursCourse design, or p rofessional practice for this course:（数据库系统综合课程设计）, 30 hours, 1 credits,conducted in the 3rd semester.Prerequisites:Data StructuresDiscrete MathematicsOperating SystemsAlgorithms Design and Analysis2. Lecture MeetingsTime: Tuseday AM: 8:00 – 10:00Friday AM: 8:00 – 10:00, only odd weeksLocation: Room 539, 3th Teaching Building3. FacultyInstructorName: Dr. Wen YE (叶文)Office: Room 918, 3rd Teaching BuildingOffice Hours: Wednesday 3:00 to 4:30 PM,I am also available by appointment at a time more convenientfor you, especially at the end of this semesterPhone: 86-10-62282633 (O)E-mail: gryew@, yewen@Experiments Directors:Name: ???Responsibility: directing experimentsOffice: Room 913, Main BuildingOffice Hours: Friday 14:00 to 17:00 PM, or by appointmentGraduate Teaching Assistant:Name: ?? ( )Responsibility: checking homeworkOffice: Room 918, 3rd Teaching BuildingOffice Hours: Wednesday 13:30 to 15:00 PM, or by appointment E-mail:4. Text Book1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F.Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts(Forth Edition, Fifth Edition), Higher Education Press and McGraw-Hill Companies, Beijing, May, 2002.References1.中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002研究组，中国计算机科学与技术学科教程2002，清华大学出版社，北京，2002年8月。
ch1-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
Difficulty in accessing data
Data isolation — multintegrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become ―buried‖ in program code rather than being stated explicitly Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data Database Languages Relational Databases
Database Design
Object-based and semistructured databases Data Storage and Querying Transaction Management Database Architecture Database Users and Administrators Overall Structure History of Database Systems
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
《数据库系统原理Database System Concepts》双语课件-ch10(transaction)
Transacfrom account A to account B in account (account_number, balance) .
Update account Set balance = balance - 50 Where account_number = ‘A’
process private area
xi=X
read write
buffer block
buffer
B
input output
disk
B
physical block
Simple Model of Database (cont.)
read_item(X) command includes the following steps: Find the address of the disk block that contains item X. Copy that disk block into a buffer in main memory (if that disk block is not already in some main memory buffer).- Input (X) Copy item X from the buffer to the program variable named xi.
The basic unit of data movement between the disk and main memory is a block.
Database Buffer Memory Stable Database Disk
Simple Model of Database (cont.)
Data access: two basic operations
ch18-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Aug 26, 2005
18.4
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Analysis and OLAP
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Decision Support Systems Data Analysis and OLAP Data Warehousing Data Mining
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Aug 26, 2005
18.2
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
relational OLAP (ROLAP) systems
Hybrid systems, which store some summaries in memory and store the
base data and other summaries in a relational database, are called hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) systems.
Drill down: The opposite operation - that of moving from coarser-
granularity data to finer-granularity data
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Aug 26, 2005
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Aug 26, 2005
《数据库系统原理Database System Concepts》双语课件-ch12(Recovery)
2
Database Access
When to execute the output operation is determined by buffer replacement strategy, or forced flushing as a transaction commit, or doing a checkpoint operation.
Database System Concepts
5
Failure Classification
• System crash: a power failure or other hardware or software failure causes the system to crash – No physical damage. – The contents of memory will be lost. – Transactions that is not completed must be undone at restart time. – Also have to redo transactions that had been finished but not flushed-to-disk.
– Tapes for archive database keeping the data copies in stable database.
Database Buffer Stable Database Archive Database
Memory Disk Tape
Database System Concepts
Recovery all things is not realistic - try its best to recover!
ch11-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
moderately fast access time
Байду номын сангаас
also called on-line storage E.g. flash memory, magnetic disks
tertiary storage: lowest level in hierarchy, non-volatile, slow
Can differentiate storage into:
Contents persist even when power is switched off. Includes secondary and tertiary storage, as well as batterbacked up main-memory.
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Oct 23, 2005.
11.5
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Physical Storage Media (Cont.)
Magnetic-disk
Data is stored on spinning disk, and read/written magnetically
access time
also called off-line storage E.g. magnetic tape, optical storage
Database System Concepts - 5th Edition, Oct 23, 2005.
11.10
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
数据库系统原理(英文)-0--courseintroduction-16讲义.
Body of Knowledge in Computer Science
包括如下14个知识领域： CS-AR计算机体系结构与组织 CS-AL算法与复杂性 CS-HC人机交互 CS-OS 操作系统 CS-PF程序设计基础 CS-SP社会与职业问题 CS-SE软件工程 CS-DS离散结构 CS-NC以网络为中心的计算 CS-PL程序设计语言
Body of Knowledge in Computer Science(cont.) —— Knowledge Topics in CS-IM信息管理
IM2数据库系统（核心） 知识点： 数据库系统简介 数据库系统的组件 DBMS功能 数据库的体系结构和数据完整性 数据库查询语言概述
Body of Knowledge in Computer Science(cont.) —— Knowledge Topics in CS-IM信息管理
Body of Knowledge in Computer Engineering
包括如下18个知识领域： CE-ALG 算法与复杂度 CE-CAO 计算机体系结构和组织 CE-CSE 计算机系统工程 CE-CSG 电路和信号 CE-DBS 数据库系统 CE-DIG 数字逻辑 CE-DSP 数字信号处理 CE-ELE 电子学 CE-ESY 嵌入式系统 CE-HCI 人机交互
AreContents of Class Teaching Basic Experiments on SQL Server, DB2 and Sybase Course Design Some Issues to Be Emphasized
Teaching contents principles and implementation/development techniques of DBS taking SQL Server as case studies in in-class teaching, after-class experiments, and course design
mysql原理课件ppt
数据存储
MySQL查询处理
将SQL查询语句分解为单词和符号，识别关键字、标识符、操作符等。
词法分析
语法分析
语义分析
根据语法规则将词法分析的结果构建成一颗解析树。
检查解析树中的语义是否合法，例如检查表和列是否存在，数据类型是否匹配等。
03
02
01
生成多种可能的执行计划
查询优化器会根据统计信息和系统配置生成多种可能的执行计划。
使用SSD硬盘，配置RAID，调整磁盘I/O参数等。
表空间优化
合理规划表空间大小和使用方式，避免空间不足或浪费。
操作系统优化
调整操作系统的参数，如内存分配、进程调度等，以提高MySQL服务器的性能。
MySQL配置优化
根据服务器硬件和业务需求，调整MySQL的配置参数，如缓冲区大小、连接数等。
数据库复制
数据仓库
MySQL可以与移动应用配合使用，提供后端数据库服务。
移动应用
MySQL可以用于存储和管理物联网设备生成的数据。
物联网（IoT）
MySQL数据库系统架构
InnoDB是MySQL的默认存储引擎，支持事务处理、行级锁定和外键约束。
InnoDB
MyISAM
Memory
CSV
MyISAM是MySQL早期版本的默认存储引擎，不支持事务处理，但具有较高的读性能。
详细描述
总结词：MySQL高可用性解决方案是通过多种技术手段来提高数据库的可用性和可靠性，包括主从复制、集群、分片等技术。
MySQL性能优化
优化数据存储
选择合适的数据类型，减少数据冗余，合理组织数据结构。
文件系统优化
使用高性能的文件系统，如XFS或EXT4，并合理配置文件系统参数。
MySQL查询处理
将SQL查询语句分解为单词和符号，识别关键字、标识符、操作符等。
词法分析
语法分析
语义分析
根据语法规则将词法分析的结果构建成一颗解析树。
检查解析树中的语义是否合法，例如检查表和列是否存在，数据类型是否匹配等。
03
02
01
生成多种可能的执行计划
查询优化器会根据统计信息和系统配置生成多种可能的执行计划。
使用SSD硬盘，配置RAID，调整磁盘I/O参数等。
表空间优化
合理规划表空间大小和使用方式，避免空间不足或浪费。
操作系统优化
调整操作系统的参数，如内存分配、进程调度等，以提高MySQL服务器的性能。
MySQL配置优化
根据服务器硬件和业务需求，调整MySQL的配置参数，如缓冲区大小、连接数等。
数据库复制
数据仓库
MySQL可以与移动应用配合使用，提供后端数据库服务。
移动应用
MySQL可以用于存储和管理物联网设备生成的数据。
物联网（IoT）
MySQL数据库系统架构
InnoDB是MySQL的默认存储引擎，支持事务处理、行级锁定和外键约束。
InnoDB
MyISAM
Memory
CSV
MyISAM是MySQL早期版本的默认存储引擎，不支持事务处理，但具有较高的读性能。
详细描述
总结词：MySQL高可用性解决方案是通过多种技术手段来提高数据库的可用性和可靠性，包括主从复制、集群、分片等技术。
MySQL性能优化
优化数据存储
选择合适的数据类型，减少数据冗余，合理组织数据结构。
文件系统优化
使用高性能的文件系统，如XFS或EXT4，并合理配置文件系统参数。
《数据库系统原理Database System Concepts》双语课件-ch7(Index)
Database System Concepts
Fall 2009
7
Ordered Indices
• Secondary index: an index whose search key specifies an order different from the sequential order of the file. Also called non-clustering index.
Chapter 12: Indexing and Hashing
• Basic Concepts • Ordered Indices • B+-Tree Index Files • B-Tree Index Files • Static Hashing • Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing • Bitmap Index
• Access time • Insertion time • Deletion time • Space overhead
Database System Concepts
Fall 2009
6
Ordered Indices
• In an ordered index, index entries are stored sorted on the search key value. E.g., author catalog in library.
• Two basic kinds of indices: – Ordered indices: search keys are stored in a sorted order – Hash indices: search keys are distributed uniformly across “buckets” using a “hash function”.
数据库原理24学时英教ppt课件
– There may be many external schemas in a DB.
• Schema(模式): conceptual schema, logical schema
– Defines data from perspective systems designer;
– Independent of end users & data storage mechanism
?基本概念数据库的概念数据库管理系统的概念和功能数据库系统的概念和组成数据管理技术的发展?数据模型概念模型及er图表示方法数据模型的三大要素数据库领域中常用的数据模型关系模型的数据结构主要操作完整性约束?数据库系统结构数据库的三级模式结构体系结构数据独立性的概念及实现?关系数据库关系数据结构及形式化定义?域笛卡尔积关系主码外码关系模式关系代数运算符使用关系代数描述用户查询?sql语言sql语言的特点sql命令及使用?关系数据理论函数依赖等基本概念1nf2nf3nfbcnf的定义和判断关系模式设计不好可能出现的问题?数据库设计设计er图并转换为关系模式?事务事务的概念及特性?数据库恢复数据库恢复机制的功能故障种类及对数据库可能造成的影响恢复的实现技术备份日志?并发控制并发控制机制的功能并发调度的可串行性的定义封锁的概念?数据库安全性的概念及安全控制技术basicnotions?databasedbinessenceitsnothingmorethanacollectionofinformationthatexistsoveralongperiodoftime
Internal Schema Reflection, so application programs
needn’t been changed. 精选编辑ppt
ch17-数据库系统原理课件(英文版)
Failure Classification Storage Structure Recovery and Atomicity Log-Based Recovery Shadow Paging
Recovery With Concurrent Transactions
Buffer Management Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage Advanced Recovery Techniques ARIES Recovery Algorithm Remote Backup Systems
Focus of this chapter
Recovery algorithms have two parts
1.
Actions taken during normal transaction processing to ensure enough information exists to recover from failures
Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, Oct 5, 2006
17.7
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Access
Physical blocks are those blocks residing on the disk.
Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, Oct 5, 2006 17.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Stable-Storage Implementation (Cont.)
Recovery With Concurrent Transactions
Buffer Management Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage Advanced Recovery Techniques ARIES Recovery Algorithm Remote Backup Systems
Focus of this chapter
Recovery algorithms have two parts
1.
Actions taken during normal transaction processing to ensure enough information exists to recover from failures
Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, Oct 5, 2006
17.7
©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Access
Physical blocks are those blocks residing on the disk.
Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, Oct 5, 2006 17.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Stable-Storage Implementation (Cont.)
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 3
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS(cont.)
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient for store and retrieve information definition of structures for storage of information data manipulation mechanisms data safety mechanisms
Definitions in some other textbooks Fig. 1.0.1 Database(DB) — a collection of interrelated data , stored in systems as files
February 2007
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 4
February 2007
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 7
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems
In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems
Chapter 1 Introduction
Main Parts in This Chapter
Database System Applications
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data
Database Languages
Database Design
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS(cont.)
Definitions in some other textbooks (cont.) Database management system (DBMS) — a system/mechanism to manage data in DB — or: set of programs to access the data in DB Database system(DBS) — DB + DBMS + Users/Administers Database application system — DB + DBMS + Application programs + Users/Administers
Data Storage and Querying
Transaction Management
Database Architectures
Database Users and Administrators
History of Database Systems
Appendix: Data, Information, Knowledge, etc.
Users
DBMS
DB
DBS/DBAS
Fig.1.0.1 DBS and DBAS
§1.1 Database System Applications
Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Database system(DBS) having the same definition as DBMS in the textbook the term DBS and DBMS are used interchangeably in the textbook
February 2007
February 2007
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 5
Application program 1
Application program 1
API, e.g.ODBC, JDBC
DBMS
DB file
…
DB query language e.g. SQL
February 2007
Database System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction - 2
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
Definitions in the textbook Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
E.g. Saving-bank enterprise a number of application programs to access data files A program to debit（将..记入借方） or credit （将..记 入贷方） an account(帐户） A program to add a new account A program to find the balance（收付差额，余额） of an account A program to generate monthly statements