外文文献
如何查找外文文献
如何查找外文文献
查找外文文献是学术研究的重要环节之一,以下将介绍如何进行外文文献检索和查找的方法。
一、了解文献检索工具
1. 学术引擎:如Google学术、PubMed、Microsoft Academic等。
这些引擎提供了全球范围内的学术出版物,包括期刊文章、学位论文、会议论文等。
2. 文献数据库:如Web of Science、Scopus、IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect等。
这些数据库提供了大量的学术出版物,并且可以进行更加精确和专业的文献检索。
3.图书馆索引和目录:如大学图书馆的在线目录、OPAC等。
图书馆的资源丰富,通常也有电子文献资源,可以通过图书馆网站进行检索。
二、选择合适的检索词和检索策略
1.检索词的选择:根据研究主题,选择合适的关键词进行检索。
关键词应与所研究的领域相关,可以包括专业术语、主题词、人名、地名等。
2.组合使用检索词:不同的检索词可以组合使用,使用布尔运算符(如AND、OR、NOT)构建逻辑关系,缩小或扩大检索范围,以获得更加精确的检索结果。
三、进行文献检索和筛选
1.首先选择一个合适的文献数据库或引擎,输入相关的检索词。
3.阅读和筛选文献全文,如果文献符合研究需求,可以进一步收集相
关的引用文献。
1.引文索引:在已经找到的高质量文献中,查找其中引用的其他文献。
通过查阅引文索引,可以找到相关的后续研究或者经典文献。
五、利用文献管理工具。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学(贸易方向)年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文(一)中国银行业的改革和盈利能力(第1、2、4部分) (1)2 外文文献原文(一)CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY(Part 1、2、4) (9)1概述世界银行(1997年)曾声称,中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候,金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要(Lardy,1998年,Prasad,2007年)。
事实上,不久前,中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”,它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是,在银行改革开展以来,最近,强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路,它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外,其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲,但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化,银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响,这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反,我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略,并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现,但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中,我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略,以及其执行情况,这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行:中国工商银行(工商银行),中国建设银行(建行),对中国银行(中银)和交通银行(交通银行)。
引人注目的是中国农业银行,它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
外文文献 研究方法
外文文献研究方法
外文文献研究方法主要包括以下几种:
1. 文献回顾:这是外文文献研究的基础,主要是通过查阅大量的文献资料,了解相关领域的研究现状、研究问题、研究方法和研究成果等,为进一步的研究提供参考和依据。
2. 内容分析法:通过对文献内容进行系统分析和比较,探究文献中主题、观点、理论框架等方面的异同点,从而得出一定的结论。
3. 引文分析法:通过分析文献中的引文,了解文献之间的内在联系和知识结构,从而判断研究领域的发展趋势和研究动态。
4. 历史研究法:通过对相关历史资料的研究和分析,了解研究领域的背景和发展历程,从而更好地理解当前研究现状和未来发展方向。
5. 案例分析法:通过对具体案例的研究和分析,探究案例中存在的问题、解决方案和经验教训等,从而得出一般性的结论或提出相应的建议。
6. 问卷调查法:通过发放问卷的方式,了解相关人群对外文文献的认知程度、使用情况、评价和建议等方面的信息,从而为进一步的研究提供数据支持。
7. 比较分析法:通过对不同文献或同一文献的不同方面进行比较和分析,探究它们之间的异同点和优劣之处,从而更好地理解研究领域的特点和发展趋势。
以上是外文文献研究方法的主要内容,不同的研究方法各有优劣,应根据具体的研究需求和实际情况选择合适的方法。
外文参考文献
[1]G. Einsele a, SK. Chough b, T. Shiki,1996. Depositional events and their records-an introduction[J].Sedimentary Geology, 104:l-9.[2]Kauffman E.G.,Elder W.P. and Sageman B.B..High-resolution correlation: a new tool in chronostratigraphy. In: Einsele et al. (Editor), Cycle and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1991,798-819.[3]Bruce C. Heezen, D.B. Ericson, Maurice Ewing.Further evidence for a turbidity current following the 1929 Grand banks earthquake[J].Deep Sea Search.1954,1(4):193-202.[4]Cita and Lucchi.Marine Geology[J].Seismicity and sedimentation.1984, 55(1-2):VII–X.[5]Frank R Ettensohn,Carlton E Brett. Stratigraphic evidence from the Appalachian Basin for continuation of the Taconian orogeny into Early Silurian time[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.2002,27(1): 279-288.[6]Fabrizio Storti, Paola Vannucchi.Preface[J].Sedimentary Geology.2007,196(1-4):1-3.[7]R. Bernhart Owen;Robin W. Renaut and Michael G. te Miocene lacustrine sedimentation in the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece[J].Journal of Paleolimnology.2011,46(1):151-166.[8]DengWeidong, YangBaoguo, WuXiaogen. 1997. Studies of storm deposits in China:a review. Continental Shelf Research, 17(13): 1645-1658.[9]H.N. Bhattacharya, Biplab Bhattacharya, Indranil Chakraborty, Abhijit Chakraborty.Sole marks in storm event beds in the Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Raniganj Basin, India[J].Sedimentary Geology.2004, 166(3-4):209–222. [10]Shu Degan , Conway Morris S , Zhang Xingliang .A Pikaialike chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China[J]. Nature.1996a,384 : 156 -157.[10]Shu Degan, Conway Morris S, Zhang Xingliang, et al.. A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of South China[J]. Nature, 1999a,400: 746 -749.[11]Becker L, Poreda R J, Hunt A G, et al . . Impact event at the Permian-Triassicboundary: Evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes[J]. Science, 2001, 291 (5508): 1530-1533.[12]Bambach R K. . Phanerozoic biodiversity mass extinctions[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci..2006, 34: 127-155.[13]Alvarez L W, Alvarez W, Asaro F, et al.. Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction[J]. Science.1980,208: 1095-1108.[14]Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Gerta Keller, Peter Schulte, Doris Stüben, Zsolt Berner, Utz Kramar, JoséGuadalupe Lopez-Oliva.The Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) boundary transition at Coxquihui, state of Veracruz, Mexico: evidence for an early Danian impact event?[J]Journal of South American Earth Sciences .2002,15 (5) :497–509. [15]S. J. Nichols and S. G. Hagemann[16]P. Farrimond, G. Eglinton, S.C. Brassell, H.C. Jenkyns.The Toarcian black shale event in northern Italy[J].Organic Geochemistry.1988,13(4-6):823-832.[17]Röhl, Hans-Joachim;Schmid-Röhl, Annette;Oschmann, Wolfgang;Frimmel, Andreas.Erratum to “The Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian) of SW-Germany: an oxygen-depleted ecosystem controlled by sea level and palaeoclimate”[J].Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.2001,169(3-4):271.[18]Anthony S. Cohen;Angela L. Coe and David B. Kemp.The Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2007,164(6):1093-1108.[19]Bryony A. Caswell;Angela L. Coe;Anthony S. Cohen.New range data for marine invertebrate species across the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) mass extinction[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2009,166(5):859-872.[20]Mattioli[21]Suan[22]Hoffman P F, Li Zhengxiang. A palaeogeographic context for Neoproterozoic glaciation[J]. Palaeogeogrpahy.2009,277: 158-172.[23Ramzi Gharsalli, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Soussi, Riadh Chebbi, Sami Khomsi, Mourad Bédir.Seismic sequence stratigraphy of Miocene deposits related to eustatic,tectonic and climatic events, Cap Bon Peninsula, northeastern Tunisia[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience.2013,345(9-10):401-417.[24]Yuzhu Zhang;Chun Chang Huang;Jiangli Pang;Xiaochun Zha;Yali Zhou;Xiaqing Wang.Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the middle Beiluohe River valley, middle Yellow River basin, China[J].Boreas.2015,44(1):127-138.[25]Keim[26]Hornung[27]David Z. Piper.Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summary[J].Chemical Geology.1974,14(4):285-304.[28]Mclennan S M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin B R, Mckay G R, eds. Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements. Reviews in Mineralogy, 21: 169-200.[29]Mclennan S M, Hemming S, McDanial D K, et al.. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics[J]. Geological Society of American Special Paper.1993,284: 21-40.[30]Bhatia M R..Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones[J].Journal of Geology, 1991,91:611-629.。
外文文献的引用格式
外文文献的引用格式一、APA格式1. 文献列表作者姓,名字首字母.(出版年份). 文献. 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围。
例如:Smith, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 35(2), 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和出版年份,用括号括起来。
例如:According to Smith (2020), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.二、MLA格式1. 文献列表作者姓,名字首字母. “文献.” 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围,出版年份。
例如:Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和页码,用括号括起来。
例如:According to Smith (123), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.三、Chicago格式Chicago格式是美国芝加哥大学推荐的引用格式,广泛应用于历史、艺术、哲学等领域。
Chicago格式有两种引用方式:脚注和尾注。
具体格式如下:1. 脚注/尾注作者姓,名字首字母. 文献. 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围,出版年份.例如:Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上脚注或尾注编号,如:1。
怎么翻译外文文献
怎么翻译外文文献
翻译外文文献的方法和步骤可以总结为以下七个步骤:
1. 阅读全文:在开始翻译之前,先通读一遍外文文献,了解主要内容和结构。
2. 理解上下文:将外文文献的上下文理解清楚,包括作者所表达的意思、目的和主题。
3. 提取关键信息:根据主题和目的,提取出自己需要的关键信息,例如数据、结论或主要观点。
4. 查找术语和专业词汇:在翻译过程中,遇到不熟悉的术语和专业词汇时,可以借助词典、学术论坛或专业资源进行查找。
5. 构建句子结构:根据源文档的语法和结构,构建出准确和流畅的句子,确保翻译的准确性和可理解性。
6. 避免直译:尽量避免直译源文档,而是根据目标语言和文化背景,进行合适的转换和调整。
7. 校对和编辑:完成翻译后,进行校对和编辑,确保翻译的准确性和流畅性,并与原文对照,检查漏译或错误。
在翻译外文文献时,为了保证翻译的准确性和专业性,最好选择具备相关背景知识的翻译者或专业翻译团队。
另外,翻译过程中可以借助一些翻译工具和资源,例如在线翻译软件、术语
词典或翻译论坛,提高翻译效率和准确度。
同时,保持对源文档的敬意和尊重,尽量保持原文的风格和质感。
英文文献网站 外文文献检索
主要的英文文献网找一个服务的网站:不过想自己弄的话可以以下网站吧:Academic Research Library (ProQuest)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】报纸、期刊、全文/部分全文【访问年限】1971-【描述】本数据库为综合性学术期刊数据库,收录2974种综合性期刊和报纸的文摘/索引(内含Peer Reviewed(同行评审)期刊1502种),其中2020种是全文期刊(内含全文延期上网期刊208种),包括SCI收录的核心全文刊189种,SSCI收录的核心全文...Academic Search Complete学术期刊集成全文数据库 (EBSCO)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】报纸、多出版类型、期刊、全文/部分全文【访问年限】1965-【描述】Academic Search Premier 收录超过8230种出版物,其中3342种为全文专家评审刊。
它为 100 多种期刊提供了可追溯至 1975 年或更早年代的 PDF 过期案卷,并提供了 1000 多个标题的可检索参考文献。
涉及了几乎所有自然科学和社会科学领域,...ACLS人文科学电子图书-学术著作精选【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】全文/部分全文、图书【访问年限】【描述】《ACLS人文科学电子图书-学术著作精选》(ACLS Humanities E-Book Collection, HEB)由美国学术团体协会(American Council of LearnedSocieties, ACLS)提供。
ACLS成立于1919年,是一家非营利机构,与20个学术团体以及超过100家学术出版社合作HEB项...ACM(美国计算机学会)电子期刊及会议录(ACM总站)【地址】原界面链接【文献类型】期刊、全文/部分全文、会议论文【访问年限】【描述】ACM Digital Library数据库收录了美国计算机协会(Association for Computing Machinery)的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献。
如何查到英文文献全文
如何查到英文文献全文1.如何进行文献检索我是学自然科学的,平时确实需要不少外文文献,对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier,Springer等。
虽然这些数据库里面文献已经不算少了。
但是有时还会碰到查不到的文献,而这些文献的数据库我们所在研究所或大学又没有买,怎么办?我基本通过以下向个途径来得到文献。
1.首先在Google 学术搜索里进行搜索,里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献,在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后,分别点击,里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文,当然这只是碰运气,不是万能的,因为我常常碰到这种情况,所以也算是得到全文文献的一条途径吧。
可以试一下。
2.如果上面的方法找不到全文,就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索(不是Google 学术搜索),用作者的名字来搜索,是因为我发现很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文(PDF)直接挂在网上,一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页(home page)上,这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域,顺便推销自己吧。
这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。
甚至可以下到那个作者相近的内容的其它文章。
如果文献是由多个作者写的,第一作者查不到个人主页,就接上面的方法查第二作者,以此类推。
用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上,或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就很可能会免费下到你想要的全文了.3.如果上面两个方法都没有查到你要的文献,那你就直接写邮件向作者要。
一般情况下作者都喜欢把自己的文献给别人,因为他把这些文献给别人,也相当于在传播他自己的学术思想。
下面是本人向老外作者要文献的一个常用的模板:Dear Professor ×××I am in ××× Institute of ×××, Chinese Academy of Sciences. I am writing to request your assistance. I searchone of your papers:。
毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献文献1:Title: The Impact of Education on Economic GrowthEducation is widely recognized as one of the key drivers of economic growth and development. This is supported by various studies that have examined the relationship between education and economic outcomes. In particular, investment in education has been found to have a positive impact on productivity, wages, and overall economic performance.One study conducted by Barro and Lee (2013) examined the relationship between educational attainment and economic growth across a large number of countries over a long period of time. The study found that there is a positive correlation between the average number of years of education and economic growth rates. Specifically, each additional year of education for the average worker is associated with an increase in the annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 0.37%.Another study conducted by Hanushek and Woessmann (2015) focused on the quality of education, rather than just the quantity. The study found that countries with higher-quality education systems, as measured by student achievement scores, tend to have higher economic growth rates. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in a country's student test scores is associated with an increase in the average annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 1.5%.These studies provide evidence for the significant impact of education on economic growth. They suggest that both the quantity and quality of education play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes. Investment in education can lead to improved productivity and innovation, which in turn drive economic growth.Furthermore, education also has a direct impact on individual economic outcomes. A study conducted by Card (1999) found that individuals with higher levels of education tend to earn higher wages compared to those with lower levels of education. The study estimated that each additional year of education is associated with an increase in wages by about 10%.Overall, the evidence suggests that education is crucial for achieving sustainable economic growth. Investing in education not only benefits individuals by improving their economic outcomes, but also benefits society as a whole by driving innovation, productivity, and economic prosperity.References:- Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A New Dataset of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198.- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2015). The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. MIT Press.- Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 1801-1863.Word Count: 398文献2:Title: The Role of Education in Reducing PovertyEducation plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It is widely recognized that access to quality education can help individuals escape the cycle of poverty and improve their socio-economic status.Several studies have examined the relationship between education and poverty reduction. One study conducted by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) analyzed data from a large number of countries and found that increasing the average years of schooling by one year can lead to a significant decrease in the poverty rate. The study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can reduce the poverty rate by about 1.2 percentage points.Another study conducted by Glewwe and Kremer (2006) focused on the impact of quality education on poverty reduction. The study found that providing children with access to quality education can significantly improve their chances of escaping poverty in adulthood. Specifically, the study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can lead to a 10% increase in future income for individuals living in poverty.These findings highlight the importance of both access to education and the quality of education in poverty reduction efforts. It is not just about ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to attend school, but also about providing them with the necessaryskills and knowledge to succeed in the labor market.Furthermore, education also has a positive impact on other dimensions of poverty, such as health and well-being. A study conducted by Patrinos and Velez (2014) found that education can lead to better health outcomes, lower fertility rates, and improved access to basic services, all of which contribute to poverty reduction.In conclusion, education plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It not only provides individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to escape poverty, but also improves their overall well-being. Therefore, investing in education is essential for achieving sustainable poverty reduction goals.References:- Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. (2004). Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics, 12(2),111–134.- Glewwe, P., & Kremer, M. (2006). Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries. In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Education (Vol. 2, pp. 945–1017). Elsevier.- Patrinos, H. A., & Velez, E. (2014). How Does Education Affect Employment and Earnings in Developing Countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 202–234.Word Count: 403。
外文文献
英文文献资料外文文献一:Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一:作者:玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间:2004年11月食品安全:令人震惊的食品行业真相(美)玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术,巴氏消毒,杀虫剂,疾病控制,这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。
外文参考文献的格式
外文参考文献的格式篇一:英语论文参考文献格式用Times New Roman。
每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。
参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序:英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。
分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。
文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献(1)专著与编著排列顺序为:作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如:Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名,后者用斜体。
例如:Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront?: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.A.两个至三个作者第一作者的姓在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前,姓在后,中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”,后用句号。
例如:B. 三个以上作者第一作者姓名(姓在前,名在后,中间加逗号)后接“et al.”,其他作者姓名省略。
例如:University of Hawaii Press, 1997.C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:Widdowson, Hey G1998a.Widdowson, Hey G. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998b.(2)论文集参照下例:Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2019: 305-323.(3)百科全书等参考文献参照下例:Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2019.(4)学术期刊论文参照下例:Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in PrimaryClassrooms”.(5)网络文献参照下例:----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”..2)中文参考文献(1)专著参照下例:皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.(2)期刊文章参照下例:杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J] .外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.(3)学位论文参照下例:梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D] .湖南大学,2019.(4)论文集参照下例:许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C] .哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.(5)附录篇二:中英文参考文献格式中文参考文献格式参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识:M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
D.专著中析出的文献
〔序号〕 析出责任者.析出题名.见(英文用In):专著责任者.书名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.
〔12〕罗云.安全科学理论体系的`发展及趋势探讨.见:白春华,何学秋,吴宗之.21世纪安全科学与技术的发展趋势.北京:科学出版社,2000:1-5.
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
外文参考文献格式要求 篇1
单一作者著作的书籍:
姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
期刊论文
[1]周庆荣,张泽廷,朱美文,等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的.溶解度[J].化工学报,1995,46(3):317 323
[2]Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
B.专著
〔序号〕 主要责任者.文献题名〔M〕.出版地:出版者,出版年:页码.
〔3〕 刘国钧,郑如斯.中国书的故事〔M〕.北京:中国青年出版社,1979:115.
有关外文文献资源简介
有关外文文献资源简介一、约翰威立(Wiley-Blackwell)数据库(美国)Wiley-Blackwell 是2007年2月由Blackwell出版社与Wiley的科学、技术及医学业务合并而成的,通过Wiley Interscience平台提供1500余种高品质期刊。
Wiley-Blackwell是当今世界最重要教科和专业出版商之一,同时也是最大的学术出版机构。
学科涉及:化学化工、生命科学与医学、计算机科学、工程技术、地球科学(包括环境科学)、数学与统计学、物理科学、心理学、教育学、法律、社会学、经济与管理类等。
威立(Wiley)已经在全球学术出版、高等教育出版和专业及大众图书出版领域建立起了卓越的品牌,成为全球唯一一家业务涵盖这三大领域并处于领先地位的独立出版商。
Wiley-Blackwell 目前共有1,087种期刊(占所出版期刊总数的73%)收录在Thomson ISI® 2010年期刊引用报告(JCR)中,其中317 种期刊影响因子排名前十。
其中,在自然科学版期刊引用报告中Wiley-Blackwell出版的《CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians》再次成为自然科学版期刊引用报告中影响因子最高的期刊,影响因子为94.262,冠绝所有期刊。
在社会科学版期刊引用报告中,Wiley-Blackwell出版了其中13%的期刊和14%的文章,占被引用次数的16%。
Wiley-Blackwell出版的被期刊引用报告收录的社会科学期刊数量要多于其他任何一家出版社。
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ProQuest®学位论文全文数据库(PDF格式),是将ProQuest公司的PQDT文摘库中适合中国科研人员科研和教学使用的论文全文建设而成,并向全国百数家科研教学单位的读者提供全文服务。
分享能够免费下载外文文献的几个网址各类网站网址
分享能够免费下载外文文献的几个网址各类网站网址
斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——斯坦福出版社(Stanford Press),拥有最大的免费期刊数据库,可以在线提供916种免费期刊和1,149,216篇全文(至2005年)。
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Directory of Open Access Journals,可检索的期刊有2000种,其中497种提供免费全文84044篇。
6 /bridge/basicsearch.jsp
现在越来越热,提供目前欧美科学家的最新研究热点。看后一定有所启发。只需第一次注册,/hotpapersarchive.htm
7 /free-e_res.htm#Journals 美国University of Mississippi 的 Rowland Medical Library 中的400多种期刊,其中大部分可下全文,这在全文希贵的今天是属不易,望多加利用
著名的NCBI PUBMED是生物医学专业人士查询文献的首选,同时也提供50余种生物医学期刊免费全文。
3
提供1450种免费医学期刊全文,有的是完全免费,有的是6个月或更长时间以后免费,其中不乏IF很高的杂志,比如Science ,Cell 是一年后免费;CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians , Journal of Clinical Investigation 是全免费。
(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc
Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪,有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判,及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。
外文实践教学文献(3篇)
Abstract:
This literature review aims to explore the current trends and methodologies in foreign language practical teaching. By analyzing various studies, this paper discusses the importance of practical teaching in language learning, the challenges faced by teachers, and the innovative approaches adopted to enhance the effectiveness of practical teaching. The review also highlights the role of technology in practical teaching and suggests future directions for research in this field.
4.2 Utilizing Technology
Integrating technology into foreign language practical teaching can enhance the learning experience and make it more engaging. Teachers can use online platforms, mobile applications, and interactive tools to facilitate communication, collaboration, and cultural exchange among learners.
外文文献的引用格式
外文文献的引用格式1. APA格式作者姓名:姓在前,名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,名缩写为首字母。
出版年份:用括号括起来,紧跟在作者姓名之后。
文章首字母大写,其他单词小写,与期刊名之间用句号隔开。
期刊名:斜体,首字母大写。
卷号:用阿拉伯数字表示,斜体,卷号与期号之间用逗号隔开。
期号:用阿拉伯数字表示,期号与页码之间用逗号隔开。
页码:用阿拉伯数字表示,页码范围之间用短横线连接。
示例:Smith, J. (2010). The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships. Journal of Communication, 25(3), 4556.2. MLA格式作者姓名:姓在前,名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,名缩写为首字母。
文章首字母大写,其他单词小写,与期刊名之间用句号隔开。
期刊名:斜体,首字母大写。
卷号:用阿拉伯数字表示,斜体,卷号与期号之间用逗号隔开。
期号:用阿拉伯数字表示,期号与页码之间用逗号隔开。
页码:用阿拉伯数字表示,页码范围之间用短横线连接。
示例:Smith, J. "The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships." Journal of Communication 25.3 (2010): 4556.3. Chicago格式作者姓名:姓在前,名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,名缩写为首字母。
出版年份:用括号括起来,紧跟在作者姓名之后。
文章首字母大写,其他单词小写,与期刊名之间用句号隔开。
期刊名:斜体,首字母大写。
卷号:用阿拉伯数字表示,斜体,卷号与期号之间用逗号隔开。
期号:用阿拉伯数字表示,期号与页码之间用逗号隔开。
页码:用阿拉伯数字表示,页码范围之间用短横线连接。
示例:Smith, J. "The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships." Journal of Communication 25, no.3 (2010): 4556.外文文献的引用格式1. APA格式作者姓名:姓在前,名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,名缩写为首字母。
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式一般需包括以下内容:
1. 文献翻译的题目:对外文文献的标题进行翻译,并在翻译后的题目前加上“外文文献翻译:”。
2. 文献的出处:包括外文文献的作者名称、文献标题、原文出版信息等。
3. 翻译的正文:按照文章的段落,将外文文献逐段翻译成中文。
在翻译的文本前后加上序号,以示区分。
4. 翻译的语言风格:外文文献翻译应注重语言风格的保持。
翻译时要根据文章的风格,选择适当的中文表达方式,保持原文的句子结构和词汇用法。
5. 原文和译文对照:将原文和译文对照排列,方便读者对照阅读。
可以将原文和译文分别排列在左右两栏中,或者将原文和译文分别放在不同的页面上,便于对照阅读。
6. 翻译中的注释:如果有部分内容翻译困难或有待解释的地方,在翻译文中添加注释。
注释的格式一般为在译文后面加上方括号,括号内的文字为注释内容。
7. 译者的信息:在文献翻译末尾一般会加上译者的姓名,并注明译者的专业领域或者工作单位。
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高度有序的合成与微波吸收性能介孔结晶NiFe2O4Xin Gu,za Weimo Zhu,za Chunjiang Jia,b Rui Zhao,c Wolfgang Schmidt*b andYanqin Wang*a具有优良的微波吸收性能高度有序的介孔NiFe2O4已使用介孔二氧化硅(盒)作为硬模板合成。
快速发展的无线通信和在千兆赫高频率范围内的设备要求材料有效地吸收电磁(EM)辐射来保护的目标,或者防止过度的微波。
后者不仅可以造成严重的控制系统电子故障,而且也有潜在生物系统危害,例如,在老鼠的脑细胞内通过增加脉冲频率,诱导脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的链破损,增加癌症的概率。
软质镍铁氧体磁铁与反尖晶石结构显示3价铁离子四面体和反平行自旋镍离子在八面体位置之间的磁矩的磁性。
此外,它有一个大饱和磁化强度和Snoek极限,矫顽力大,优良的化学稳定性,耐腐蚀,在较宽的频率在其复杂的高渗透的结果范围。
车等已经作报告称在样品厚度为1.4毫米的NiFe2O4纳米粒子/碳纳米管复合材料最大反射损耗(RL)达到18分贝9 GHz。
同时尖晶石铁氧体,与非磁性聚合物混合,可以用来提高吸波性能。
然而,具我们所知,不存在报告电磁和微波吸收性能有序介孔结晶NiFe2O4的。
一般来说,有序介孔材料具有高的表面区,可调孔径,并定向安排介孔。
众所周知的合成有序介孔策略的金属氧化物材料可以被定义为“软模板'' 和“硬模板”的方法。
因为控制分子间力与金属介孔模板的前体的组合困难,在应用“硬模板”普遍的首选方法是制备有序介孔复制硅或碳材料的金属氧化物/复合材料结构。
例如,一维,如尖晶石型MgFe2O4,CoFe2O4和ZnFe2O4纳米线型是使用的SBA-15二氧化硅为模板。
与相应分散的尖晶石材料,尖晶石铁氧体纳米线型表明正在室温下增加正常配置和超顺磁性。
具有大表面面积的三维介孔CoFe2O4(156m2 g-1),也使用KIT-6或SBA-15为模板的孔洞合成。
在一般纳米制作的过程中,是溶剂中已经溶解的前体通过毛细作用逐渐进入固体模板的介孔中。
溶剂蒸发诱导金属氧化物或固体化学物在介孔中形成。
溶剂的选择和浸渍的方式影响在介孔前体的密度。
对于正常的浸渍总是用更多的溶剂比模板可以吸收形成接近介孔材料粗大颗粒。
最初的“湿润”技术防止前体的吸收形成柱形,这可以被固体模板完全吸收。
连续浸渍周期可提高固体在介孔中的沉积量。
这里被用来作为硬模板的介孔二氧化硅(KIT-6)具有la-3D立方对称性,它是根据文献中描述的过程合成的。
有序介孔NiFe2O4的获得通过的”初湿法(详见ESI)。
细观结构性能中间体NiFe2O4通过XRD,TEM和氮吸附测量分析。
为了微波吸收性能的评价,复合材料的介孔NiFe2O4/paraffin(重量比例:1:3)被压成一个环形的形状与外直径7毫米和3毫米内径。
复杂由电常数和复杂磁导率的是由安捷伦矢量网络分析仪8270在0.5-18千兆赫的频率范围(实验细节在ESI的报道)测定。
NiFe2O4尖晶石的微观结构已经用低角度XRD和TEM/ HRSEM分析。
为了在介孔模板提供更多的孔隙间连通,KIT-6是在120℃合成,以达到提高孔隙连通和稳定的孔隙结构。
低角度XRD图谱微观NiFe2O4的,如图Fig. 1a所示,在2θ= 0.93°显示一个比较尖锐的高峰和在末端更高的角度约2θ=1.8°相对广阔的高峰。
这些峰的位置是符合用KIT-6模板作为诱导Ia-3d的对称性的。
可以成为第一个衍射峰(220)反映的是分配给(211)反射为代表的高峰的拖尾/肩的角度。
1.5°和2.2°2θ之间的宽峰是由(321),(400),(332),(422),(431)引起强重叠反映了Ia-3d的对称性。
从(211)反映计算,晶胞常数为a0 = 22.5 nm。
TEM图像,如图Fig. 2,进一步证实了一个有序的介孔结构的形成。
高分辨率TEM影像图Fig. 2c显示孔壁组成的结晶域与不同个别晶粒的取向。
TEM图像表明孔壁约7纳米厚,孔径介于3-4纳米。
高分辨率扫描电子显微镜(HR-SEM)Fig. 2d和电子显示了这两个以KIT-6为模板介孔系统都被充满了NiFe2O4。
广角X射线衍射分析相组成如图Fig. 1b。
广泛的反映表明,孔隙墙壁的小颗粒组成。
2θ值在18.52°,30.28°,35.76°,43.72°,54.08°,57.4°和63.24°可能被索引到(111),(220),(311),(400),(422)(511)(440)面的面心立方镍铁尖晶石相(PDF-2项:10-325)空间FD3米组。
弱反射的X射线衍射图案表明存在微量赤铁矿杂质。
相比之下直接煅烧混合金属硝酸盐的前体,在相分离的阶段混合氧化物不能完全避免,更纯净尖晶石铁氧体已获得通过纳米铸造过程。
如已经由Sun等,铁氧体尖晶石可以在密闭的前体煅烧通过介孔孔硅酸盐产生。
我们的固体纹理特性已被氮吸附调查分析(图Fig. S1,ESI)。
一个典型的IV型等温线被用来观察介孔NiFe2O4材料。
在P/P0=0.3-0.6范围内的一小步,表明在介孔毛细管凝结中的氮,而尖锐摄取相对较高的压力表示存在颗粒间的空隙或扭曲的介孔结构。
这一小步是由于介孔之间的3-4纳米大小造成(BJH的最大值孔径分布在3.6纳米)。
尽管各自的孔体积并不是非常高,这一步的存在表明使用模板KIT-6对NiFe2O4的微观结构存在负面的影响。
它具有比表面积121平方米每克和0.27立方厘米每克的总孔容积。
在原子的水平上磁性导致了电子自旋和电子轨道的角动量的耦合。
从分散尖晶石材料不同,纳米通过磁晶各向异性始终显示超顺磁性确定。
在300K 作为NiFe2O4的磁场强度的函数的磁话性质如图Fig. S2a。
饱和磁化强度被25emu g-1和外部磁场的磁场移除时总磁化强度下降到零,显示了NiFe2O4的微观超顺磁性。
微观-NiFe2O4对低温零磁场的温度依赖,如图Fig. S2b所示,表明了它是超顺磁性材料。
障碍温度大约在150K。
对微观-NiFe2O4/石蜡的复合材料电磁性能主要取决于他们的介电常数(εr)和渗透率(μr)。
复杂的介电常数的实部与虚部的变化和准备好的样品的渗透率谱如图Fig. S4和Fig. S4,ESI。
介电常数的虚部(ε″)呈现的一个主要在f =11.5 GHz的高峰和两个在f =8和14 GHz左右的小峰(图Fig. S3a,ESI)。
相应的介电常数的实部(ε′)的范围内下降到11-12 GHz和13-15 GHz的。
此外,标图ε′与ε″结果在科尔 - 科尔半圆(克拉默斯 - 克朗尼希功能),表明介电常数可遵循德拜弛豫模型。
渗透率(µ′)的实部减小到2-11GHz和然后增加到约11-13GHz,而虚部(µ″)具有约在12GHz的一个大高峰与约6和16 GHz的两个小峰。
一般来说,导致磁损耗的原因,如磁滞和畴壁位移,可以排除在微观NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料之外。
磁化损失的其他原因可以是涡流效应和自然共振(固有磁损耗)机制。
涡流损失有与纳米粒子的直径(d)和电动电导率(σ)有关。
它可以表示方程μ″≈2πμ。
(μ′)²σd²f/3,其中μ。
是在真空中的渗透率。
如果磁损失导致涡流损失的效应,C。
的值在不同的频率应该是不同的常数,这就是所谓的的皮肤效应标准。
微观NiFe2O4,C。
的变化值大致与在2-18GHz的频率的增加一致。
因此,可以得出结论,在介孔NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料的磁损失可能由由自然共振引起。
复介电常数εr(εr=ε′-jε″),渗透率常数μr(μr=μ′-jμ″),电磁阻抗匹配,吸收的微观结构决定了其微波吸收性能。
微观NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料的微波吸收性能可以由传输线理论的基础上的反射损耗(dB)(计算的细节都显示在ESI)评估。
不同厚度的微观NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料的损失的计算如图Fig. 3所示。
作为介孔NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料的厚度从1.5增加至5mm。
最大的反射损耗是准备的样品的厚度为3.0mm在22.5dB约12GHz。
有趣的是,要注意的最大反射损耗是明显比学术报告中的可比性材料高,即,NiFe2O4的(10-50nm)/35%的聚苯乙烯(13dB),CoFe2O4/CNTs(18dB),CoFe2O4/微观的玻璃涂层(8.3 dB),7,我们参考样品为共沉淀法制备的NiFe2O4的样品(11 dB)。
基于这样的事实,NiFe2O4的介孔孔壁是由不同的方向单晶域(约700nm)组成,由于量子效应,它可以提出的能量水平介孔结晶NiFe2O4的是不连续的,而是离散的。
当微波辐射能量水平相匹配,电子会吸收一个光子从一个能量较低的水平达到更高的水平,它提供了微波吸收跳跃机制。
此外,介孔壁的连接,这将有良好的导电性;微观NiFe2O4的孔道,以及介孔之间的空隙NiFe2O4的颗粒,接口用石蜡封住,从而诱发偶极间相互作用,并有可能导致显著的电磁损耗。
对于微波吸收,反射损耗20dB意味着99%的电磁波的衰减。
因此,介孔NiFe2O4/石蜡复合材料的研究是有希望的选为在GHz范围内的吸收剂的微波应用。
总之,秩序井然的三维微观NiFe2O4的合成是用KIT-6作为合成模板和水作为溶剂的。
由纳米尖晶石和三维的Ia-3d立体结构硅材料模板形成的介孔结构,在硅分解后仍然可以完好的保存。
由于“小规模效应”,微观NiFe2O4的发现类似的磁属性可比纳米。
然而,最大的微波反射损失达到22.5dB,这是相关的复合材料Co/NiFe2O4报告文献高很多。
这可以归因于一个特定的尖晶石微晶石蜡相互作用,无论是在界面纹理毛孔(孔隙),以及内在介孔内部微观NiFe2O4。
因此,微观NiFe2O4/石蜡可能证明是一个非常有吸引力的微波吸附材料。
这个项目是由973计划由中国(2010CB732300),国家自然科学中国基金(编号20973058),中国国家留学基金管理管理委员会(CSC)资助。
a Key Lab for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of IndustrialCatalysis, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237, P. R. China. E-mail: wangyanqin@; Fax:86 21 6425 3824; Tel: 86 21 6425b Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mu¨lheim an der Ruhr, Germany. E-mail: schmidt@mpimuelheim. mpg.de; Fax: 49 208 306 2995; Tel: 49 208 306 2370c Research Branch of Functional Polymer Composites, Institute of Microelectronic and Solid State Electronic, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. Chinaw Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: See DOI:10.1039/c0cc05800az Both authors contributed equally to this work.参考文献1 H. Zhao, X. Sun, C. Mao and J. Du, Phys. B, 2009, 404, 69.2 A. N. Yusoff, M. H. Abdullah, S. H. Ahmad, S. F. Jusoh,A. A. Mansor and S. A. A. Hamid, J. Appl. Phys., 2002, 92, 876.3 J. R. Jauchem, K. L. Ryan and M. R. Frei, Bioelectromagnetics, 2000, 21, 159.4 H. Lai and N. P. Singh, Bioelectromagnetics, 1997, 18, 446.5 E. Richter, T. Berman, E. Ben-Michael, R. Laster and J. B. Westin, Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 2000, 6, 187.6 R. C. Che, C. Y. Zhi, C. Y. Liang and X. G. Zhou, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, 033105.7 W. Fu, S. Liu, W. Fan, H. Yang, X. Pang, J. Xu and G. Zou,J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2007, 316, 54.8 F. Schu¨ th, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 3604.9 H. Yang and D. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem., 2005, 15, 1217.10 M. Tiemann, Chem. Mater., 2008, 20, 961.11 P. Kluson, P. Kacer, T. Cajthaml and M. Kalaji, J. Mater. Chem., 2001, 11, 644.12 M. Gu, B. Yue, R. L. Bao and H. Y. He, Mater. Res. Bull., 2009, 44, 1422.13 S. X. Liu, B. Yue, J. Rao, Y. Zhou and H. Y. He, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60, 154.14 Y. Y. Sun, G. B. Ji, M. B. Zheng, X. F. Chang, S. D. Li andY. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 945.15 M. Imperor-Clerc, D. Bazin, M. D. Appay, P. Beaunier andA. Davidson, Chem. Mater., 2004, 16, 1813.16 J. van der Meer, I. Bardez-Giboire, C. Mercier, B. Revel,A. Davidson and R. Denoyel, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114, 3507.17 F. Kleitz, S. H. Choi and R. Ryoo, Chem. Commun., 2003, 2136–2137.18 M. Z. Wu, Y. D. Zhang, S. Hui, T. D. Xiao, S. H. Ge,W. A. Hines, J. T. Budnick and G. W. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2002, 80, 4404.19 Y. Naito and K. Suetake, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 1971, 19, 65.20 W. P. Halperin, Revs. Mod. Phys., 1988, 58, 532.21 X. F. Zhang, X. L. Dong, H. Huang, Y. Y. Liu, B. Lv, J. P. Lei andC. J. Choi, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2007, 40, 5383.。