《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第4~6章【圣才出品】

第4章Conversion（转换法）

4.1 复习笔记

一、Conversion of Word Classes（转换词类）

In translation, a word in one language belonging to a certain word class is not necessarily translated into one of the same class in another language.

在翻译过程中，一种语言的某一词类不一定要相应地译为另一语言中相应的词类，有时候进行适当转化是十分必要的。

1. Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs（英语名词、形容词转换为汉语动词、副词）

Nouns or nominal dorms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.

英语中多用名词或名词短语，尤其是动作名词和其他抽象名词，而汉语中多用动词，甚至多个动词连用的情况。因而英译汉时，经常会遇到名词转换为动词，形容词转换为副词的情况。

For Example:

All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough

destruction of nuclear weapons.

一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。（cf.核武器的全面的禁止和彻底的销毁）

2. Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs（英语形容词转换为汉语动词）

English adjectives derived from verbs, present or past participles, or other adjectives, may be converted into Chinese verbs.

由动词派生而来的形容词，表感觉、愿望、感官或认知的形容词与联系动词一起使用时，通常转换为汉语动词。

For example:

Sugar and salt are both soluble in water.

糖和盐二者都溶于水。

3. Conversion from English Prepositions into Chinese Verbs（英语介词转换为汉语动词）

Ideas expressed by prepositions or prepositional phrases in English are in many cases represented by verbs in Chinese.

英语中由介词或介词短语表达观点时，通常可以转译为汉语中的动词形式。

For example:

The letter I is commonly used for current, E for electromotive force, R for resistance.

通常用字母I表示电流，E表示电动势，R表示电阻。

4. Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Adjectives（英语名词转换为汉语形容词）

English nouns derived from adjectives are often converted into Chinese adjectives.

英语中由形容词派生而来的名词通常被转译为汉语形容词。

For example:

Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。（cf.一个绝对的必需）

5. Conversion from English Verbs into Chinese Nouns（英语动词转换为汉语名词）

Sometimes it is difficult to translate English verbs. Conversion from verbs into nouns may be a way out.

遇到比较难翻译的英语动词时，可尝试将其转译为汉语名词。

For example:

The Greek word “atom” means“cannot be cut”.

希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。（cf.意味着……）

6. Conversion from English Adverbs into Chinese Nouns（英语副词转换为汉语名词）

For example:

The blueprint must be dimensionally and proportionally correct.

蓝图的尺寸和比例必须正确。（cf.在尺寸上和比例上必须正确）

二、Conversion of Sentence Members（转换句子成分）

The conversion of word classes often results in the conversion of sentence member.

词性转换通常会导致句子其他成分的转换。

1. Objects converted into Subjects（宾语转作主语）

2. Prepositional Objects converted into Subjects（介词宾语转作主语）

3. Predicatives converted into Subjects（表语转作主语）

4. Subjects converted into Attributes（主语转作定语）

5. Subjects converted into Objects（主语转作宾语）

6. Attributes converted into Predicates（定语转作谓语）

The English structure “Attributes + Noun” is often converted into the Chinese structure “Subject + Predicate” so as to make the Chinese version concise and idiomatic.

英语“定语＋名词”结构通常会转换为汉语“主语＋谓语”结构，使译文简洁而通顺。

7. Adverbials converted into Complements in Chinese（状语转作补语）

8. Objects converted into Predicates（宾语转作谓语）

三、Conversion of Impersonal Subjects（转换非人称主语）

Impersonal subject are far more often found in English than in Chinese, hence