homework1

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homework怎么读

homework怎么读
“Homework”是一个由两个单词组成的复合词，发音为/ˈhəʊmwɝk/（英式发音）或/ˈhoʊmwərk/（美式发音）。

这个单词由“Home”和“Work”两个部分组成，分别读作/ˈhəʊm/和/wɝk/或/ˈhoʊm/和/wərk/。

在发音时，注意将重音放在第一个音节“Home”上，并保持每个音节的清晰和准确。

同时，要注意“Home”和“Work”之间的过渡要自然流畅，不要停顿或割裂。

另外，要注意在“Work”的结尾处，英式发音中有一个轻微的/r/音，而美式发音则没有这个音。

为了正确掌握“Homework”的发音，可以多听英语母语者的发音示范，并尝试模仿他们的发音。

此外，也可以利用在线发音工具或手机应用程序来辅助练习发音。

“Homework”通常指的是学生在家里完成的作业或学习任务。

对于学生来说，掌握这个单词的正确发音非常重要，因为它是他们日常生活中经常使用的词汇之一。

通过正确的发音和频繁的使用，学生可以更好地理解和完成家庭作业，提高学习效率和成绩。

Homework(1)

HomeworkI.Put the following into English.1.下公共汽车________________________________2.上火车____________________________3. 到达学校（三种）____________________________________________________________4. 到达英国（三种）____________________________________________________________5. 到家（三种）_________________________________________________________________6. 复习功课（二种）______________________________________________________________7. 做眼保健操______________________________8. 做早操____________________________ 9. 上学前__________________________________10. 出墙报___________________________ 11. 帮助他人_______________________________12. 感到快乐_________________________ 13. 老人福利院_____________________________14. 帮助他人_________________________ 15. 玩球类游戏_____________________________16. 在这一天_________________________ 17. 结束（两种）___________________________18. 在这一天__________________________19. 很高兴与我们在一起_________________________________________________________20. 帮助他们洗衣服_____________________________________________________________21. 在食堂吃午饭_______________________________________________________________22. 在音乐教室唱歌_____________________________________________________________23. 在电脑房打游戏_____________________________________________________________24. 在操场上踢足球_____________________________________________________________25. 总是_____________ 通常____________经常__________有时候____________plete the sentences according to the given Chinese.(参考TBP.50)1. can (否定形式) 1. ___________2. _________ 2. must （否定形式）1. _________2. ________3. need （否定形式）1. _____________2._____________4. may （否定形式）_____________5. 学生们不应该在课堂上吃或喝。

Homework-1 Ch1-Ch3_with answer key

Homework-1Name___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)Financial markets promote greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from ________ to1) ________.A)savers; lenders B)savers; borrowersC)investors; savers D)borrowers; savers2)Stock prices are2)A)relatively stable trending downward at a moderate rate.B)unstable trending downward at a moderate rate.C)relatively stable trending upward at a steady pace.D)extremely volatile.3)3)When I purchase a corporate ________, I am lending the corporation funds for a specific time.When I purchase a corporation's ________, I become an owner in the corporation.A)bond; stock B)stock; debt securityC)stock; bond D)bond; debt security4)4)A financial crisis isA)typically followed by an economic boom.B)a major disruption in the financial markets.C)not possible in the modern financial environment.D)a feature of developing economies only.5) Financial intermediaries5)A)produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.B)hold very little of the average American's wealth.C)can hurt the performance of the economy.D)provide a channel for linking those who want to save with those who want to invest.6)Money is defined as6)A)bills of exchange.B)the unrecognized liability of governments.C)a risk-free repository of spending power.D)anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment ofdebt.7)Evidence from business cycle fluctuations in the United States indicates that7)A)recessions are usually preceded by a decline in the growth rate of money.B)a negative relationship between money growth and general economic activity exists.C)recessions are usually preceded by declines in bond prices.D)recessions are usually preceded by dollar depreciation.8)There is a ________ association between inflation and the growth rate of money ________.8)A)positive; demand B)negative; supplyC)positive; supply D)negative; demand9)Countries that experience very high rates of inflation may also have9)A)falling money supplies.B)constant money supplies.C)rapidly growing money supplies.D)balanced budgets.10)10)________ policy involves decisions about government spending and taxation.A)Systemic B)Monetary C)Financial D)Fiscal11)A budget ________ occurs when government expenditures exceed tax revenues for a particular11)time period.A)deficit B)surge C)surplus D)surfeit12)12)Which of the following is most likely to result from a stronger dollar?A)U.S. goods exported abroad will cost more in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buyfewer of them.B)Americans will purchase fewer foreign goods.C)U.S. goods exported aboard will cost less in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy moreof them.D)U.S. goods exported aboard will cost more in foreign countries and so foreigners will buymore of them.13)13)Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance?A)People buy shares in a mutual fund.B)A corporation issues new shares of stock.C)An insurance company buys shares of common stock in the over-the-counter markets.D)A pension fund manager buys a short-term corporate security in the secondary market.14)14)Which of the following can be described as involving indirect finance?A)A corporation buys a share of common stock issued by another corporation in the primarymarket.B)You make a loan to your neighbor.C)You buy a U.S. Treasury bill from the U.S. Treasury.D)You make a deposit at a bank.15) 15)Securities are ________ for the person who buys them, but are ________ for the individual or firmthat issues them.A)nonnegotiable; negotiable B)assets; liabilitiesC)negotiable; nonnegotiable D)liabilities; assets16)Equity holders are a corporation's ________. That means the corporation must pay all of its debt16)holders before it pays its equity holders.A)residual claimants B)brokersC)underwriters D)debtors17)17)A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are sold in theA)secondary market by a securities dealer.B)secondary market by a commercial bank.C)primary market by a stock exchange broker.D)primary market by an investment bank.18)A liquid asset is18)A)always sold in an over-the-counter market.B)difficult to resell.C)an asset that can easily and quickly be sold to raise cash.D)a share of an ocean resort.19)Secondary markets make financial instruments more19)A)liquid.B)risky.C)solid.D)vapid.20) 20)A financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded is called the ________market.A)bond B)capital C)money D)stock21) 21)U.S. Treasury bills pay no interest but are sold at a ________. That is, you will pay a lowerpurchase price than the amount you receive at maturity.A)discount B)premium C)default D)collateral22) 22)U.S. Treasury bills are considered the safest of all money market instruments because there isalmost no risk ofA)desertion.B)defeat.C)demarcation.D)default.23)Bonds that are sold in a foreign country and are denominated in the country's currency in which23)they are sold are known asA)Eurobonds.B)country bonds.C)equity bonds.D)foreign bonds.24)24)If Microsoft sells a bond in London and it is denominated in dollars, the bond is aA)foreign bond.B)currency bond.C)Eurobond.D)British bond.25)25)An example of economies of scale in the provision of financial services isA)investing in a diversified collection of assets.B)spreading the cost of writing a standardized contract over many borrowers.C)spreading the cost of borrowed funds over many customers.D)providing depositors with a variety of savings certificates.26)26)The process of asset transformation refers to the conversion ofA)safer assets into risky assets.B)risky assets into risky liabilities.C)risky assets into safer assets.D)safer assets into safer liabilities.27) 27)Typically, borrowers have superior information relative to lenders about the potential returns andrisks associated with an investment project. The difference in information is calledA)asymmetric information.B)moral selection.C)risk sharing.D)adverse hazard28)Adverse selection is a problem associated with equity and debt contracts arising from28)A)the lender's inability to legally require sufficient collateral to cover a 100% loss if the borrowerdefaults.B)the lender's relative lack of information about the borrower's potential returns and risks of hisinvestment activities.C)the borrower's lack of incentive to seek a loan for highly risky investments.D)the borrower's lack of good options for obtaining funds.29)An example of the problem of ________ is when a corporation uses the funds raised from selling29)bonds to fund corporate expansion to pay for Caribbean cruises for all of its employees and theirfamilies.A)risk sharing B)moral hazardC)credit risk D)adverse selection30) 30)Increasing the amount of information available to investors helps to reduce the problems of________ and ________ in the financial markets.A)moral hazard; transactions costs B)adverse selection; risk sharingC)adverse selection; moral hazard D)adverse selection; economies of scale31)31)Of money's three functions, the one that distinguishes money from other assets is its function as aA)standard of deferred payment.B)store of value.C)unit of account.D)medium of exchange.32)For a commodity to function effectively as money it must be32)A)hard to carry around.B)difficult to make change.C)deteriorate quickly so that its supply does not become too large.D)easily standardized, making it easy to ascertain its value.33) 33)________ is the relative ease and speed with which an asset can be converted into a medium ofexchange.A)Efficiency B)Specialization C)Deflation D)Liquidity34)34)Of the following assets, the least liquid isA)a house.B)checking deposits.C)traveler's checks.D)stocks.35) 35)Paper currency that has been declared legal tender but is not convertible into coins or preciousmetals is called ________ money.A)funny B)commodity C)electronic D)fiat36)Monetary aggregates are36)A)never redefined since "money" never changes.B)measures of the money supply reported by the Federal Reserve.C)measures of the wealth of individuals.D)reported by the Treasury Department annually.37)37)Which of the following is not included in the measure of M1?A)Currency B)Savings depositsC)NOW accounts D)Demand deposits38) 38)Which of the following is not included in the M1 measure of money but is included in the M2measure of money?A)Currency B)Demand depositsC)Small-denomination time deposits D)Traveler's checks39)If an individual moves money from a small-denomination time deposit to a demand deposit39)account,A)M1 increases and M2 decreases.B)M1 stays the same and M2 stays the same.C)M1 stays the same and M2 increases.D)M1 increases and M2 stays the same.40)40)Which of the following statements accurately describes the two measures of the money supply?A)The two measures' movements closely parallel each other, even on a month-to-month basis.B)Short-run movements in the money supply are extremely reliable.C)The two measures do not move together, so they cannot be used interchangeably bypolicymakers.D)M2 is the narrowest measure the Fed reports.Answer KeyTestname: HOMEWORK-1 CH1-CH31)B2)D3)A4)B5)D6)D7)A8)C9)C10)D11)A12)A13)B14)D15)B16)A17)D18)C19)A20)C21)A22)D23)D24)C25)B26)C27)A28)B29)B30)C31)D32)D33)D34)A35)D36)B37)B38)C39)D40)C。

卫星无线蜂窝网络-homework1

1、How a cellular phone call is made？Cellular telephone, sometimes called mobile telephone, is a type of short-wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a subscriber has a wireless connection from a mobile phone to a relatively nearby transmitter. The transmitter’s span of coverage is called a cell. As the cellular telephone user moves from one cell or area of coverage to another, the telephone is effectively passed on to the local cell transmitter.A cell phone is - put simply - a kind of two-way radio that acts in the same way as a telephone. However, naturally a cellular phone is much more complex than a simple walkietalkie, as cell phones permit two people to speak at the same time, making calls and receiving calls, three-way calls, call holding, voice mail, text messaging, etc.However, similar to walkie talkies, all mobile phone calls are entirely unprotected and can be intercepted by other devices. Cell phones aren't at all as "secure" as wired telephones. They have the same security level as a radio - which, after all, they are.When you place a cellular phone call, you dial the number and press the send button. A number of steps then follow:●Your cell phone scans for the nearest base station in order to provide it with thestrongest signal and, in turn, the best possible connection. It checks 21 different control channels to determine the strongest available signal.●Your cell phone then selects the strongest signal for its use.●An origination message (a very short message of about Â¼ second in length) isthen sent by the cellular phone, which includes its MIN (Mobile Identification Number, that is, your cellular phone number), as well as the ESN (Electronic Serial Number), and the number that has been dialed.●Once the cellular service provider verifies that you are among its customers -based on the sent-out MIN and ESN - the base station sends a channel assignment message to the cellular phone (another Â¼ of a second in length), telling the phone where the conversation will be.●The cell phone then tunes into that assigned channel and the call begins.All of this has happened by the time you hear the ringing or busy signal on the other end of the phone.2、Why the cellular pattern is hexagon?In a cellular System a land area is divided into regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional. This is because there are some criteria for the cell shape, which are ●Geometric shape●Area without overlap●Area of the cellAnd the eligible shapes for these criteria are Square, circle, equilateral triangle&hexagon.The Geometric shape & Area without overlap is satisfied by a hexagon,square, equilateral triangle as they can be fitted in a manner where there is no area of overlap. The circle on the other hand would overlap (which implies interference of signals) or leave gaps (which means loss of coverage in those areas) when not overlapping.When the area factor is considered a circle has the highest area however it does not satisfy the second criteria of overlap. Therefore we have to consider a shape which fits correctly and also has maximum area.For this purpose we shall compare the area of the remaining shapes to the area of circle to see which has the maximum area.The area of an equilateral triangle to a circle approx = 17.77%The area of a square to a circle approx = 63.7%The area of a hexagon to a circle approx = 83%Which means hexagon has the highest coverage area after a circle from the lot.Thus of the lot hexagon satisfies all the conditions which is why the shape of a cell is hexagonal in cellular network.More than likely because the antennas used have a radiation pattern of 60 degrees. Thus 6 are required for full 360 degree coverage.If you look at the top of a cell phone tower, you will see the vertical arrays that constitute the antennas, usually with the form of long vertical rectangles or boxes, sometimes arranged in parallel groups. A more detailed inspection would reveal that the vertical arrays are separated 120ºfrom each other. This means that each array is pointing to the center of its hexagonal cell. Hence, each cell is covered by six arrays from six separate towers, one at the apex of each of its six angles.Each provider can use a fixed set of frequencies, which forces them to assign a limited number of frequencies to each adjacent cell; the frequencies start repeating on the non-adjacent cells. Similarly, each antenna array can serve a limited number of subscribers at any given time. All this means that when traffic increases within a cell (more users), the only way of coping with the extra traffic is to reduce the area of the cell so it serves less subscribers. This is done by adding more towers to form smaller cells, hence the constant demand for cell tower sites. When a cell is fractioned in smaller cells, the antenna arrays that serve the new cells are lowered and their power is reduced so their emitted energy does not go beyond the adjacent cells to avoid interfering with those other cells, farther cells that use the same sets of frequencies.Having the cell phone towers closer to each other means that the signal, although purposely weakened, can now reach inside elevators and concrete buildings. This also means that cell phones need to transmit in their high power setting much less time while in use, which allows for smaller handsets whose batteries last longer. Hint,Farthest for interference and largest area of cellFewest number of cellClose to circular pattern , applying omni-direction antenna。

homework的用法总结

homework的用法总结一、什么是“homework”?作业，或者叫做家庭作业，是指学生在课堂之外完成的任务。

它是教育过程中非常重要的一部分，对学生的学习效果起着巨大的影响。

在不同的教育体系和文化背景下，作业有各种形式和目标。

本篇文章将对“homework”的用法进行总结和探讨。

二、作业的目标1.强化学习：作业可以帮助学生加深对已经学过内容的理解，加强记忆。

通过练习和复习之前所学知识，培养扎实基础和掌握技能。

2.培养自主学习：通过布置适当难度的作业，并给予学生适当支持与反馈鼓励他们独立思考解决问题，培养并提高他们组织时间、自我激励、解决问题等能力。

这样，在未来面临新挑战时他们更有信心应对。

3.拓展阅读：通过布置与课堂内容相关联或者扩展内容不同领域书籍阅读，让学生接触到更多信息，增加知识面，培养阅读兴趣以及理解能力。

三、作业的类型1.练习题：练习题是最常见的作业形式之一，它用来巩固学生对知识点的理解和运用。

这种类型的作业通常要求学生回答一系列问题或完成问题集合。

练习题可以涵盖不同难度级别，从简单到复杂。

2.项目作业：项目作业有助于培养学生独立思考、创造性解决问题以及协作能力。

通过给予学生任务和材料，要求他们进行研究和探索，并最终呈现一个创意性的成果。

3.阅读/写作任务：阅读和写作任务是提高学生语言运用和表达能力的重要方法。

老师可能会指定特定阅读材料并要求学生完成相关讨论或撰写论文、报告等。

四、“homework”的利与弊1.好处：在正确使用的情况下，“homework”可以为学生带来许多好处。

它促使学生在紧凑课程中进行巩固和拓展,增加了额外时间供学生自主探索问题或更深入地研究了解。

它还促使学生形成自我管理和自律能力,提高了组织和时间管理技巧。

2.弊端：然而，“homework”也存在一些潜在的问题，当使用不当时可能会产生负面影响。

过多的作业可能导致孩子过度焦虑、压力增加，甚至影响到他们的家庭、兴趣爱好和社交活动。

homework (1)-教育文档

Homework
要练说，先练胆。说话胆小是幼儿语言发展的障碍。不少幼儿当众说话时显得胆怯：有的结巴重复，面红耳赤；有的声音极低，自讲自听；有的低头不语，扯衣服，扭身子。总之，说话时外部表现不自然。我抓住练胆这个关键，面向全体，偏向差生。一是和幼儿建立和谐的语言交流关系。每当和幼儿讲话时，我总是笑脸相迎，声音亲切，动作亲昵，消除幼儿畏惧心理，让他能主动的、无拘无束地和我交谈。二是注重培养幼儿敢于当众说话的习惯。或在课堂教学中，改变过去老师讲学生听的传统的教学模式，取消了先举手后发言的约束，多采取自由讨论和谈话的形式，给每个幼儿较多的当众说话的机会，培养幼儿爱说话敢说话的兴趣，对一些说话有困难的幼儿，我总是认真地耐心地听，热情地帮助和鼓励他把话说完、说好，增强其说话的勇气和把话说好的信心。三是要提明确的说话要求，在说话训练中不断提高，我要求每个幼儿在说话时要仪态大方，口齿清楚，声音响亮，学会用眼神。对说得好的幼儿，即使是某一方面，我都抓住教育，提出表扬，并要其他幼儿模仿。长期坚持，不断训练，幼儿说话胆量也在不断提高。1. Oral work:
语文课本中的文章都是精选的比较优秀的文章,还有不少名家名篇。如果有选择循序渐进地让学生背诵一些优秀篇目、精彩段落,对提高学生的水平会大有裨益。现在,不少语文教师在分析课文时,把文章解体的支离破碎,总在文章的技巧方面下功夫。结果教师费劲,学生头疼。分析完之后,学生收效甚微,没过几天便忘的一干二净。造成这种事倍功半的尴尬局面的关键就是对文章读的不熟。常言道“书读百遍,其义自见”,如果有目的、有计划地引导学生反复阅读课文,或细读、默读、跳读,或听读、范读、轮读、分角色朗读,学生便可以在读中自然领悟文章的思想内容和写作技巧,可以在读中自然加强语感,增强语言的感受力。久而久之,这种思想内容、写作技巧和语感就会自然渗透到学生的语言意识之中,就会在写作中自觉不自觉地加以运用、创造和发展。2. Written work:

译林版_新教材4A Unit1-4 教案

4A Unit1 I like dogs第一教时教学内容：Story time.教学目标：能初步听懂、会读单词cat, dog,elephant,horse,lion,monkey, panda,tiger2.能听懂、会说、会读句型Do you like…?并且会用Yes, I do.和No，I don’t 来回答。

3.能明白并理解名词的复数形式,理解like的后面用可数名词的复数形式4.情感教育：动物是人类的好朋友，要保护动物教学重点：能初步听懂、会读、会拼写单词cat, dog,elephant,horse,lion,monkey, panda,tiger能听懂、会说、会读、会运用句型Do you like…?并且会用Yes, I do.和No，I don’t 来回答。

教学难点：能初步理解名词的复数形式,理解like的后面用可数名词的复数形式教学准备：挂图，卡片，PPT教学设计教学过程：Step 1 Warm upLet’s sing : Old Macdonald has a farmWhat animals are on the farm?What other animals are on the farm?Play a game: Yes or noAre they on the farm, too?Do you like them?( 通过游戏学习各种动物cat ,dog, monkey, lion, panda, tiger, bear等，拓宽学生的知识面。

)Step 2 PresentationA.出示课文第一幅图片.1.Let’s talka. Are they on the farm?b. Who are they ? And where are they?B．watch the cartoon:1.What are they going to talk about?They are talking about toy animals.揭示课题： toy animals3.Try to sayListen to the radio.Listen to the teacher.Read together.B. Listen and tick1.Listen to the tape and tick what they are talking about.(听录音，勾出他们谈论的动物。

Homework1实验班

Homework1实验班Homework 1Due in class 10-12-091) What do you think are the defining characteristics of a science? Does the study of the economy have these characteristics? Do you think macroeconomics should be called a science? Why or why not?2) Suppose a woman marries her butler. After they are married, her husband continues to wait on her as before, and she continues to support him as before (but as a husband rather than as an employee). How does the marriage affect GDP? How should it affect GDP?3) A farmer grows a bushel of wheat and sells it to a miller for $1.00. The miller turns the wheat into flour and then sells the flour to a baker for $3.00. The baker uses the flour to make bread and sells the bread to an engineer for $7.00. The engineer eats the bread. What is the value added by each person? What is GDP?4) Find data on China’s GDP and its components, and compute the percentage of GDP for the following components for 1980, and the most recent year available.a. Personal consumption expendituresb. Gross private domestic investmentc. Government purchasesd. Net exportse. National defense purchasesg. ImportsDo you see any stable relationships in the data?5) For each of the transactions listed below, state whether or not it would affect U.S.GDP, and state which of the following national income accounting categories it would enter: consumption, investment, government purchases, net exports.a) Boeing (a U.S. company) sells an airplane to United Airlines (another U.S. company).b) Boeing sells an airplane to the U.S. Air Force.c) Boeing sells an airplane to Donald Trump (a U.S. citizen) for his personal use.d) U.S. Steel Inc. sells steel to Boeing to produce airplanes.e) Airbus Europe (NOT a U.S. company) sells an airplane to American Airlines.f) Boeing builds an airplane to be sold next year.6) Consider an economy that produces and consumes bread and automobiles. In the following table are data for two different years.a) Using the year 2000 as the base year, compute the following statistics for each year: nominal GDP, real GDP, the implicit price deflator for GDP, and a fixed-weight price index such as the CPI.b) How much have prices risen between 2000 and 2010? Compare the answers given by the Laspeyres and Paasche price indexes. Explain the difference.c) Suppose you are a senator writing a bill to index Social Security and federal pensions. That is, your bill will adjust these benefits to offset changes in the cost of living. Will you use the GDP deflator or the CPI? Why?7) In a speech that Senator Robert Kennedy gave when he was running for president in 1968, he said the following aboutGDP:[It] does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education, or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, theintelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our publicofficials. It measures neither our courage, nor our wisdom, nor ourdevotion to our country. It measures everything, in short, except thatwhich makes life worthwhile, and it can tell us everything aboutAmerica except why we are proud that we are Americans.Was Robert Kennedy right? If so, why do we care about GDP?。

新视野商务英语1-5

批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
NEW INSIGHTS into BUSINESS
Unit 1 COMPANY STRUCTURES
Objectives
When the learners finish learning this unit, they should be able to providing information on some companies structures collecting information on some companies structures. a basic understanding of a company structure as well as the responsibility corresponded to every position.
workforce
organization chart
managing director middle management
board of directors Senior management
Lead-in
Listen to seven people talking about their work and decided which department each one works for?
Unit 2 RECRUITMENT
Objectives
When the learners finish learning this unit, they should be able to providing information on recruitment. collecting information on recruitment. learn to read the advertisement. practise writing CVs and letters of application.

homework-1

Find the word or phrase from the list below that best matches the description in the following questions.1.1.1 Computer used to run large problems and usually accessed via a network ==> 3) servers1.1.2 10^15 or 2^50 bytes (i.e., 10 to the 15 or 2 to the 50) ==> 7) petabyte1.1.3 Computer composed of hundreds to thousands of processors and terabytesof memory ==> 5) supercomputers1.1.4 Today's science fiction application that probably will be available in nearfuture ==> 1) virtual worlds1.1.5 A kind of memory called random access memory==> 12) RAM1.1.6 Part of a computer called central processor unit ==> 13) CPU1.1.7 Thousands of processors forming a large cluster ==> 8) datacenters1.1.8 A microprocessor containing several processors in the same chip==> 10) multi-core processors1.1.9 Desktop computer without screen or keyboard usually accessed via a network==> 4) low-end servers1.1.10 Currently the largest class of computer (i.e., there are moreof these types of computers than any others) that runs one applicationor one set of related applications ==> 9) embedded computers1.1.11 Special language used to describe hardware components ==> 11) VHDL1.1.12 Personal computer delivering good performance to single users at lowcost ==> 2) desktop computers1.1.13 Program that translates statements in high-level language to assemblylanguage==> 15) compiler1.1.14 Program that translates symbolic instructions to binary instructions==> 21) assembler1.1.15 High-level language for business data processing ==> 25) cobol1.1.16 Binary language that the processor can understand==> 19) machine language1.1.17 Commands that the processors understand ==> 17) instruction1.1.18 High-level language for scientific computation ==> 26) fortran1.1.19 Symbolic representation of machine instructions ==> 18) assembly language1.1.20 Interface between user's program and hardware providing a variety ofservices and supervision functions ==> 14) operating system1.1.21 Software/programs developed by the users ==> 24) application software1.1.22 Binary digit (value 0 or 1) ==> 16) bit1.1.23 Software layer between the application software and the hardware thatincludes the operating system and the compilers ==> 23) system software1.1.24 High-level language used to write application and system software==> 20) C1.1.25 Portable language composed of words and algebraic expressions thatmust be translated into assembly language before run in a computer ==> 22) high-level language1.1.26 10^12 or 2^40 bytes==> 6) terabyteExercise 1.21.2.1 For a color display using 8 bits for each of the primary colors (red, green, blue) per pixel, what should be the minimum size in bytes of the frame buffer to store a frame?8 bits × 3 colors = 24 bits/pixel => 4 bytes/pixel.1280 × 800 pixels = 1,024,000 pixels.1,024,000 pixels × 4 bytes/pixel = 4,096,000 bytes (approxitly 4 Mbytes).1.2. 2 How many frames could it store, assuming the memory contains no other information?2 GB = 2000 MbytesNumber of frames = 2000 Mbytes/4 Mbytes = 500 frames1.2.3 If a 256 Kbytes file is sent through the Ethernet connection, how long it would take?1 gigabit network ==> 1 gigabit/per second = 125 Mbytes/second.File size: 256 Kbytes = 0.256 Mbytes.Time= Mbytes/network speed: 0.256/125 = 2.048 ms.Exercise 1.31.3.1 Which processor has the highest performance expressed in instructions per second?P2 has the highest performanceP1 (Performance = instructions/sec) = 2 × 10^9/1.5 = 1.33 × 10^9P2 (Performance = instructions/sec) = 1.5 × 10^9/1.0 = 1.5 × 10^9P3 (Performance = instructions/sec) = 3 × 10^9/2.5 = 1.2 × 10^91.3.2 If the processors each execute a program in 10 seconds, find the number of cycles and the number of instructions.Number of cycles = time × clock rateCycles (P1) = 10 × (2 × 10^9) = 20 × 10^9 sCycles (P2) = 10 × (1.5 × 10^9) = 15 × 10^9 sCycles (P3) = 10 × (3 × 10^9) = 30 × 10^9 sTime = (Number of instructions × CPI)/clock rate; Number of instructions = Number of cycles/CPI Instructions (P1) = 20 × 10^9/1.5 = 13.33 × 10^9Instructions (P2) = 15 × 10^9/1 = 15 × 10^9Instructions (P3) = 30 × 10^9/2.5 = 12 × 10^91.3.3 We are trying to reduce the time by 30% but this leads to an increase of 20% in the CPI. What clock rate should we have to get this time reduction?Time new = Time old × 0.7 = 7 sCPI new = CPI old × 1.2 => CPI (P1) = 1.8, CPI (P2) = 1.2, CPI (P3) = 3Time = Number of instructions × CPI/clock rateTime (P1) = 13.33 × 10^9 × 1.8/7 = 3.42 GHzTime (P2) = 15 × 10^9 × 1.2/7 = 2.57 GHzTime (P3) = 12 × 10^9 × 3/7 = 5.14 GHz1.3.4 Find the IPC (instructions per cycle) for each processor.IPC new = 1/CPI old = Number of instructions/ (time × clock rate)IPC (P1) = (20 x 10^9)/(7 x 3) = 1.42IPC (P2) = (30 x 10^9)/(10 x 2.5) = 2IPC (P3) = (90 x 10^9)/(9 x 4) = 3.331.3.5 Find the clock rate for P2 that reduces its execution time to that of P1.Time new/Time old = 7/10 = 0.7.Clock rate new = Clock rate old/0.7 = 1.5 GHz/0.7 = 2.14 GHz1.3.6 Find the number of instructions for P2 that reduces its execution time to that of P3.Time new/Time old = 9/10 = 0.9.Instructions new = Instructions old × 0.9 = (30 × 10^9)× 0.9 = 27 × 10^9Exercise 1.41.4.1 Given a program with 106 instructions divided into classes as follows: 10% class A, 20% class B, 50% class C and 20% class D, which implementation is faster?P2 has a faster implementation timeClass A: 10^5 instr.Class B: 2 × 10^5 instr.Class C: 5 × 10^5 instr.Class D: 2 × 10^5 instr.Time = Number of instructions × CPI/clock rateP1: Time class A = 0.66 × 10^−4Time class B = 2.66 × 10^−4Time class C = 10 × 10^−4Time class D = 5.33 × 10^−4Total time P1 = 18.65 × 10^−4P2: Time class A = 10^−4Time class B = 2 × 10^−4Time class C = 5 × 10^−4Time class D = 3 × 10^−4Total time P2 = 11 × 10^−41.4.2 What is the global (i.e., average) CPI for each implementation?CPI = time × clock rate/ number of instructionsCPI (P1) = (18.65 × 10^−4) × (1.5 × 10^9)/10^6= 2.79CPI (P2) = (11 × 10^−4) × (2 × 10^9)/10^6 = 2.21.4.3 Find the clock cycles required in both cases.Clock cycles (P1) = (10^5 × 1) + ((2 × 10^5) × 2) + ((5 × 10^5) × 3) + ((2 × 10^5) × 4) = 28 × 10^5Clock cycles (P2) = (10^5 × 2) + ((2 × 10^5) × 2) + ((5 × 10^5) × 2) + ((2 × 10^5) × 3) = 22 × 10^51.4.4 Assuming that arithmetic instructions take 1 cycle, load and store 5 cycles and branch 2 cycles, what is the execution time of the program in a 2 GHz processor?(500 × 1) + (50 × 5) + (100 × 5) + (50 × 2) × (0.5 × 10^–9) = 675 ns1.4.5 Find the CPI for the program.CPI = time × clock rate/ Number of instructionsCPI = ((675 × 10^–9) × (2 × 10^9))/700 = 1.921.4.6 If the number of load instructions can be reduced by one-half, what is the speed-up and the CPI?Time = ((500 × 1) + (50 × 5) + (50 × 5) + (50 × 2)) × (0.5 × 10^–9) = 550 nsSpeed-up = 675 ns/550 ns = 1.22CPI = ((550 × 10^–9) × (2 × 10^9))/700 = 1.57Exercise 1.51.5.1 Assume that peak performance is defined as the fastest rate that a computer can execute any instruction sequence. What are the peak performances of P1 and P2 expressed in instructions per second?1.5.2 If the number of instructions executed in a certain program is divided equally among the classes of instructions except for class A, which occurs twice as often as each of the others. Which computer is faster? How much faster is it?1.5.3 If the number of instructions executed in a certain program is divided equally among the classes of instructions except for class E, which occurs twice as often as each of the others? Which computer is faster? How much faster is it?1.5.4 Assuming that computes take 1 cycle, loads and store instructions take 10 cycles, and branches take 3 cycles, find the execution time of the program on a 3 GHz MIPS processor.1.5.6 Assuming that computes take 1 cycle, loads and store instructions take 2 cycles, and branches take 3 cycles, what is the speed-up of a program if the number of compute instruction can be reduced byone-half?Exercise 1.61.6.1 For the same program, two different compilers are used. The table above shows the execution time of the compiled program. Find the average CPI for the program given that the processor has a clock cycle time of 1 nS.1.6.2 Assume the average CPI found in 1.6.1, but that the compiled program runs on two difference processors. If the execution times on the two processors are the same, how much faster is the clock of the processor running compiler A’s code versus the clock of the processor running compiler B’s code?1.6.3 A new compiler is developed that uses only 600 million instructions and has an average CPI of 1.1. What is the speed-up of using this new compiler versus using Compiler A or B on the original processorof 1.6.1?1.6.4 Assume that peak performance is defined as the fastest rate that a computer can execute any instruction sequence. What is the peak performance of P1 and P2 expressed in instructions per second?1.6.5 If the number of instructions executed in a certain program is divided equally among the classes of instructions in Problem2.36.4 except for class A, which occurs twice as often as each of the others, how much faster is P2 than P1?1.6.6 At what frequency does P2 have the same performance as P1 for the instruction mix given in 1.6.5? Exercise 1.71.7.1 What is the geometric mean of the ratios between consecutive generations for both clock rate and power? (The geometric mean is described in Section 1.7.)Geometric mean clock rate ratio = (1.28 × 1.56 × 2.64 × 3.03 × 10.00 × 1.80 × 0.74)1/7 = 2.15Geometric mean power ratio = (1.24 × 1.20 × 2.06 × 2.88 × 2.59 × 1.37 × 0.92)1/7 = 1.621.7.2 What is the largest relative change in clock rate and power between generations?Largest clock rate ratio = 2000 MHz/200 MHz = 10Largest power ratio = 29.1 W/10.1 W = 2.881.7.3 How much larger is the clock rate and power of the last generation with respect to the first generation?Clock rate: 2.667 × 10^9/12.5 × 106 = 212.8Power: 95 W/3.3 W = 28.781.7.4 Find the average capacitive loads, assuming a negligible static power consumption.Capacitive = Power/Voltage^2 × clock rate80286: C = 0.0105 × 10^−680386: C = 0.01025 × 10^−680486: C = 0.00784 × 10^−6Pentium: C = 0.00612 × 10^−6Pentium Pro: C = 0.0133 × 10^−6Pentium 4 Willamette: C = 0.0122 × 10^−6Pentium 4 Prescott: C = 0.00183 × 10^−6Core 2: C = 0.0294 × 10^−61.7.5 Find the largest relative change in voltage between generations.Pentium Pro/Pentium 4 Willamette = 3.3/1.75 = 1.781.7.6 Find the geon1etric mean of the voltage ratios in the generations since the Pentium.Pentium Pro / Pentium => 3.3/5 = 0.66Pentium 4 Willamette/ Pentium Pro => 1.75/3.3 = 0.53Pentium 4 Prescott / Pentium 4 Willamette => 1.25/1.75 = 0.71Core 2 / Pentium 4 Prescott => 1.1/1.25 = 0.88Geometric mean = 0.68Exercise 1.81.8.1 How much has the capacitive load been reduced between versions if the dynamic power has been reduced by 10%?Power1 = V^2× clock rate × Capacitive; Power2 = 0.9 Power1C2/C1 = 0.9 × 5^2 × 0.5 × 10^9/3.3^2 × 1 × 10^9 = 1.031.8.2 By how much has the dynan1ic power been reduced if the capacitive load does not change?Power2/Power1 = V22 × clock rate2/V12 × clock rate1Power2/Power1 = 0.87 => Reduction of 13%1.8.3 Assuming that the capacitive load of version 2 is 80% the capacitive load of version 1, find the voltage for version 2 if the dynamic power of version 2 is reduced by 40% from version 1.Power2 = V22 × 1 × 10^9 × 0.8 × C1 = 0.6 × Power1Power1 = 52 × 0.5 × 10^9 × C1V22 × 1 × 10^9 × 0.8 × C1 = 0.6 × 52 × 0.5 × 10^9 × C1V2 = ((0.6 × 52 × 0.5 × 10^9)/(1 × 10^9 × 0.8))1/2 = 3.06 V1.8.4 By what factor does the dynamic power scales?Power new = 1 × C old × V2old/(2−1/4)2× clock rate × 21/2 = Power oldAccording to this the power scales by 1.1.8.5 Find the scaling of the capacitance per unit area.1/2−1/2 = 21/21.8.6 Using data from Exercise 1.7, find the voltage and clock rate of the Core 2 processor for the next process generation.Voltage = 1.1 × 1/2−1/4 = 0.92 VClock rate = 2.667 × 21/2 = 3.771 GHzExercise 1.91.9.1 Find the percentage of the total dissipated power comprised by static power.1.9.2 If the total dissipated power is reduced by 10% while maintaining the static to total power rate of problem 1.9.1, how much should the voltage be reduced to maintain the same leakage current?1.9.3 Determine the ratio of static power to dynamic power for each technology.1.9.4 Determine the static power for each version at 0.8 V, assuming a static to dynamic power ratio of 0.6.Power st/Power dyn = 0.6 => Power st = 0.6 × Power dyna)Power st = 0.6 × 35 W = 21 Wb)Power st = 0.6 × 30 W = 18 W1.9.5 Determine the static power and dynamic power dissipation assuming the rates obtained in problem 1.9.1.L lk = Voltage / Power sta) I lk = 21/0.8 = 26.25 Ab) I lk = 18/0.8 = 22.5 AExercise 1.101.10.1 The table above shows the number of instructions required per processor to complete a program on a multiprocessor with 1, 2, 4, or 8 processors. What is the total number of instructions executed per processor? What is the aggregate number of instructions executed across all processors?Instructions per processor = (Arith Inst x Arith Cpi)+( load Inst x load Cpi)+( branch Inst x branch Cpi)program on I, 2, 4, and 8 processors. Assume that each processor has a 2 GHz clock frequency.1.10.3 If the CPI of arithmetic instructions was doubled, what would the impact be on the execution time of the program on 1,2,4, or 8 processors?1.10.4 Assuming a 3 GHz clock frequency, what is the execution time of the program using 1, 2, 4, or 8 cores.1.10.5 Assuming that the power consumption of a processor core can be described by the following equation:Power = (5.0n1A)/(MHz)* Voltage^2Where the operation voltage of the processor is described by the following equation:Voltage = 1/5*Frequency+0.4With the frequency measured in GHz. So, at 5 GHz, the voltage would be 1.4V. Find the power consumption ofthe program executing on 1, 2, 4, and 8 cores assuming that each core is operating at a 3GHz clock frequency. Likewise, find the power consumption of the program executing on I, 2, 4, or 8 cores assuming that each core is operating at 500 MHz.Exercise 1.111.11.1 Find the yield.Wafer area = π × (d/2)2a. Wafer area = π × 7.52 = 176.7 cm2b. Wafer area = π × 12.52 = 490.9 cm2Die area = wafer area/dies per wafera. Die area = 176.7/90 = 1.96 cm2b. Die area = 490.9/140 = 3.51 cm2Yield = 1/ (1 + (defect per area × die area)/2)2a. Yield = 0.97b. Yield = 0.921.11.2 Find the cost per die.Cost per die = cost per wafer/ (dies per wafer × yield)a. Cost per die = 0.12b. Cost per die = 0.161.11.3 If the number of dies per wafer is increased by 100/0 and the defects per area unit increases by 150/0, find the die area and yield.a. Dies per wafer = 1.1 × 90 = 99Defects per area = 1.15 × 0.018 = 0.021 defects/cm2Die area = wafer area/Dies per wafer = 176.7/99 = 1.78 cm2Yield = 0.97b. Dies per wafer = 1.1 × 140 = 154Defects per area = 1.15 × 0.024 = 0.028 defects/cm2Die area = wafer area/Dies per wafer = 490.9/154 = 3.19 cm2Yield = 0.931.11.4 Find the defects per area unit for each technology given a die area of 200 mm2Yield = 1/(1 + (defect per area × die area)/2)2Defect per area = (2/die area) (y−1/2− 1)Replacing values for T1 and T2 we getT1: defects per area = 0.00085 defects/mm2 = 0.085 defects/cm2T2: defects per area = 0.00060 defects/mm2 = 0.060 defects/cm2T3: defects per area = 0.00043 defects/mm2 = 0.043 defects/cm2T4: defects per area = 0.00026 defects/mm2 = 0.026 defects/cm2Exercise 1.121.12.1 Find the CPI if the clock cycle time is 0.333 ns.CPI = clock rate × CPU time/instr. countClock rate = 1/cycle time = 3 GHza. CPI (pearl) = 3 × 10^9 × 500/2118 × 10^9 = 0.7b. CPI (mcf) = 3 × 10^9 × 1200/336 × 10^9 = 10.71.12.2 Find the SPEC ratio.SPECratio = ref. time/execution time.a. SPECratio (pearl) = 9770/500 = 19.54b. SPECratio (mcf) = 9120/1200 = 7.61.12.3 For these two benchmarks, find the geometric mean.(19.54 × 7.6)1/2 = 12.191.12.4 Find the increase in CPU time if the number of instruction of the benchmark is increased by 100/0 without affecting the CPI.CPU time = number of instructions × CPI/clock rateIf CPI and clock rate do not change, then the CPU time will increase equal to the number ofinstructions, which would be by 10%.1.12.5 Find the increase in CPU time if the number of instruction of the benchmark is increased by 10% and the CPI is increased by 5%.CPU time (before) = number of instructions × CPI/clock rateCPU time (after) = 1.1 × number of instructions × 1.05 × CPI/clock rateCPU times (after)/CPU time (before) = 1.1 × 1.05 = 1.155.CPU time is increased by 15.5%1.12.6 Find the change in the SPECratio for the change described in 1.12.5.SPECratio = reference time/CPU timeSPECratio (after)/SPECratio (before) = CPU time (before)/CPU time (after) = 1/1.1555 = 0.86The SPECratio is decreased by 14%.Exercise 1.131.13.1 Find the new CPI.CPI = (CPU × clock rate)/Number of instr.a. CPI = 450 × 4 × 10^9/ (0.85 × 2118 × 10^9) = 0.99b. CPI = 1150 × 4 × 10^9/ (0.85 × 336 × 10^9) = 16.101.13.2 In general, these CPI values are larger than those obtained in previous exercises for the same benchmarks. This is due mainly to the clock rate used in both cases, 3 GHz and 4 GHz. Determine whether the increase in the CPI is similar to that of the clock rate. If they are dissimilar, why?Clock rate ratio = 4 GHz/3 GHz = 1.33.a. CPI at 4 GHz = 0.99, CPI at 3 GHz = 0.7, ratio = 1.41b. CPI at 4 GHz = 16.1, CPI at 3 GHz = 10.7, ratio = 1.50They are different because the CPU time has been reduced by a lower percentage, even though the number of instructions has been reduced by 15%,1.13.3 How much has the CPU time been reduced?a. 450/500 = 0.90CPU time reduction = 10%b. 1150/1200 = 0.958CPU time reduction = 4.2%1.13.4 If the execution time is reduced by an additional 10% without affecting the CPI and with a clock rate of 4 GHz, determine the number of instructions.Number of instructions = CPU × clock rate/CPI.a. Number of instructions = 820 × 0.9 × 4 × 10^9/0.96 = 3075 × 10^9b. Number of instructions = 580 × 0.9 × 4 × 10^9/2.94 = 710 × 10^91.13.5 Determine the clock rate required to give a further 10% reduction in CPU time while maintaining the nun1ber of instructions and CPI unchanged.Clock rate = Number of instructions × CPI/CPU time.Clock rate new = Number of instructions × CPI/0.9 × CPU time = 1/0.9 clock rate old = 3.33 GHz.1.13.6 Determine the clock rate if the CPI is reduced by 15% and the CPU time by 20% while the number of instructions is unchanged.Clock rate = Number of instructions × CPI/CPU time.Clock rate new = Number of instructions × 0.85 × CPI/0.80 CPU time = 0.85/0.80 clock rate old = 3.18 GHz. Exercise 1.141.14.1 One usual fallacy is to consider the computer with the largest clock rate as having the large perfonl1ance. Check if this is true for PI and P2.Number of instructions = 106Tcpu (P1) = 106 × 1.25/4 × 10^9 = 0.315 × 10–3 sTcpu (P2) = 106 × 0.75/3 × 10^9 = 0.25 × 10–3 sClock rate (P1) > clock rate (P2), but performance (P1) < performance (P2)1.14.2 Another fallacy is to consider that the processor executing the largest number of instruction will need a larger CPU time. Considering that processor PI is executing a sequence of 106 instructions and that the CPI of processors PI and P2 do not change, detenl1ine the number of instructions that P2 can execute in the same time that PI needs to execute 106 instructions.P1: 106 instructions, Tcpu (P1) = 0.315 × 10–3 sP2: Tcpu (P2) = N × 0.75/3 × 109N = 1.26 × 1061.14.3 A common fallacy is to use MIPS (millions of instructions per second) to con1pare the performance of two different processors, and consider that the processor with the largest MIPS has the largest perforn1ance. Check if this is true for PI and P2.MIPS = Clock rate × 10−6 /CPIMIPS (P1) = 4 × 10^9 × 10–6/1.25 = 3200MIPS (P2) = 3 × 10^9 × 10–6/0.75 = 4000MIPS (P1) < MIPS (P2), performance (P1) < performance (P2) in this caseAnother common performance figure is MFLOPS (millions of floating-point operations per second), defined asMFLOPS = Number of FP operations/(execution time x 10^6)1.14.4 Find the MFLOPS figures for the programs.a. FP op = 106 × 0.4 = 4 × 105, clock cylesfp = CPI × Number of FP instr. = 4 × 105Tfp = 4 × 105 × 0.33 × 10–9 = 1.32 × 10–4 then MFLOPS = 3.03 × 103b. FP op = 3 × 106 × 0.4 = 1.2 × 106, clock cylesfp = CPI × Number of FP instr. = 0.70 × 1.2 × 106Tfp = 0.84 × 106 × 0.33 × 10–9 = 2.77 × 10–4 then MFLOPS = 4.33 × 1031.14.5 Find the MIPS figures for the programs.5 CPU clock cycles = FP cycles + CPI (L/S) × Number of instr. (L/S) + CPI (Branch) ×Number of instr. (Branch)a. 5 × 105 L/S instr., 4 × 105 FP instr. and 105 Branch instr.CPU clock cycles = 4 × 105 + 0.75 × 5 × 105 + 1.5 × 105 = 9.25 × 105Tcpu = 9.25 × 105 × 0.33 × 10–9 = 3.05 × 10–4MIPS = 106/ (3.05 × 10–4 × 106) = 3.2 × 103b. 1.2 × 106 L/S instr., 1.2 × 106 FP instr. and 0.6 × 106 Branch instr.CPU clock cycles = 0.84 × 106 + 1.25 × 1.2 × 106 + 1.25 × 0.6 × 106 = 3.09 × 106Tcpu = 3.09 × 106 × 0.33 × 10–9 = 1.01 × 10–3MIPS = 3 × 106/ (1.01 × 10–3 × 106) = 2.97 × 1031.14.6 Find the performance for the programs and con1pare with MIPS and MFLOPS.a. Performance = 1/Tcpu = 3.2 × 103b. Performance = 1/Tcpu = 9.9 × 102The second program has the higher performance, but the ﬁrst program has the higher MIPSﬁgure.Exercise 1.151.15.1 By how much is the total time reduced if the time for FP operations is reduced by 20%?a. T fp = 35 × 0.8 = 28 s; T p1 = 28 + 85 + 50 + 30 = 193 s; Reduction of 3.5%b. T fp = 50 × 0.8 = 40 s; T p4 = 40 + 80 + 50 + 30 = 200 s; Reduction of 4.7%1.15.3 Can the total time be reduced by 20% by reducing only the time for branch instructions?a. T p1 = 200 × 0.8 = 160 s; T fp + T int + T l/s = 170 s. No the total time cannot be reduced by 20%b. T p4 = 210 × 0.8 = 168 s; T fp + T int + T l/s = 180 s. No the total time cannot be reduced by 20% Assume that each processor has a 2 GHz clock rate.1.15.4 By how much must we improve the CPI of FP instructions if we want the program to run two times faster?Clock cyles = CPI fp × Number of FP instr. + CPI int × Number of INT instr. + CPI l/s × Number of L/Sinstr. + CPIbranch × Number of branch instr.Tcpu = clock cycles/clock rate = clock cycles/2 × 109a. 1 processor=> clock cycles = 8192; T cpu = 4.096 sb. 8 processors=> clock cycles = 1024; T cpu = 0.512 sTo half the number of clock cycles by improving the CPI of FP instructions:CPI improved fp × Number of FP instr. + CPI int × Number of INT instr. + CPI l/s × Number of L/S instr. + CPI branch × Number of branch instr. = clock cycles/2CPI improved fp= (clock cycles/2 − (CPI int × Number of INT instr. + CPI l/s × Number of L/S instr. +CPI branch × Number of branch instr.))/Number of FP instr.a. 1 processor: CPI improved fp = (4096 – 7632)/560 => not possibleb. 8 processors: CPI improved fp = (512 – 944)/80 => not possible1.15.5 By how much must we improve the CPI of L/S instructions if we want the program to run two times faster?Using clock cycle from 1.15.4:To half the number of clock cycles improving the CPI of L/S instructions:CPI fp × Number of FP instr. + CP Iint × Number of INT instr. + CP Iimproved l/s × Number of L/S instr. +CPI branch × Number of branch instr. = clock cycles/2CPI improved l/s = (clock cycles/2 − (CPIfp × Number of FP instr. + CPI int × Number of INT instr. +CPI branch × Number of branch instr.))/Number of L/S instr.a. 1 processor: CPI improved l/s = (4096 – 3072)/1280 = 0.8b. 8 processors: CPI improved l/s = (512 – 384)/160 = 0.81.15.6 By how much is the execution time of the program improved if the CPI of INT and FP instruction is reduced by 40% and the CPI of L/S and branch is reduced by 30%?Clock cyles = CPIfp× Number of FP instr. + CPI int× Number of INT instr. + CPI l/s× Number of L/S instr. +CPI branch × Number of branch instr.T cpu = clock cycles/clock rate = clock cycles/2 × 109CPI int = 0.6 × 1 = 0.6; CPI fp = 0.6 × 1 = 0.6; CPI l/s = 0.7 × 4 = 2.8; CPI branch = 0.7 × 2 = 1.4a. 1 processor => T cpu (before improved) = 4.096 s; T cpu (after improved) = 2.739 sb. 8 processors =>T cpu (before improved) = 0.512 s; T cpu (after improved) = 0.342 s。

六年级下册_unit_1_how_tall_are_you？

C.Fine ,thank you. D.It’s 20 cm.
Homework 1. 单词三会 10.1并背诵 2. 线上：爱乐奇Review 习题
class 13 两部分题包
3. pep课文 1.1 并背诵 4. 家长签字
How heavy is she?
3.are bigger Your than mine feet(连词成句)
Your feet are bigger than mine.
4.翻译：But I think you are heavier than me.
但是我觉得你比我重。
选择适当的词填空
1. I am 150 ___c_m____ tall.（am, cm）
2. My friend is shorter ___th_a_n____ me.
（than, then）
3. ___H__o_w____ tall are you? （How, What）
4． I’m 12. Lily is 11. I’mol_d_e_r_____
than her. (shorter, older)
词汇教学
bigger
smaller
Language Points
1.That’s the tallest dinosaur in this hall. the + 形容词最高级表示“最……的”
2.How tall is it ? 它有多高？
3. It’s taller than both of us together. 它比我们俩加起来还高。 taller than “比……高” than 用于比较级之后 both of us 我们俩
I am taller than you.

人教版新起点一年级英语上册全册教案

Unit 1 Lesson 1This is the first lesson in this first unit. The main topic is the daily expression the primary student would use during the period of school, so improving the students’ abilities of the daily conversation is very important.【知识目标】Key vocabulary: book, ruler, pencil, eraser, pen, pencil, book, ruler, schoolbagKey structures: Show me your …I’m…【能力目标】To understand the language of class instruction, such as: stand up【情感目标】Cultivate students' interest in English activities【教学重点】Students can understand, speak, read and write vocabulary: Tomato, potato, candy, bag Students can understand and speak the following sentences: Show me your (book).Here it is.【教学难点】Learn self introduction and Good morning pronunciation.The consolidation of classroom discipline.Teaching recordings, pictures, word cards, teaching pictures and PPT courseware.Step 1. Warm UpLearn the song "Point at your eyes"The teacher with the singing and dancing learned English songs, stimulate students to participate in activities of desire.Step 2. The basic partTeachers show the objects of pen, pencil, book, ruler and schoolbag one by one, to guide the students to be bold in theory and to correct their pronunciation.Teacher: What is it?Student: It 's a (pencil). (no answer, the teacher takes a few times.)Teacher: What is it?Student: It 's a (pen)Teacher: What is it?Student: It 's a (book)Teacher: What is it?Student: It 's a (ruler)Teacher:What is it?Student: It 's a (schoolbag)Step 3. Presentation and Practice1.Teachers design the situation to help students understand :Show me your (Book).Here it is.Ask a student to hold a book, and the teacher holds out his hands and says Show me your (Book). Ask other students to practice the dialogue and pay attention to correct pronunciation.2.Guide the students to analogous:Show me your (pen, pencil, book, ruler, schoolbag).Here it is.Step 4. Game Playing1.A game: A student is asked to come to the stage with her eyes covered.The teacher is going to put pen, pencil, book, ruler and schoolbag on the floor.The teacher says, "Show me your (Book)", the student touches the object and says "Here it is."It's wrong to change to another student to play.Step 5. Home work和父母做一个游戏：父母拿出你的文具，你说出对应单词。

homework1

min_conf=40%，则输出的强关联规则如下：
X transaction ,buys(X ,C ) buys(X ,K )[s 40%,c 100%]
X transaction ,buys(X ,K ) buys(X ,C )[s 40%,c 40%]
X transaction ,buys(X ,E ) buys(X ,K )[s 80%,c 100%]
age %fat age %fat
0 0.0490 0.7632 0.7723
0 0.5389 0.8158 1.0000
0.1053 0 0.8158 0.6052
(e) Pearson’s product moment coefficient:
rA ,B
i 1
(ai A )(bi B )
Null {} K:5
E:4
C:1
O:4
C:1
通过创建条件模式基挖掘 FP 树：项 C O E 条件模式基 {{K,E,O:1},{K:1}} {{K,E:4}} {{K:4}} 条件 FP 树 <K:2> <K:4，E:4> <K:4> 产生的频繁模式 {C,K:2} {O,K:4}、{O,E:4}、{O,K,E:4} {K,E:4}
age %fat 23 9.5 23 26.5 27 7.8 27 17.8 39 31.4 41 25.9 47 27.4 49 27.2 50 31.2 52 34.6 54 42.5 54 28.8 56 33.4 57 30.2 58 34.1 58 32.9 60 41.2 61 35.7
故所有的频繁项集为 L={{C},{E},{K},{O},{CK},{EK},{EO},{KO},{EKO}}。 (b) FP-growth 算法：数据库的第一次扫描与 Apriori 算法相同，它导出频繁 1 项集的集合，并得到它们的支持度计数。频繁项的集合按支持度计数的递减序排序。结果集记为 L。这样，L={{K:5},{E:4},{O:4},{C:2}}。FP-tree 如下图所示：

新概念英语第一册L47~48

Lesson 47 ~ 48 A cup of coffee◆ 词汇详解(1) like v. 喜欢，想要a. 喜欢：like sth./ doing sth. 喜欢某物/做某事e.g. 我喜欢读书。

I like reading books.b. 想要：would like sth./ to do sth. 想要某物/做某事e.g. 你想要个苹果吗？Would you like an apple?(2) want v. 想，希望用法：want是及物动词，后面跟宾语即want sth.e.g. 我想要一块巧克力。

I want a bar of chocolate.(3) fresh adj. 新鲜的新鲜的牛奶fresh milk 新鲜的空气fresh air(4) egg n. 鸡蛋[C]补充：egg white 蛋白【学生版不出现】蛋黄：egg yolk (5) butter n. 黄油[U](6) pure adj. 纯净的搭配：pure gold 纯金pure water 纯净水(7) honey n. 蜂蜜(8) ripe adj. 成熟的同类词积累：raw 生的(9) banana n. 香蕉剥香蕉peel a banana(10) jam n. 果酱cherry jam 樱桃酱traffic jam 交通阻塞(11) sweetadj. 甜的反义词bitter 苦的n. 甜点，糖果[C](12) orangen. 橙子橙汁orange juiceadj. 橙色的，橘黄色的(13) Scotch whisky 苏格兰威士忌(14) choiceadj. 上等的，精选的n. 选择做选择make a choice(15) apple n. 苹果苹果派apple pie【学生版不出现】习语：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.You are the apple of my eyes.(16) wine n. 酒，果酒搭配：red wine 红酒，干红(17) beer n. 啤酒(18) blackboard n. 黑板白板whiteboard◆ 重点语法一般现在时I!以下几种情况用一般现在时：1. 表示现在的事实或是状态e.g. 今天非常热。

homework英语作文

homework英语作文英语单词homework的中文意思是做作业的意思，对于它，在英语作文中出现的次数可不少。

下面是店铺给大家带来homework英语作文范文，供大家参阅!homework英语作文篇1：No Homework TodayOh!Yeah!No homework today, I can do something I like, I have the free time.Oh!Yeah!No homework today, I can play tennis ball with my friends, I have a lot of fun.Oh!Yeah!No homework today, I can go hiking with my family, I am very happy.Oh!Yeah!No homework today, I can go shopping with my cousins, I am very excited.Oh!Yeah!No homework today, I can go swimming with my classmates，I have a good time。

Oh!Yeah!No homework today, What are you doing?Are you happy?Do you have the free time?homework英语作文篇2every day, we are busy with our studies. our teachers often give us a lot of homework to do. after a day's hard work, we all feel tired. we want very much to have a rest. but when we get home, we still have to do a lot of homework. today i have to work out ten maths problems. i must write a chinese composition and recite twenty english new words. it is really a hard job. most of the students in our class become short-sighted.i hope we can have more spare time to do games. homework英语作文篇3When the bell rings around 1:40 p.m. thousands of studentsspill into streets. Notebooks and textbooks remain stored in lockers for the next day. Because of a desades-long practice of promoting failing students, some teens know they will advance to the next grade even if they don’t do the homework.Meanwhile, teachers say they are faced with the daily dilemma of whether to move ahead in a lesson when often only five or ten students out of around 30 have done the homework assignment. Very few kids do homework, and those who do it, cheat. Said a ninth English teacher, It is hard to base a lesson on homework if the work isn’t being done。

homework1-solution

2014 通信技术与系统作业1 参考答案授课教师: 梁菁2.某消息以二进制码方式传输，信息速率为2Mbps（1）若在接收机输出端平均每小时72个差错，求误比特率；（2）若已知信道的误比特率为5x10-9，求平均相隔多长时间就会出现1bit差错。

解(1)平均每秒钟723600=0.02个差错误比特率为p e=0.022×106=10−8(2) 信息速率R b=2(Mbit/s)P e=5×10−9平均每秒差错比特数N e=R b P e=2×106×5×10−9=0.01T e=1N e=100(s),即平均100秒产生1bit差错。

3-19. 已知有线电话信道的带宽为3.4KHz ：（1）试求信道输出信噪比为30dB 时的信道容量（2）若要在该信道中传输33.6kb/s 的数据，试求接收端要求的最小信噪比为多少。

解：（1） 10log (S N �)=30， S N �=1000信道容量C =B ×log 2(1+S N ⁄)=3.4×103×log 2(1+1000)=3.39×104(bit /s ) （2）传输速率R=33.6kb/s ≤C , 所以 R =C MIN =B ×log 2(1+S N ⁄MIN )求得接收端最小信噪比 S N ⁄MIN ≈942.8≈29.74dB6.设有一个照片要在电话线路中实现传真传输，要传输2.25×106个像素，每个像素有12个亮度等级。

假设所有的亮度等级都是等概率的，电话电路具有3kHz 带宽和30dB 的信噪比。

试求在该标准电话线路上传输一张传真图片需要的最小时间。

解：共有M=12个亮度等级，且等概率，故每个像素的平均信息量为H =log 2M =log 212=3.58(bit/像素)共有n =2.25×106个像素，一张图片的总信息量为I =Hn =3.58×2.25×106=8.06(Mbit )已知信噪比为30dB ，即10log �SN�=30，SN =1000信道容量C =Blog 2�1+SN �=3×103×log 2(1+1000)≈2.99×104(bit /s )最大信息速率R max =C =2.99×104(bit /s ) 所以最小传输时间T min =IR max =8.06×1062.99×104=2.69×102(s )=4.5(min )7.Matlab 仿真(1) 用Matlab 产生一个均值为10，方差为4的高斯噪声信号序列, 序列长度500, 分别画出时域波形图和概率分布图，并求该序列的均值和方差, 自相关函数和功率谱密度。

Homework 1

Homework 1 for Grade 2011 postgraduatesTranslate the following Medical English into Chinese.A living cell is composed of a restricted set of elements, four of which (C, H, N, and O) make up nearly 99% of its weight. This composition differs markedly from that of the earth’s crust and is evidence of a distinctive type of chemistry.What is this special chemistry, and how did it evolve? The most abundant substance of a living cell is water. It accounts for about 70% a cell’s weight, and most intracellular(细胞内的) reactions occur in an aqueous（水的、水性的）environment. Life on this planet began in the ocean, and the conditions in that primeval environment put a permanent stamp on the chemistry of living things. All organisms have been designed around the special properties of water, such as its polar character（水极性）, its ability to form hydrogenbonds（氢键）, and its surface tension. Water will completely surround polar molecules, for example, while tending to push nonpolar molecules together into larger assemblies.翻译：一个活化细胞是由有限的元素集合所组成，其中四种元素(碳、氢、氮和氧)占总质量的近99% 。

Homework 1-2015

Homework 1 Due day: March 241（25 points）.Explain why the value of GDP in 2012 would or would not change as a result of each transaction described below:a. In 2012, the Smith family purchases a new house that was built in 2012.b. In 2012, the Jones family purchases a house that was built in 2001.c. In 2012, a construction company purchases windows to put in the Smith familyhome that was built in 2012.d. In 2012, Mr. Jones paints all of the rooms of the Jones family house purchasedin 2009, using paint and supplies purchased in 2012.e. In 2012, Mr. Smith uses an online brokerage service to purchases shares ofstock in a construction company.2（15 points）.There are a number of statistics computed to measure theprice level, such as the GDP deflator and the CPI. The choice of which ofthese measures to use depends in many cases on the specific question inwhich you are interested. For each of the following situations, state whetherthe CPI or GDP deflator is a more appropriate measure to use and explainwhy the statistic is preferred.a. You are interested in looking at the impact of higher prices of imported oil inthe overall cost of living.b. The government is interested in whether increases in defense spending areaffecting the price level.c. An economic consulting firm is investigating the impact on the aggregate pricelevel of more computers and electronic technology used in production.3（25 points）.Explain which expenditure category of GDP changes andthe direction of the change that results for each transaction described.a. A domestic business purchases a domestically produced computer to use in abusiness office.b. A domestic business produces a computer that is sold to a foreign company.c. The federal government purchases a domestically produced computer to use ina courthouse.d. A domestic household purchases a domestically produced computer to use in ahome.e. A domestic household purchases a computer produced in a foreign country touse in a home.4（10 points).a. Suppose a government moves to reduce a budget deficit. Using the long-runmodel of the economy developed in Chapter 3, graphically illustrate the impact of reducing a government's budget deficit by increasing (lump-sum) taxes on household income. Be sure to label: i. the axes; ii. the curves; iii. the initial equilibrium values; iv. the direction curves shift; and v. the terminal equilibrium values.b. State in words what happens to: i. the real interest rate; ii. national saving; iii.investment; iv. consumption; and v. output.5 (10 points).a. Suppose there is a technological breakthrough that increases the productivity ofall capital and, consequently, increases the demand for investment. Using the long-run model of the economy developed in Chapter 3, graphically illustrate the impact of the increased investment demand. Be sure to label: i. the axes; ii.the curves; iii. the initial equilibrium values; iv. the direction curves shift; and v. the terminal equilibrium values.b. State in words what happens to: i. the real interest rate; ii. national saving; iii.investment; iv. consumption; and v. output.6 (15 points).Assume that a competitive economy can be described by a constant returns to scale (Cobb–Douglas) production function and all factorsof production are fully employed. Holding other factors constant, includingthe quantity of labor and technology, carefully explain how a one-time, 50-percent decrease in the quantity of capital (perhaps the result of war damage) will change each of the following:a. the level of output produced;b. the real wage of labor; the real rental price of capital;c. capital's share of total income.。

译林版3年级上 unit1--Project1 教案

(3)老师和学生之间进行相互打招呼训练。
2.Learn to say：Sam, Bobby, Mike,…等人物，并学会区分他们。
3.教师可以扮演各个角色，进行自我介绍，“I’m…”
4.学习课文2,3两图的对话。运用各种操练方式进行训练，如开火车等。
Step 3 Practice
1.Fun time
教学目标：
1.学生能够在不同的情境下用“Hi”“Hello!”“Good morning”“Good afternoon”与人打招呼。
2.学会用“I’m…”介绍自己。
3.学生能够读和写“A，B，C，D”四个字母。
4.学生学会总结这个单元，并学会用“I can say…”“I can say and write…”自我评价。
1.Sing a song : Hello .（学生跟着节奏诵读、歌唱）
2.Free talk .四个一组进行连锁问答操练。
Step 2 Revision
复习本单元中的字母及句型。（利用图片创设具体情境进行词句操练）
Step 3 Excises
1.听录音做练习册。
2.单元测试
教学后记：
Unit 2 I'm Liu Tao第一课时
教学重难点：
1.学生能够使用“Hi”“Hello!”与人打招呼并熟练掌握任务单词。
2.学生能够在适当的场合下与人打招呼。
3.学会用英语介绍自己。
教具、学具准备：
图片，录音机，多媒体
教学过程：
Step 1 Warming Up
1.课堂常规训练：
Stand up. sit down. Hand up…(教师可以通过手势让学生理解，理解便可，不要求掌握。)
b、板书Are you…、?句型，领读句子。

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Homework Set1Xiuli SunDue on:November2/3,2016October19,20161.Let kids denote the number of children ever born to a woman,and let educdenote years of education for the woman.A simple model relating fertility to years of education iskids=β0+β1educ+uwhere u is the unobserved error.(i)What kinds of factors are contained in u?Are these likely to be correlatedwith level of education?(ii)Will a simple regression analysis uncover the ceteris paribus eﬀect of edu-cation on fertility?Explain.Note:Cateris paribus means other(relevant)factors being equal”.2.The following table contains the ACT scores and the GP A(grade point average)for eight college students.Grade point average is based on a four-point scale and has been rounded to one digit after the decimal.Student GPA ACT1 2.8212 3.4243 3.0264 3.5275 3.6296 3.0257 2.7258 3.730(i)Estimate the relationship between GP A and ACT using OLS;that is,obtainthe intercept and slope estimates in the equationˆGP A=ˆβ0+ˆβ1ACTComment on the direction of the relationship.Does the intercept have a useful interpretation here?Explain.How much higher is the GP A predicted to be if the ACT score is increased byﬁve points?(ii)Compute theﬁtted values and residuals for each observation,and verify that the residuals(approximately)sum to zero.(iii)What is the predicted value of GP A when ACT=20?(iv)How much of the variation in GP A for these eight students is explained by ACT?Explain.ing data from1988for houses sold in Andover,Massachusetts,from Kieland McClain(1995),the following equation relates housing price(price)to the distance from a recently built garbage incinerator(dist):ˆlog(price)=9.40+0.312log(dist)n=135R2=0.162(i)Interpret the coeﬃcient on log(dist).Is the sign of this estimate what youexpect it to be?(ii)Do you think simple regression provides an unbiased estimator of the ceteris paribus elasticity of price with respect to dist?(Think about the citys decision on where to put the incinerator.)(iii)What other factors about a house aﬀect its price?Might these be correlated with distance from the incinerator?4.Consider the savings functionsav=β0+β1inc+u,u=√·ewhere e is a random variable with E(e)=0and V ar(e)=σ2e .Assume that eis independent of inc.(i)Show that E(u|inc)=0,so that the key zero conditional mean assumption is satisﬁed.[Hint:If e is independent of inc,then E(e|inc)=E(e).](ii)Show that V ar (u |inc )=σ2e inc ,so that the homoskedasticity Assumptionis violated.In particular,the variance of sav increases with inc .[Hint:V ar (e |inc )=V ar (e ),if e and inc are independent.](iii)Provide a discussion that supports the assumption that the variance of savings increases with family income.5.Consider the standard simple regression model y =β0+β1x +u under the classical OLS assumptions.The usual OLS estimators ˆβ0and ˆβ1are unbiased for their respective population parameters.Let ˜β1be the estimator of β1obtained by assuming the intercept is zero.(i)Find E (˜β1)in terms of the x i ,β0,and β1.Verify that ˜β1is unbiased for β1when the population intercept (β0)is zero.Are there other cases where ˜β1is unbiased?(ii)Find the variance of ˜β1.(Hint:The variance does not depend on β0.)(iii)Show that V ar (˜β1)≤V ar (ˆβ1)).[Hint:For any sample of data,∑n i =1x 2i ≥∑n i =1(x i −¯x)2,with strict inequality unless ¯x =0.](iv)Comment on the tradeoﬀbetween bias and variance when choosing between ˆβ1and ˜β1.6.Let ˆβ0and ˆβ1be the OLS intercept and slope estimators,respectively,and let ¯u be the sample average of the errors (not the residuals!).(i)Show that ˆβ1can be written as ˆβ1=β1+∑n i =1w i u i where w i =d i /SST x and d i =x i −¯x .(ii)Use part (i),along with ∑n i =1w i =0,to show that ˆβ1and ¯uare uncorrelated.[Hint:You are being asked to show that E [(ˆβ1−β1)·¯u ]=0.](iii)Show that ˆβ0can be written as ˆβ0=β0+¯u −(ˆβ1−β1)¯x .(iv)Use parts (ii)and (iii)to show that V ar (ˆβ0)=σ2/n +σ2(¯x )2/SST x .e the data in SLEEP75.RAW from Biddle and Hamermesh (1990)to studywhether there is a tradeoﬀbetween the time spent sleeping per week and the time spent in paid work.We could use either variable as the dependent variable.For concreteness,estimate the modelsleep =β0+β1totwrk +uwhere sleep is minutes spent sleeping at night per week and totwrk is total minutes worked during the week.(i)Report your results in equation form along with the number of observationsand R2.What does the intercept in this equation mean?(ii)If totwrk increases by2hours,by how much is sleep estimated to fall?Do youﬁnd this to be a large eﬀect?8.We used the data in MEAP93.RAW.Now we want to explore the relationshipbetween the math pass rate(math10)and spending per student(expend).(i)Do you think each additional dollar spent has the same eﬀect on the passrate,or does a diminishing eﬀect seem more appropriate?Explain.(ii)In the population modelmath10=β0+β1log(expend)+uargue thatβ1/10is the percentage point change in math10given a10%increase in expend.(iii)Use the data in MEAP93.RAW to estimate the model from part(ii).Report the estimated equation in the usual way,including the sample size and R-squared.(iv)How big is the estimated spending eﬀect?Namely,if spending increases by10%,what is the estimated percentage point increase in math10?(v)One might worry that regression analysis can produceﬁtted values for math10that are greater than100.Why is this not much of a worry in this data set?e the data in WAGE2.RAW to estimate a simple regression explaining monthlysalary(wage)in terms of IQ score(IQ).(i)Find the average salary and average IQ in the sample.What is the samplestandard deviation of IQ?(IQ scores are standardized so that the average in the population is100with a standard deviation equal to15.)(ii)Estimate a simple regression model where a one-point increase in IQ changes wage by a constant dollar e this model toﬁnd the predicted increase in wage for an increase in IQ of15points.Does IQ explain most of the variation in wage?(iii)Now,estimate a model where each one-point increase in IQ has the same percentage eﬀect on wage.If IQ increases by15points,what is the approximate percentage increase in predicted wage?10.Textbook:Problems:2.8,2.9,2.10;Computer Exercises:2.2,2.3,2.5,2.6。