医学英语课后翻译答案完整版

医学英语练习答案及译文 (5-8)

Key to Exercises and Chinese Translation of Texts （5-8）《实用医学英语教程》练习答案与课文参考译文Unit 5 The Respiratory SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesabdominal; hurt ; temperature; urine; ultrasound; intravenousPart TwoText AI. Text Comprehension1.The narrowest airways are one fiftieth of an inch across.2.Because it shares space with the heart in the left side of the chest.3.They look like bunches of grapes.4.The bony cage is formed by the breastbone (sternum), ribs, and spine.5.The walls of the alveoli and of the surrounding capillaries are only one cell thick and are invery close contact with each other. Oxygen passes easily through the thin walls of the alveoli and into the blood in the capillaries.II. Vocabulary1. D2. A3. B4. C5. DText BI．Text Comprehension1.Emphysema is characterized by irreversible changes, whereby the elastic properties of thelings, particularly of the alveoli, are reduced.2.Air pollution, heavy cigarette smoking and conditions that result in severe scarring of thelungs, such as silicosis and chronic bronchitis.3.Exhaling.4.Because of the difficulty in removing secretions by coughing, mucous secretions build up,become thicker, and are even more difficult to expel. Most of these patients breathe through the mouth, which further contributes to the drying of secretions and the creation of hard, thick plugs of mucus.5.Because the circulatory and respiratory systems are totally dependent on each other.II. Word Formation1.牙槽切开术粘蛋白酶牙槽牙的粘液囊肿牙槽突点粘性细胞牙槽炎粘蛋白原牙槽鼻的粘液性结肠炎2. 胃镜检查子宫镜检查喉镜检查胸腔镜检查X线检查眼底镜检查3. X线照相术X线学家X线学X线治疗X线量测定器X线病III. Translation1.Air pollution plays a role in then cause of the rapid growth of the emphysematous patients.2.Emphysema, which is a respiratory disease, is like chronic bronchitis in many ways.3.Emphysema plays a definite role in the cor pulmonate because the circulatory and respiratorysystems are so totally dependent on each other.4.Emphysematous patients have to bring the muscles of the neck and shoulders into play in aneffort to breathe.5. As the disease progresses, emphysematous patients have to force the more air trapped in thelungs out.Part ThreeWriting SkillsI. Combine the sentences according to the model.Group 1Many of the reflexes, which make it possible for the human being to adjust himself to the environment, begin as sensory impulses from the skin.Group 2These cells live a much shorter time than most other cells of the body, some of which last a life time.Group 3If protoplasm could not reproduce, a man might eventually be without the outer layer of his skin. The cells of which must continuously be replaced as a result of constant shedding.Group 4The latter test emphasizes that the peripheral airways are "silent" zones, where considerable airway disease and obstruction may exist without signs or symptoms.II. Choose the proper transition to complete each sentence.1) Furthermore, 2) In summary, 3) however, 4) as a resultIII. Make the following parallel:1) Usually, the presence of fever is due to an infection, though there can be many other causes,such as malignancies, brain injuries, toxic reactions and reactions to vaccines, and diseases involving the central nervous system may cause fever.2) Repeated hemorrhages from piles (hemorrhoids), excessive menstrual flow, and various types of ulceration in the stomach or bowel may be causes of chronic bleeding.3) Three kinds of pulmonary complications are well-recognized: influenza viral pneumonia,secondary bacterial pneumonia, and mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia.参考译文：呼吸系统呼吸系统从鼻子和嘴开始,延续到航空公司到肺部,在那里外界的氧气与人体组织呼出的二氧化碳进行交换。

02医学英语课后翻译(完整)

目录1 Unit1 (2)1.1 中翻英 (2)1.2 英翻中 (2)2 Unit2 (2)2.1 中翻英 (2)2.2 英翻中 (3)3 Unit3 (3)3.1 中翻英 (3)3.2 英翻中 (3)4 Unit4 (4)4.1 中翻英 (4)4.2 中翻英 (4)5 Unit5 (4)5.1 中翻英 (4)5.2 英翻中 (5)6 Unit6 (5)6.1 中翻英 (5)6.2 英翻中 (5)7 Unit7 (5)7.1 中翻英 (5)7.2 英翻中 (6)8 Unit8 (6)8.1 中翻英 (6)8.2 英翻中 (6)9 Unit9 (7)9.1 中翻英 (7)9.2 英翻中 (7)10 Unit10 (7)10.1 中翻英 (7)10.2 英翻中 (8)11 Unit11 (8)11.1 中翻英 (8)11.2 英翻中 (9)12 Unit12 (9)12.1 中翻英 (9)12.2 英翻中 (9)13 Unit13 (10)13.1 中翻英 (10)13.2 英翻中 (10)14 Unit14 (10)14.1 中翻英 (10)14.2 英翻中 (11)1Unit11.1中翻英1.干预intervention2.预测因素predictions3.极度疲惫burnout4.队列cohort5.主要结果评估指标main outcome measures6.线性回归linear regression7.随访follow-up8.基线base line9.代表性样本representative sample10.工作时间的减少the reduce of work time1.2英翻中1. in dimensions of 在某方面2. Maslach burnout inventory Maslach疲惫量表3. emotional exhaustion 情绪性疲惫4. linear regression 线性回归5. be independently associated with 和。

实用医学英语教程练习答案及译文 2

KeyUnit 1 IntroductionPart OneSituational Dialogues1. Hello; Please call; nurse; How can2. Hello; What’s your problem; please call; am nurse ; Can I help you.Part TwoText AI. 1. antibodies 2. accessory 3. tactile 4. skeleton system 5. exhale6. evaporation7. cartilage8. Striated muscles9. ova 10. residues II. 1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary 3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea/difficulty in respiration8. saliva 9. histology 10. blood circulation 11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive system 15. nervous cells16. immunology 17. indigestion/ poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologyText BI. 1. endemic disease 2. provoked, addiction 3. succumb to 4. ward off5. mental retardation6. An acute disease7. susceptible to8. potential , assumes9. epidemic diseaseII. 1. to impair proper function 2. to contaminate the environment3. malfunction4. causative agent5. vulnerable groups6. localized infection7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibodyUnit 2 The skeletal SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesproblems; pain; buttock ; X-ray ; mobilePart TwoText AI. I. Text Comprehension1. The skeletal system is composed of various types of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage.2. The skeletal system have four basic functions. They are support, protection, movement, Mineral storage and blood cell production.3. calcium and phosphorus4. In males, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age 60.5. Because age on the skeletal system is decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix. As a consequence, bone matrix accumulates a lesser proportion of organic matrix and a greater proportion of inorganic matrix. In some elderly individuals, this process can cause their bones to become quite brittle and more susceptible to fracture.II. Vocabulary1. C2.B3.D4.A5.BText BI. I. Text Comprehension1.Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the tissue lining the joints.2.Young children, as well as grown men and women, may suffer from it.3.He has swelling, redness, heat and pain in one or more joints.4.In older adults, the disease is usually of long standing, and varying degree of deformity andpermanent damage.boratory examination, X-ray films and biopsy.I.Word Formation1. 关节风湿病风湿病学家风湿痛风湿（性）致风湿病的风湿病风湿病样的风湿性硬化风湿疹2. 关节水肿骨关节炎滑膜关节膜炎骨关节病滑膜瘤关节病骨癌成滑膜细胞关节镜骨细胞产生滑液的关节切除术切骨术滑膜炎II.TranslationA. 1. Rheumation arthritis is a chronic and general disease, the cause of which is not certain.2. The joints of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis are usually swollen and painful.3. As the disease progresses, joint pain and swelling increase and muscular stiffnessbecomes even more marked.4. In joints which have been immobilized by pain and muscular spasm, fibrous or bonyankylosis may take place.5. In more advanced cases pain and muscle spasm give rise to flexion deformities in theaffected joints.B. Rheumatoid arthritis is a poly-articular affection, often bilateral and symmetrical, mostcommonly involving the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands and the smaller joints generally. The wrist, ankle, shoulder, and the temporomandibular joints are also subject to the disease.Part ThreeWriting Skills1. 判断下列标题的书写格式是否正确，并将错误的标题改正。

医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医学学术英语(医学)课文翻译以及课后问题答案

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task ata time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate ontwo thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.»She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.»She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient» Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to awell-controlled laboratory setting.» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designsdo not use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure andoutcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome»Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies) » The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them. ·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves. ·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions » Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people arecared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses,and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:»Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental”with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classesUnit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

医学专业英语翻译及答案(供参考)

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

（完整版）医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案

（完整版）医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all bodycells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the bo dy’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。

实用医学英语教程练习答案及译文 2

KeyUnit 1 IntroductionPart OneSituational Dialogues1. Hello; Please call; nurse; How can2. Hello; What’s your problem; please call; am nurse ; Can I help you.Part TwoText AI. 1. antibodies 2. accessory 3. tactile 4. skeleton system 5. exhale6. evaporation7. cartilage8. Striated muscles9. ova 10. residues II. 1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary 3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea/difficulty in respiration8. saliva 9. histology 10. blood circulation 11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive system 15. nervous cells16. immunology 17. indigestion/ poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologyText BI. 1. endemic disease 2. provoked, addiction 3. succumb to 4. ward off5. mental retardation6. An acute disease7. susceptible to8. potential , assumes9. epidemic diseaseII. 1. to impair proper function 2. to contaminate the environment3. malfunction4. causative agent5. vulnerable groups6. localized infection7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibodyUnit 2 The skeletal SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesproblems; pain; buttock ; X-ray ; mobilePart TwoText AI. I. Text Comprehension1. The skeletal system is composed of various types of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage.2. The skeletal system have four basic functions. They are support, protection, movement, Mineral storage and blood cell production.3. calcium and phosphorus4. In males, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age 60.5. Because age on the skeletal system is decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix. As a consequence, bone matrix accumulates a lesser proportion of organic matrix and a greater proportion of inorganic matrix. In some elderly individuals, this process can cause their bones to become quite brittle and more susceptible to fracture.II. Vocabulary1. C2.B3.D4.A5.BText BI. I. Text Comprehension1.Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the tissue lining the joints.2.Young children, as well as grown men and women, may suffer from it.3.He has swelling, redness, heat and pain in one or more joints.4.In older adults, the disease is usually of long standing, and varying degree of deformity andpermanent damage.boratory examination, X-ray films and biopsy.I.Word Formation1. 关节风湿病风湿病学家风湿痛风湿（性）致风湿病的风湿病风湿病样的风湿性硬化风湿疹2. 关节水肿骨关节炎滑膜关节膜炎骨关节病滑膜瘤关节病骨癌成滑膜细胞关节镜骨细胞产生滑液的关节切除术切骨术滑膜炎II.TranslationA. 1. Rheumation arthritis is a chronic and general disease, the cause of which is not certain.2. The joints of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis are usually swollen and painful.3. As the disease progresses, joint pain and swelling increase and muscular stiffnessbecomes even more marked.4. In joints which have been immobilized by pain and muscular spasm, fibrous or bonyankylosis may take place.5. In more advanced cases pain and muscle spasm give rise to flexion deformities in theaffected joints.B. Rheumatoid arthritis is a poly-articular affection, often bilateral and symmetrical, mostcommonly involving the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands and the smaller joints generally. The wrist, ankle, shoulder, and the temporomandibular joints are also subject to the disease.Part ThreeWriting Skills1. 判断下列标题的书写格式是否正确，并将错误的标题改正。

医学专业英语翻译与答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案

Cｈapter 1Passage 1 Huｍan BｏdyIn tｈiｓｐaｓsage you ｗiｌl ｌearn：１、Clasｓifiｃatiｏn of organ ｓysｔｅms2、Stｒuｃture aｎｄfunｃtion of each orgaｎsyｓtｅm3、Ａsｓｏciaｔed medicａｌtermsＴo uｎdeｒｓｔaｎd tｈｅｈｕman ｂｏdy it ｉｓｎeｃesｓａry toｕnｄersta ｎd ｈow its partsａre pｕt toｇｅtｈer ａｎd hoｗｔhｅy function、The study ｏｆtｈe bｏｄｙ's ｓtructｕre is called anatomy; ｔhｅｓtｕｄy ｏfｔheｂoｄy’s functｉｏn iｓkｎowｎａs phyｓiology、Othｅｒsｔudiｅs of humａn body include bioｌoｇy, cytoloｇy，ｅｍbrｙology，ｈistology,eｎdｏcriｎologｙ，hematoloｇy，im ｍｕnology, pｓychｏlogyｅｔc、了解人体各部分得组成及其功能,对于认识人体就是必需得.研究人体结构得科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能得科学叫生理学。

其她研究人体得科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等.Anaｔomistsｆind ｉt usefuｌto divide tｈe huｍan body ｉｎto ten syｓteｍs，thａt iｓ,ｔhe skｅletal systeｍ, the muｓｃｕlａr system, the ciｒｃuｌａtory system, ｔh ｅｒesｐiｒａtory system,the diｇestive syｓｔem, ｔｈe uｒiｎａry systｅm, ｔhｅendocriｎe syｓｔｅｍ, tｈｅnervous syｓteｍ,theｒeproductivｅｓｙｓｔem and th ｅskin、The principａl paｒts ｏfｅａch oｆthese systｅms arｅｄescriｂed in tｈis ar ｔiｃlｅ、解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官得做法就是很有帮助得。

医学英语课后翻译习题答案9-12

医学英语课后翻译习题答案9-12Unit 91鉴别诊断Differential diagnosis2 流行病学Incidence and epidemiology3 银屑病关节炎Psoriatic arthritis4骨关节炎Osteoarthritis5 寰枢关节Atlantoaxial joint6 齿突Odontoid prcess7 腰椎Lumbar8拇趾外翻Hallux valgus9近端指 (趾) 间关节Proximal interphalangeal joint10 颈椎病Cervical spondylosis11 从出现症状到确诊平均需要6个月到1年The average time from the onset of symtoms to diagnosis is about 6 months to 1 year.12 如果病人保持一个姿势时间过长, 就会出现类似“凝胶”的现象A simillar ”gelling” phenomenon occurs when Patients remain in a single position for a prolonged period of time.13 在类风湿性关节炎中, 腰部疾病是很常见的Waist disease is quite common in RA.14 肩关节炎可引起疼痛, 活动受限, 回旋肌腱的撕裂。

Arthrits in the shoulder joint can cause pain,decrease range of motion,and chronic rotator cuff tears.15 在患有严重肩关节炎的病人中, 疼痛引起的入睡困难是很常见的疾病。

Difficulty in slepping due to pain is a very common complaint in paients with significant shoulder arthritis.Unit 101.阴阳学说建立在对立统一规律的基础上The theory of Yin-Yang is guided by the law of unity of the opposites.2.阴阳之间的关系有阴阳的对立、阴阳的互根、阴阳的消长和阴阳的相互转化The interaction between Yin and Yang can be summed up briefly as: opposition of Yin and Yang, interdependence of Yin and Yang, waning and waxing of Yin and Yang, and inter-transformation of Yin and Yang.3.阴阳消长指阴阳之间的相互作用及其转化waning and waxing of Yin and Yang describes the interaction and potential exchange between Yin and Yang..4.静止、下降、黑暗等属阴The characteristics of stillness, descending, darkness, and, etc. pertain to Yin5. 阳盛阴虚则滋阴潜阳，阴阳两虚则滋阴益阳In case of little Yin deficiency, nourishing Yin and subdue Yang. In case of deficiency of both Yin and Yang, nourishing Yin and tonifying Yang.6. 事物阴阳的属性是相对的The Yin-Yang attribution of the thing is relative7. 阴阳两者之间互为条件，任何一方都不能脱离另一方而存在Yin-Yang are interdependent. One cannot exist without the other. Each of the two aspects is the condition for the other's existence and neither can exist in isolation.8. 量变可以导致质变Quantitative change can lead to qualitative change.9. 功能性疾病、器质性疾病Functional diseases. Organic diseases.10. 维持阴阳平衡是中医学的基本治则The general principle in the treatment of the TCM is “tokeep Yin-Yang in balance”.11. 阴阳可以概括疾病的性质The nature of diseases attributes to either Yin or Yang.12. 在一定条件下，阴阳可以相互转化In certain circumstances, Yin and Yang will transform into each other.13. 五行包括木、火、土、金、水The five elements include wood, fire, earth, metal, and water.14. 五行之间的正常关系包括相生、相克，异常关系有相乘和相侮There are two types of interactions among the five elements, inter-promotion and inter-restriction. In addition, there are two abnormal relationships among the five elements, i.e. over-restriction and reverse-restriction.Unit 111.五脏包括肝、心、脾、肺、肾The heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidney are termed the five Zang-organs．2.六腑指胆、小肠、大肠、胃、膀胱、三焦等The gallbladder, Stomach, large and small intestines, bladder and tri-Jiao are termed the six Fu-organs．3.奇恒之腑有胆、脑、骨、脉、髓、女子胞等The brain, spine, bones, vessels, gallbladder, and uterus are termed the extraordinary or extra Fu-organs.4.心为君主之官The heart is considered to be the most important of all the internal organs, sometimes described as the “ruler” or “monarch” of the internal organs.5.心主血脉The heart governs blood and blood vessels.6.心藏神，开窍于舌The heart houses the mind opens into the tongue.7.肺主气司呼吸The lungs govern Qi and respiration.8.脾主运化、主统血，为气血生化之源The spleen governs transformation and transportation, controls the blood and is described as “the source of Qi and blood”.9.肝主藏血，主疏泄The liver stores blood, and ensures the smooth flow of Qi.10.肾藏精、主发育与生殖The kidneys store essence and govern birth, growth, reproduction and development.11.肾与膀胱相表里The kidney has interior-exterior relationship with urinary bladder.12.三焦主气化，通行元气、水液等The triple jiao dominates all kinds of Qi, governs the “Qi-varying”of the human body and is pathways of Qi, fluid and foodstuff.13.大肠可以接受食物残渣The large intestine receives food dregs.14.脑为髓海，主管精神活动The brain is consider as the “the sea of the marrow”and governs the mental activities of the human being.15.女子胞可以发生月经和孕育胎儿。

医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医学英语课后翻译答案完整版

Translation：Unit one1 医院，在现代意义上，就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构，通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗。

它的历史意义，直至最近，是给退伍战士提供服务的地方。

2 在现代社会，从广义上说，医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助，或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来。

目前，为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门，医疗机构，赢利或者非赢利的，医疗保险公司或者教会，包括直接由教会提供捐赠。

在历史上，医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助。

与此不同的是，现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成，在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成。

3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗，然后离开，不在医院过夜（门诊病人）；也有一些病人被收入院，在医院过夜，甚至长达几个星期或几个月（住院病人）。

医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务，以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定。

（医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力，而其他一类通常称为诊所。

）Unit two1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务。

下一级别的为城镇医疗中心，这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人提供门诊医疗服务。

每一个中心有十到三十个床位，中心的专业医生为医士(助理医师）。

这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统，为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务。

2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期，在那个时候，共产党开始有大批的人口流动，（动员群众）参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”，目的在于改进较差的环境卫生，预防某些疾病。

3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响，合作医疗缺乏资金来源，致使赤脚医生数量减少，这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫，在一些村庄，卫生状况和饮用水(水源检测？这个大家自己看哈）很少得到监控。

《学术英语(医学)(第二版)》Unit1翻译及课后习题答案

UNIT 1 A Doctor’s LifeTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 1, students (Ss) are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.Start the class by sharing your experiences with doctors.2.Brainstorming task:1)Ask Ss to brainstorm what they know about a doctor’s life and practice.2)Write down the key words on the chalkboard.3)Ask Ss to have a short discussion on different aspects of a doctor’s life. Ssare encouraged to use the key words in discussion.The following is a list of suggested key words:3.Make a summary on the discussion and introduce the topic of Text A.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.When preparing for and planning the class, the teacher (T) can search “doctor’slife” on the Internet and find out what people say and think about a doctor’s life.Start the class by introducing the findings. This is a natural continuation of Lead-in.2.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.3.Integrate Task 2/ Language building-up/ Text A when a parentheticalstatement is dealt with.4.When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5.If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus1.… that one stray request from a patient—even one that is quite relevant—might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down. (P2, Para. 1)两个破折号之间是插入语，补充说明病人冷不丁提出的要求（stray request）也可能是相当中肯的（relevant），即便如此，对聚精会神的医生来说也是“灾难性的”。

(完整版)医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医学英语课后翻译习题答案5-8

14. 骨髓对贫血的反应能力部分取决于促红细胞生成素的刺激水平
The capacity of marrow to respond(to the anemia) depends on the level of erythropoietin stimulaiton.
15. 慢性内出血诊断更难。
Slower bleeding internally can be harder to diagnose.
7. 减少食物中胆固醇量
reducing intake of protein and phosphate
8. 肾脏具有强大的功能储备
The kidneys have a large functional reserve.
9. 在等待肾移植时，可以进行血液透析
Dialysis is used while waiting for a suitable transplant opportunity.
12. 肾脏衰竭通常是一个渐进性的过程
Usually kidney failure is a gradual process.
13. 如果肾单位不能进行滤过，肾脏将停止工作
If nephrons don't carry out the filtering process, the kidney will stop functioning.
Unit 7
1. 中风 stroke, apoplexy
2. 瘫痪paralysis
3. 康复rehabilitation
4. 中枢神经系统central nervous system
5. 周围神经系统 peripheral nervous system