英文版国际营销学期末试卷4
国际市场营销英文练习题库及答案
国际市场营销英⽂练习题库及答案1、Management with a geocentric orientation viewing the entire world as a potential market and striving to develop an integrated world market strategy、2、Marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors do、3、Product concept is such an idea that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality performance and features, and that the organization should therefore devote its energy to making continuous product improvement、4、The production concept is such a philosophy that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that management should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency、5、The goal of differentiation principle is to create competitive advantage、6、What does global localization mean? Thinking globally and acting locally、7、EPRG Framework consists of Ethnocentric orientation, Polycentric orientation, Regiocentric Orientation, Geocentric Orientation、8、Three principles of marketing includes value principle, differentiation principle, focus principle、9、Which management philosophy holds that achieving organizational goals need to determine the needs and wants of target markets、Marketing concept, social marketing concept、10、Marketing is a social and manager process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others、√对1、European union is a kind of Economic Unions、2、Two or more countries agree to abolish all internal barriers to trade among themselves, Then they establish a Free trade areas、3、Power distance index (PPDI Refers to the extent to which the less powerful member of a society accept- even expect- that power is to be distributed uniquely、4、Lower middle income countries, also known as less developed countries/LDCs、5、Expropriation is a kind of political risk、6、High income countries also known as advanced industrialized postindustrial or first world countries、7、Self -reference criterion(SRC) refers to the unconscious reference to one's own cultural values、8、Market Allocation relies on consumers to allocate resources、9、Which of the following belongs to the most of delusion of equity control?Expropriation, Confiscaction, Nationalization, Creeping expropriation、10、In a high context country lawyers is less important , a person's word is his or her bond, responsibility for organizational error is taken by highest level, people breathe on each other、11、Sovereignty refers to the spring and independent political authority of a country、12、There are three types of economic systems, namely capitalist, sociologist, and mixed、13、There are four stages of market development, namely low income countries, lower middle income countries, upper middle income countries, and high income countries、14、Culture can be explained by ways of living built up by a group of human beings which are transmitted from one generation to another、15、Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a useful theory of human motivation that helps explain cultural universals、1、Segmentation is defined as the process of dividing the world market into distinct success of consumers that behave in thesame way or have similar needs、2、Demographic segmentation is dividing the world based on measurable characteristics of populations, such as age, gender, income, national income, education and occupation, etc、3、Behavior segmentation focus on whether people buy or use a product, how often and how much they use it、4、Targeting is the act of evaluating and comparing the identified segments in order to select one ormore of them as prospects with the highest potential、5、Differentiated global marketing entails targeting two or more distinct segments with different marketing mixes、6、Positioning is the location of a product in the mind of its customers,that is positioning is what happens in the mind of the customer、7、High-tech positioning is a kind of positioning strategy for products which are ppurchased on concrete product features; Bears already have processed or wish to acquire considerable technical Information、8、Core product consists of the core, problem solving benefits that consumers seek when they buy a product、9、Product life cycle is the cause of a product's sales and profits over its lifetime、10、Then company sells exactly the same product or service with the same advertising as used in the home country ,in some or all world market countries or segments, we say the company chooses a dual expansion strategy for global product expansion、11、Transfer pricing refers to the pricing of goods and services bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a single company、12、Price escalation is the increase in a product's price as transportation ,duty and distributor margins are added to the factory price、13、Distribution channel refers to an organized network of agencies and institutions which in combination perform all the activities required to link producers with users to accomplish the marketing task、14、The width of distribution channel is depending on the number of intermediaries in each level of channel、15、Promotion refers to all forms of communication used by organizations to inform ,remaind,explain, persuade, and influence the attitudes and buying behavior of customers and other persons、。
国际营销英语考试题
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.1. In PLC,( )is a period of slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. At this stage, competition increases as rival firms fight for a bigger share of the market. Profits levels off or decline because of increased marketing outlays to defend the product against competition.Introduction B. Growth C. Maturity D. Decline2.In BCG Matrix, the business with high market share and low market growth was called ( )Stars B. Cash cows C. Problem children D. Dogs3.A manufacturer of air conditioner guarantees that they will repair the air conditioner for free within a year from the consumer buying it. This belongs to ( )A. Core productB. Real productC. Enhanced productD. Not sure4. Which one of the following is not the content of socio-cultural environment? ( )A. ReligionB. BeliefC. LanguageD. Income5.The “4Ps” theory of marketing mix is devel oped by ( )A. Philip KotlerB. Jerome McCarthyC. Robert LauterbornD. DonE. Schuhz6.Lucy’s friend bought a digital camera, which is of interest to Lucy. So Lucy decides to buy one. Which stage is Lucy in? ( )A. Need recognitionB. Information searchC. Evaluation alternativesD. Purchase decision7. ( )is the pricing strategy of setting a relatively high price for a new, innovative, or much improved product or service at first, then lowers the price over time.A. Market skimmingB. Market penetrationC. TenderingD. Contribution pricing8. A well-developed model of buyer behavior is ( ). The essence of the model is that it suggests consumers will respond in particular ways to different stimuli after they have “processed” those stimuli in their minds.A. stimulus-response modelB. black-box modelC. both A and BD. neither A or B9. When backed by purchasing power, wants become ( )A. social needsB. physical needsC. self-esteem needsD. demandsⅡ. Answer the questions.What are the contents involved in Macro-environment and Micro-environment?What are the types of competitors?What are the three levels of a product?How does the Boston Box classify products?What are the stages of PLC? What are the characteristics of every stage?What are the characteristics of market penetration pricing and market skimming pricing respectively?7. What is the simplest distribution channel?8. What is the buyer decision process for general products?9. How is the post-purchase behavior important for a company?10.What are the factors affecting consumer behavior?11.How are the reference groups classified?12.What are the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?13.To describe the four types of buying behavior with a figure.Quiz21.生产消费品中的便利品的企业通常采取()渠道策略。
国际市场营销期末试题(6套试题)
20 —20 学年第学期考试试题 (A)卷课程名称国际市场营销学任课老师签名出题老师签名题库审题老师签名 ____________ 考试方式(闭卷)适用专业国际经济与贸易考试时间 120分钟一、判断题(判断下列各题正误,正者在括号内打"√",误者在括号内打"×"。
每小题1分,共10分)1、一个国家或地区的经济发展周期对国际企业开展市场营销的影响很小。
()2、在国际市场营销学中,所谓产品,就是指实体的产品或物质的产品。
()3、某企业通过与东道国的一企业签订合同组建合资企业的方式进入该国经营。
它这是合同进入模式。
() 4、用古色古香的、可作茶杯的瓶子作酒瓶,这在产品包装策略中属附赠品包装策略。
()5、国际市场必须按一种模式化的标准进行细分。
()6、在国际营销中,人口分布对国际市场规模大小影响很大。
()7、在国际营销活动中,产品必须实现跨国界的转移。
()8、营业推广是效果最好但费用最昂贵的促销手段。
()9、国际营销企业在国际市场上给予中间商一定时期内的独家销售特定商品的权力的策略是短渠道策略。
()10、国际市场营销活动的主体是国家。
()二、选择题 (下列选项中,至少有一个是正确的。
请将正确选项的题号写在括号内。
每小题 1 分,共10分)1、在国际市场营销中,成本付出最高的是()方式。
A、选择型性营销B、集中型营销C、差异型营销D、广泛型营销2、下列因素中,属于国际营销可控因素的是()。
A、各国的语言与文化B、各国的贸易和经营习惯C、产品分销渠道D、各国的政治、经济与法律体系3、相对而言,用()对国际市场进行宏观细分能更全面地反映市场特征。
A、地理标准B、文化标准C、经济标准D、组合法4、下列商品中较宜选择无差异性策略的是()。
A、粮食B、服装C、鞋类D、化妆品5、一国人口增长,意味着该国市场规模()。
A、扩大B、不变C、缩小D、不一定扩大6、目标市场是指()。
英文版国际营销重点及答案
国际营销International Marketingis the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit.国际营销市场细分International marketing market segmentationEnterprises after entry into a foreign market, due to customer demand is varied in the country, businesses cannot meet all the needs of customers, and can be broken down into a number of markets, meet the needs of one or several markets.After that when the company decides to enter an overseas market, it will find that customer demand on the local market there is still a difference, need to be further subdivided into a number of markets, with a view to selecting one or several markets to target markets.文化culture(1)is the sum of the "value, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and through processes that are learned and shared by a group of people ,then transmitted from generation to generation."(2)Is the human made part of human environment-the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society营销渠道Marketing channelsMarketing (Marketing channels) refers to the product or service path along the transfer, transfer from participating product or service activities in order to make the product or service is easy to use or consumption of all organizations.销售促进销售促进(英文为:Sales Promotion,简称SP)Sales promotion (English: Sales Promotion, known as SP), also known as a marketing promotion, it is an enterprise using a variety of short-term incentives to encourage consumers and brokers to buy promotional activities, distribution of products and services.1.国内营销与国际营销区别和共同点International marketing is developed on the basis of marketing. As the different branches of marketing, international marketing and domestic marketing of existing linkages, and differentiated.(A)Link1. Based on commonality of international marketing and domestic marketing are based on the principles of economics as a theoretical basis.2. Consistency of concepts in contemporary economic activity, international marketing and domestic marketing concepts are consistent in nature, are "marketing concept" as a guiding principle, to meet consumer demand and user-centric.3. Operation is easy, in management, international marketing and domestic marketing there is often a certain amount of contact. Their business processes, international marketing is an extension of domestic marketing(B) the difference1. International marketing environment has become more complex2. Uncertainties facing the international market moreChanging trend of the market demand for our products, as well as consumer buying motives, consumer psychology, evaluation of products, it is difficult to determine. Enterprises ' difficulty in timely, accurate information about competitors ' reactions, and multinational market research more difficult. Companies are struggling to choose the more suitable advertising media and advertising tools, selection and control of international marketingchannel is more difficult to determine.3. selection of international than domestic marketing more diverse, more difficult.4. International marketing marketing harder2.文化具有哪些特点?文化具有的一些特征。
国际营销学试卷试卷 (1)
名词解释国际分销渠道长度品牌Economic globalizationPositioningStrategy简答题企业可以采用哪些全球品牌决策企业怎样选择国际目标市场,举例说明自然环境对国际市场营销战略的影响论述题自然环境国际营销学试卷填空题1.Product promotion price and distribution comprise an organization’s ( marketing mix )2.Factors that lead to partership succes : (mission ) ( strategy ) ( government ) ( culture ) ( management )3.According to philip.kotler of the there levels of a product include (core product)(tangible product)(augment product)4.The marketing communication mix consisus of four major tools:(advertising)(personal-sellings)(public relation)(sales promotion)5.There are five major products strategies in international marketing:产品和促销直接延伸策略;产品直接延伸、促销改变策略;产品改变、促销直接延伸策略;产品与促销双重改变策略;产品创新策略。
6.The sources of information mainly come from :直接信息,间接信息选择题1. Jones is very concerned about kissing another man on the check as a greeting when goes to do business in Europe. If jones choose to not follow this customs,it will most likely be ok since jonesis from another cuiture.jones”s situation would closely match which of the following custons formats? ( A )A:selectives B exctusives C imperatives D cuitural rules2.the ( C ) index measures the tolerance of social inequailtyA.individuatism collectivismB. uncertainty avoidanceC.power distanceD.consumer benavior3.A society that has a high uncertainty avoidance index score tends to be ( A )A.distrustful of new ideas or behaviorsB.dominated by indixidulas rather than by groupsC.dominated by groups rather than by indixidulasD.has greats distance between superiors and subordinates4.if the Unites states were to place an absolute restriction against purchases and importation of Libyan oli as a punishment for perceived support of global terrorism..。
英文版国际营销学期末试卷
英⽂版国际营销学期末试卷英⽂版国际营销学期末试卷6Section 1: Multiple Choices (75%)This section has 30 questions, each worth 2.5%. For each question, you must choose ONLY one choice which you think best fits in. Please transfer the code of your choice into the attached Answer Sheet.1. Marketing seeks to create and manage profitable customer relationships bydelivering ________ to customers.a. competitive pricesb. superior valuec. superior serviced. superior promotione. product assortment2. Customer satisfaction depends on the product’s perceived valu e relative tothe buyer’s ________.a. cost of obtaining the productb. expectationsc. cost of competing productsd. cost of the lost experiencee. all of the above3. To reduce demand for space on congested expressways in Washington,D.C., the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments has attemptedto engage in ________.a. target marketingb. deregulationc. demarketingd. gray marketinge. integration4. Your firm is attempting to divide up the total market to determine the bestsegments it can serve. Which is the correct order of doing so?a. market segmentation, target marketing, market positioningb. target marketing, market positioning, market segmentationc. market positioning, market segmentation, target marketingd. market segmentation, market positioning, target marketinge. mass marketing, demographic segmentation, psychographicsegmentation5. A company with limited resources might enter a new market by serving ________ segment(s).a. the largestb. the most profitablec. duald. one or a fewe. three or more6. Today the four Ps are compared to the four Cs. Product and place are called________ and ________, respectively.a. convenience; customer solutionb. customer cost; conveniencec. communication; customer solutiond. customer solution; conveniencee. communication; convenience7. This systematic collection and analysis of publicly available information aboutcompetitors and developments in the marketing environment is very useful.What is it called?a. marketing datab. marketing intelligencec. Web masterd. sales and sales managemente. secondary data8. Survey research is best suited for gathering ________ information.a. personalb. preferencec. attituded. descriptivee. exploratory9. Which form of data can usually be obtained more quickly and at a lower cost?a. primaryb. censusc. secondaryd. syndicatede. tertiary10. ________ are people within a reference group who, because of special skills, knowledge, personality, or other characteristics, exert influence on others.a. Opinion leadersb. Habitual buyersc. Charismatic personalitiesd. Perceptionistse. Wild ducks11. ________ are defined as smaller cultural groups of people with sharedvalue systems based on common life experiences and situations.a. Alternative evaluationsb. Cognitive dissonancesc. Subculturesd. Motivese. Attitudes12. To marketers, more important than reality is ________, the process bywhich people select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world.a. personalityb. perceptionc. selective groupd. habitual behaviore. assessment13. Markets can be segmented into groups of nonusers, ex-users, potentialusers, first-time users, and regular users of a product. This method of segmentation is called ________.a. user statusb. usage ratec. benefitd. behaviore. product frequency14. Mass marketers, such as Target and Venture Stores, ignore marketsegment differences and target the whole market with one offer. What is their approach to segmenting?a. undifferentiated marketingb. differentiated marketingc. target marketingd. blanket marketinge. intelligent marketing15. A segmenting approach that has been around for a long time that can bevery effective—________—tailors brands and promotions to the needs and wants of specific cities, neighborhoods, and even specific stores.a. micromarketingb. differentiated marketingc. niche marketingd. local marketinge. A or D16. ________ are consumer products and services with uniquecharacteristics or brand identification for which a significant group of buyers is willing to make a special purchase effort.a. Shopping productsb. Unsought productsc. Specialty productsd. Industrial productse. Line extensions17. A(n) ________ is a name, term, sign, symbol, design, or a combinationof these, that identifies that maker or seller of a product or service.a. serviceb. brandc. co-brandd. internal markete. external market18. Product mix ________ refers to the number of different product lines thecompany carries. Procter & Gamble markets 250 brands organized into many product lines.a. lengthb. heightc. widthd. perimetere. depth19. General Electric worked with Culligan to develop its Water by CulliganProfile Performance refrigerator with a built-in Culligan water filtration system. This is an example of ________.a. brand extensionb. brand equityc. co-brandingd. internal marketinge. cannibalization20. Which of the stages in the product life cycle is characterized by rapidmarket acceptance, increasing sales, and increasing profits?a. introductione. development21. What actually leads to greater competition in the maturity stage of the PLC?a. overcapacityb. many competitorsc. poor managementd. inadequate promotione. a lack of money22. Some companies have adopted a ________ strategy, offering just the right combination of quality and good service at a fair price.a. value-based pricingb. good-value pricingc. cost-plus pricingd. low-price imagee. none of the above23. Lawyers, accountants, and other professionals typically price by adding a standard markup for profit. This is known as ________.a. variable costsb. cost-plus pricingc. value-based pricingd. break-even pricee. penetration pricing24. Consumer perceptions of the product’s value set the ________.a. demand curveb. floorc. ceilingd. variable coste. image25. By definition, a conventional distribution channel consists of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, and ________.a. productsb. retailers26. The most common type of contractual agreement in business is the________.a. franchise organizationb. vertical marketing systemc. conventional marketing channeld. corporate VMSe. scrambled system27. A recent major trend, whereby producers are bypassing intermediariesand going directly to final buyers, or radically new types of channel intermediaries are emerging to displace traditional ones is referred to as ________.a. the vertical marketing systemb. the corporate marketing systemc. disintermediationd. the corporate mergere. a hostile takeover28. The communication tools a company uses to pursue its advertising andmarketing objectives is often referred to as the company’s ________.a. direct marketingb. integrated marketingc. promotion mixd. competitive marketinge. target marketing29. The major promotion tool that includes catalogs, telephone marketing,kiosks, the Internet, and more is called ________.a. sales promotionb. direct marketingc. affordable methodd. public relationse. advertising30. A message showing a product’s quality, economy, value, or performanceis called a ________ appeal.a. structuralb. rationald. morale. linguisticSection 2 Short Answer Questions (25%)Answer each question with adequate knowledge you have learned in this course. You need to present your answer and the question number in the Attached Answer Sheet.1. Outline the four major steps in designing a customer-driven marketingstrategy. (7%)Answer KeysThe first step is market segmentation: dividing a market into smaller groups of buyers with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors, who might require separate products or marketing mixes. The company then identifies different ways to segment the market and develops profiles of the resulting market segment. The third step is differentiating the firm’s market offering to create superior customer value. The final step is mar ket positioning: arranging for a market offering to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers..2. Discuss the importance of consumer perceptions of value and costs tosetting prices. (8%)Answer KeysCustomer perceptions of value set the upper limit for prices, and costs set the lower limit.However, in setting prices within these limits the company must then consider other internal and external factors. Internal factors affecting pricing include the company’soverall marketing strategy, objectives, and marketing mix, as well as other organizational considerations. External factors include the nature of the market and demand, competitors’ strategies and prices, and other environmental fact ors.3. What advantages do multichannel distribution systems offer in today’smarkets? (8%)Answer KeysWhat is the principle advantage of using a multichannel distribution system?With each new channel in a multichannel distribution system the company expands its sales and market coverage and gains opportunities to tailor its products and services to the specific needs of diverse customer segments.。
国际营销试题
《国际营销》课程期末考试试题1.Put the following into Chinese. (20%)1﹥international marketing 国际营销2﹥uncontrollable elements 不可控因素3﹥integrated marketing communication 整合营销沟通4﹥public relations 公共关系5﹥market segment 市场细分6﹥relationship marketing 关系营销7﹥separation allowance 分离津贴8﹥exclusive distribution 独家经销9﹥buyback agreement 产品回购协议10﹥full-cost pricing 全成本定价法2.Put the following into English (20%)1﹥抵消关税countervailing duty2﹥标准加仑proof gallon3﹥卸岸成本landed costs4﹥(国内)消费税domestic purchase or excise taxes 5﹥渗透定价法penetration pricing6﹥市场壁垒market barriers7﹥反制措施countervailing measures8﹥经济一体化economic integration9﹥市场占有率market share10﹥自荐的订单unsolicited order3.Rewrite the following in full name. (10%)1﹥BOPMs Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Markets2﹥SDR Special Drawing Right3﹥FTZs Free Trade Zones4﹥MNC Multinational Corporation5﹥SRC Self-reference Criterion4.What are the traits of those countries considered big-emerging markets? (25%)Fist of all, they are all geographically large and have significant populations, which exist a potential and strong purchasing power in the market. Secondly, they own a sizable market for a wide range of products so that foreign products and indigenous products both can coexist. Thirdly, they have strong rates of growth or the potential for significant growth .More importantly, they all have some opening economic polices, endeavoring to undertake significant programs of economic reform so as to improve the domestic economic. Besides, they must be of major political importance within their regions and become“regional economic drivers". Finally, there will be a kind of power to engender further expansion in neighboring markets as they grow. They will have impact on their neighbouring countries in the export and import trade.5. How to select sales and marketing personnel? (25%)In order to select personnel for International marketing positions effectively, management must define precisely what is expected of its people and what kinds of salespeople the enterprise will need before the selection. A formal job description can aid management in expressing long-range as well as current needs. Besides, the criteria should include special requirements indigenous to various countries.Thus, some basic requisites should be considered when we select salesperson. To begin with, Maturity is a prime requisite for expatriate and third-country personnel. Sales personnel work abroad frequently so that they must work more independently in the foreign market. Emotional stability is demanded in selecting International personnel. Since thesepeople are living in cultures dissimilar to their own, they may meet the culture shock and do not adapt the new environment at the beginning. At that time, they require a strong adaptability and need sensitivity to behavioral variations in different countries. Moreover, a wide range of knowledge of many subjects both on and off the job are the most important thing to Managers or salespeople. It can help them know the foreign market better and make right marketing strategies .And a positive attitude on an international assignment and a passion towards work are also necessary. At last, international sales and marketing personnel must be energetic and enjoy travel. Most international sales representatives often need to fly around the world in a month and spend about two-thirds of their nights in hotel rooms. So it needs a certain kind of stamina during the business travel. No one can bear such kind condition except the one who love travelling.。
英文版国际营销学期末试卷8
英文版国际营销学期末试卷8SECTION 1: True and False <TOTAL20 marks>For each of the following, place a “T” if the statement is “true”, “F” if the statement is false. (20 marks)___F___ 1. “Marketing” is best described as “promotion”.____T__ 2. All activities involved in selling renting, and providing goods and services to ultimate consumers for personal, family or household use are known as retailing.___F____3. Selling brand-name products at lower than regular price is: guaranteed to cause a loss not a wise business decision.___F___ 4. The main reasons a firm segments its markets is to refine sales forecasts and allow for more product differentiation.____T___5. Selecting target markets mean using criteria such as cost of reach the segment and size and expected growth____F___6. Intermediaries make the flow of products from producers to buyers possible by performing three basic functions: production, transmission and display___F___ 7.During the introduction stage of the PLC, sales gradually increase and competition becomes tough.__T____ 8. The marketing objective for the maturity stage of PLC is to maintain brand loyalty.____F___9. In introduction stage, a company retains the product but reduces marketing support costs it is in what stage of the PLC.___F___ 10. After buying a product, the customers is anxious about the choice she/he made, this is called dissatisfaction.SECTION 2: Multiple Choice. (Total 40, 2 Marks/Question)Right answers are highlighted.1. A condition that favours penetration pricing is:A.Many segments are price insensitive.B. Low price implies good qualityC. Recoup initial investments costs quicker.D. Many segments are price sensitive. 2. When the price setter stresses the supply or cost side of the pricing problem, they are using A. Standard-orientation B. Cost-oriented C. Demand-oriented D. Target-oriented. 3. The retail position matrix makes use of these two dimensions: A. Width and depth of product line. B. Service offered and product line. C. Price levels and locations. D. Pricing strategies and competition.4. Any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good,service or idea by an identified sponsor is called:A. PublicityB. Public relation.C. AdvertisingD. Promotion5. Qu estions such as:”What ads do you remember seeing yesterday?” are an exa mpleof what type of post-test? A. Aided recallB. Unaided recallC. Inquiry testD. Attitude test.6. Norms and expectations about the way people do things in a specific country arereferred to as: A. National characterB. CustomsC. ValuesD. Preferences.7. A market segment would have a collection of prospective buyers that are:A. Ready to buyB. Showing unfilled needsC. Relatively heterogeneousD. Relatively homogeneous.……………………………………………………………装订 线…………………………………………………8.One of the following is NOT a criteria when forming segments:A.Potential for higher profits and ROI.B.Similarity of needsC.Difference in needs of buyers among segmentsD.Fewer customer complaints.9.The framework to relate the market segments of potential buyers to productsoffered or potential marketing actions by the firm is called:A.Action gridB.Relation gridC.Product gridD.Market grid.10.When a firm distributes to two or more different types of channels for the sameproduct, this is called:A.Double channel dutyB.Dual networkC.Split distributionD.Dual distribution11.Professional managed and centrally coordinated marketing channels designed toachieve channel economies and maximum marketing impact are called:A.Vertical marketing systemsB.Horizontal marketing systemsC.Centrally coordinated systemsD.Professional coordinated marketing systems.12.Automobiles and TV’s are in what stage of the PLCA.IntroductionB.GrowthC.MaturityD.Decline13.Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 situational influences that have animpact on the purchase decision process.A.Social surroundingB.Physical surroundingsC.Cash on handD.Temporal effectsE.Purchase task14.What type of ad gets the consumers to take immediate action?A.Delayed-response advertisingB.Direct-response advertisingC.Direct-trigger advertisingD.Direct-action advertising15.After being shown an ad, respondents are asked whether their previous exposureto it was through reading, viewing or listening. This is an example of what type of post-test?A.Aided recallB.Unaided recallC.Attitude testsD.Inquiry tests16.The marketing of two or more products in a single package price is calleda.Target pricingb.Bundle pricingc.Odd-even pricingd.Price lining.17.Which method of pricing is based on the “learning effect”?A.Cost-plus pricingB.Experience curve pricingC.Target profit pricingD.Loss-leader pricing18.The process of conveying a message to others that requires six centralcommunication elements is called:A.ExchangeB.DialoguemunicationD.Feedback19.Which promotional mix alternatives allows the seller to see or hear the potentialbuyers reaction to the message?A.AdvertisingB.Personal sellingC.Public relationsD.Sales promotionsing Price as a measure of the quality of a product and setting price high is:A.Prestige pricingB.Pricing LiningC.Pricing odd-evenD.Target pricingSECTION 3: SHORT ANSWERS (40 marks)Question 1 (20 marks- Branding)Pro ImageThe marketing of professional and university team sportswear and novelty items is a $3 billion-a-year industry. Pro Image was one of the first franchiser of the one-stop sports fan shop. Pro Image controls over 130 stores, with an additional 100 franchised outlets. Each franchise store costs roughly $100,000, approximately $16,000 of which covers the franchise fee with the rest going toward inventory and store improvements.Pro Image assists franchisees in site selection, lease negotiation, and advertising. Pro Image requires new owners to attend a four-day training session. Other assistance includes a business hotline and a computerized inventory and sales system. As an added service they stock hard to get items in a 4,500 square-foot warehouse, making them more readily available to franchisees.2a) Suppose you are interested in opening a sports fan shop. What are the advantages and disadvantages of becoming part of a franchise operation? (10 marks) AnswersFor franchisor:•Expansion:VC & control•Legal considerationno more licenses•Operation considerationfranchisee has greater incentivethan employeeFor franchisee:•Employmenta way of owning a business•Quick starta proven trademark•TrainingFranchisor provide significanttrainingFor franchisor:•Limited pool of available franchiseesFinancial resources & desire•ControlCareful screen franchiseeIllegal operation by franchisee damage goodwill of franchisorFor franchisee:•No guaranteeBusiness risk•ControlLoss of controlRequired to follow system•Pricefranchise fee, ongoing royalties and advertising contributions•Conflictsacting in bad faith2b) A franchise is described as what type of vertical marketing system? How does this system differ from the other two types? (10 marks)AnswersFranchising is on contractual base.The other two are based on: corporate control or administrative control.Question 2 (20 marks- pricing)For many years the Compaq Computer company succeeded in the marketplace by making a variety of excellent quality computers that were sold through a series of resellers (such as Circuit City, Best Buy, and other electronic retailers). However, because of price pressures from such direct marketers as Dell and Gateway, profits have shrunk. The management of Compaq decided to take bold pricing and distribution strategy to offset these problems and challenges. The company began to slowly develop their own network of retail outlets or “Compaq stores” in which to distribute their newest products.1a) If you were the VP Marketing for Compaq, what pricing strategy would you recommend for the new Compaq stores –market skimming pricing or market penetration pricing? Consider relationships with your “old distributors,” current competitors, and consumers in your decision. Explain your rationale and any advantages/ disadvantages of your choice. (15 marks)Answers:Either one is fine.Students are required to consider the three Cs, customer, competitor andcost/company to set a price level.Skimming•Willing to buy•Enough demand•Customer’s interpretation of high price as high quality•Not attract competition•High R&D cost.Penetration:Price sensitive consumersDiscourage competitionUnit cost decreases dramatically with the sales volume.AnswersStudents should mention the different price online vs. offline might cause channel conflicts.1b) Discuss the type(s) of distribution strategy Compaq Computer company is using.(5 marks).Dual Distribution orMulti-marketing channel。
国际营销英语考试题
1. In PLC,( )is a period of slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. At this stage, competition increases as rival firms fight for a bigger share of the market. Profits levels off or decline because of increased marketing outlays to defend the product against competition.Introduction B. Growth C. Maturity D. Decline2.In BCG Matrix, the business with high market share and low market growth was called ( )Stars B. Cash cows C. Problem children D. Dogs3.A manufacturer of air conditioner guarantees that they will repair the air conditioner for free within a year from the consumer buying it. This belongs to ( )A. Core productB. Real productC. Enhanced productD. Not sure4. Which one of the following is not the content of socio-cultural environment? ( )A. ReligionB. BeliefC. LanguageD. Income5.The “4Ps” theory of marketing mix is devel oped by ( )A. Philip KotlerB. Jerome McCarthyC. Robert LauterbornD. DonE. Schuhz6.Lucy’s friend bought a digital camera, which is of interest to Lucy. So Lucy decides to buy one. Which stage is Lucy in? ( )A. Need recognitionB. Information searchC. Evaluation alternativesD. Purchase decision7. ( )is the pricing strategy of setting a relatively high price for a new, innovative, or much improved product or service at first, then lowers the price over time.A. Market skimmingB. Market penetrationC. TenderingD. Contribution pricing8. A well-developed model of buyer behavior is ( ). The essence of the model is that it suggests consumers will respond in particular ways to different stimuli after they have “processed” those stimuli in their minds.A. stimulus-response modelB. black-box modelC. both A and BD. neither A or B9. When backed by purchasing power, wants become ( )A. social needsB. physical needsC. self-esteem needsD. demandsⅡ. Answer the questions.What are the contents involved in Macro-environment and Micro-environment?What are the types of competitors?What are the three levels of a product?How does the Boston Box classify products?What are the stages of PLC? What are the characteristics of every stage?What are the characteristics of market penetration pricing and market skimming pricing respectively?7. What is the simplest distribution channel?8. What is the buyer decision process for general products?9. How is the post-purchase behavior important for a company?10.What are the factors affecting consumer behavior?11.How are the reference groups classified?12.What are the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?13.To describe the four types of buying behavior with a figure.Quiz21.生产消费品中的便利品的企业通常采取()渠道策略。
国际营销期末试题及答案
国际营销期末试题及答案第一部分:选择题1. 在国际营销中,以下哪个因素是决定公司产品定价的主要因素?a) 市场需求b) 生产成本c) 竞争对手定价d) 所在国家的经济状况答案: a) 市场需求2. 哪个市场定位策略适合在新兴市场推出新产品?a) 高端市场b) 特定市场c) 大众市场d) 小众市场答案: c) 大众市场3. 在国际市场开发的过程中,哪个市场输送策略是最直接的方式?a) 直接出口b) 合资企业c) 特许经营d) 联盟合作答案: a) 直接出口4. 全球品牌战略的核心是什么?a) 标准化b) 个性化c) 地域化d) 客户化答案: a) 标准化5. 以下哪个是国际营销中最常用的促销工具?a) 广告b) 促销员c) 公关活动d) 社交媒体答案: a) 广告第二部分:解答题1. 请简要描述国际市场选择的四个主要因素。
国际市场选择的四个主要因素是:市场规模与增长潜力、竞争环境、商业环境、文化因素。
第一,市场规模与增长潜力是选择目标市场时的关键考量因素。
大规模市场和高增长潜力市场往往能提供更多的商机和利润。
第二,竞争环境对于企业在国际市场中取得成功至关重要。
了解竞争对手的策略和优势,有助于企业制定应对措施。
第三,商业环境包括政治、经济、法律等因素。
稳定的商业环境有利于企业在国际市场中长期发展。
第四,文化因素是考虑国际市场时必不可少的因素。
了解目标市场的文化背景和消费习惯,有助于企业调整产品和营销策略,提高市场适应性。
2. 请解释国际产品生命周期理论。
国际产品生命周期理论认为,产品的市场生命周期会随着产品进入国际市场而发生变化。
一般来说,产品生命周期经历四个阶段:导入期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。
在导入期,产品刚进入国际市场,销售量有限,市场份额低。
在成长期,产品销售量逐渐增长,市场份额也随之上升。
在成熟期,市场竞争激烈,产品销售量趋于稳定,市场份额达到饱和状态。
在衰退期,产品销售量和市场份额开始下降,可能受到新竞争对手或新技术的冲击。
国际市场营销 英文版 试题2
(二)一、选择题(每空1分,共20分)1.The United States has many trading partners around the world. Of all of these trading partners, _______________ leads in total trade with $371.4 billion in exports and imports.A) the United KingdomB) JapanC) MexicoD) CanadaE) Taiwan2. According to information presented in the text, which of the following events marred the first half of the twentieth century to such an extent that it took most of the last half of the century for most of the industrialized world to recover? A) the nuclear arms raceB) World War IC) World War IID) the polio epidemicE) the Great Depression3 .If a country sells more to other countries than it buys from them, the situation is called a favorable:A) balance of trade.B) economic model.C) management structure.D) tariff management scheme.E) marriage between government and industry.4. A statement that records all financial transactions between a nation's residents and those of the rest of the world during a given period of time (usually one year) is called a nation's:A) balance of trade.B) balance-of-payments.C) import-export statement.D) supply-demand statement.E) none of the above.5. Within the balance-of-payments statement, the ___________ account is a record of all exports and imports of gold, increases or decreases in foreign exchange, and increases or decreases in liabilities to foreign central banks.A) currentB) capitalC) reservesD) wealthE) power6 .If a nation uses tariffs, quotas, and nontariff barriers to restrict trade so that domestic industries can flourish, it may be guilty of what is called:A) embargoes.B) boycotts.C) protectionism.D) monopolistic thinking.E) predatory pricing.7 . All of the following are arguments that favor protectionism EXCEPT:A) increase of business size.B) maintenance of employment and reduction of unemployment.C) conservation of natural resources.D) national defense.E) all of the above are correct arguments for protectionism.8 . If a government wants to tax goods entering at its borders, it will impose what is called a(n):A) quota.B) voluntary export restraint.C) orderly market agreement.D) tariff.E) standard monetary barrier.9 .A(n) __________ will generally increase inflationary pressures, weaken balance-of-payments positions, and restrict manufacturers' supply sources.A) quotaB) voluntary export restraintC) orderly market agreementD) tariffE) standard monetary barrier10 .CORRECT If Germany limits the number of Japanese ball b earings that may enter its country to protect its domestic industry and reduce reliance of foreign supply, it is using a(n) _______ as a trade barrier.A) quotaB) voluntary export restraintC) orderly market agreementD) tariffE) standard monetary barrier11. If the United States were to place an absolute restriction against the purchase and importation of Libyan oil as a punishment for perceived support of global terrorism, the United States would have imposed which of the following against Libya?A) embargoB) boycottC) standard restrictionD) import quotaE) export restraint12 .One of the weapons used by the United States against global terrorism is a monetary barrier called ______________ where the U.S. refuses to allow importers to exchange its national currency for the seller's currency.A) differential exchange rateB) export restraintC) valuation systemsD) blocked currencyE) fees13. Different ____________ are a major source of trade difficulties between the U.S. and Japan. For example, the size of knotholes in plywood shipped to Japan can determine whether or not the shipment is accepted. This becomes an issue of perceived quality.A) valuation systemsB) export systemsC) standardsD) measurementsE) none of the above is correct14 . A Japanese chip manufacturer is intentionally selling its chips in the United States for less than the cost of production. It is doing this to undermine the U.S. competition and to take control of the U.S. chip market. Such a company would be correctly accused of __________ pricing.A) demand-basedB) supply-basedC) monopolisticD) predatoryE) competitive15. Which of the following treaties paved the way for effective a worldwide tariff agreement?A) WTOB) GA TTC) NAFTAD) NA TOE) EC16. There are four events and trends that have affected and will continue to affect global business today. Which of the following would be classed as one of those four major trends?A) The trend toward acceptance of English as the global languageB) The trend toward affluence in all nationsC) The trend toward the acceptance of the free market system among developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern EuropeD) The trend toward friendship in almost all sections of AfricaE) All of the above are considered to be among the four major trends that are affecting global business today17. Which of the following terms would most closely match with the following description the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit?A) Global StrategyB) MarketingC) Marketing ConceptD) Regional Marketing ConceptE) Global Marketing18 ._______ is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.A)ExchangeB)MarketingC)SellingD)Organizational focus19. The marketin g management philosophy in which the firm’s focus is on its own internal capabilities rather than on the desires of the marketplace is called aA)Production orientationB)Sales orientationC)Market orientationD)Societal orientation20. A sales orientationA)Helps firms to understand the needs and wants of the marketplaceB)Focuses on customer wants and needs so the organization can distinguish its products from competitors’ offeringsC)Is based on the idea that people will buy more goods and services if aggressive sales techniques are usedD)Proves that companies can convince people to buy goods and services that they neither want nor need二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. A society's accepted basis for responding to external and internal events is called a society's2. Historical events always are viewed from one's own biases and _______________, and thus what is recorded by one historian may not be what another records, especially if the historians are from different .3. One of the weapons used by the United States against global terrorism is a monetary barrier called ______________ where the U.S. refuses to allow importers to exchange its national currency for the seller's currency.4. A limit on the of a specific product that can enter a country is a5. The methods of entering the global marketplace is typically considered the most risky is .6. Instead of selling directly to , some companies use intermediaries that assume all ownership risks. Such intermediaries are known as a三、使用英语解释下列名词(每小题5分,共20分)1 Market Segmentation2 Experience Curve3 转移价格4 国际市场营销研究四、根据掌握的国际市场营销知识,用汉语或英语回答以下问题(每小题5分,共20分)1 请说明Characteristics of services。
国际市场营销 英文版 试题
(一)一、选择题(每空1分,共20分)1. The powers exercised by a state in relation to other countries and the supreme powers exercised over its own members is called:A) government policy.B) control.C) sovereignty.D) domestication.E) none of the above.2 The ideal political climate for a multinational firm is one where there is a __________________ government.A) democraticB) socialistC) dictatorialD) stable, friendly governmentE) bribable and corrupt3 An awakening of a nation's people to pride in their country is best called:A) democracy.B) socialism.C) fascism.D) nationalism.E) localism.4 The most severe political risk is one of ____________ where a company's assets are seized without payment.A) confiscationB) expropriationC) domesticationD) liquidationE) destruction5 During a recent dictatorship in Chile, a United Fruit plant was ____________; however, the owners were paid about twenty five percent of the plant's value as compensation.A) confiscatedB) expropriatedC) domesticatedD) liquidatedE) none of the above6 Over time Brazil was able to take over and control most foreign coffee plantations. In each case, the government acquired the properties by decrees, increased involvement of Brazilian managers, and Brazilian take over of stock and options. Which of the following terms best describes the above situation?A) confiscationB) expropriationC) domesticationD) liquidationE) destruction7 All of the following are considered to be economic risks of doing abroad EXCEPT:A) exchange controls.B) local-content laws.C) import restrictions.D) tax controls.E) all of the above.8 NAFTA requires 62 percent of parts and chassis of any cars coming from member countries be NAFTA-originated (in other words, there are limits on foreign cars and parts). This process is a reflection of which of the following economic risks of doing business abroad?A) exchange controlsB) local-content lawsC) import restrictionsD) tax controlsE) price controls9 Which of the following products are NOT subject to price controls?A) pharmaceuticalsB) foodC) gasolineD) carsE) all of the above are subject to price controls10 When the United States boycotted trade with Cuba, this was called a(n):A) technological sanction.B) business sanction.C) social sanction.D) political sanction.E) none of the above11 When groups of people protested the WTO at a recent round of WTO meetings in Seattle, these ____________ served notice that actions of the WTO and IMF would get increasing attention from those that are seeking a redistribution of wealth in the world.A) PSAs (political and social activists)B) communistsC) socialistsD) peaceniksE) consumers12 _____________ is an attempt to forecast political instability to help management identify and evaluate political events and their potential on current and future international business decisions.A) Poly measurementB) Political risk assessmentC) Vulnerability modelingD) Sensitivity modelingE) Performance assessment13 Relations between governments and MNCs are generally positive if the investment does any ofthe following EXCEPT:A) provides for more direct control of a local market (thus stability) by the MNC.B) creates jobs.C) makes tax contributions.D) transfers capital, technology, or skills.E) improves the balance of payments by increasing exports.14 Which of the following is a strategy that can be used by a MNC to minimize vulnerability and risk?A) expropriationB) boycottsC) joint venturesD) political payoffsE) C and D15 All of the following are considered strategies that can be used by MNCs to reduce or minimize vulnerability and risk in the international arena EXCEPT:A) planned domestication.B) licensing.C) expanding the investment base.D) political payoffs.E) all of the above.16 . All of the following are arguments that favor protectionism EXCEPT:A) increase of business size.B) maintenance of employment and reduction of unemployment.C) conservation of natural resources.D) national defense.E) all of the above are correct arguments for protectionism.17 Which of the following regions of the world uses the greatest percentage of total energy according to the World Energy Consumption charts shown in the text?A) North AmericaB) Developing AsiaC) Eastern EuropeD) Industrialized AsiaE) South America18 By 2050, ___________ will be the most populace world region.A) AsiaB) AfricaC) EuropeD) North AmericaE) Latin America19 All of the following are primary reasons for migration from rural to urban areas EXCEPT:A) desire for greater access to government protection and ability to speak out on issues.B) desire for greater access to sources of education.C) desire for greater access to sources of health care.D) desire for greater access to sources of improved job opportunities.E) none of the above is correct answers to the question.20 In order to keep a country's population from falling, social scientists indicate that a nation needs a fertility rate of ______ children per woman.A) 1B) 1.5C) 2.1D) 2.8E) 3.5二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. Culture is a set of and shared by members of a society, which when acted upon by the members, produce that falls within a range of variation the members consider proper and acceptable.2. If a country sells more to other countries than it buys from them, the situation is called a favorable .3. Within the balance-of-payments statement, the _____ ______ account is a record of all exports and imports of gold, increases or decreases in , and increases or decreases in to foreign central banks.4. Instead of selling directly to , some companies use intermediaries that assume all ownership risks. Such intermediaries are known as a5. Culture is a set of and shared by members of a society, which when acted upon by the members, produce that falls within a range of variation the members consider proper and acceptable.三、使用英语解释下列名词(每小题5分,共20分)1 营业推广2 需要3 品牌4 选择经销四、根据掌握的国际市场营销知识,用汉语或英语回答以下问题(每小题5分,共20分)1 简述国际营销文化环境的构成要素。
英文版市场营销学期末试卷
I. True / False Questions (1 point for each question)1.It is probably best for those firms with limited financial and personnel resources to avoid concentrated or niche marketing until resources can be built up.2.Social class is determined only by an individual’s ine.3.Target costing involves designing a new product, determining its cost, and then asking, “Can we sell it for that?”4.A pany should target segments in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time.5.The costs of obtaining, processing, storing and delivering information is relatively inexpensive.6.For simplicity’s sake, and to keep their costs under control most marketers generally limit their segmentation analysis to one variable.7.Only tangible goods are considered products.8.The core product is a form of product that consists of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. Examples are banking, hotels, airlines, retail, tax preparation, and home repair..9.The purpose of idea screening is to reduce the number of new ideas.10.Value-based pricing uses the buyer’s perception of value to set prices.11.Reference prices are prices that buyers carry around in their minds and refer to when looking at a product.12. The term disintermediation refers to the displacement of traditional resellers from a marketing channel by radical new types of intermediaries.13.Department stores carry narrow product lines with deep assortments within those lines.14.A pany’s total marketing munications mix is also called its marketing mix.15.Unlike mass production, which eliminates the need for human interaction, one-to-onemarketing has made relationships with customers more important than ever.16.Because customers differ, munications programs need not be developed for specificsegments, niches, and even individuals.17.Awareness, knowledge, and preparation are buyer-readiness stages.18.The difference between human needs and wants is that needs are states of felt deprivation.19.This strategy calls for offering modified or new products to current markets. We term itproduct development.20.When faced with price petition cutting prices is often not the best answer.FFFTF FFFTT TTFFT FFTTTII. Multiple Choice Questions (2 points for each question)1.2.21.The four P’s in marketing refer to_____, _____, _____ and _____.A.product; place; price; promotionB.product; property; price; promotionC.production; property; people; promotionD.product; place; promotion; people22.Press releases, public affairs, and lobbying are all forms of _____.A.advertisingB.public relationsC.direct marketingD.sales promotion23. What are the four steps (in order) of the marketing research process?A.Define the problem, develop the research plan, implement the research plan, survey the participants.B.Define the problem, develop the research plan, implement the research plan, report the findings.C.Define the problem, develop the research plan, survey the participants, report the findings.D.Develop the research plan, implement the research plan, survey the participants, report the findings.24.The three types of research approaches a marketer may use are _____, _____ and _____.A.surveys; observations; historic reviewsB.observations; surveys; databasesC.observations; experiments; surveysD.experiments; databases; surveys25.Which type of research is best suited for gathering causal information?A.survey researchB.ethnographic researchC.observational researchD.experimental research26.The VALS classification system measures a person’s _____.A.ineB.occupationC.lifestyleD.personality27.A consumer purchasing fine furniture (which is expensive and for which a brand’s namematters) would probably result in _____ buying behavior.A.dissonance-reducingB.variety-seekingC.plexD.habitual28.Which of the following is not one of the major types of buying situations faced by businessbuyers?A.straight rebuyB.new task buyC.online rebuyD.modified rebuy29.Which of the following is a powerful value proposition because it offers consumers a “gooddeal”?A.more for moreB.more for the sameC.the same for lessD.less for much less30.Which of the following steps of target marketing takes into account petitors’ offerings to themarket?A.market positioningB.market segmentationC.market targetingD.all of the above31.Which of the following structural factors is not related to a segment’s attractiveness?A.the presence of strong petitors in the segmentB.the existence of potential substitute productsC.the lack of raw materialsD.a number of powerful suppliers32.A pany can lengthen its product line by _____ it or by _____ it.A.modifying; stretchingB.stretching; switchingC.filling; stretchingD.brushing; bing33.Consumer products include convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and_____ products.A.uniqueB.luxuryC.unsoughtD.all of the above34.The two dimensions of product quality are _____ and _____.A.value; featuresB.style; designC.level; consistencyD.style; value35.Which of the following is not a special characteristic of service?A.tangibilityB.inseparabilityC.variabilityD.perishability36.Which of the following is not a reason that a new product might fail?A.The product is priced too high.B.The product is poorly designed.C.The estimated market for the product is too large.D.All of the above are reasons that a new product might fail.37.Once the new product ideas have been screened, the next step in the new productdevelopment process is _____.A.marketing strategyB.concept development and testingC.product developmentD.none of the above38._____ tend to grow slowly, remain popular for a while, and then decline slowly.A.FadsB.StylesC.FashionsD.Designs39.What is the break-even volume for a pany with fixed costs of $50k, variable costs of $20 and aprice of $30/unit?A.500B.1000C.5000D.250040.panies have two choices when setting prices for a product during the introductory stage.These choices are _____ and _____.A.market-skimming pricing; fixed pricingB.market-skimming pricing; value pricingC.value pricing; cost pricingD.market-penetration pricing; market-skimming pricingABBCD CCCCA CCCCA DBCCDIII. Essay (10 points for each question)41.How might the BCG matrix represent a life cycle?AnswerMany SBUs start out as question mark, then move into the star category if they succeed; stars eventually bee cash cows, then perhaps, dogs.42.Demonstrate by example the three strategies of intensive, exclusive, and selectivedistribution.AnswerProducers of convenience products and mon raw materials typically seek intensive distribution as a strategy to stock their products in as many outlets as possible. The goods are available where and when consumers want them, such as chewing gum.Exclusive distribution is used when the producer wants to stock its products with only one or a few dealers in an area. Examples are expensive cars and prestige clothing.Selective distribution is used when selling to more than one, but fewer than all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry a pany’s products in a given market. Examples are name-brand blue jeans and puters.IV. Business Case (10 points for each question)The objective of the not-for-profit organization, disAbled for Access & Justice, is toadvance the cause of disabled individuals in the Lancaster, Pennsylvania munity. These efforts had met with both success and failure in recent years. Through the use of thethreat of a suit under the Americans with Disability Act, Lancaster had recently beenforced to install curb cuts at a cost of close to $3 million. Bringing this suit had burned some valuable social capital with the city’s officials who were under constant pressure to control real estate taxes. The organization’s leaders had also met privately with several new businesses in the downtown business district and convinced them to install access ramps. The group’s eventual goal, is to make Lancaster’s downtown business district totally accessible to individuals in wheelchairs. This would require extensive marketing efforts targeting many different individuals and groups. They now need to convince their target “customers,” the city and the local businesses to buy their idea and spend the money needed to make total accessibility a reality rather than a dream.43.The non-profit organization, disAbled for Access & Justice must determine an appeal ortheme that will produce the desired response. There are three types of appeals: rational, emotional, and moral. Which would you suggest they use?AnswerdisAbled for Access & Justice could use any of the three types of appeals. A rational appeal would include a cost-benefit analysis of access improvements being offset bygains in new revenues or elimination of lost revenues. Another element of a rational appeal would be the implied threat of legal action for nonpliance with the law. The emotional appeal is probably the easiest to visualize. Finally, a moral appeal is justified by the appealing to the local business owner’s sense of what is “right” and “proper”.44.How might the buyer-readiness stages model guide the promotion planning atdisAbled for Access & Justice?AnswerThe first issue with disAbled for Access & Justice is to make local businesses more aware of the problem. After awareness es knowledge of what can and must be done to provide access to those who presently do not have it. It is necessary to acplish a sense of buy-in to the concept of accessibility among the retail business munity. Remember, the product here is more an idea than a physical product.。
国际市场营销英文试题
一、单选题,每题只有一个选项正确(共30分,每小题2分)1. The purpose of international marketing is for the ( ) benefit.A. nationalB. regionalC. company’sD. consumers2. According to Maslow’s theory, people will pursuit the ( ) need after satisfying the physiological need.A. belongingB. safetyC. esteemD. self-actualization3. Which of the following statements is not true when describing the role of and the effect of international marketing on companies?A. International markets can become a source of growth.B. International markets can simplify the process and eliminate complex business decisions.C. International markets can produce a quality of life that would not have existed.D. International markets can become a source of profit.4. Which of the following descriptions provides the best definition of the “marketing mix”?A. The way products are arranged in a retail store to maximize salesB. The way products are priced and packagedC. The way a business combines the main marketing elements to sell products that meet the needs and wants of customersD. The way a business distributes its products through retailers and wholesalers5. Goods which are bought and used by individuals and households are known as ( ).A. brandsB. consumer goodsC. retail productsD. industrial goods6. In regards to foreign direct investment, the market entry strategy that involves the most risk and the most control is ( ).A. contract manufacturingB. franchisingC. sales officeD. greenfield7. The critical point of market segmentation is the ( ) of consumer’s demand and consumption behavior.A. differentiationB. similarityC. stabilityD. development8. Market research data that explores the attitudes and opinions of customers is known as ( ).A. quantitative researchB. focus group dataC. qualitative researchD. opinion polling9. The particular market segment at which a business aims its products in known as the ( ).A. target marketB. main marketC. market leaderD. unique selling point10. For the small-medium corporations with limited resources, the appropriate strategy to enter the new market is ( ).A. concentrated marketingB. differentiated marketingC. integrated MarketingD. undifferentiated marketing11. Different strategies are suitable for different companies depending on their particular situation. This is articulated by the “EPRG Framework”. What are the four options of the EPRG Framework?A. Ethno Policies, Private Polies, Racial Policies, GeographyB. Ethnocentrism, Polycentrism, Regiocentrism, GeocentrismC. Energy, Privacy, Real-World, GiggityD. Ethnocentrism, Polycentrism, Racialism, Governmental12.The correct steps of consumer buying process are ( ).A. need recognition-information search-evaluation of alternatives-purchase decision-post purchasing behaviorB. need recognition-evaluation of alternatives-information search-purchase decision-post purchasing behaviorC. information search-evaluation of alternatives-need recognition-purchase decision-post purchasing behaviorD. purchase decision-need recognition-evaluation of alternatives-information search-post purchasing behavior13. Which of the following methods of market research is not an example of “primary research”?A. QuestionnairesB. A company’s own sales statistics and recordsC. Test marketingD. Consumer panels14. Which of the following is true with respect to the importance of culture to an international marketer?A. The successful marketer should avoid cultural influences in his marketing campaign.B. Using attractive colors for the packaging of a product is more important than ensuring cultural acceptability.C. Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities and the marketer's efforts are a part of the fabric of culture.D. Pricing and promotion of a product are free of the influence of culture.15. Which of the following is a political cause for instability in international markets?A. Varied taxing conventionsB. Differences in philosophical ideologiesC. Global focusD. Animosity toward specific countries二、多选,每题有两个或两个以上选项符合题意。
国际市场营销期末考试重点Chapter04
Chapter 04Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global MarketsTrue / False Questions1.The liberalization of Japan's capital markets in recent years now gives Japanese more freedom of choice in their investments. However, only twelve percent of household financial assets are directly invested in stocks and a mere two percent in mutual funds.2.The manner and amount in which people consume are factors that dictate their style of living.3.Culture deals with a group's design for living.4.Marketers are often considered to be agents of change with respect to culture.5.According to Dutch professor Geert Hofstede, culture is a figment of our imagination.Multiple Choice Questions1.__________ is pervasive in all marketing activities; the marketer's efforts actually become a part of the __________.A. Resistance; opposition to changeB. Culture; fabric of cultureC. Acceptance; new global contextD. Public relations; cultureE. Change; marketing strategy2.The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is called:A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. CultureD. Reference groupsE. Cohort groups3.With respect to a cultural fact, which of the following countries has the highest rate of consumption of chocolate?A. FranceB. GermanyC. United StatesD. ItalyE. United Kingdom4.According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture is seen as a:A. weapon that is often used on the poor.B. problem-solving tool.C. bias that is used to justify racial inequality.D. a relationship enhancer.E. reflection of a nation's evolution.5.Which of the following would be considered to among the elements of culture according to a model presented in the text?A. familyB. religionC. mediaD. ritualsE. schoolEssay Questions1.Culture deals with a group's design for living. Comment and explain.2.Define culture.。
国际营销英期末复习
国际营销英期末复习International MarketingI Multiple-Choice 1*50Multiple-ChoiceC.1. Central to any definition of marketing is _____.a.demand management b .transactionsc.customer relationshipsd.making a saleC.2. All of the following are accurate descriptions of modern marketing today,except which one?a.Marketing is creation of value for customers.b.Marketing is customer satisfaction at a profit.c.Selling and advertising are synonymous with marketing.d.Marketing involves building and managing profitable customerrelationships.D.3.According to Jeff Bezos, CEO of /doc/bc15291340.html,, a crucial dimension of an outstanding marketing company is_____.a. to create genuine value for customersb. a relentless pursuit of customer needsc.to build on customer relationships and profits will followd.all of the above are correctD.4. _____ is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals andgroups obtain what they need and want through value creation.a. Selling b .Advertisingc. Barterd. None of the above are correctB.5. Society and culture shape the basic form of human needs called _____.a. Needsb.wantsc.demandsd.valueB.6. When backed by buying power, wants become _____.a.social needsb.demandsc. physical needsd. self-esteem needsD.7. The fundamental reason America’s most admired firms, including Wal-Mart,Proctor & Gamble and Disney, conduct extensive research is to _____.A. maximize profits b.increase market sharec.increase salesd.unders tand customer’s needs, wants anddemandsD.8. _____ refers to sellers being preoccupied with their own productsand losingsight of underlying consumer needs.a.Selling myopiab.Marketingc.Sellingd.MarketingmyopiaD.9. American brand icons, including Harley Davidson, Coca-Cola andNike, createdeep brand meanings for consumers and do not suffer from _____.a.short-term lossesb.long-term lossesC. competitive threats d.marketing myopiaD.10. _____ are key building blocks for developing and managing customerrelationships.a.Consumer expectations and customer satisfactionb.Customer choices and product offersc.Product performance and customer valued.Customer value and customer satisfactionD.11. The response to the well-known Wal-Mart cheer which alwaysends with theclosing question, “Who’s number 1?” is_____.A. low prices, always low pricesB. Wal-Mart, Always!c. Exxon Mobild. the customer, always!/doc/bc15291340.html,’s primar y obsession is to deliver a special _____ to every customer.a.assortment of productsb.book storeC.experience d.set of recommendationsD.13.All of the following phrases reflect the marketing concept, except which one?a.We don’t have a Marketing D epartment, we have a CustomerDepartment.b.We make it happen for you.c.We stay close to customers.d.Putting profits ahead of customer needs is critical to the healthof thefirm.D.14. All of the phrases below are examples of transactions, except which one?a.John purchases a television set from Sears for $350.b.Sally votes for her local senator who promises to cut propertytaxes.c.Peter donates his old car to the American Lung Association for a taxdeduction.d.Walter fails to send his membership renewal dues in time to theAmericanMarketing Association.B.15. An example of a(n) _____ is when a customer pays Circuit City $250 andreceives a television set in return.a. Exchangeb. Transactionc. Marketd. segmentA16. ______ is the set of actual and potential buyers of aproduct.a. A marketb.An audiencec.A groupd.A segmentD.17. According to the famed father of Direct Marketing, Lester Wunderman, which of the following phrases reflects the marketing concept?a.The supplier is king.b.Marketing should be viewed as hunting and not gardening.c.This is what I make, won’t you please buy it?d.This is what I want, won’t you please make it?B.18. Activities such as product development, research, promotion,pricing and distribution are core _____.a.business activitiesb.marketing activitiesc.exchange relationship activitiesd.consumer activitiesD.19. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index, for each ofthe last two years, ______ has been rated the highest ever in customer satisfaction for an online service company.a.Ebayb.Wal-Martc.Nike/doc/bc15291340.html,D.20. Ask Jason Klar, vice president of /doc/bc15291340.html, and you will be intrigued by what he calls the _____ that makes the/doc/bc15291340.html,experience really special for visitors.a.“good value” factorb.“convenience” factorc.“clicks and mortar” factord.“discovery” factorA21. The art and science of choosing target markets and buildingprofitablerelationships with them is called _____.a.marketing managementb.positioningc.segmentationd.sellingD.22. _____ is the set of benefits a company promises to deliver its consumers to satisfy their needs.a.Money-back guaranteeb.Low pricesc.Good customer serviced.Value propositionD.23. All of the following phrases reflect a firm’s value prop osition, except which one?a. Altoids is positioned as “the curiously strong mint.”b. Porsche promises driving performance and excitement.c. Cheer laundry detergent promises powerful cleaning at alltemperatures.d. All of the above are correct.C.24. T he _____ is a useful philosophy in situations when the product’scost is too high and marketers look for ways to bring it down.a.selling conceptb.product conceptc.production conceptd.marketing conceptD.25. Henry Ford’s philosophy was to p erfect the Model T so that its cost could bereduced further for increased consumer affordability. This reflects the _____.a. product conceptb.marketing conceptc. selling conceptd.production conceptC.26.In large metro areas such as New York, to avoid traffic gridlock in Manhattan,_____ is undertaken to encourage commuters to carpool and usemass transit.a. target marketingb. market segmentationc. Demarketingd. marketingD.27. Selecting which segments to serve is called _____.a.market segmentationb.positioningC.customization d.target marketingD.28. When Wal-Mart profitably targets buyers who value savings, it isan example of _____.a. Convenienceb. value pricingc. market segmentationd. target marketingA.29. All the phrases given below reflect the definition of targetmarketing, exceptwhich one?a.Disney targets persons in all stages of the life cycle.b.Porsche profitably targets affluent professionals.c.Dollar stores profitably target families with modest means.d.The Book of the Month club customizes offers based on amember’sprevious selections.D.30. Build a better mousetrap and the world will beat a path to yourdoor reflects the_____.a.production conceptb.marketing conceptC. selling concept d.product conceptD.31. Which operating philosophy is practiced by the American Red Cross to solicitblood donations?a. the marketing conceptb. the product conceptc. the production conceptd. the selling conceptB.32.F irms follow the _____ when they face overcapacity.a.product conceptb.selling conceptc.production conceptd.marketing conceptA.33. As the automobile industry matures and competition continues tointensify, marketers face stiff competition. Regal International Cars expects its salespeople to reach their sales quotas using aggressive means. Sales of optional package features that customers are unaware of are tolerated and expected. RegalInternational Cars is being operated as if it is at the _____ era of the evolutionary process.a. Salesb. Productc. Productiond. marketingD.34.Most firms follow the _____ philosophy, which holds that consumerswill not buy enough of the firm’s products unl ess it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort.a. product-orientationb. production-orientationc. marketing orientationd. selling orientationA.35. Railroads were once operated thinking that users wanted trains rather thantransportation, overlooking the challenge of other modes of transportation. This reflects the _____.a. product conceptb. production conceptc. selling conceptd. marketing conceptC.36. According to the authors of your text, _____ is viewed not as “hunting”, butas “gardening.” That is, a firm has to find the right products for its customers.a. Sellingb. Productionc. Marketingd. retailing D.37. The _____ starts with the factory, focusing upon the company’s existing products; it calls for heavy selling and promotion to obtain profitable sales.a.marketing conceptb.production conceptc.product conceptd.selling conceptD.38. According to the authors of your text, fast-food restaurants offertasty and convenient food at affordable prices; they contribute to a national obesity epidemic which harms consumer health and causes environmental problems in the long run. This statement reflects that they often overlook the_____ business philosophy.a.marketing conceptb.product conceptc.production conceptd.societal marketing conceptC.39. T he set of marketing tools a firm uses to implement its marketingstrategy is called the _____.a. promotion mixb. product mixc. marketing mixd.TQMD.40. _____ is defined as the customer’s evaluation of the differencebetween all the benefits and all the costs of a marketing offer relative to those of competing offers.a. Customer-relationship managementb.Customer satisfactionc.TQMd.Customer-perceived value顾客感知价值C.41.Building, keeping, and growing profitable value-laden relationships with allstakeholders of a company is called _____.a. customer lifetime valueb.customer-perceived valuec.customer relationship marketingd.database marketingD.42.Delivering superior customer value and customer satisfaction arethe two keys to building lasting _____.a. customer satisfactionb.customer databasesc.market shared.customer relationshipsD.43.All of the phrases below reflect the definition ofcustomer-perceived value,except which one?a.Alex brought home his Lexus for $45,000; he luxuriated in thehandlingand smell of the leather interior.b.FedEx offers reliable package delivery at a reasonable price.c.The benefits of undergraduate tuition at state schools arejudged to bereasonable and fair in comparison to competing private schools.d. All of the above are correct.C.44.FedEx offers its customers fast and reliable package delivery. When FedExcustomers weigh these aforementioned benefits against the monetary and psychic costs of using the service, they are acting upon _____.a.Loyaltyb.relationship marketingC.perceived customer value d.social relationshipsD.45. The overnight (next-day air) package shipping industry is crowded withmarketing/logistics companies like FedEx, DHL, Airborne, U.S. Postal Service and UPS. According to the authors of your text, FedEx has a 46 percent share ofthe next-day air shipping business compared to the Postal Servi ce’s 6 percent share. According to your authors, all of the following are statements customersoften use to judge product/service values objectively, except which one?a.FedEx is a large shipper judging by its market share.b.FedEx customers receive fast and reliable package delivery.c.Few FedEx customers may perceive some status with its use.d.U.S. Postal Service offers a comparable service to FedEx, atmuch lower prices.B.46.Marketers must continue to generate more _____, but not “give away thehou se.”a.Profitsb.customer value and satisfactionC.market share d.revenuesD.47.All of the following are examples of relationship-marketing programs, exceptwhich one?a.Harley Davidson sponsors the Harley Owners Group, givingriders anorganized way to share their passion and show their pride.b.P&G customer teams work closely with Wal-Mart.c.Boeing partners with American Airlines in designing airplanes.d.Universities tell all incoming freshman to join student clubs.C.48. A irlines offer frequent flier marketing programs to build value andsatisfaction into the customer relationship. Using this approach, airlines add ______ to the customer relationship.a.social benefitsb.structural benefitsC. financial benefits d. excitementB.49.Proctor and Gamble builds basic customer relationships with members of thetarget market using all the following approaches, except which one?a. P&G practices brand-building advertising.b. P&G makes personal phone calls to each and everycustomer.c. P&G offers sales promotions to customers and middlemen alike./doc/bc15291340.html,ing the 1-800 customer response number, P&G interacts withcustomers.D.50.The Swiss watchmaker, Swatch, uses its club’s webs ite as an ultimate meetingplace to market memorabilia to enthusiasts. Swatch also caters to collectors and publishes a magazine to disseminate news about watch lovers. Using this approach, Swatch adds _____ to the customer relationship.a. self-esteemb.financial benefitsc.structural benefitsd.social benefitsD.51. McKesson Corp., a leading pharmaceutical wholesaler, supplies customers withcomputer linkages to help them manage their orders, payroll, or inventory. Building customer relationships using this approach adds _____.a.financial benefitsb.social benefitsc.partnership tiesd.structural ties结构关系D.52.Many banks are leading the way in using customer profitabilityanalysis to weed out losing customers and target winning ones for pampering. This is called _____.a.customer-relationship managementb.positioningc.database marketingd.selective-relationship management选择性管理D.53. The new view of marketing is to acquire, retain, and growprofitable customers. In years past, companies did not have to worry about losing dissatisfied customers; an endless supply of new customers kept replacing them. This so-called _____ approach to marketing, whereby companies took their customers for granted is a thing of the past.a.customer-centricb.product-centricc.modern marketingd.leaky bucket 漏桶算法C.54. One of the major challenges facing companies today is to keep the customers they already have since there are fewer customers to go around. Changing demographics, sophisticated competitors, and overcapacity人口统计学方面的变化、精良的竞争者、过剩in many industries are some of the reasons for this. As a result, _____.a.the costs of attracting new customers are decliningb.the costs of maintaining existing customers are risingc.the costs of attracting new customers are risingd.giving incentives to existing customers all the time is goodD.55.According to the authors of your text, some marketers have hailed _____ as the “marketing model of the 21st century and beyond.”a.long-term marketingb.short-term marketingc.targeted marketingd.direct marketingA.56. Through _____, many companies today are strengthening their connectionsto partners all along the channel, from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers.a.supply-chain managementb.direct marketingc.partnership-relationship marketingd.customized marketingD.57.Pooling resources with other firms in order to succeed beyond managingthe supply chain illustrates the _____ partnership.a.management-contractingb.licensingc.supply-chain managementd.strategic alliance 战略联盟D.58. Walt Disney Company and Pixar Pictures have pooled resources to create a neworganizational form called _____ .a. supply-chain managementb. licensingc. management contractingd. strategic-alliance partnershipD.59. S tew Leonard, owner/operator of supermarkets, reacts adversely to losing a single customer sale. He feels this amounts to losing the entire streamof future purchases that a customer is likely to make if he/she remains in the area. This is an illustration of _____.a.share of customerb.market sharec.profitabilityd.customer-lifetime valueC.60. /doc/bc15291340.html, leverages relationships with its 35 million customersby offering them music, videos, gifts, toys, consumer electronics, office products, among other product items. Based on previous purchase history, the company recommends related CDs, books or videos that might be of interest. This helps /doc/bc15291340.html, capture a greater _____.a.market shareb.customer-lifetime valuec.share of customerd.profitabilityD.61.All of the following are examples of macro-environmental forces, except which one?a. Demographicb. social and culturalc. Economicd. researchand developmentA.62.Micro-environmental forces include all of the following, except which one?a. Demographics人口统计资料b. Financec. research and development(R&D)d. purchasingB.63._____ provide the resources needed by the company to produce goods and services.a. Manufacturersb. Suppliersc. Retailersd. Wholesalers。
英文版市场营销学期末试卷
I. True / False Questions (1 point for each question)1.It is probably best for those firms with limited financial and personnel resources to avoid concentrated or niche marketing until resources can be built up.2.Social class is determined only by an individual’s ine.3.Target costing involves designing a new product, determining its cost, and then asking, “Can we sell it for that?”4.A pany should target segments in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time.5.The costs of obtaining, processing, storing and delivering information is relatively inexpensive.6.For simplicity’s sake, and to keep their costs under control most marketers generally limit their segmentation analysis to one variable.7.Only tangible goods are considered products.8.The core product is a form of product that consists of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. Examples are banking, hotels, airlines, retail, tax preparation, and home repair..9.The purpose of idea screening is to reduce the number of new ideas.10.Value-based pricing uses the buyer’s perception of value to set prices.11.Reference prices are prices that buyers carry around in their minds and refer to when looking at a product.12. The term disintermediation refers to the displacement of traditional resellers from a marketing channel by radical new types of intermediaries.13.Department stores carry narrow product lines with deep assortments within those lines.14.A pany’s total marketing munications mix is also called its marketing mix.15.Unlike mass production, which eliminates the need for human interaction, one-to-onemarketing has made relationships with customers more important than ever.16.Because customers differ, munications programs need not be developed for specificsegments, niches, and even individuals.17.Awareness, knowledge, and preparation are buyer-readiness stages.18.The difference between human needs and wants is that needs are states of felt deprivation.19.This strategy calls for offering modified or new products to current markets. We term itproduct development.20.When faced with price petition cutting prices is often not the best answer.FFFTF FFFTT TTFFT FFTTTII. Multiple Choice Questions (2 points for each question)1.2.21.The four P’s in marketing refer to_____, _____, _____ and _____.A.product; place; price; promotionB.product; property; price; promotionC.production; property; people; promotionD.product; place; promotion; people22.Press releases, public affairs, and lobbying are all forms of _____.A.advertisingB.public relationsC.direct marketingD.sales promotion23. What are the four steps (in order) of the marketing research process?A.Define the problem, develop the research plan, implement the research plan, survey the participants.B.Define the problem, develop the research plan, implement the research plan, report the findings.C.Define the problem, develop the research plan, survey the participants, report the findings.D.Develop the research plan, implement the research plan, survey the participants, report the findings.24.The three types of research approaches a marketer may use are _____, _____ and _____.A.surveys; observations; historic reviewsB.observations; surveys; databasesC.observations; experiments; surveysD.experiments; databases; surveys25.Which type of research is best suited for gathering causal information?A.survey researchB.ethnographic researchC.observational researchD.experimental research26.The VALS classification system measures a person’s _____.A.ineB.occupationC.lifestyleD.personality27.A consumer purchasing fine furniture (which is expensive and for which a brand’s namematters) would probably result in _____ buying behavior.A.dissonance-reducingB.variety-seekingC.plexD.habitual28.Which of the following is not one of the major types of buying situations faced by businessbuyers?A.straight rebuyB.new task buyC.online rebuyD.modified rebuy29.Which of the following is a powerful value proposition because it offers consumers a “gooddeal”?A.more for moreB.more for the sameC.the same for lessD.less for much less30.Which of the following steps of target marketing takes into account petitors’ offerings to themarket?A.market positioningB.market segmentationC.market targetingD.all of the above31.Which of the following structural factors is not related to a segment’s attractiveness?A.the presence of strong petitors in the segmentB.the existence of potential substitute productsC.the lack of raw materialsD.a number of powerful suppliers32.A pany can lengthen its product line by _____ it or by _____ it.A.modifying; stretchingB.stretching; switchingC.filling; stretchingD.brushing; bing33.Consumer products include convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and_____ products.A.uniqueB.luxuryC.unsoughtD.all of the above34.The two dimensions of product quality are _____ and _____.A.value; featuresB.style; designC.level; consistencyD.style; value35.Which of the following is not a special characteristic of service?A.tangibilityB.inseparabilityC.variabilityD.perishability36.Which of the following is not a reason that a new product might fail?A.The product is priced too high.B.The product is poorly designed.C.The estimated market for the product is too large.D.All of the above are reasons that a new product might fail.37.Once the new product ideas have been screened, the next step in the new productdevelopment process is _____.A.marketing strategyB.concept development and testingC.product developmentD.none of the above38._____ tend to grow slowly, remain popular for a while, and then decline slowly.A.FadsB.StylesC.FashionsD.Designs39.What is the break-even volume for a pany with fixed costs of $50k, variable costs of $20 and aprice of $30/unit?A.500B.1000C.5000D.250040.panies have two choices when setting prices for a product during the introductory stage.These choices are _____ and _____.A.market-skimming pricing; fixed pricingB.market-skimming pricing; value pricingC.value pricing; cost pricingD.market-penetration pricing; market-skimming pricingABBCD CCCCA CCCCA DBCCDIII. Essay (10 points for each question)41.How might the BCG matrix represent a life cycle?AnswerMany SBUs start out as question mark, then move into the star category if they succeed; stars eventually bee cash cows, then perhaps, dogs.42.Demonstrate by example the three strategies of intensive, exclusive, and selectivedistribution.AnswerProducers of convenience products and mon raw materials typically seek intensive distribution as a strategy to stock their products in as many outlets as possible. The goods are available where and when consumers want them, such as chewing gum.Exclusive distribution is used when the producer wants to stock its products with only one or a few dealers in an area. Examples are expensive cars and prestige clothing.Selective distribution is used when selling to more than one, but fewer than all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry a pany’s products in a given market. Examples are name-brand blue jeans and puters.IV. Business Case (10 points for each question)The objective of the not-for-profit organization, disAbled for Access & Justice, is toadvance the cause of disabled individuals in the Lancaster, Pennsylvania munity. These efforts had met with both success and failure in recent years. Through the use of thethreat of a suit under the Americans with Disability Act, Lancaster had recently beenforced to install curb cuts at a cost of close to $3 million. Bringing this suit had burned some valuable social capital with the city’s officials who were under constant pressure to control real estate taxes. The organization’s leaders had also met privately with several new businesses in the downtown business district and convinced them to install access ramps. The group’s eventual goal, is to make Lancaster’s downtown business district totally accessible to individuals in wheelchairs. This would require extensive marketing efforts targeting many different individuals and groups. They now need to convince their target “customers,” the city and the local businesses to buy their idea and spend the money needed to make total accessibility a reality rather than a dream.43.The non-profit organization, disAbled for Access & Justice must determine an appeal ortheme that will produce the desired response. There are three types of appeals: rational, emotional, and moral. Which would you suggest they use?AnswerdisAbled for Access & Justice could use any of the three types of appeals. A rational appeal would include a cost-benefit analysis of access improvements being offset bygains in new revenues or elimination of lost revenues. Another element of a rational appeal would be the implied threat of legal action for nonpliance with the law. The emotional appeal is probably the easiest to visualize. Finally, a moral appeal is justified by the appealing to the local business owner’s sense of what is “right” and “proper”.44.How might the buyer-readiness stages model guide the promotion planning atdisAbled for Access & Justice?AnswerThe first issue with disAbled for Access & Justice is to make local businesses more aware of the problem. After awareness es knowledge of what can and must be done to provide access to those who presently do not have it. It is necessary to acplish a sense of buy-in to the concept of accessibility among the retail business munity. Remember, the product here is more an idea than a physical product.。
国际营销期末复习选择题.doc
1.What are the two basic forms of research gathering methods? Ca.Generic and specificb.Presentation and demonstrationc.Primary and secondaryd.Limited and scope-oriented2.Marketing research stresses the need for objectivity and information, reducing the roles of all of these except which one? Ba.Biasb.Demographicsc.Emotionsd.Subjective judgment3.The value of research in making a particular decision can be determined by applying the following equation: V(dr)・ V(d) > C(r). In this equation, V(dr) represents: Ba.the cost of research.b.the value of the decision with the benefit of research.c.the value of the decision without the benefit of research.d.the difference between the cost of research and the benefit of the research.4.What is a major reason that firms are reluctant to engage in international marketing activities? Bck of investors in international markets.b.The lack of sensitivity to differences in consumer tastes and preferences.c.Absence of profitable opportunities.ck of distributors in most international markets.5.Which of the following is the first step in foreign-market opportunity analysis? Ba.To identify the potential demand for a specific product.b.Indexing and ranking countries by their market appeal.c.Clustering countries into similar groups for screening and evaluation.d.Development and planning of strategies of the country chosen.6.Collecting MICRO secondary data information, involves gathering: Da.tariff and non-tariff information.ernment trade policy information.rmation obtained from the WTO.d.data on local laws, regulations, standards, and specifications.7.Which of the following entities has the greatest variety of secondary data? Ba.The Data Storeernmentsc.Trade directoriesd.Service organizations8.The level of computerization of a society can estimate the future need for software. In this example, the level of computerization of a society is a: Ba.random variable.b.proxy variable.c.constant.d.qualitative variable.9.Which of the following observations concerning primary research is true? Ca.It is always conducted by the firm with the specific need.b.It is lesser in scope compared to secondary data collection.c.It is conducted to fill specific information needs.d.It is easier to conduct internationally.10.Firms are increasingly recognizing that _____ , such as lifestyles, attitudes, or personality, can play a major role in identifying similar consumer group in different countries. Ba.culture characteristicsb.segmentation variablesc.family qualitiesd.macro variables11.Which of the following questions will most likely require the use of primary research? Ca.What is the projected growth of Internet penetration in the Middle-East in the next few years?b.What is the ratio of Columbia's debt to gross domestic product?c.What is the market potential for our furniture in Indonesia?d.What percentage of global steel production is accounted by the Chinese steel industry?12.Because an international marketer is unlikely to possess specialized expertise in international marketing research for every single market it currently serves or is planning to serve, it is best to consider: Aing outside research services.b.not doing any research at all.c.assigning one person in the company this responsibility.d.extrapolating one country research findings to another.13.Which of the following are three research instruments used for gathering qualitative data in marketing research? Da.Data mining, data warehousing, and filteringb.Surveys, scanner data, and directoriesernment statistics, electronic information services, and networksd.Interviews, focus groups, and observation14.In a developed country, a white-collar worker may be part of the middle class, whereas in aless-developed country, the same person would be part of the upper class. This example underscores the importance of ___________________ while deciding on survey question formats. Aa.data equivalenceb.social desirabilityc.question validityd.overt questioning15.What demographic characteristic below best describes something that would affect a person's ability to answer a question based on his or her knowledge and the information available? Da.Genderb.Incomec.Social classcation level16.To enrich information obtained from factual data, corporations resort to the use of creative and highly qualitative data-gathering methods. Which of the following is one of those methods? Da.Surveyb.Questionnairec.Mall interceptd.Delphi study17.Which of the following is true about Delphi Studies? Ba.It seeks to obtain the responses of many people with only limited knowledge.b.It aims at qualitative rather than quantitative measures by aggregating the information of a group ofexperts.c.It suffers from the same drawback of ordinary mail investigations.d.It requires only two steps for completion and hence information is obtained very quickly.18.Which of the following statements about companies that export is not true? Apanies that export are taxed at a higher rate than those that do not.panies that export grow faster than those that do not export.panies that export are more productive than those that do not export.panies that export have employees that tend to earn more.19.Which of the following is considered a proactive motivation to go international? Bpetitive pressuresb.Unique productsc.Over-productiond.Excess capacity20.Which of the following is considered a reactive motivation to go international? Ba.Profit advantageb.Saturated domestic marketsc.Managerial urged.Technological advantage21.The most stimulating motivation to become involved in international marketing is: Ca.to avoid taxation.b.to create international partnerships.c.the profit advantage.d.creation of excess capacity.22.In small and medium-sized firms, the initial decision to export is usually made by the president, with substantial input provided by: Da.the finance department.b.the researchers and product developers.c.the human resource department.d.the marketing department.23.The primary external influence on a firm's decision to become international is: Dpetition.b.management's gamble on a new market segment.ernment mandate.d.foreign demand.24.External change agents include all of the following except: Ca.banks.b.accountants.c.the company's owners.d.advertising agencies.25. A company that starts exporting within two years of start up is called: Aa.an innate exporter.b. a pioneer.c. a reactive exporter.d. a trade visionary.26.Under this type of agreement, one firm permits another firm to use its intellectual property in exchange for royalty compensation. This property might include patents, trademarks, copyrights, technology, technical know-how, or specific marketing skills. What is this type of agreement called? Da.Outright purchaseb.Franchisingc.Focal market agreementd.Licensing27.Which of the following is not a cost associated with negotiating a licensing agreement?Ba.Transfer costb.Sunk costc.R&D costd.Opportunity cost28.When a parent company grants another, independent entity the right to do business in a specified manner, including the right to sell the parent company's products and use its name, production, preparation, and marketing techniques, this is called: Da.portfolio management.b. a joint venture.c.export management.d.franchising.29.Which of the following is the proper definition of portfolio investment? Da.Direct investment in foreign entities.b.Purchase of a manufacturing plant in a foreign market.c.Outright purchase of a competing company.d.Purchase of stocks and bonds internationally.30.Which of the following are defined as enterprises which own or control production or service facilities outside the country in which they are based? Ba.Innate exportersb.Multinational corporationsc.Matrix organizationsd.Joint ventures31.Very often, foreign direct investors, particularly multinational corporations, are praised by governments and individuals for bringing capital, economic activity, transferring technology and managerial skills, and one other key component to the country. What is that key component?Da.Corporate work cultureb.Brain drainc.Deferenced.Employment32. A major concern of governments is the concept of transfer of profit from the new foreign market back to the domestic country. What is the term used for this transfer?Aa.Profit repatriationb.Domestic sharingc.Currency liquidationd.Credit acceptance33.Which of the following is true about full ownership of international operations by multinational firms? Ca.It is not desirable, but a necessary prerequisite for international success.b.It is the result of polycentric considerations.c.Profit repatriation is a major concern.d.The international environment is quite amicable towards it.34.When two or more organizations collaborate for more than a transitory period and share assets, risks, and profits, this is known as a(n): Da.value partnership.b.acquisition.c.opportunistic alliance.d.joint venture.35.When a government allows companies to join together to conduct joint basic research efforts without fear of antitrust action, this is called: Aa.research consortia.b.controlled research.c.primary data from undisclosed documents.d.strategic alliance.36.Which of the following best describes the product or service a company offers for sale? Ba. A pertinent formation of space and time.b. A complex combination of tangible and intangible elements.c. A tangible benefit.d.An intangible offering.37.Differentiation is a marketing method to: Da.get different customers to try the product.b.create an image or a perception in the mind of the consumer.c.dilate the market forces with excessive distribution.d.help consumers distinguish between competing brands.38.When the core product is relatively or highly similar between competitors, marketers highlight what type of features to achieve differentiation? Aa.Augmentedb.Corec.Innated.Fancy39.Which of the following is an intangible element of a product? Ca.Installationb.Aestheticsc.Positioningd.Packaging40.Installation, after-sales service, warranty etc. are _______ e lements of a product. Ba.intangibleb.augmentedc.cored.packaging41.Which of the following is NOT a factor which might encourage standardization? Aernment and regulatory influences.b.Economies of scale in production.c.Economies in marketing.d.Shrinking of the world marketplace.42.Which of the following products do NOT tend to have high levels of standardization? Ba.Personal care productsb.Food productsc.Luxury goodsd.Medical equipment43.What are the conditions which generally require product adaptation in consumer goods? Ca.Time, space and utility.b.Focus, layout and entity.c.Cultural grounding and economic conditions.d.Money, labor and foreclosure.44.Which of the following are typical changes made to products to modify them for the international marketplace? Aa.Packaging, measuring units, labeling and usage instructions.b.Weight, size, and units.c.Product form and price.d.Sweetness levels and color.45.What is probably the single most important factor contributing to product adaptation? Ca.Economic integrationb.Situational analysisernment regulationsd.Primary packaging46.Which of the following is NOT a non-tariff barrier? Aa.Import dutyb.Product standardsc.Testing or approval proceduresd.Subsidies for local products47.In developing markets, products such as cigarettes and razor blades are often sold by the piece. Why? Da.It is easier to get regulatory approval.b.Because of packaging concerns.c.Taxation considerations usually lead to such actions.d.So that consumers with limited incomes can afford them.48.Why do climate and geography affect product offerings in foreign countries? Aa.The result maybe longer shipping and storage times, perhaps affecting the product.b.Needs of consumers remain the same in different climates.c.Geography has a no impact on the product offering.d.Geography and climate remain neutral towards the benefits offered by the product.49.The name, term, symbol, sign or design used by a firm to differentiate its offerings from those of its competitors is called the: Ca.perception.b.benefits.c.brand.d.position.50.Which of the following is true about brands? Ba.Allows customization of promotional items.b.Conveys the image of the product or service.c.Are always listed on balance sheet.d.Are used only by apparel companies.51.Which of the following is NOT one of the major functions of packaging? Ca.Marketingb.Distributionc.Feedbacker convenience52.What does the "Made in" phrase required on most products say about product quality? Aa.Consumers have a perception of product quality based on the area of origin.b.The statement has no relevance in this context.c.Consumers in superstitious cultures may feel awkward about using the product.d.The statement is about origin, not product quality.53.Any good bearing an unauthorized representation of a trademark, patented invention , or copyrighted work that is legally protected in the country where it is marketed is known as a: Ca.replica.b.me-too product.c.counterfeit.d.hand-me-down.54.Which of the following is not a general alternative pricing mechanism? Aa.Monopolyb.Skimmingc.Market pricingd.Penetration pricing55.Which of the following statements about prices is false? Aa.It cannot determine the long-term viability of an enterprise.b.It serves as a means of communication with a buyer by providing a basis forjudging theattractiveness of an offer.c.It is a major competitive tool in meeting and beating close rivals and substitutes.petition has an impact on prices.56.For an exporter to use the _____ approach, the product has to be unique, and some segmentsof the market must be willing to pay the high price. Ba.extinction pricingb.skimmingc.penetration pricingd.market pricing57.Which of the following can be used to discourage marketers from entering the market? Da.Cost-plus pricingb.Changing pricingc.Multiple-product pricingd.Penetration pricing58.Which of the following is a reactive approach that may lead to problems if sales volumes never rise to sufficient levels to produce a satisfactory return? Aa.Market pricingb.Penetration pricingc.Multiple-product pricingd.Changing pricing59.Which of the following is not an attribute of pricing policy selection? Ca.Decision controlb.Flexibilityc.Differentiationd.Objectives60.Which of the following is not considered an internal factor for setting the export price? Dpany's philosophypany's goalspany^ objectivespany5 s customers61.Which of the following is not a factor to be considered in determining the price of an exported product? Ba.The importance of price in customer decision making.b.The brand or brand family being considered.c.The strength of perceived price-quality relationships.d.Potential reactions to marketing mix manipulation by marketers.62. ___ price system differentiates between domestic and export prices. Aa.Dual pricingb.Bilateral pricingc.Semi-pricingd.Export secondary methodology63.The marginal cost method of pricing considers the direct costs of producing and selling products for export as the floor beneath which prices cannot be set. What costs need to be excluded in these direct costs? Ca.Variable costs and product costsb.Shipment costs and manufacturing costsc.Fixed costs, R&D and domestic overheadd.Inventory costs and production costs64.Free on board (FOB): Ba.means that the exporter quotes a price for the good.b.applies only to vessel shipments.c.replaced a variety of FOB terms for all modes of transportation except vessel.d.applies only at a designated inland shipping point.65.What is a letter of credit? Aa.An instrument issued by a bank at the request of a buyer in which the bank promises to pay aspecified amount of money on presentation of documents stipulated in the letter.b.It is a letter which states that after the seller ships the goods, the shipping documents and the draftdemanding payment should be presented to the importer through banks acting as the seller's agent.c.It is given to shipping companies who have a line of vessels.d.An instrument of currency issued by a foreign government to the exporter.66.Which of the following refers to a tactic whereby a foreign firm intentionally sells at a loss in another country in order to increase its market share at the expense of domestic producers, which amounts to an international price war? Ba.Unintentional dumpingb.Predatory dumpingc.Sporadic dumpingd.Persistent dumping67.Countervailing duties are associated with which of the following? Ca.Price negotiationsb.Leasingc.Dumpingd.Factoring68.Which of the following statements about communication is false? Ca.The communication process extends beyond the conveying of ideas to include persuasion.b.Ideally, marketing communication is a dialogue that allows organizations and consumers to achievemutually satisfying exchange agreements.c.It is a process of establishing a "commorniess" of thought in between the source and the sender.d. A relationship has to be established from the beginning and deepened over time.69.The process of converting a message into symbolic form so that it is properly understood bythe receiver is called: Ba.patterning.b.encoding.c.formulation.d.pledging.70.Which of the following are the two biggest dangers faced in international negotiations? Cck of interest and resourcesb.Punitive damage and lawsuitsc.Parochialism and stereotypingd.Flattening and wholesaling71.Which stage of international business negotiations allows the two parties to assess each other5 s needs and degree of commitment? Ba.Implementationb.The offerrmal meetingsd.Strategy formulationspetitive and collaborative approaches are associated with which of the following? Ba.Strategy formulationb.Face-to-face negotiationsc.Implementationd.The offer 13. Which of the following is not part of the influences on negotiation style? Aa.Valuesb.Attitudesc.Expectationsd.Habitual Behavior73.What is the first step in developing a communications strategy? Da.Set marketing communications objectivesb.Respond to competitor's campaignsc.Implement the campaignd.Assess marketing communications opportunities74.The tools the international marketer has available to form a total communications programfor use in the targeted markets are referred to as the: Da.marketing mix.b.campaign mix.c.distribution mix.d.promotional mix.75.Personal selling would be considered which type of strategy? Aa.Pushb.Pullc.Point of purchased.Differential76.Advertising is considered what kind of marketing strategy? Da.Retrenchmentb.Focusc.Pushd.Pull77.What are the two main concerns when selecting media? Ba.Size and frameb.Effectiveness and efficiencyc.Space and utilityd.Size and utility78.In export marketing, which new dimension is added to the task in addition to making market specific decisions? Da.The import channel decisionb.The dual channel decisionc.The hybrid channel decisiond.The export channel decision79.What is the main reason to use an intermediary when introducing an internationally marketed product into a new foreign market? Ca.Intense competitionb.Fighting of possible retailing expendituresc.To gain quick, easy, and relatively low-cost entryd.Sensationalize the installment precedent80.Channel design is determined by factors that can be summarized as the 11 Cs. Which of the following is on the 11 C's checklist? Ba.Countrypany objectivesc.Consumerd.Corporation81.What is the most likely scenario for an international product introduction? Ba.To be English based and only deal with American intermediaries.b.Concentrate efforts on only the most attractive markets.c.Personalize the packaging for individuals.d.Preplan the marketing allocation to include customization.7. Which of the following is an external determinant of channel structure relationships? Ba.Coverageb.Culturec.Costd.Capital82.Existing channel structures which must be considered when planning a distribution systemare called: Ca.channeling.b.precursors.c.distribution culture.d.interagency agreements.83.The expenditure incurred in maintaining a channel once it is established is referred to as:Ba.price.b.cost.c.outlay.d.capital.84.There are three different approaches to coverage. Identify one of the following that is not a type of coverage. Aa.Extensiveb.Intensivec.Selectived.Exclusive85.Which of the following is considered the most long-term of the marketing mix decisions?Ca.Pricingb.Promotionc.Channel designd.Process86.Parallel importation refers to authentic and legitimately manufactured trademark items that are produced and purchased abroad but imported or diverted to the market by bypassing designated channels. What type of market is this? Ca.Flea marketb.Black marketc.Gray marketd.Monopolistic market87.Which of the following statements about gray markets is false? Da.Gray market goods can severely undercut local marketing plans.b.In almost all cases of gray marketing, someone in the authorized channel commits a diversion, thusviolating the agreements signed.c.Gray markets attract consumers with high price sensitivities.d.Risk tolerance will have a negative influence on consumers5 propensity to buy gray-market goods.。
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英文版国际营销学期末试卷4A, True or False (2’X10=20’)1.Items sold in the convenience stores are usually more expensive thansimilar items sold in the supermarket.2.The marginal effect of advertising on sales is always same throughoutdifferent stages of new product diffusion.3.Strategy guru Michael Porter’s three “generic” strategies are: cost leadership,diversification, and focus.4.The sales quantity of a new product is evenly distributed in different timeperiods.5.Post-purchase satisfaction is a function of the co nsumer’s product expectations andthe product’s perceived performance.6.Personal communication is a more efficient way to increase consumer’snew product awareness level than advertising7.New product development involves very high cost and risks of failure.Therefore, companies should not develop new product.8.The higher the price, the lower the demand, given others constant.9.Product line extension could possibly damage the reputation of the motherbrand.10.Marketing is both an art and a science—there is constant tension between theformulated side and the creative side.1,T 2,G 3,F 4,F 5,T, 6,F 7,F 8,F 9,T 10,FB. Multiple Choices (3’x10=30’)1, The characteristics of services include the following components EXCEPT:a, distinctivenessb, intangibilityc, perishabilityd, inseparability2, What is the objective of quantity discount to the consumers?a, provide more welfare to the consumers b, extract more consumer surplusc, attract more customers d, none of the above3, General Mills offers different product lines in China market from those in US.What kind of strategy General Mills uses here in the world marketplace?a, price discriminationb, cost leadershipc, focusd, differentiation4, If you go to a national electronic appliance chain store in China, you will find more air conditioners but fewer heaters in southern China where it is hot. A chain store in northeastern China where it is cold, however, sells more heaters but fewer air conditioners. The Chinese chain store realizes that the people in each of these areas do not have the same needs and should therefore not be offered the same products. This is an example of __________.a. benefits segmentationb. geoclusteringc. demographic segmentationd. behavioral segmentation5, In the buying center, __________ are people who request that something be purchased, including users or others.a. initiatorsb. influencersc. decidersd. approvers6, Bentley produces fine automobiles with price tags in the $300,000 and above range. Because the number of people with sufficient income to purchase a Bentley is relatively small, we might say Bentley is engaged in __________ marketing.a. localb. aggregatedc. individuald. niche7, The systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company is termed__________.a, the sales reporting systemb, marketing researchc, marketing intelligenced, the sales force8, What are the two solutions to unprofitable customers?a. Lower fees; reduce service.b. Lower fees; increase service.c. Raise fees; increase service.d. Raise fees; reduce service.9, In the absence of noticeable and rapid healing, Susan is not sure whether she got good service by her physician. Medical services are a good example of this type of difficulty— __________—where the consumer finds hard to evaluate even after consumption.a. search qualitiesb. experience qualitiesc. credence qualitiesd. differentiation qualities10, Intel, one of the largest producers of integrated circuit chips, puts a great deal of effort into expanding production of chips to drive down the cost and thus expand the market. This is most indicative of the __________ concept.a. productionb. productc. customerd. marketing1,a 2,b 3,d 4,b 5,a 6,d 7,b 8,d 9,c 10,aC. Short Essay Questions (10’+10’=20’)1, Perform a limited SWOT analysis for the Wal-Mart company. (10’)Strength: low price, scale of economy, high bargaining power to supplier and customer, strong reputationWeakness: low serviceOpportunity: expansion to other country and areaThreat: strong local competitors with established relationship with suppliers.2, Happy Days seafood restaurant in Sanya of Hainan Province has just been bought by a young and rich Chinese businessman. The new owner wants to make Happy Days stand out among the many competitors by being the highest quality restaurant. Explain at least five ways Happy Days quality could be improved. (10’)∙Reliability∙Assurance∙Tangibles∙Empathy, and∙ResponsivenessOR.Identify high quality foodHire highly skilled chefs and waitressStandardize cooking and serving processCultivate good meal environment in restaurantDifferentiate product features and relevant pricing strategyD. Long Essay Questions (30’)China Premium League Football Match is a popular TV program in China.1)Please discuss the marketing efforts of China Premium League Football Matchitself, in terms of traditional marketing mix: price, product, promotion and place.What is doing right and what is left to be improved in future? (15’)Price: OK. Not too expensive.Product: really bad. Corruption everywhere. If the product quality is too bad, it may drive audience away.Promotion: OK. With some new features.Place: OK covering all major cities in China.2)Please answer whether a company should or should not take advantage of ChinaPremium League Football Match to market its products. If you choose yes, please explain how to market the product by China Premium League Football Match. If you choose no, please explain why you would not like to market the product by China Premium League Football Match. (15’)Yes. High exposure rate so far. Sporty goods, goods purchased by male are more appropriate than products purchased usually by female.No. The League match is really too bad and destroys the reputation of products advertised with them.。