LANGUAGE AND CULTURE-跨文化交际
跨文化交际Unit4
பைடு நூலகம்
More examples
“Why time flies?”
“Because somebody wants to kill it.” “你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”
“不能,我是回民！” 外甥打灯笼照(舅)旧
Language = neutral codes and grammatical rules? We make cultural choices when we select words,
form sentences and send a message. All languages have social questions and information
as before; as usual; as of old 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫
very good
More examples
恋爱“三草”原则: 女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我
呢？
男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.)
meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
Language reflects the environment in which we live. (snow, wine)
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
《新大学英语跨文化交际阅读》Language and Culture
Hale Waihona Puke Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf visited Geely on May 2010 and met Geely Group Chairman Li Shufu. At the meeting, the Swedish King showed his great concern for the future Volvo Cars, so he asked Li how Geely would guarantee that Volvo's standards would not be undermined after Geely's acquisition. Li Shufu said "We are not just keeping Volvo's standards, but helping Volvo regain its past glory.” The following day, the Swedish group attended the Geely-Volvo acquisition forum in Shanghai. One of the textbook authors made a presentation to the Swedish group and he asked the Swedish group whether they understood what Li meant by saying “We are not just keeping Volvo's standards, but helping Volvo regain its past glory.” They replied “No” and they asked the author what Li meant. When the author gave a short explanation from an intercultural perspective, they were all relieved and showed their gratitude to Geely’s acquisition.
跨文化交际案例分析
Unit 1 Language and Culture in CommunicationTheory：Communication is something we do every day. It takes place so naturally that we simply fail to notice it until it hiccups or breaks down. Though it is commonplace, it is no exaggeration to say that communication is life and life is communication.1.When you join a social gathering, you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern theway things are going to proceed. There is a technical term for such rules and procedures—schema.2.Face and politeness are two other areas which are extremely value-sensitive. One of thedistinctive features of Chinese politeness is self-denigration and other-elevation.Case 1: Litz is a professor of cross-cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.The sche ma from Litz’s point of view includes the following:1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests3. Receiving guests: open the door / express welcome / take their overcoats / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good nightLitz’s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It’s not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks.Litz: Ok, this way please.Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz’s offering to hang Lin’s coat is one of Litz’s ways (it’s on Litz’s schema). On Lin’s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.Case 2:Finding an Interested BuyerGeorge Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well .He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On thesecond day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.Mr. Li res ponded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o’clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o’clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.“Right,” said George, “I’ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don’t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”The next day at 10 o’clock he approached Mr. Li’s company’s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。
跨文化交际lecture2 culture and language
A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Figure 1. Manifestation of Culture at Different Levels of Depth
LAYERS OF CULTURE
The national level The regional level The gender level The generation level The social class level _A The social class level _B
Lecture Two
Culture and Communication
What is Culture?
Warm-up Question:
Give your own definition of culture, and write it down.
跨文化交际教案英文版chapte...
Chapter VIII V erbal Intercultural Communication (I)ⅠTeaching Objectives1.To understand how language and culture closely linked2.To perceive the vital role of verbal codes in intercultural communication as well as the important relationships among language, thought, culture, and behaviorⅡLeading inⅢTeaching ProceduresStep1Have students listen to the lead-in case Meanings of W ordsAsk students warming-up questions:●What are connotational meanings?●What’s the connotation of the word “moon” in Chinese?●What’s the connotation of the word “moon” in English?●What is the relationship between language and culture?Step28.1 Language and culture●Verbal intercultural communicationV erbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.●Relationship between language and cultureMastering all those rules of language，such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, is still not enough for effective communication, for language and culture cannot be separated.They are intertwined, shaping each other.8.1.1 Culture and Word Meaning1. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, we live in a house in English, we also live in a casa in Spanish and2. Corresponding Chinese words cannot always explain the English words.a. Words with different associated meaningsLanguage reflects the environment we live in, history, custom, values and so on, which are diverse in different cultures. So words that refer to the same object may have different associated（联想的）meanings. The culturally-loaded words and expressions are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words.English Chineselb. Words without counterpart in another languageLanguage reflects culture, and cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, concept equivalence and experience equivalence. Therefore, there are a lot of words that we fail to find the counterparts in another language.For example, the English word “hippies”, “motel”, we cannot find exact counterpart in Chinese.c. Confusing translationCultural distinctions lead to different connotations, so some expressions are really confusing when translated. For example: “单位” —“unit”; “equalitarian” —“平均主义/平等主义”, “materialism”d. ProverbsProverbs are fruits of wisdom. Proverbs reflect religion, morality, values, and life experience. Chinese culture has been greatly influenced by Confucian philosophy emphasizing the social relationships. In contrast, there are more proverbs describing the preference of independence, freedom and self-fulfillment in western culture.8.1.2 Culture and the Way of Saying ThingsPeople, from different cultural backgrounds, speak different languages in different ways.1. Forms of addressThe forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, or of the relation between them. Traditional Chinese culture is based on the family-based social structure. Under such cultural background, kinship terms have extended and generalized usage. Social status and hierarchy weigh greatly in Chinese culture. In that case, people use such way “surname+profession or title” as formal address, while the westerners seldom use these addresses.2. Greetings and farewellsChinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interpersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by asking private questions, while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.“Good-bye” or “Bye-Bye” is accep table both in English and Chinese, and it is a very formal way. English people also say “See you”, “See you later”, “Good night”, and “Have a nice day”. Those expressions convey less personal concerns than Chinese routines such as “Walk slowly”, “Stay long er”.3. Compliments and responses to complimentsCompliments and praises are of great social functions. Concerning compliments and compliment responses, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures. In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to compliments is positive. Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also shy to accept compliments.4.Taboos and euphemismTaboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Case Analysis: Commonly-Believed T raditional British Superstitions and T aboos8.2 Culture and Communication StyleCulture influences the style of communication at great level. When we are in an unfamiliar country, it is wise to watch and learn the way native people communicate first.8.2.1 Culture and Conversation Pattern1. When to talk2. What to say3. Turn-taking conventions8.2.2 Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style1. Direct communication styleWith direct communication style, speaker expresses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in low-context, individualistic cultures. V erbal precision and self-expression are valued.2. Indirect communication styleIn an indirect communication style, which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.Case Analysis: Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Communication style●What are the interpretations of Michiko on Jim’s words?●Why do they have the conflicts during communication?8.2.3 Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication StyleThe elaborate, exacting, or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and /or volume of talk.1. Elaborate communication style2. Exacting communication style3. Succinct communication style8.2.4 Personal and Contextual Communication StylePeople tend to use personal communication style in individualistic culture, while contextual style is employed more often in collectivist culture.1. Personal communication styleThe personal communication style amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.2. Contextual communication styleA contextual style stresses one’s role identity and status. The Japanese use a contextual style, and their language includes an elaborate system of honorifics. Honorifics are linguistic forms that communicate respect according to one’s rank and the rank of the people they speak to.Case Analysis: Japanese Workers Get Word from on High :Drop Formality●What kind of communication style traditional Japanese workers use?●What causes the Japanese workers mentioned in the case to drop formality during8.2.5 Instrumental and Affective Communication StyleIt is certain that communication is a way to realize communicators’ goal or mission.And communication is instrumental.1. Instrumental communication styleAn instrumental communication style as sender-based and goal-outcome based.2. Affective communication styleAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.Case Analysis: Instrumental and Affective Communication Style●Why did Mr. Benton want to get down to business directly?●Why did Mr.Y eh-Ching seem not to value time and work?●Can you analyze the communication styles of the two persons in this case?Step3Interpreting Culture Through Popular Sayings1．活动目的：通过常用语了解文化：学习英语习语，解析习语中反映的价值观念。
语言与文化(Language and Culture)
Language and CultureI firmly believe that language and culture are familiar with everyone on earth. Nevertheless, I don’t think everyone is clear about the real meaning of language and culture. On this basis, this essay will explain some basic information about language and culture, including what is language, what is culture and the relationship between language and culture. What’s more, quite a number of examples will be cited to help you have a better understanding of language and culture.Let’s begin with the concept of language. When we put a key word “language”into the online Wikipedia(维基百科)，which is a free encyclopedia to people all over the world, we find that language is defined as the human capacity for acquiring and using complex system of communications , and a language is any specific example of such a system. From this definition, we have a clear consciousness towards language. When we look into the Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary, Language is divided into several meanings as follow：1. use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communications 2. system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3. faculty of speech 4. system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs 5. any method of communication.6. professional or specialized vocabulary. Besides, I have also learned the definition of language from my linguistics class. In the book A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English(新编简明英语语言学教程). Langue is thought to be a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, that is, elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that theme is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. This quotation means rose is still rose even it is called by another name.For my part, the definition of language is varied. Generally speaking, it is a series code that facilitates human communication. And beyond a specific context, language has no intrinsic meaning.After finishing talking about what is language, let’s know more about culture. Similarly, in the Wikipedia, culture is defined as fallowing meanings, Firstly, culture is deemed as a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the roman orator Cicero: Cultura animi ( cultiration of the soul). Secondly, the term “culture”in American anthropology had two meanings: the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbol, and to act imaginatively and creatively. Thirdly, Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns and which are not a result of biological inheritance. Besides, we learn the meaning of culture from theIntercultural Communication course. Culture is defined as the group of people who share the same ancestry. There are also many renowned socialists give culture several definitions. For example, E.sapir once said that culture may be defined as what a societu does and thinks.Shortly, culture is involved in so many aspects that it is hard to give it an accurate definition. Put in another way, for different people, culture has very different meaning, according to their own value, education background, social status and so forth. So there is nothing to criticize when other’s understanding of culture is different from yours.Having known so much basic information about language and culture, we will have look at the relationship between language and culture. In the book Intercultural communication in English(新编跨文化交际英语)，there is a description of the relationship between language and culture. It goes like this: culture and language are intertwined and shape each other. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written. We also make cultural choices. We all agree that language helps in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literary is necessary to understand the language being used. Personally speaking, language and culture is not two totally different subjects with no relevance. On the contrary, they are tightly related. That is to say, onlywhen language is put into a specific environment of cultural context does it have some real meaning.To have a better understanding of language and culture, several typical examples of the language and cultural difference between China and the western countries will be cited. We all know that the Chinese culture is both profound and extensive which leads to numerous idioms, allusions, proverbs and sayings, which is hard for foreigners to understand. Take some of them for instances. Firstly, take “过着牛郎织女的生活” for example, it can be literally translated as the Herd-boy and the spinning maid(mythical lovers separated by the Milky Way). But a foreigner may feel puzzled when look at this allusion, for they do not have the cultural background of the allusion. Actually, it is a folk tale of ancient China which means husband and wife living apart. If you want a foreigner fully understand this allusion, you’d better to tell him the whole tale, which also help him to know more about Chinese culture.There are also other four-character allusions in Chinese. Such as 三顾茅庐—make three calls at the thatched cottage(as Liu Bei did when he sought the aid of Zhuge Liang, a master straight then living in seclusion)—repeatedly request someone to take up a responsible post.完璧归赵——return the jade intact to the state of Zhao—return something to its owner in perfect condition.拔苗助长—stand by a stump waiting for hares to come and dash themselves against it—trust to chance and waiting forgains without pains.对牛弹琴—play music to an ox—cast pearls before swine.Most of the allusions come into being according to china’s long history. That’s why many foreigners find it hard to know comprehensively about Chinese language and culture. Nevertheless, there are some equivalents between these two different cultures. For example, in Chinese , there is an allusion called “画蛇添足” , in English, there is a similar proverb called gilding the lily. What’s more, it takes two to make a quarrel can be found in Chinese 一个巴掌拍不响. Hopefully, these make it easier to understand each other’s culture.In short, language in different cultures is hard to understand to most foreigners. The only thing to do is try one’s best to know more about each other’s culture, including all walks of life.。
Language and culture-跨文化交际
Language and Culture1. Public signAs the world around us grows increasingly cosmopolitan by the day, bilingual signs have become a fundamental need in most places around the globe. And bilingual public signs are common in the public areas like stores, streets and scenic spots in China.No Bills 不准张贴On Sale 削价出售Staff Only 本处职工专用No Smoking 禁止吸烟Business Hours 营业时间Lost and Found 失物招领处Beware of Pickpocket 谨防扒手Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火Luggage Depository 行李存放处Dogs Not Allowed 禁止携犬入内But when we proof-read the bilingual signs in China, there are many ridiculous Chinglish which seriously affect China’s international image.进/出口Import/ Export Exit/ Entrance存包处Bag keeping Luggage Center小心落水Be careful: falling water CAUTION!WA-TER小心碰头Be careful of your head/ Pay attention to your headWatch Your Head电话预约Telephone be speak Phone Reservations北京欢迎你Beijing welcome you Welcome to Beijing厕所WC/ Toilet public: restroom; Men’s/Women’s Roomprivate: Bathroom; washroom( British)“行平安路”被写成“路上安全的线”，“回幸福家”则干脆用汉语拼音“HUI XING FU”和英语单词“FAMILY”来生硬替代，看了让人满头雾水不知所云。
英语专业-跨文化交际Part III - Chapter 5
5.2 Language and Culture – Culture and the Use of Language
5.2 Language and Culture – Culture and the Use of Language
Pacific Rim Cultures: Use language cautiously because they favor moderate or suppressed expression of negative and confrontational messages. Indirect language that facilitates facesaving is important for these cultures. These high-context cultures expect their communication partners to be able to read between the lines and decode messages from a holistic, context-based perspective.
5.2 Language and Culture
It’s impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. Language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large of community of people. When we study another language, we soon discover not only symbols and sounds, but there are rules such as phonology, grammar, syntax, and intonation. – Language have a major impact on the way individual perceives and conceptualized the world.
跨文化交际课后题答案
Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. Y ou send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition,or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to h er:"Long time n o see!"1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a.6b.4c.5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Y es, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. Inaddition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retriev al of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. Y ou send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes;8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。
跨文化交际
An Understanding of Culture and Language胡文09级师范12班222009310011347Introduction Language and culture serve as the foundation for all human societies. In our increasingly diverse global environment, many people from significantly different linguistic, social and cultural environments must work, live and build societies together. In order to be effective at interacting with different cultures while achieving goals, it is imperative to understand how various aspects of language and culture impact interaction. Syntax, semantics, and kinesics all influence cross-cultural communication. Syntax refers to the particular way that sentences are structured or the "sequencing of morphemes" (Wallace 2003, 2). Semantics is a considerably important influence on cross-cultural communication because it refers to the meaning of each cultures meaning. It includes the particular style of speaking that is constructed individually by each culture. There are many ways in which the phenomena of language and culture are intimately related. Both phenomena are unique to humans and have therefore been the subject of a great deal of anthropological, sociological, and even mimetic study. Language, of course, is determined by culture, though the extent to which this is true is now under debate. The converse is also true to some degree: culture is determined by language - or rather, by the replicates that created both, memes. Language and culture are NOT fundamentally inseparable. At the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can also be visual (via signs and symbols), or semiotics (via hand or body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a specific set of ideas, practices, customs and beliefswhich make up a functioning society as distinct. This essay will talk about the relationship between culture and language in the following aspects.ⅠLanguage as reflection by CultureLanguage is not only a part of culture but also a reflection of culture. Language is heavily influenced by culture - as cultures come up with new ideas, they develop language components to express those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can define what is expressible in a culture. Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirely dependent on the cultural context in which they existed. In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the 1950's, giving color samples to different American Indian tribes and asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the spectrum we see as "green", "yellow", etc. was an entirely arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum separately. some languages have only three color terms equivalent to black, white, and red; a native speaker of this language would have a difficult time expressing the concept of "purple" efficiently. Some languages are also more expressive about certain topics. (The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker, p.260.) According to this hypothesis, the divisions seen between colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not correspond to divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for snow - common stories vary from fifty to upwards of two hundred.Of course, there are ways in which language really does reflect culture. Obviously, the ancient Romans did not have words for radios, televisions, or computers because these items were simply not part of their cultural context.ⅡLanguage as Part of CultureFor many people, language is not just the medium of culture but also is a part of culture. It is quite common for immigrants to a new country to retain their old customs and to speak their first language amid fellow immigrants, even if all present are comfortable in their new language. This occurs because the immigrants are eager to preserve their own heritage, which includes not only customs and traditions but also language. This is also seen in many Jewish communities, especially in oldermembers: Yiddish is commonly spoken because it is seen as a part of Jewish culture.Linguistic differences are also often seen as the mark of another culture, and they very commonly create divisiveness among neighboring peoples or even among different groups of the same nation. A good example of this is in Canada, where French-speaking natives of Quebec clash with the English-speaking majority. This sort of conflict is also common in areas with a great deal of tribal warfare. It is even becoming an issue in America as speakers of standard American English - mainly whites and educated minorities - observe the growing number of speakers of black English vernacular. Debates are common over whether it is proper to use "Ebonics" in schools, while its speakers continue to assert that the dialect is a fundamental part of the "black culture"ⅢLanguages can be developed apart from its originating culture.Certain language has scope for cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actually be part of any culture. Additionally, many languages are used by different cultures that is, the same language can be used in several cultures.ⅣLanguages as not solely defined by their developing cultureMost modern languages are amalgamations of other prior and current languages. That is, most languages borrow words and phrases ("loan words") from other existing languages to describe new ideas and concept. In fact, in the modern very-connected world, once one language manufactures a new word to describe something, there is a very strong tendency for other languages to "steal" that word directly, rather than manufacture a unique one itself. The English language is a stellar example of a "thief" language - by some accounts, over 60% of the English language is of foreign origin (i.e. those words were originally imported from another language). Conversely, English is currently the world's largest "donor" language, with vast quantities of English words being imported directly into virtually all other languages.In a word, language is an important part of the culture, and they can not separate .The language in communication not only the transfer in speech but also the transfer in the culture .The individuality of the culture construct the deep gap of the language .According to the above mentioned,we can have a conclusion that languageand culture effect with each other. Language is a major component and supporter of culture as well as a primary tool for transferring message, which is inextricably bound with culture. Learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness and even conflict in cross-cultural communication. References:1. Trudgill, Peter. 1995. Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. London: Penguin Books.2. Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1992. An introduction to sociolinguistics. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.3.Wolfram, Walt. 1991. Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall (to be reissued by Basil Blackwell in 1998 as American English: Dialects and variation).4. Hartman,R and Stork,F.Dictionary of Language andLinguistics[M].London:Applied Science Publishers Ltd,1981.5.<<英汉语言文化对比研究>> 李瑞华主编上海外语教育出版社1997.309级师范12班胡文222009310011347。
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communicationThesis statement：This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline：Chapter 1：Language and culture in communicationChapter2：Culture shockChapter3：What’s in a name？Chapter4：Social interactionChapter 5：Roles and relationsChapter6：Non—verbal communicationChapter7: In other words。
Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1：Language and culture in communicationThere is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication，without it we can’t know each other. So，we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total，communication can be divided into two parts；they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication。
新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解
新编跨⽂化交际英语教程答案详解导⾔“新编跨⽂化交际英语教程·教师⽤书”主要是为使⽤“新编跨⽂化交际英语教程”教师配套的教学指南。
“新编跨⽂化交际英语教程”是在原有“跨⽂化交际英语教程”的基础上经过全⾯、系统修订⽽成，我们对全书做了较⼤的更新和完善，调整和增补了许多材料，⼒求使其更具时代性，更适合教学实际和学⽣需求。
为了进⼀步推进跨⽂化交际教学，在多年从事跨⽂化交际教学和研究的基础上，我们⼜特地编写了这本“新编跨⽂化交际英语教程·教师⽤书”，希望能对使⽤本教材进⾏教学的⼴⼤教师们，尤其是初次使⽤这本教材的教师们提供⼀些必要的引导和实质性的帮助。
为此，我们尽可能地为各单元中⼏乎所有的部分和项⽬都提供了参考提⽰。
除此之外，还补充了⼀些取⾃跨⽂化交际学重要著作的选段，供教师进⼀步了解相关背景知识和理论基础，以拓宽视野，有利于更好地进⾏教学。
同时我们还在书后附上了推荐的中⽂阅读书⽬（英⽂阅读书⽬可参看上海外语教育出版社的“跨⽂化交际丛书”系列）和有关跨⽂化交际的部分电影资料简介。
“新编跨⽂化交际英语教程”主要适⽤于⾼等学校英语专业教学中的跨⽂化交际课程，旨在通过课堂教学及相关活动使学⽣认识跨⽂化交际对当代世界所具有的重要意义和作⽤，了解⽂化对⼈类⽣活各个⽅⾯、尤其是交际活动的制约和影响，理解并把握交际活动的重要性、丰富性、复杂性，熟悉跨⽂化交际的基本构成以及所涉及的各种因素，培养跨⽂化意识，形成和发展对⽂化差异的敏感和宽容、以及处理⽂化差异问题的灵活性，提⾼使⽤英语进⾏跨⽂化交际的技能，为最终获得与不同⽂化背景⼈们进⾏深⼊交流的能⼒奠定基础。
通过使⽤本教材，教师也可从中获得更多有关⽂化（包括我们⾃⼰⽂化和外族⽂化）和跨⽂化交际的知识。
这本教材共分为10个单元，涉及全球化时代的交际问题、⽂化与交际、各类⽂化差异、语⾔与⽂化、跨⽂化⾔语交际、跨⽂化⾮⾔语交际、时间与空间使⽤上的⽂化、跨⽂化感知、跨⽂化适应、跨⽂化能⼒等，包括了跨⽂化交际的各个⽅⾯，对其中⼀些重要问题都有相对深⼊的介绍与探讨。
跨文化交际案例 用文化维度分析
Language stands if place of “reality”, ” yet a symbol is never equal to the reality to which it refers. The same reality can be represented by different symbols
The Structure of Human Language
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, it generally examines how human beings use language as symbols in the communication process. Linguistics is comprised of five areas of study: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Among the five components, semantics and pragmatics have special importance for intercultural communication.
Morphology: Morphology:
Morphology is the study of words and word building.
The Structure of Human Lans Syntax:
the study of the structure of sentences and phrases.
Introduction: what we are going to learn?
《跨文化交际与翻译》language and communication
Case study: Use one of Hofstede's four dimension to explain the following case.
• When my boss came into my office for the first time, I stood up immediately to show my respect. The boss misunderstood my behavior, thought I was going out,and said he would talk with me in a while. I was accustomed to respecting all those in authority. On one occasion, I offered my seat to the Head of the Department of Internal Medicine. He said “Thanks” and sat down. During the conference,he kept turning around and looking at me, which made me feel ill at ease. When the conference was over, he came over and apologized to me,“I thought you were leaving the conference.You don't have to offer me.”
Language most shows a man. Speak, that I may see thee.
---- Ben Johnson
The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
《跨文化交际》3
Turkey
1
（a） [C] large bird reared to be eaten, esp at Christmas 吐绶鸡; 火鸡. （b） [U] its flesh as food （食用的）火鸡肉: ★ a slice of roast turkey 一片烤火鸡肉.
2 [C] (US sl 俚) failure; flop 失败; 失败的人或事物:
The Chinese waited patiently and then replied, “Well, I still don‟t understand what is meant when you Americans say „Come on, you bird/a person considered inept or undesirable turkey. Let‟s get moving.‟”
★ His last movie was a real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.
Turkey
talk `turkey (infml 口 esp US)
talk frankly and bluntly 说话坦率. cold `turkey (sl 俚 esp US) （a） way of treating a drug addict by suddenly stopping all his doses of the drug instead of gradually reducing them 使有毒瘾者突然停用 毒品而不是逐渐减少剂量的处理方法. （b） frank statement of the truth, often about sth unpleasant 直言不讳; 照实说: ★ talk cold turkey to/with sb 对[与]某人直言不 讳.
跨文化交际学期论文文档
Understanding of language and culture(Color and Culture)Introduction:In the culture, the language is literally everywhere. Anyone immersed in the culture sees and hears the language all around. As we all know, we express our thoughts by means of language. However, while we using language, we convey culture at the same time. As for color, it’s a part of language, so it including culture, too. There are differences in the use of colors and color words between Chinese and English cultures. The different cultures bring different attitudes toward the same color because of different culture background, they reveal wide connotation of cultures. We should pay attention to observing not only their basic meanings, but also the deep and broad symbolic meanings. The symbolic meanings of color words often have different features in different language cultures. And some of them even have become taboos and adornments since the meanings of the color words are extended and transferred. Meanwhile, the cultural exchanges and the color views have similar phenomenon and coincidence in the languages.Literature Review:Color is an important part of our life. Color words help us to understand the world around, like our sense of taste and smell. The basic color words in English such as red, yellow, white, black, not only express the colors of objective things, but also the obstruct things. The color words have specified semantic meanings in different cultures. Without understanding of them, we will probably run into obstacles or make a fun of ourselves in communication. Therefore learning and grasping the symbolic meanings of color words are important. Good understanding of the symbolic meanings of color words can help us communicate effectively among people from different countries. This paper tries to illustrate the different symbolic meanings of color words in Chinese and English cultures by comparison and analysis of them.Discussion:(Different meaning of same color in different culture)A. RedIn Chinese culture, the color of red is popular for special events, holidays and ceremonials. In ancient times, when people got married, the bride always dressed in red, and wore “Hongtouga(红头盖)”. The bridegroom always tied a red ribbon and wore a red flower in the front. And almost everything in the wedding had something to do with red color. Neolithic hunter considered red to be the most important color endowed with life—giving powers and placed red ochre into graves of their deceased. Neolithic cave painters ascribed magic power to the red color. It can be stipulated that they painted animals in red ochre or iron oxide to conjure their fertility. It is usually believed in China that red can against evil influence.Nevertheless, to Westerners, “red” is usually related to dange r, war, blood, terror and sensuality. When the traffic lights turn red, it means danger and pause. Red card is widely used to punish players who act badly in sports and games. Scarlet is the color of bright red, yet its connotation meaning is libidinous or flagrant. Up to now, “red light district” in a few Western nations still implies whorehouse.B. WhiteWhite and red are opposite in Chinese culture. White is a basic taboo word that reflects Chinese people abandon and disgust in both material and spiritual aspects. White symbolizes the death and ill omen in Chinese culture. The relative must wear mourning for the death of parents and relatives since ancient times. They worn the white mourning dress, and it is called the funeral. The relatives set up the white mourning hall. And they should hit the white long narrow flag while carrying a coffin to the cemetery.In English culture, the symbolic meanings of white color focus on color itself, such as snow, fresh milk and the color of lily. Westerners think white stands for grace and purity. When a woman wears a white wedding dress, she is a virgin. Sometimes a woman who is getting married for the second time she may not wear pure white. She may wear off-white or even some other color. On Christmas Day white-colored ornaments are seen everywhere in decorating Christmas trees and houses in most Western countries.C. BlackThe color of black has seriously mysterious senses in Chinese culture. It is a kind of serious tone. Its symbolic meaning seems comparatively complicated for the influence of Western culture. On one hand, it symbolizes serious, justice such as black face Bao Zheng in the popular legend, black types of facial make up of Zhang Fei, li Kui in traditional Beijing opera, etc; On other hand, it symbolizes evilly, reactionary, such as vicious person is a black heart, hidden repulsive inside information is “shady deal”, evil backstage manipulator; it shows crime, such as do bandit conduct shout “walk the underworld”, do illegal inn of business nam ed the gangster, the violated goods trade is called the black market. Black is also used to name the dirty money that the money is obtained by illegal means.Black is a basic taboo color in Western culture. Black reflects spiritual abandoning and disgust of Westerner. It symbolizes the death, ill omen, and disaster, for example, Black Mass fits fairy Mass, to wear black for her father’s death, black words are unlucky words, the fierce day is a black letter day; black symbolizes the evilness, crime, such as Blackman, a black deed, blackguard,and blackmail; it symbolizes shame, inglorious too, for instances a black eye, a black mark, and black sheep; it symbolizes angry, depressed such as black dog is the depressed mood, the future looks black means prospects are dim, he gave me a black look means he is looking at me in a great rage.D. Y ellowIn Chinese culture, “yellow”originally represents the colors of the soil. In book《说文》: “Y ellow is the color of the earth.”In Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, yellow is explained as the colors of gold, butter, and ripe lemon. The Y ellow Highlands, lying by the Y ellow Riverside is one of the most important cradle lands of the Chinese people. It is from Y ellow River that the Chinese ancient culture came into being. The ancient Chinese people mainly depended on the land to live and breed from generations to generations. Chinese and English countries use different colors to express “power and honor”.In China, “yellow” is an honorable color. It is always connected with “honor” and “glory”, and it is the symbol of “power” and “lofty”. There are many words such as “Huangpao(黄袍)”, “Huangbang(黄榜)”, “Huangmen(黄门)”in Chinese language.But in English countries, it is “purple” not “yellow” that is usually associated with “high rank” or “imperial” or “power” in particularly. Meanwhile, many of the roofs suc h as the Imperial Palace, Shrines and royal buildings choseyellow color for decorations. Y ellow is generally related to something pornographic in Chinese, such as “黄色电影”, “黄色书刊”, “黄色音乐”and so on. If we translate these phrases into yellow movies, yellow book and yellow music, it will be strange because “yellow”has nothing to do with filthy at all in English culture. We can use pornographic, decadent, trashy, or vulgar for Chinese “黄”. Thereby, “黄色电影”in English we can say pornographic pictures, blue movies; “黄色书刊”filthy books, pornographic books.ConclusionThrough the analysis above, this paper shows that the symbolic meaningsof color words between English and Chinese cultures have divergences; both ofthem have some common features in some aspects. It’s impossible to list all the points in colors between western and Chinese culture. All we need to do is to learn the knowledge about colors as much as possible.ReferencesPalmer, P.R. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.安俊丽. 黄色彩对汉语词汇的文化影响[J]. 安庆师范学院学报，2002，(9) /view/90de3dc42cc58bd63186bdbd.html/view/2d103b7827284b73f242503b.html。
跨文化交际(六)
Foreign languages and translation
Culture and the use of language
Spanish African Pacific Rim Cultures (Thai; Japanese; Korean; Chinese) Arabic Greek English
环太平洋国家：中国，日本，朝鲜，韩国，菲律宾， 马来西亚，新加坡，印度尼西亚，越南，柬埔寨， 泰国，东帝汶，澳大利亚，新西兰，巴布亚新几内 亚，萨摩亚，斐济，汤加，马绍尔群岛，密克罗尼 西亚联邦，帕劳，基里巴斯，瑙鲁，所罗门群岛， 图瓦卢，瓦努阿图，俄罗斯，加拿大，美国，墨西 哥，危地马拉，尼加拉瓜，哥斯达黎加，萨尔瓦多， 洪都拉斯，巴拿马，哥伦比亚，厄瓜多尔，秘鲁， 智利。
If you selecting an interpreter, you should look for the following qualities or qualifications. The first is compatibility. The second is ethnic compatibility. The third is knowledge of dialect. And the last is specialized knowledge of your field and its terminology.
私は 中国人です。 （我+中国人+是 ） 나는 중국사람 입니다 。 （我+中国人+是） Tôi là người Trung Quốc。 （我+是+人+中国） ฉันเป็ นจีน 。 （我+是+人+中国） Ja jestem Chińczykiem。 （我+是+中国人） Saya adalah orang cina. （我+是+人+中国）
Cross-cultural Communication
Activity 5 Effective Cross-cultural Communication
How to be a cross-cultural speaker? 1.Calm down and relax. 2.Watch out for bilingual differences in using polite expressions. e meaningless but useful syllables to gain . time. How to be a cross-cultural hearer? A good listener is a careful but not intense listener , who gets the message, not every single word.
3.1.3 Analysis of language
Human language verbal Artificial language
nonverbal
Special purpose
symbolic
machine
Chinese
non-word sounds body language e.g.: Braille e.g.: sounds uttered gestures, head e.g.: to control animals movements e.g.: logic e.g.: computer
3.3. Ways of Communication
Two-way contact: Communicators can see each other and monitor each other’s behaviour– direct communication One-way contact: communicators cannot see each other, and hence cannot monitor each other’s behaviour– indirect communication
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Funeral
A funeral is often officiated by clergy from the decedent's, or bereaved's, church or religion. A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church. A funeral is held according to the family's choosing, which may be a few days after the time of death, allowing family members to attend the service. This type of memorial service is most common in Christians, and they call it a mass when the casket is closed and a priest says prayers and blessings. Most of the time family members of the dead can say something. If the funeral service takes place in the funeral home it can be directed by a clergy or hosted by a very close family member most common a parent.
Only can we make public sign work by obeying the translation principles of unify, conciseness, courtesy and aesthetics seriously.
C l o t h i n g
China VS Western Chinese clothing culture differs from western in four aspects as following:
• • •
Visitation
At the visitation, in Western custom, the body of the deceased person is placed on display in the coffin. The viewing often takes place on one or two evenings before the funeral.
进/出口 Import/ Export 存包处 Bag keeping
Exit/ Entrance Luggage Depository
小心落水 Be careful: falling water CAUTION!WA-TER 小心碰头 Be careful of your head/ Pay attention to your head Watch Your Head 电话预约 Telephone be speak Phone Reservations 北京欢迎你 Beijing welcome you Welcome to Beijing 厕所 WC/ Toilet public: restroom; Men’s/Women’s Room
In China, people are more concerned about social status.
3.Color
In western, people prefer white and black.
Red is known as Chinese element. Besides, and yellow is a special color.
婚礼颜色
Wedding Colour
Two different colours
• Chinese -Red
• The west -White Meaning: quiet pure love
Meaning: luck, festive
婚礼地点
Wedding ion
婚礼服饰
Wedding Dress
Candles ceremony Flowers ceremony Wedding chant
Sign engagement written 签写婚约 Declared married 宣告成婚
WESTERN FUNERAL
• A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, respecting, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died.
WEDDING AND FUNERAL
LOGO
Comparison of Chinese and Western wedding customs 中西方婚礼习俗对比
Introduction:
Differences：
❤ Wedding Colour ❤ Wedding Location ❤ Wedding Dress ❤ Wedding Ceremony
No Bills 不准张贴 On Sale 削价出售 Staff Only 本处职工专用 No Smoking 禁止吸烟 Business Hours 营业时间 Lost and Found 失物招领处 Beware of Pickpocket 谨防扒手
Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火
2.Manner
Chinese people use chopsticks to have meals, which is of great benefit to our fingers, hands and brains. Western people like to use forks and knives, which is graceful in some formal occasions.
Lift sedan 抬花轿
The bridegroom lift the bridal veil新郎掀新娘的盖头
Drink the nuptial wine 喝交杯酒
西方婚礼流程
Minister addressed 主婚人致辞 New vow to marry each other新人互致结婚誓言 Exchange rings 交换戒指 点蜡烛仪式 鲜花仪式 婚礼诵读
The bridegroom go to the bride's home to escort her to the wedding 新郎到达新娘家迎亲
中 国 婚 Arrive next car, the bride wedding location到达婚礼地点，新娘下轿 礼 bows(heaven and earth, parents, bride) 流 拜天地（一拜天地，二拜父母，夫妻对拜） 程
•
Within the United States and Canada, in most cultural groups and regions, the funeral rituals can be divided into three parts: visitation funeral the burial service
4.Material
The Western tend to use flax(亚麻), wool and cotton.
Chinese prefer animal fiber, especially silk.
Chinese food is truly the most delicate diet in the world. Chinese people pay attention to food’s color, flavor and taste.
F O O
D
Western people focus on food’s nutrition.
To a certain extent, western food is easier for cooking.
1.Ingredient
Most of Chinese diet is uncompleted without vegetables, which sometimes are not the supporting actor, but the main actor. The main actor of Western diet almost is meat, which provides most of protein and fat for people.
Luggage Depository 行李存放处 Dogs Not Allowed 禁止携犬入内
But when we proof-read the bilingual signs in China, there are many ridiculous Chinglish which seriously affect China’s international image.
1.Chinese traditional costume, most bride for red costume
2.The chaplet and official robes(凤冠霞帔)
a chaplet and official robes （凤冠霞帔）
婚礼仪式
Wedding ceremony
1.Design
Western clothing culture is a kind of “revealing” culture.
Chinese clothing culture is a kind of “cover” culture.