管理信息系统之外文翻译
信息管理与信息系统外文翻译ERP外文翻译稿
外文翻译稿浅谈ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理ERP —Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划系统,是指建立在信息技术基础上,以系统化的管理思想,为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。
ERP 不仅仅是一个软件,更重要的是一个管理思想,它实现了企业内部资源和企业相关的外部资源的整合。
通过软件把企业的人、财、物、产、供、销及相应的物流、信息流、资金流、管理流、增值流等紧密地集成起来,实现资源优化和共享。
从台湾当地的建筑企业实施的实例讨论了ERP成功实施的七个关键：密钥系统、生产流程系统、ERP基础实施的优先度、用户自定义设置、参与者角色、咨询者角色、实施表现分级。
ERP 是一种以市场和客户需求为导向，以实行企业内外资源优化配置，消除生产经营过程中一切无效的劳动和资源，实现信息流、物流、资金流、价值流和业务流的有机集成和提高企业竞争力为目的，以计划与控制为主线，以网络和信息技术为平台，集客户、市场、销售、计划、采购、生产、财务、质量、服务、信息集成和业务流程重组(BPR)等功能为一体，面向SCM的现代企业管理思想和方法。
从台湾企业的实例表明，成功应用ERP的基本要素主要有：必须增强企业自身主体意识；重视知识资源的开发与利用；充分调动人的积极性和创造性；深刻认识我国企业应用ERP的根本目的；正确认识ERP项目是一个企业管理系统工程；企业一定要尽快、科学的做出应用SCM、ERP和BPR的决策；企业应用ERP一定要立足于创新和BPR；引入企业管理咨询；认真做好ERP项目前期准备工作；加强企业需求分析；制定明确、量化的ERP应用目标；确保基础数据的准确性和时效性；加强ERP项目风险分析；建立ERP项目变革管理体系；实行ERP项目监理制和评价制；完善和提高服务商的能力与水平。
大量的研究与实践充分表明，ERP在我国应用的成败并不取决于技术、资金、网络、应用软件和软件实施，而主要取决于企业自身主体意识。
管理信息系统【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Management Information SystemMaterial Source: High Technology Letters, Computer Science Pr. 2003（5）.Author: McFadden F.RIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategicimportance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yetform that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , theslave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration te chnique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. notmerely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS somesmall-size business also not exceptions of self, universally establish thecommunal data network, like the electronic mail and electron dataexchange and so on, MIS supplied the well support environment to theapplication of Intranet’s technique to speedily developing of INTERNETespecially in the past few years in the interest of the business.Through international technique develo pment tendency is see, in the 90’s 20centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.（1）Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?（2）Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.（3）Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.（4）Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business. The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite theadministration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. InThe wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure ofproduction once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means, and establish more valid MIS.译文资料来源：Computer Suence Pr. 计算机科学（2003.5）作者：McFadden F.R管理信息系统MIS （Management Information System），它就是我们所说的管理信息系统，它强调在生活上的应用，并且在当今信息社会普及的背景下应用得越来越广泛。
信息管理与信息系统外文翻译!--ERP外文翻译稿
Discussing about the successful factors of ERP projectsimplementation and the risk management.The primary functions of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are to integrate the inter-departmental operation procedures and Management Information System (MIS) modules, and to reallocate the resources of a company. How to successfully implement an ERP system in an organization is always a hot research topic for researchers as well as a pending problem for an organization that wants to implement it. A case study on the selection of system suppliers and contract negotiation during the ERP implementation of a local construction company in Taiwan, after reviewing the common key success factors discussed in the literature, discussed seven issues: coding system, working process reengineering, priority of ERP functionality implementation, customization, participant roles, consultant role and performance level of subcontractor, which also affected the implementation.Lessons learned from the case study in discussed seven issues are valuable for a construction company in deciding to implement an ERP system. This study suggests that additional case studies are necessary for the successful application of ERP systems in the construction industry. ERP implementation is a 'Triple Play' that combines people, technology, and processes. It embodies a complex implementation process, especially in developing countries like China, often taking several years, huge amount of fund and involving a major business process reengineering exercise. An attempt has been made to identify some Chinese-specific difficulties in the implementation process and provide solutions to implement ERP system successfully through questionnaire survey, interviews, and secondary data. On the basis of analysis of questionnaire results, some common difficulties have been explored by authors, such as support of top management, costly and time-consuming, cultural differences, technical complexity, lack of professional personnel, and inner resistance. The difficulties are largely due to the nature of enterprise's ownership and size. Suggested solutions to overcome these difficulties: ERP software packages selection, ERP implementation team, BPR, Training, and Outsourcing-Application Service Provider. These solutions can effectively solve ERP difficulties.Actually, ERP is widely used in many fields, from public sectors to individual business. Recently, service organizations have invested considerable resources in the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, even using solutions initially targeted for manufacturing companies. To get an insight into how servicesapproach help ERP implementation, a review of ERP projects, especially in services, completed by six case studies has been undertaken. We identify and discuss some characteristics of services, which are discriminatory regarding manufacturing. Main characteristics identified deal with complete or partial integration, product or customer orientation, importance of labor, human factor. In conclusion, trends to standardization and integration seen in the industrial sector are also growing in services, but in different ways.Refers to the overseas some literature material, a successful ERP project, often needs to spend several year times, number thousands of US dollars can complete. Again turns head looks at the home, along with ERP skepticisms gaining ground, price war starting, ERP took one kind of software supplier's product, has actually goes down the god world tendency. ERP leader SAP also promoted Business the One product, the price has been lower than 100,000.Even if the ERP software can achieve free, or like the IBM esteem according to the boundary which must collect fees, implements the angle from the entire enterprise, considers the personnel, training, the maintenance, the service reorganization, the re-development, three, n development, its expense should also in several 1,000,000 and even surely the scale. This speaking of the domestic enterprise, already was not the small number.But, some many enterprises harbor the beautiful dream, steps the ERP implementation the difficult travel. In which also has many projects to be defeated comes to an end. But regarding these final survivors, whether can the halberd be also put in storage, drinks wine to sing loudly? In fact, the enterprise implements the ERP project after the success will face implements a bigger risk. In future five to ten years in, some solid ERP risk management mechanism had decided whether the enterprise can obtain benefits truly in the initial ERP investment.The project is "for completes the disposable endeavor which some unique product or the service station do", the project "the distinctive quality" had decided the project not impossible was by with the before identical way, simultaneously, the project which completed by and the before identical person must create the product or the service, as well as the project possibly involved the scope, the time and the cost all not impossible started when the project completely to determine, therefore, carried on in the process in the project also corresponding to be able to appear the massive uncertainty, namely project risk. Below this article mentioned "the risk" is refers to the project "disadvantageously" the element of certainty. Exists to the projectdisadvantageous risk in any project, often and can give the project the advancement and the project success brings the negative influence. Once the risk occurs, its influence is various, like causes the project product/service the function to be unable to satisfy the customer the need, the project expense surpasses the budget, the project plan dragging or is compelled to cancel and so on, it finally manifests for customer degree of satisfaction depression. Therefore, the recognition risk, the appraisal risk and take the measure to be supposed to be the risk management have the extremely vital significance to the risk to the project management.Ⅰ Risk management concrete contentThe project risk management mainly divides into following several steps: The risk recognition, the qualitative/quota risk analysis, the risk should to plan the establishment and the risk monitoring.1. risk recognitionsThe risk recognition, is refers distinguishes and records possibly has the adverse effect to the project the factor. Because the project is in develops in unceasingly the change process, therefore the risk recognition also passes through in the entire project implementation entire process, but is not merely the project initial stage. The risk recognition is not the disposable work, but need more systems, crosswise thought. Possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on. Needs to pay attention, all risks all may carry on the management by no means through the risk recognition. The risk recognition only can discover the known risk (for example: In the known project organization some member ability cannot satisfy the request completely) or the known unknown risk (known-unknown, namely "event name known", like "customer side personnel participates in dynamics being insufficient"); Before but certain risks, as a result of the project distinctive quality, not impossible to occur in it know in advance (unknown-unknown, namely unknown-unknown risk).2. qualitative/quota risk analysisThe latent risk quantity distinguishes which through the risk recognition process are very many, but these latent risks to the project the influence are various. "The risk analysis" namely through the analysis, the comparison, the appraisal and so on each way, to determined various risks the importance, sorts to the risk and appraises it tothe project possible consequence, thus causes the project to implement the personnel to be possible to concentrate the main energy in the few in number main risk, thus enable the project the overall risk to be under the effective control.The risk analysis mainly may use the method includes: Riskprobability/influence appraisal matrix, sensitive analysis, simulation and so on. When carries on the above analysis, mainly pays attention to following several risk factor: Risk probability: Namely the risk event occurs possible percentage expression. This numeral is, like the expert who obtains through the subjective judgment appraises, the interview or the basis before similar project historical information.Risk influence: Namely the risk has possibly the influence size which creates to the project. This kind of influence is possibly in the time, possibly is in the cost, also is possibly other various aspects.Risk value (required value EMV): The risk value = risk probability * risk influence, is to the risk the influence most direct appraisal which creates to the project, its overall evaluation probability with has affected two aspects the factors.3. risks should plan the establishmentThe risk should lie in to the plan goal through the formulation corresponding measure, comes to be supposed to the risk the threat which possibly creates to the project.Most often uses should to threat several measures be: The circumvention, reduces, the shift, accepts.The circumvention, namely eliminates this risk through the elimination risk origin;Reduces, namely through takes the measure to reduce "the risk probability" or "the risk influence", thus achieved reduces the risk value the result;The shift, soon the risk shifts to another side, like purchase insurance, sub package and so on;Accepts, namely does not take the measure to this risk, accepts result which it creates, or occurs after this risk uses the contingency plan to carry on processing again. Selects what method to come specifically to be supposed to some risk, is decided in this risk value (EMV), plans to adopt should to the measure possible cost, the project management personnel treat the risk the manner (utility function) the type and so on various aspects, cannot be generally spoken.The risk should be aims at the risk to the plan which distinguishes to carry on; Regarding the unknown risk, not impossible to choose in advance the formulationcorresponding to be supposed to plan or the contingency plan, therefore, may stockpile using the management should be right.Ⅱ ERP project implementation risk managementThe different type project has the different type risk. The ERP project implementation risk has its particularity similarly. The following gives a briefing to in the ERP project implementation process risk management measure, the single opinion, only supplies the reference.ERP project implementation main risk and should to the measure:As mentioned above, "possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on." In the ERP project risk recognition process, may take the project plan as the clue, the recognition project in various aspects risk. In the implementation process, should pay attention to following several aspects specially the risk:1) project scope riskThe project purchase management usually has three contract ways, namely: The solid fixed price or the total price contract, the cost reimburse (add reward) the contract, the unit price contract. The usual uncertainty is bigger, a risk bigger project, more tends to in using depends on after the contract way. This also is overseas and the domestic part ERP supplier uses in the implementation service according to the human day provides serves and charges the fee the reason. But selects this method, the buyer (i.e. customer) has the big risk, therefore, the domestic very many customers favor in work out the implementation contract of service by the fixed price. But this contract way, then (i.e. consultant side) has the big risk regarding the seller. Under this premise, if the project scope definition is not clear, possibly causes the round turns to have the difference to the project scope cognition: The seller hoped reduces the implementation scope as far as possible, by smallest cost closing performance; But the buyer hoped ERP system all function many implementations, obtains as far as possible by the fixed price the greatest income. If the bilateral difference is big, cannot achieve consistently, then can create the efficiency inevitably to be low, wrangles mutually.Therefore, in the ERP project contract, should make as far as possible the clear limits to the project implementation scope, cuts cannot pause in "the implementationfinance module" perhaps "the implementation receivable, the manipulation, the general ledger management" and so on in stratification plane.Rather multi-flowered some time before in project implementation scope limits work, also do not have in the project implementation process, facing ERP many functions, the implementation side and the user side is unyielding, or the forced concessions, invests a bigger energy in the project, but causes the project not to be able to complete on time.2) project progress riskAbout the ERP project implementation cycle, at present has emphasizes "fast" the tendency in the propaganda. But ERP project progress control certainly not easy matter, not only is decided by consultant firm's ability, simultaneously also to a great extent receives the customer side to the ERP expected value whether reasonable, to the scope controls whether effective, to project investment (including personnel time investment and fund and so on investment) whether enough and so on aspect influences.Provides elder brother Shan Shitong by the divine land numerical code who the ERP system and is responsible to implement the metal, in a short time makes something a matter of political line successfully, one of reasons is easy to fly the ERP implementation group integrity mature to induct the mechanism and consultant personnel's remarkable quality, smoothly has assisted the world effectively with the metal political line work. Starts from the political line then to have special consultant to be responsible to induct the implementation entire the plan, the long-term accumulation profession knowledge and the managerial experience have also promoted the entire ERP operation level, has properly dealt with in the political line work issue. The user has the intense approval to the project minute stage implementation, only emphasizes in the first stage to the basic function realization, but the massive work will remain after the political line or improve in continually the process.But in the actual operation, by no means all users all have this kind of understanding and the approval to the ERP implementation, therefore, in project progress plan time, constantly when project progress plan strives for quickly, even is pursues some to have the special significance date sedulously to take the project milestone, will create the very tremendous pressure to the project progress control.In fact, the very many project defeat, is precisely is attributed to the project progress to appear the dragging, but causes the project team despondency, the efficiency to be low. Therefore, the ERP project implementation time management, needs to consider each kind of latency fully, suitable conservative; The duty decomposes the detailed degree of fineness to be moderate, is advantageous for the inspection; In the implementation, should emphasize the project according to the progress execution importance, in considered when any question, all must take the maintenance progress the precondition; At the same time, reasonably and follows up fast using rushing a job and so on the methods, uses the resources fully.3) project human resources riskThe human resources are in the ERP project implementation process the most essential resources. Guaranteed the appropriate person, participates in the project by the enough energy, is the project success implementation basic guarantee.In the ERP project implementation has each kind of role, should have the quality to each kind of role, we no longer give unnecessary detail in this. Must reduce the project the human resources risk, must guarantee enters and undertakes role each kind of project to the project in to do is the human satisfies the project request. Therefore, implements both sides to be supposed to participate in the personnel carrying on the earnest appraisal, this kind of appraisal should be the bilateral surface, not only is the user to consults consultant's appraisal, also should include the consultant firm to the user side member who participates in the project (in under the domestic present environment, mainly is refers to essential user) the appraisal. At the same time, should guarantee the project personnel to the project investment degree. Should participation the ERP project personnel's achievement to appraise and the ERP project implementation condition is connected, is clear about the ERP project is in this stage project correlation personnel most important labor of duty; Formulates the suitable rewards and punishment measure; Establishes "the member project" in the enterprise the thought, layer upon layer "the member", namely all levels of people in charge downward exercises in view of the ERP implementation plenary powers, shoulders the entire responsibility to on, extends the member from the individual concept to the organic synthesis community concept.4) The risk that people don't understand ERP correctlySome enterprises regard as ERP the business management the panacea, thought since ERP "the function is formidable", so long as on ERP, enterprise's all questionshave then been easily solved, or thought enterprise's all flows all may integrate to ERP in; Also some people simple regard as ERP the current service flow the computerization.浅谈ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理ERP —Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划系统,是指建立在信息技术基础上,以系统化的管理思想,为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。
信息管理系统中英文翻译
外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs(or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilizedin the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presentingsearch results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the completedocument selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
管理信息系统英文缩略词
API advanced programmer interface 高级程序员接口BSP business system planning 企业系统规划法B/S browser/server 浏览器/服务器模式BPR business process reengineering 业务流程再造CPC collaborative product commerce 协同产品商务CSF critical success factors 关键成功因素法C/S client/server 客户机/服务器模式CORBA common object request broker architecture 通用对象请求代理服务体系结构CASE computer aided software engineering计算机辅助软件工程CMM capital maturity model for software 软件成熟度模型CIMS computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机集成制造系统CIMS contemporary integrated manufacturing system 现代集成制造系统CAD computer aided design计算机辅助设计系统CAPP computer aided process planning计算机辅助工艺设计CAM computer aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造系统COPICS communication oriented production information and control system 面向通信的生产信息和控制系统CE concurrent engineering 并行工程CNC Computer numerical control数控机床CRM customer relationship management 客户关系管理CIO chief information officer 首席信息主管DBA database administrator 数据库管理员DFD data flow diagram 数据流图DDL data description language 数据库描述语言EC electronic commerce 电子商务ERP enterprise resource planning企业资源计划FMS flexible manufacturing system 柔性制造系统GUI Graphical User Interface图形用户界面IDEF (ICAM definition method) 集成计算机辅助制造定义方法ICAM integrated computer aided manufacturingISO international standard organization 国际标准化组织IPO input-processing-output输入-处理-输出-图JIT just in time 准时制JMS java message service java消息服务MDA model-driven architecture 模型驱动架构MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统MRP material requirements planning 物料需求计划闭环MRP closed material requirements planning 闭环物料需求计划MRPII manufacturing resource planning 制造资源计划MDD model-driven development 模型驱动开发方法NC Numerical Control 数字控制，简称数控OPM order point method 订货点法OA office automation 办公自动化OOM object-oriented-method 面向对象开发方法OOA object-oriented analysis面向对象分析OMG object management group 对象管理组织OOD object-oriented design面向对象设计OOP object oriented programming面向对象程序设计PDM product data management 产品数据管理RAS reusable asset specification 可复用的资产规范RAD rapid application development 快速应用开发RIA rich internet application 丰富交互效果SC software crisis 软件危机SOAP simple object access protocolSCM supply chain management 供应链管理SSA&D structured system analysis and design 结构化系统开发方法SADT structured analysis and design techniqueSST strategy set transformation 战略目标集转化法SDLC system development life cycle 结构化生命周期法SaaS software-as-a-service 软件即服务TFD transaction flow diagram 业务流程图TQCSE T（time时间）Q（quality质量）C（costing成本）S（service服务）E （environment环境）UI user interface 用户界面UML unified modeling language 统一建模语言VM virtual manufacturing 虚拟制造WSDL web service description language web服务描述语言W3C world wide web consortium 万维网联盟3A agile adaptable aligned 敏捷性、适应性、合作性。
管理信息系统双语课件
管理信息系统双语——总复习 Systems from a Constituency Perspective: ★ ★ ★
Transaction Processing Systems(TPS), Management Information Systems(MIS),
管 理 信 息 系 统
Decision-Support Systems(DSS), Executive Support Systems(ESS)
4. Types of Business Information Systems
Systems for Functional Perspective: Sales and Marketing Systems, Manufacturing and Production Systems, Finance and Accounting Systems, Human Resources Systems
5. Enterprise Applications: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Enterprise Systems Supply Chain Management Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems
13
管理信息系统双语——总复习 7. push-based model, pull-based model ★ ★ 8. Supply chain planning systems, supply chain execution 管 理 信 息 系 统 systems ★ ★ 9. CRM Systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, consolidate the data, analyze the data, and then distribute the results to various systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. 10. cross-selling, up-selling, bundling ★ ★ 11. churn rate★ ★
Management Information System(Chapter1-2)管理信息系统双语教学课件
Channels of communication
1. 2. 3. 4. Telephone Written reports Face-to-face Newspapers, journals, magazines 5. Internet (email, QQ, MSN,
Workgroup, Activity Directory, BBS and so on)
Others about the Unit
1. Unit Time: 60 hours 2. Unit Credit: 4 credits 3. Material Required for this Unit:
/zh-cn/powerpoint/FX100487762052.aspx
中文定义全文:
How dose a system work?
系统工作流程图
Input Process Output
Feedback loop
Monitored and ensure that systems are effective
What is a formal system?
一个正式的系统要具备:
Information flows within organization
1. Vertical information flows
2. Horizontal information flows
Thபைடு நூலகம் factors affect internal information flows
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The structure of the organization Overall policy Procedures 公司业务流程 Management style 管理模式 Physical location of other branches 分支机构的地域条件
信息管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译信息管理系统对于“管理信息系统”并没有一致的定义。
一些作者喜欢用其他术语代替，例如：“信息处理系统”“信息与决策系统”“组织信息系统”，或者干脆将“信息系统”用组织内具有支持操作、管理、决策职能的计算机信息处理系统代替。
这篇文章使用“管理信息系统”一词，是因为它是通俗易懂的，当涉及组织信息系统时也常用“信息系统”代替“管理信息系统”。
一个管理信息系统的定义，通常被理解为：一种集成用户机器系统，为组织提供信息支持运作、管理、决策职能。
该信息系统利用计算机硬件和软件；手工处理程序；模拟分析法计划、控制和决策；和数据库。
事实上，它是一个集成系统并不意味着它是单一的，单块集成结构；相反，它意味着零件适合加入整体设计。
内容定义如下：计算机为主的用户机器系统理论上，管理信息系统可以脱离计算机上而存在，但是计算机的存在可以让管理信息系统可行。
问题不是计算机是否被使用在管理信息系统中，而是信息的使用被计算机化的程度。
用户机器系统的概念暗示了, 一些任务最好由人执行, 其他的最好由机器做。
MIS的使用者是那些负责输入输入数据、指示系统或运用系统信息产品的人。
因为许多问题，用户和计算机建立了一个联合系统，其结果通过一套在计算机和用户之间的相互作用得到。
用户机器的相互作用是由用户连接在计算机上的输入-输出设备（通常是一个视觉显示终端）推动的。
计算机可以使一台个人机器服务于一名用户或者一台大规模的机器为一定数量通过终端由通信线路连接的用户服务。
用户输入-输出设备允许直接输入数据和紧接着输出结果。
例如：一个人使用计算机交互的在金融理财上通过在终端键盘输入提交“如果什么，怎么办？”之类的问题，结果几秒钟后便被显示在屏幕上。
MIS的计算机为主的用户机器特征影响系统开发商和系统用户的知识要求。
“计算机为主”意味着管理信息系统的设计者必须拥有计算机和对处理有用的知识。
“用户机器”的概念意味着系统设计者也应该了解人作为系统组成部分（信息处理器）的能力和人作为信息使用者的行为。
【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理
传播媒体必须经过仔细选择，平衡每个媒体的优点和缺点，这个选择决定网络的速度。改变一个已经安装好的网络媒体通常非常昂贵。最实用的传播媒体是电缆，光纤，广播，光，红外线。
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料译文
（2009届）
论文题目
基于Javamail的邮件收发系统
学生姓名
学号
专业
计算机科学与技术
班级
指导教师
职称
讲师、副教授
填表日期
2008年 12月 10 日
信息科学与工程学院教务科制
外文资料翻译（译文不少于2000汉字）
1．所译外文资料：信息系统的管理Managing Information Systems
数据共享是网络的重要应用之一。网络可以共享交易数据，搜索和查询数据，信息，公告板，日历，团队和个人信息数据，备份等。在交易的时候，连接一个公司的电脑的中央数据库包括现有库存信息和出售的数据信息。如果数据被储存在一个中央数据库中，搜查结果便可从中获取。电子邮件的发送已经成为同事之间最常用的信息共享的方式之一。
自从信号在空中传输后，广播，光以及红外线作为传播媒体已经不需要电缆。
传输能力，即一个传播媒体一次性传输的数据量，在不同的媒体中，材料不同，安装时付出的劳动不同，传输的能力有很大的区别。传播媒体有时候被合并，代替远地域之间的高速传播媒体，速度虽慢，但是成本低，在一幢大楼中进行信息传播。
连接设备包括网络连接卡NICS，或者在计算机和网络间进行传输和信号传递的局域网LAN卡。其他常用的设备连接不同的网络，特别是当一个网络使用不用的传输媒体的时候。使用一个对很多用户都开放的系统很重要，比如windows/NT,Office2000，Novell，UNIX.
信息管理与信息系统专业英语：专业词汇的中英文翻译和具体英文介绍
1. informationInformation, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.(信息,在其最受限制的技术意义上,是一个序列的符号,可以被解释为一个消息。
信息可以被记录为标志,或传输信号。
信息是任何类型的事件,影响一个动态系统的状态。
从概念上讲,信息是信息(话语或表达式)的表达。
这一概念具有许多其他在不同语境下的含义。
[1]此外,信息的概念密切相关的概念约束、通信、控制、数据、形式、指令、知识、意义,精神刺激,模式,感知的代表性,尤其是熵。
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译Discussion on the laboratory information management院（系、部）名称：数信学院专业名称计算机科学与技术学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2012 年 03 月 09 日河北科技师范学院教务处制Discussion on the laboratory information managementIntroductionUniversity laboratory is the important base for teaching and research in Colleges and universities, his school management is a branch of the whole management system of laboratory, the implementation of scientific and modern management, will be helpful for back to the lab work efficiency, improve the level of teaching and research in Colleges and universities. Laboratory information management system by means of computer network, using scientific information for the overall management of the computer soft, hardware system, computer technology, management science and technology of analysis and testing.Now the majority universities have realized the campus network to open and use, therefore, based on the campus network in the open laboratory information management system, can make full use of campus cyber source, realizes the entire school faculties test information remote sharing, improve the work efficiency of the Department, from the original opening laboratory due to experimental student staff, time dispersion in management of complex, tedious, open laboratory brings obvious teaching effect improvement will promote schools to improve the laboratory seriously, increase investment, filling equipment. Thus laboratory information management will be in the future management work to play a powerful role in [1 ]. Laboratory information management system ( Lab Information Management System ), LIMS of the following abbreviation, is for the school laboratory massive data processing and management software, is a typical management information system ( Management Information System ), is the realization of online Experimental Teaching under the credit system and management of the important platform. It is an indispensable part of college laboratory, the contents of the experiment teaching of teachers and laboratory managers is critical, it can provide users with sufficient information and efficient means of the inquiry [2 ]. It can help teachers to understand the laboratory management and laboratory equipment and drug use, to provide students with respect to the query performance course for laboratory management, data entry and export to provide convenient.Laboratory management information system management information system ( Management Information System, referred to as MIS ) is a continuous development of new disciplines, with the progress of science and technology, the definition of MIS has also been updated. At this stage generally think that MIS is a management staff and the computer component is used for information collection, transmission, processing, storage, maintenance and use of the system, is a management science, information science, system science and computer technology to combine a comprehensive discipline. Management information systems: 1 the physical composition of computer hardware systems include: host, external memory, input and output devices such as. 2: computer software system including system software and application software two parts. The 3 communication system: including lines andother communication facilities and computer network, data communication related software. 4 staff include: system analyst, programmer, maintenance personnel, administrator, operatorDesign of laboratory management system guideline is: to design a campus network based on the open laboratory management software, the realization of chemical experimental teaching and management system of course arrangement, equipment management, research reporting, web publishing, online booking, query results, laboratory evaluation, material use, reported to the State Ministry of education report, experimental teaching and online laboratory records, system administrators for experimental resources management, information and other functions [3 ]. Can complete all types of information browsing, query, add, delete, modify other functions, the data form a good relationship. University laboratory management system is mainly composed of students, teachers function area, functional area of functional area managers. Student function area by the basic situation, laboratory management, experimental teaching and open experiment modules; teachers function area by laboratory staff, equipment, consumables, laboratory assessment, laboratory construction, data report six modules; functional area managers by the daily office, system maintenance module.According to the domestic and foreign excellent LIMS technology application experience, can be summed up in last few years LIMS design with a few basic characteristics [4 ]1. technology with the first, efficiency, practicability, safety.2. data management functions, data collection, treatment, release can not occur in the process of data loss, change problems;The 3 page is friendly, simple operation, the use of database technology and unified browser interface;4 a high degree of automation, the network has the advantages of simple structure design;5 .modular design, easy expansion of functions;6. product design flexible, customized short cycle;On the laboratory information management a few experience:1 should be fully aware of the significance of the information statistical work. College laboratory information statistics reflect the latest developments in the laboratory work, the competent authorities for browsing, query, statistics, printing provides information. Therefore, we must do a good job in a timely laboratory basic information update and maintenance. As the equipment information management, it is a dynamic management process, the purchase of new equipment by a qualified acceptance, it is necessary to timely entry, in the online update data, in order to reflect the information timeliness, accuracy, but also can reflect the objective, the basic situation and the latest developments in laboratory [ 5].2 to speed up the pace of informatization construction of network lab. Along with the science and technology and information management development, colleges and universities laboratory information statistics work must be established to adapt, normative,scientific, convenient and practical day-to-day management software platform. Therefore, the colleges and universities must speed up the pace of information construction of laboratory network, and with the campus network connectivity, so as to realize information resources sharing under the network environment. In the laboratory of basic information in the process of building, should pay attention to the effective use of information, requirement management in practice many fumble, practice, summary, continuous improvement and perfection, to maximize the use of existing resources and information, and truly reflect the use of resources value. 3 maximizing information statistical function. School after completing college laboratory information statistics, data reporting based on laboratory, in the transfer of basic information, the departments at all levels of dynamic understanding of laboratory instruments and equipment changes and loss situation of laboratory teaching, task completion, laboratory materials consumption, laboratory staff training, promotion, change situation, students' experimental expenditure conditions for comprehensive understanding of existing laboratory, School of basic resources, dynamic control and management of laboratory instruments and equipment, use benefit evaluation and provide a reliable basis and guarantee [6 ]. 4 the importance of information statistics daily management work. Strengthening the laboratory information management, improve the college laboratory information statistics quality, standardize the laboratory experimental teaching management. Basic laboratory information standardization, scientific, modern management is a need to often be caught indefatigable, ceaseless practice, ceaseless and perfect, constantly updated, the continuous improvement of the system of engineering. In order to realize this goal, we need to work in the future to pay more hard work, continuous exploration and practice, continuous learning and improvement, and constantly improve and enhance the level of management, and better service for teaching and scientific research [7 ]. 5 to improve laboratory information administrator quality and status. To strengthen the experimental technical team construction, improve the quality of experimental teaching is not a first-class laboratory technical personnel team, can not have first-class laboratory management level, also cannot develop a first-class talent and first-class experimental results. Experimental technique of personal qualities, moral standards, professionalism, attitude, good manners and have great influence on students, to improve the quality of experimental teaching, to high-quality personnel training requirements, must have a high quality, ability, must study the spirit of the experimental technical team to do that. Therefore, the experimental technical personnel to see more business books, journals, literature, in the mastery of professional theory and technology on the basis of relevant theories, pay attention to the new progress, update and enrich their knowledge system, will be the latest information and methods, recent advances and achievements in practice application. In addition, as an experiment technical staff, we should establish the teaching, scientific research and students' consciousness of service [8 ]. Only when everything from teaching, all for the sake of teaching, create a good environment, to fulfill the task of experiment teaching. Of course, the leadership must pay attention to the laboratory construction, through the improvement of experimental staffworking conditions, wages and benefits increase solutions lab staff shortage, the structure unreasonable problem; should take scientific position, reasonable preparation, assessment so as to arouse the enthusiasm of experimental staff; encourage laboratory personnel training learning, and regularly NEW theory, new technology training, in order to promote them to improve the operational level [9 ]. College laboratory information statistics work in Colleges and Universities under the joint efforts, the successful completion of the various information and data statistics, as the superior departments laboratory development plan and related policy to provide important basis. With the laboratory management system to further promote and use, to achieve higher education teaching resources sharing and management efficiency play a positive role in promoting and facilitating. Through our unremitting efforts of laboratory management, laboratory information statistics reporting system will be more perfect.The endThe above analysis, we can fully realize the design and development of a laboratory information management system the necessity and the urgency, laboratory management system shall be in accordance with the provisions of the school laboratory information management, to meet the school laboratory information management needs, and to achieve the intuitive operation, convenient, practical, safety requirements. System uses a modular design approach, both for the system function of the combination and modification, but also easy to not participate in system development technical maintenance personnel to add and maintain. Laboratory information management system through the whole school LAN experiment building of the laboratory information together, as the school experiment teaching and laboratory construction to provide comprehensive and timely information, convenient management, at the same time, through the campus network expansion of various types of information technology application, shared by students and laboratory information [10 ].Reference.[1 ] at the beginning of Gan Ren, Chen Yonghong, Long Hong. Management information system [ M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2001, 35 ~ 49[2 ] Wei Qi. ERP, CRM and SCM three information systems integration [J ]. China information news, 2002, ( 8) : 5 ~ 8[3 ] Han Yan, Li Suicheng. The production method and the management information system development [ J ]. Group technology and modernization of production, 2001, ( 3) : 15 ~ 18[4 ] of modern logistics management task group. Supply chain management [M ]. Guangzhou: Guangdong economy press, 2002, 55 ~ 57[5 ] Zhang Jujian, Gan at the beginning of Ren. Management information system development and implementation technology [J ]. Application Research of computers, 2003, ( 1) : 47 ~ 58[6 ] of Ye Juan. In the development of ERP number of integration problems [J]. Enterprise economy, 2002, ( 9) : 55 ~ 58[7 ] of He Yaoqin CRM. The concept and key factors in its implementation [ J]. Journal of Southwest Jiao Tong University ( SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION ), 2002, ( 3) : 14 ~ 28[8 ] Luo Chaoli, Lee Wanhong. Management information system principle and application [ M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 2002, 37 ~ 38[9 ] LAN Yisheng, etc.. Electronic commerce logistics management [M ]. Beijing: China financial and Economic Publishing House, 2001, 45 ~ 48[10 ] Pu Shunyu. Management information system [ M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China press, 1997, 5介绍高校开放实验室是高校教学与科研的重要基地，他的管理工作是学校整体管理工作的一个分支体系，对实验室实行科学与现代化的管理，将有利于发回实验室的工作效率，提高高校教学与科研水平。
管理信息系统英文翻译材料1
International Journal of Information Management 29(2009)104–110Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInternational Journal of InformationManagementj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i j i n f o m gtManagement information systems and strategic performances:The role of top team compositionDavid Naranjo-Gil ∗Pablo de Olavide University,Carretera Utrera Km.1,41013Sevilla,Spaina r t i c l e i n f o Keywords:Management information systems Information characteristics Strategic performanceTop management team compositiona b s t r a c tOrganizations adopt sophisticated management information systems,which provide top managers with an ample range of information to achieve multiple strategic performances.However,organizations differ in the extent to which they improve their performance.This paper analyzes the role of top management team in the relationship between management information systems and strategic ing data collected from 92top management teams,it analyses how different team compositions interact with a sophisticated management information system,and how this interaction affects strategic performances,which are focused on cost reduction and flexibility.The findings show how the effect of management information system on strategic performance (focused on flexibility)is moderated by top management team diversity.©2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe enhanced competition in the private and public sector has spurred organizations into delivering greater efficiency,quality and more flexibility of services (Kaul,1997).This condition imposes additional demands on the organization’s information processing capabilities.In trying to achieve these strategic objectives,organi-zations adopt more sophisticated and comprehensive management information systems (MISs)(Choe,1996;Ghorab,1997).These provide top managers with a comprehensive and broad range of information about multiple dimensions of the firm’s operations (Choe,1996,2004),facilitating decision-making and performance achievement (Kaplan &Norton,1996;Kim &Lee,1986).Organiza-tions,however,differ in the extent to which they achieve strategic performance successfully.This paper addresses the relationship between sophisticated MIS and top management teams (TMTs),as the set of managers ultimately responsible for strategy manage-ment and organizational performance.Management literature has recognized that TMTs with different demographical characteristics (e.g.age,tenure,experience and education)are generally expected to gather diverse information and display higher-quality decisions (Carpenter,Geletkanycz,&Sanders,2004;Finkelstein &Hambrick,1996).Management and information literatures have recognized (implicitly)the use of information by managers,and the ques-tion that remains is how (explicitly)different top managers use∗Tel.:+34954349847.E-mail address:dnargil@upo.es .MIS for strategic management (Lin,2006;Hagan,Watson &Barron,2007).Although the effect of MIS on performance is widely recognized,prior findings on the direct and indirect relationship between and (strategic)performance far are mixed and confused (Fuller-Love &Cooper,1996;Choe,2004).The present study attempts to pro-vide some clarification of the relationship between MIS design and strategic performance,by explicitly analyzing the role of TMT composition.Our general hypothesis is that diversity of TMT com-position supports more sophisticated MIS in ways that contribute to multiple strategic performance,which are focused on cost con-trol and flexibility (Gupta &Govindarajan,1984;Lederer &Smith,1989).We follow upper echelon literature,which views organiza-tions as a reflection of their TMT (Hambrick &Mason,1984).Upper echelon theory focuses on observable,demographic characteristics of TMT members to explain organizational outcomes (Finkelstein &Hambrick,1996).This study also uses a contingency approach for analyzing the interaction fit between MIS sophistication and TMT composition.Contingency approach is the only one which asserts that performance depends on the existence of an alignment between several organizational characteristics,such as information systems,organizational structure and strategy (Choe,1996;Kim &Lee,1986).Data were collected from 92TMTs in public hospitals in Spain,where organizations have to implement strategies focused both on cost-efficiency,flexibility and quality of service (Naranjo-Gil &Hartmann,2006).This paper attempts to contribute to the manage-ment and information literature in several ways.First,this research provides evidence of the important role of TMT composition in the0268-4012/$–see front matter ©2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.05.009D.Naranjo-Gil/International Journal of Information Management29(2009)104–110105effectiveness of MIS on strategic performance.While prior research suggests that the MIS design enables organizations to enhance strategic performance,this paper directly tests the presence of this relationship and examines a strategic performance outcome of the enabling effect.Second,the present study offers a more integral explanation of the alignment between MIS design and performance by explicit consideration of different characteristics of the TMT (Hagan et al.,2007).Third,we test our hypotheses in a setting where similar organizations have to achieve multiple strategic per-formances,albeit to different extents(Madorrán&Val Pardo,2005; Brittain&Macdougall,1995).Thus,this context provides an oppor-tunity to analyze the interactive effect of TMT diversity and MIS design on strategic performance,as it control the diversity as an antecedent of management information use and processing(Yoo& Alavi,2001).Fourth,this paper adds to the limited knowledge on the relevance of management information system design forfirms achieving multiple strategic objectives.The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.Section2 develops the hypotheses about the relationships between TMT,MIS and performance.Section3describes the empirical survey study and the measurement of variables.Section4presents the results. Finally,Section5presents the discussion and conclusions of this study.2.Theoretical development and hypotheses formulation2.1.MIS and strategic performanceManagers operating in competitive contemporary environ-ments need comprehensive information in order to manage the important parts of the organization’s operations and thus achieve different strategic goals(Kaplan&Norton,1996).Managers’per-ception is an important factor that influences the actual use of MIS and the acceptance of new information systems(Ghorab, 1997,p.250).MIS can provide managers with a variety of infor-mation,thus Choe(1996)identified MIS design according to the perceived usefulness of four information dimensions:scope,aggre-gation,integration and timeliness(Chenhall&Morris,1986;Choe, 1996).These dimensions have been analyzed extensively in man-agement and information system literatures(Choe,1996,2004; Lederer&Smith,1989).Scope refers to the type and extension of MIS information in time and space.Narrow-scope information is derived fromfinancial information internal to the organization and with a historic orientation.Alternatively,broad-scope information includes external,non-financial and future oriented information (Choe,1996).Aggregation refers to the way data is aggregated over time periods,departments or functions.Integration refers to the interaction and coordination of information among differ-ent functions in the organization.Finally,timeliness refers to the frequency and speed of reporting(e.g.,short or long run).Sev-eral authors have extended the four information characteristics to describe accounting systems in terms of MIS sophistication(Choe, 1996;Ghorab,1997;Naranjo-Gil,2004).MIS sophistication refers to a range of information available for managers,which is perceived as being useful.The sophisticated MIS design provides informa-tion which has a high average level of information content in the four information dimensions.That is,it provides information which is broad-scope,high coordinated,high reporting frequency,and integrated among different organizational functions(Choe,1996, 2004).A sophisticated MIS provides managers with a comprehensive range of information to achieve different strategic goals(Fuller-Love &Cooper,1996;Kaplan&Norton,1996).Following Porter(1985) and Miller(1988)we distinguish two strategic goals,such as cost reduction andflexibility strategic goals.In this vein,Fuller-Love and Cooper(1996)asserted that increases in expenditure on pub-licfirms have led governments worldwide to attempt to reduce these costs and to increase organizationalflexibility to be more competitive(Miller,1988;Madorrán&Val Pardo,2005).A cost-based strategic objective focuses on internal efficiency and cost control,and thus tends to emphasize current organizational struc-tures rather than adopt new ones(Miller,1988;Porter,1985).A flexibility-based strategic goal focuses on diversification,coordi-nation and decentralization within the organization(Fuller-Love& Cooper,1996;Porter,1985).Organizations are unlikely to achieve one strategic performance(e.g.,cost reduction)to the extent of excluding the other(Porter,1985).Furthermore,organizations may often perform better on one strategic objective than the other since they have different organizational capabilities(Gupta& Govindarajan,1984;Miller,1988).Asflexibility-related strategic goals require cross-functional interaction and decentralization,it allows relationships between inputs and outputs of activities to be less clear(Miller,1988; Porter,1985).Managers will require an extended set of man-agement information that provide more insight in the various parts of the transformation processes(Fuller-Love&Cooper,1996; Kyung,1990).In contrast cost-related strategic performances focus on standardization and comparability of activities and processes (Naranjo-Gil&Hartmann,2006),which demands the use of a narrow set of information,which expresses cost control objec-tives infinancial(monetary)and aggregated terms(Choe,1996), facilitating comparability of tasks and outputs across the orga-nization(Chang,Chang,&Paper,2003,Kyung,1990).Thus,we argue that a sophisticated MIS supports strategic performances in overall,but that this support may be more crucial for achieving flexible-related strategic performance than cost-related strategic performance.Therefore,we propose the following hypotheses:H1.There is a positive relationship between a sophisticated MIS and strategic performances focused on(a)flexibility and(b)cost reduction.H2.A sophisticated MIS is more positively related to strategic performance focused onflexibility than to strategic performance focused on cost reduction.2.2.MIS,TMT diversity and performanceThe MIS provides the same information to each manager in a TMT,but the actual selection and use of information is deter-mined by personal preferences.Upper echelon literature argues that these preferences are based on managers’characteristics,such as experience,age,tenure and educational background(Hambrick &Mason,1984).One important determinant of TMTs’ability to process information and optimize decision-making is the TMTs’diversity in terms of demographic background(Carpenter et al., 2004;Finkelstein&Hambrick,1996).Heterogeneous TMTs,con-sisting of managers with varying skills and demographic profiles, have been argued to process different types of information and make better-informed decisions(Carpenter et al.,2004;Hagan et al.,2007).In contrast,homogeneous TMTs,consisting of managers with similar demographical characteristics,have been associated to high group cohesiveness and enhanced control over members (Finkelstein&Hambrick,1996;Hambrick&Mason,1984).A heterogeneous TMT has a greater variety of professional perspectives,know more of operations,and can pay more atten-tion to different organizational activities(Carpenter et al.,2004; Simons,Pelled,&Smith,1999).A diverse TMT will search,interpret and gather information from a variety of sources,as determined by their background and cognitive make-up(Hagan et al.,2007; Wiersema&Bantel,1992).We argue that sophisticated and broad106 D.Naranjo-Gil /International Journal of Information Management 29(2009)104–110Fig.1.The general model.management information system will be especially valued by TMT with a diverse composition.One reason is that TMT is more effective in complex decision-making when composed of indi-viduals having a variety of knowledge,abilities and perspectives (Gupta &Govindarajan,1984;Carpenter et al.,2004),and thus a heterogeneous TMT will understand the relevance of sophisticated information to achieve multiple strategic performances.We expect that TMT diversity not only spurs managers to broad information but also enables managers to process a comprehensive range of management information (Young,Yang &Shortell,2001).A diverse TMT will attach higher value to sophisticated MIS,which provide a broader range of information to achieve multiple strategic per-formances.Thus,we can expect that sophisticated MIS contribute more to strategic performances when diversity is high in the TMT.Therefore,we will test the moderating effect of TMT diversity on the relationship between sophisticated MIS and strategic performances focused on both flexibility and cost reduction (see Fig.1).The following hypothesis is formulated:H3.Top Management Team diversity will moderate the rela-tionship between sophisticated MIS and strategic performances focused on (a)flexibility and (b)cost reduction.3.Empirical studyData were collected in a survey study among 884members of top management teams in 218hospitals in Spain.The Public Hospital sector has been the object of some recent studies exploring the rela-tionship of management information systems,performance and strategy (Zheng et al.,2006;Lorence &Spink,2004).Furthermore,the health care industry,not only in Spain but also worldwide,is undergoing fundamental shifts in managing and operating demand changes into an effective and flexible new health care system (Liang,Xue,Byrd,&Rainer,2004;Madorrán &Val Pardo,2005).Span-ish authorities encourage public hospitals to achieve performance goals focused on controlling cost and increasing organizational flex-ibility and decentralization.This assures that the issues central to this study are relevant for the target population.This also had positive consequences for the willingness to cooperate.The TMTs data was obtained through the Spanish National Cat-alogue of Hospitals,and updated through Internet and telephone calls.TMTs consist on average of a CEO,a Medical director,a Nurs-ing director,and an Administrative-Financial director.We sent the questionnaire to every member of a TMT individually,following the distribution and recollection procedures suggested by Dillman (2000).A satisfactory response rate was achieved with 496(56.10%)questionnaires returned of which 473(53.51%)were deemed usefulfor further analysis.From these data,92full TMTs were formed for which all members responded.3.1.Measurement of variablesSophisticated MIS was measured following Chenhall and Morris (1986)and Choe (1996).We developed an instrument to measure the usefulness of available management accounting information.We asked questions regarding different informational dimensions,such as scope,timeliness,aggregation and integration.Managers had to state the extent to which they perceived that their hospi-tal’s MIS provided each of the dimensions identified.We treated all information characteristics as complementary to construct the variable sophistication of MIS design by averaging the scores for all items (Naranjo-Gil,2004).The Cronbach alpha for the overall scale was 0.782,exceeding the recommended minimum level (Nunally,1978).The appendix contains details of variables and questions included in the questionnaire.Top management team diversity was measured following the upper echelons tradition (Carpenter et al.,2004;Finkelstein &Hambrick,1996),which focuses on four demography character-istics of TMTs,such as age,tenure,education and experience.Regarding age and tenure,managers were asked to indicate their age and tenure in management position in their actual organization 1.Then age diversity and tenure diversity were mea-sured using the coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by the mean),which is the superior measure as it provides a direct,and scale-invariant measure of dispersion (Allison,1978).Scale invariant measures are desirable because they are sensitive to relative rather than absolute differences.Regarding education and experience,managers were asked to indicate their educa-tional university degree and their years of functional experience;the responses were coded in two broad areas (Wiersema &Bantel,1992)2:External-Administrative Oriented (e.g.Business,Economics,Law)and Internal-Process Oriented (e.g.Medicine,Nursing,Biology and Chemistry).Educational diversity and expe-rience diversity were measured using Blau’s (1977)index of heterogeneity,since categorical variables are not amenable to the coefficient of variation measure.Blau Heterogeneity Index is cal-culated as (1− 2i ),where p i is the proportion of the team in the i th educational (or functional)category.A score of zero would1Managers’tenures lie between 2and 11years.Managers’ages lie between 30and 56years.2We used two categories since the vast majority of managers (89.1%)indicated to have a degree related to either Business-Economics-Law or Medical-Nursing.D.Naranjo-Gil/International Journal of Information Management29(2009)104–110107Table1Descriptive statistics for variables(n=92).Variable Mean S.D.Theoretical range Actual range1.Age diversity0.780.080.00–1.000.72–0.912.Tenure diversity0.650.150.00–1.000.59–0.713.Experience diversity0.510.110.00–1.000.00–1.00cation diversity0.560.090.00–1.000.00–1.005.MIS sophistication 3.610.22 1.00–5.00 1.00–5.006.Cost-based strategic performance 2.910.44 1.00–5.00 1.56–4.007.Flexibility-based strategic performance 3.050.47 1.00–5.00 2.00–4.20indicate perfect managerial homogeneity(functional or educa-tional).Higher scores on this index indicate higher diversity on functional background between members of the TMT.We mea-sured TMT diversity as a construct formed by the following four variables:age,tenure,education and experience diversity.The reli-ability and validity analyses showed that all items were loading higher in this construct.Since members in every TMT have different demographical characteristics,we computed inter-rater reliabil-ity coefficient for assessing the appropriateness of aggregation of individual members’characteristics to a team level.All coeffi-cients computed were above0.70,which indicates good agreement among judgments made by the team members(cf.James,Demaree and Wolf,1984).Strategic performance focused on cost andflexibility was measured with a nine-item instrument,based on the works by Govindarajan (1988)and Gupta and Govindarajan(1984).We adapted the instru-ment to the Spanish context,thus respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which the following dimensionsfit their per-sonal situation:decentralization of responsibility,programs of cost reduction and cooperation with others units or departments inside the hospital and others institutions.The factor analysis revealed two factors:flexibility-based strategic performance(explaining 31.24%of variance)and cost-based strategic performance(explain-ing24.98%of variance).The Cronbach-alphas were of0.71and0.76 respectively,exceeding the recommended minimum level(Nunally, 1978).We included a control variable:hospital size,which was mea-sured by the number of beds(Madorrán&Val Pardo,2005).The test for potential non-response bias involved comparing survey respondents to the original mailing list and comparing early and late respondents(Pedhazur&Pedhazur,1991).Chi-square tests and independent-samples t-tests did not reveal any sign of non-response bias3.4.ResultsThe hypotheses were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares technique(PLS),which is a second-generation statistical tech-nique for the estimation of path models involving latent constructs indirectly measured by several indicators(Chin,1998).Different from covariance-based structural models(e.g.LISREL,EQS),PLS explains variance and resembles ordinary least squares regression, with regard to output and assumptions(Chin,Marcolin,&Newsted, 2003).As such,PLS allows smaller sample sizes than covariance-based models.PLS does not report on thefit of the whole model (Yoo&Alavi,2001;Chin et al.,2003),and thus overcomes some of the theoretical and estimation problems associated with the use of covariance-based models.The path coefficients in the PLS struc-tural model are interpretable asˇ-statistics from ordinary least 3The result of the Chi-square test for the size of the original mailing list and surveyrespondents was 2=4.729(p=0.152).The result of the Chi-square test for the size comparing early and late respondents was 2=1.921(p=0.336).Table2Correlations from PLS model(n=92).12341.MIS sophistication 1.0002.TMT diversity0.152 1.0003.Cost-based strategicperformance0.188a0.209b 1.0004.Flexibility-based strategicperformance0.304c0.257c0.412c 1.000a Significant at0.1level(two tailed).b Significant at0.05level(two tailed).c Significant at0.01level(two tailed).Table3Results from PLS analysis(path coefficients,n=92).From ToCost-based strategicperformanceFlexibility-based strategicperformanceMIS sophistication0.192a0.271cTMT diversity0.1580.233bTMT diversity×MISsophistication0.1690.226bR20.2110.258a Significant at0.1level(two tailed).b Significant at0.05level(two tailed).c Significant at0.01level(two tailed).squares regression,and are comparable with principal component analysis as regards the measurement model.Table1shows the descriptives of the variables and Table2shows the correlation anal-ysis.The PLS analysis confirms the reliability and unidimensionality of the variables,with general loadings of manifest variables on latent variables exceeding0.60.We also assessed for discrimi-nant validity of the measurement model by calculating the Average Variance Extracted(AVE)and comparing this with the squared cor-relations between constructs.Results showed that discriminant validity was satisfactory because the AVE’s were higher than the correlations in all cases(Yoo&Alavi,2001;Chin et al.,2003).Fig.2displays the PLS model tested.Table3contains the detailed output statistics of the analysis of the path coefficients in the struc-tural model and reports on the significance of the standardizedˇs that resulted from this analysis,based on a bootstrapping procedure that used500samples with replacement.This table also reports the R-squared statistic for the dependent variable4.Consistent with expectations,Table3shows support for H1, since the path coefficient between sophisticated MIS and strate-gic performance focused onflexibility is positive and significant (p=0.001).Table3also shows a positive but marginally significant path coefficient(p=0.092)between sophisticated MIS and strate-gic performance focused on cost reduction.Thus,results in Table34The control variable size did not reveal any significant path with MIS sophisti-cation,TMT diversity,or strategic performances.108 D.Naranjo-Gil /International Journal of Information Management 29(2009)104–110Fig.2.PLS model:sophisticated MIS,TMT diversity,strategic performances.show support for H2since the path coefficient between sophisti-cated MIS and strategic performance focused on flexibility is higher that the path coefficient between sophisticated MIS and strategic performance focused on cost reduction.Regarding the role of TMT diversity on the relationship between sophisticated MIS and strategic performances,results in Table 3provide support for the moderating effect of TMT diversity on the relationship between sophisticated MIS and strategic performance focused on flexibility.In this case the path coefficient of the interac-tion term was positive and significant.Summarizing,support was found for hypothesis 3a .However,Table 3shows no support for hypothesis 3b ,which posed a moderating effect of TMT diversity on the relationship between sophisticated MIS and strategic perfor-mance focused on cost reduction.In this case,the path coefficient of the interaction term was positive but not significant.We cal-culated the explicative power of the interaction model,through comparison of the R 2for the significant interaction model with the R 2for the main effects model (without the interaction term).The difference between the squared multiple correlations is used to assess the overall effect size f 2for the interaction (Chin et al.,2003,p.211)5.Results show that the interaction construct has an effect size f of 0.21,which is between a medium and large effect.Thus,the results suggest a good fit of the data to the moderation model.To gain a better understanding of the shape of the interac-tion we found between sophisticated MIS and TMT diversity,the relationship between these two variables was also assessed using a two-way ANOVA.Sophisticated MIS was split on the basis of the median scores to create two groups:high sophisticated MIS (above median)and traditional or low sophisticated MIS (below median).TMT diversity was also split at the median to create two groups:TMT heterogeneity (above median)and TMT homo-geneity (below median)6.The mean scores for flexibility-based5f 2=(R 2interaction model −R 2main model)/(1−R 2main model).Interaction effect sizes are small if 0.02,medium if 0.15,and large if 0.35.6Since ANOVA assumes equality of variance between groups,previously we checked the variance using the Levene test.The significance value ofTable 4ANOVA results:mean flexibility-based performance scores (n =92).TMT heterogeneityTMT homogeneity High sophisticated MIS 3.24n =24 2.91n =29Low sophisticated MIS2.95n =213.16n =18strategic performance shown in Table 4indicate that performance is highest when sophisticated MIS is matched with TMT diver-sity.That is,performance is highest when sophisticated MIS is high and TMT diversity is also high,and when sophisticated MIS and TMT diversity are both low.The results of the ANOVA pro-vide general support that these differences are indeed due to the interactive effect of sophisticated MIS and TMT diversity 7(also see Fig.3).To add some intuitive appeal to the results and extend the PLS findings,we assessed a model relating the four characteristics of TMT diversity (age,tenure,experience and education diversity)directly to strategic performance focused on flexibility and cost.Table 5shows that education diversity and experience diversity are positively related to strategic performance based on both flex-ibility and cost reduction.However,results in Table 5shows that age and tenure diversity are not related to strategic performance focused on flexibility and cost reduction.These results are in line with some findings from previous studies (Carpenter et al.,2004;Wiersema &Bantel,1992).Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996)argued that occupational TMT diversity (e.g.experience and education),rather than temporal TMT diversity (e.g.age and tenure)has a stronger influence on innovativeness and firms’long-term perfor-mance.Wiersema and Bantel (1992)also concluded that age and tenure diversity are less important than experience and educa-tion diversity in capturing the underlying constructs of diversity of information.the Levene statistic was 0.177(higher than 0.05),showing homogeneity of variance.7The two-way interaction was significant (F =7.01,p <0.05).。
【机械类文献翻译】管理信息系统
Management Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control ”. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system. It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function”. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually relatedseries, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the Amer ican airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures information system CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks. It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasizecomprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriate popularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized to establishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique head for the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MIS supplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with together with the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size business also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS supplied the well support environment to the ap plication of Intranet’s technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few years in the interest of the business.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technicalservice and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation.2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2.The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with. Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit. This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researchingwork in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In the wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System),它立足于强调管理，强调信息社会中信息变得越来越重要。
管理信息系统的外文原文
附件： 2.外文原文Our Work In Management Information SystemsINTRODUCTION TO MISWhat is "Management Information Systems (MIS)"?Field Began in Early 80s MIS bridges the gap between end-users and technical staffs (e.g. programmers) Consider the three key words (management, information, & systems) that have significant implications:Management:Managing resources that include people, machinery (technology and computers),money, and time, etc. You have to consider three managerial factors together in MIS: effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.Effectiveness – how well a firm is pursuing a goal or objective of its business; for instance, providing quality product/service can be a business goal that is usually stated in a firm's mission statement; Management by objective (MBO), etc.Efficiency – best use of resources, a synonym is productivity = output divided by input. Productivity is measured in general by a ratio of OUTPUT to INPUT. Here, output indicates revenue, market share, etc., while input indicates labor, raw materials, administrative costs, operations costs, and IT related costs.Profitability - The empirical studies in the IS literature have reported that on the contrary to the management's belief, there exists no significant difference in the profitability between before and after the new IS implementation. In other words, the new IS does not make significant profitability increase whatsoever. In general, the bottom line in any business is the profitability. If it does not enhance the profitability, then what is a point to go through all the trouble to develop/implement a new IS? Using IT is not the perfect solution for every business situation. Whenever a new IT or information systems (IS) are implemented, additional costs incur. They can be costs related to hardware, software, training, maintenance, etc. Therefore, the cost-benefit analysis should be conducted prior to a new systems implementation.InformationRelates to the computer; refers to knowledge. Data are a source for the information. If the data are processed in a meaningful way, they become "information." Here, IT can contribute. Information can be extracted easily through IT (e.g. computer) if data are properly processed. Therefore, the second word in M.I.S. indicates IT or computer. Of course, information can be obtained by a primitive way such as manual sorting, etc. by a clerk. Using IT definitely outperform any other means in history, in terms of processing data.SystemsIf a nice system is made, it is self-running which leads to reducing the people necessary to the business process. Systems Theory, Systems approach Systematically doing business Systems comes from systems theory that stresses the importance of systems approach to problem solving and a structured way to control and adjust automatically. Computer programmers and software engineers/developers realized it was only way to reduce a possibility of encountering errors later in the systems development process. When you construct a new/better system for the current business operations/decision-making process, you don't want to make a computer program based on the current business way. Instead, you develop a new model after serious analysis of the current system, so later can save resource in terms of time and money by avoiding a possible mistake/error. Therefore, business process reengineering (BPR) is unthinkable without a sound understanding of systems theory/concepts.MIS is a field of science that studies on (1) how better we can manage technologies (2) how better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firm's effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.MIS is a new subject in the last ten to fifteen years. The idea is still being researched since the concept is being evolved. A teacher's bias has a large impact on this type of subject. Classification of Specialties in MIS∙Systems Planning∙Systems Development∙Systems Review and Enhancement∙Special Computer ApplicationsSystems Planning - facilities planning, distributed processing systems, systems organization, management and staff development and training, and application of new technologies.Systems Development - feasibility study and cost benefit analysis, development of detailed system specifications, equipment selection and configuration, software procurement / technical supervision of programming, implementation assistance, documentation and user training.Systems Review and Enhancement - re-evaluation of information processing requirements, complete information system productivity audits, hard-ware/software performance evaluation and fine tuning, assessment and improvement of application program efficiency, staff productivity, data processing operations, studies of system development and testing procedures, environment, security and reliability.Special Computer Applications - production planning and scheduling, inventory control,re-source allocation, transportation and distribution logistics, least-cost formulation, personnel planning and administration, project management/control, system simulation, corporate models, information retrieval and analysis, process control, scientific and engineering applications.Our Approach to MIS DesignAll modern organizations are characterized by the need for management information. However this need is met, from the simplest verbal reporting system to the most sophisticated computerized system, certain basic principles must be observed if the information provided is to contribute to effective management, at a reasonable cost. Management information must be timely, accurate and in a format that lends itself to decision making. The cost of obtaining it must not exceed its value in the decision making process.RMC believes that an information system must be designed to take account of the nature of the client's business, the structure of the organization and the managerial styles of the system users. Data to be processed should be captured once only - and preferably by those who originate it and are most familiar with it. This means that the information system must be geared for simple yet efficient use by operators with minimal system training, and must facilitate input error detection and correction. Our goals in information system design are to provide maximum flexibility and growth capacity for the system while minimizing operating costs and implementation disruptions.System Performance AuditOnce established, an information system must be audited periodically to ensure that it is performing all the tasks required of it as efficiently and effectively as possible. Growth of the organization, increased volume of business, changes in the business environment, technological changes and newly conceived information requirements all place increased demands on existing information systems and often cause them to be modified or extended on an ad hoc basis.Our staff has the specialized skills and experience to perform a thorough audit on existing information systems and to recommend changes in design, equipment, software and procedures, to bring them up-to-date and to peak performance.An information system audit should be performed every three years, or when processing capacity appears to be strained and upgrading of facilities is being considered.Typical AssignmentsAs part of the Guyana Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program funded by IADB, RMC designed a financial MIS/accounting system for health care delivery at the national/regional level and for the principal acute care facility in Georgetown.IS/IT Strategic Planning Review for the Trinidad & Tobago Ministry of Health. Assessment of the IS/IT requirements of the Directorate of Quality Management, and a recommended course of action with respect to the multi-year $135 million IADB funded Health Sector Reform Program leading to the establishment of a National Health Information Centre and the coordination of IS/IT upgrades for the principal medical sciences centre in the country.Secondment of a Senior Principal for a one year period to be the Director of the Project Management Office (PMO) of a Smart Systems for Health project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. The objectives for the PMO was to design infrastructure to deliver Smart System products and services; establish standards and policy for the future use of the technology; recommend governance, financing and security policies; coordinate efforts of health sector and technology partners; and raise health policy issues for determination by the Ministry of Health. About 80 professionals, including three from RMC were involved during the course of the project.In RMC's capacity as Advisors to the Estonia / World Bank Health Project, several information systems were developed and implemented for the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. These included:a comprehensive project accounting system to address all of the financial reporting requirements.a project management system to facilitate the planning, scheduling and progress monitoring of project tasks. This system schedules and monitors project procurement activities for performance, scheduling and cost control.Corporate Subject Database Profiles to serve as the initial guide for developing a comprehensive information system to support the broad information requirements associated with Estonia's future health financing system.Similar to the Estonia project, an assignment was conducted for the Republic of Georgia World Band Health Project; and for the Albania World Bank Health Project.As part of RMC's work advising Poland on restructuring its health services, our professional staff assisted the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop an information systems strategy and determine appropriate computer hardware and software requirements. At the national and regional levels, the scope of our work included establishing MIS for planning andmonitoring the delivery of health services. At the institutional level, our work covered the development of a comprehensive program for the acquisition of computer systems.RMC designed a comprehensive portfolio of computerized health management information systems for the Ugandan Ministry of Health to support national and district health information needs. This included systems to gather and manage data resources; analyze the public's health status; plan the program, service and resource requirements; monitor the effectiveness, cost and efficiency of the health care delivery systems; and support research and development initiatives. Conceptual design of an integrated health care planning system and related planning models was also developed as a by-product of this project.RMC analyzed the existing accounting and management information system for the delivery of health care services in the Bahama s, then designed and initiated an implementation program of an improved, integrated, computerized accounting and management information system for the Ministry of Health and the two hospitals. RMC also developed productivity standards for the MIS based on the Canadian Health Association's MIS guidelines, modified to reflect the Bahamian environment.RMC worked jointly with the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia on computer assisted planning for Alberta Hospitals and Medical Care. The Phase 1 feasibility study assessed extent, costs and implications of developing a computer-based tool to facilitate all pre-design and functional planning. Phase 2 included development of software and hardware requirements.。
信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
管理信息系统外文翻译1
英语专业资料Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS (Management Information System), emphasizing the management, stressed that the information in modern society it has become increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific management and system science, operations research, statistics and computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal cutting system.Management information system of modern information management is an indispensable part of the work, is to meet modern standards of high-tech information management requirements, to promote scientific management, standardization of the necessary conditions. Only information practices, in order to offer better living environment and convenient living space.Information management is an extremely important resource, management depends on the success or failure of an effective decision-making, and the correct degree of decision-making depends largely on the quality of information.In the 21st century, mankind will enter the knowledge economy era, the era of knowledge economy is the rapid development of technology and knowledge, information was explosive expansion of the times. The threat of the so-called information that this is the human face to deal with the large amount of information it difficult to deal with the state, and cause confusion results.The emergence of a computer to solve this problem, because the computer quickly and accurately as information collection, processing, use,may be provided for.With computer technology, communications technology, network technology as the representative of modern information technology leap in development, human being from the industrial age into the information age, there is growing importance of information resources development and use of "information" has become a country Economic and social development of the key links, the level of information has become the level of a country's level of modernization and an important indicator of overall national strength.Management Information System is a computer and composed, to manage information collection, transmission, processing, preservation, maintenance and use of the system, it measured the national economy and enterprises, to help achieve its planned objectives.The development of computer-aided management has experienced four stages: transaction processing, handling systems to support decision-making, integrated services.In modern society, social trends and the expansion of social demand for our products so that enterprises in production and business activities relating to the expansion of the accumulation of internal and external information, with the rapid progress of science and technology and rapid development of production, so that human knowledge of the accelerating growth rate, the increase in the amount of information , Changes in the external environment becomes faster, artificial have not qualified. How to collect sufficient information resources, strong message and take advantage of the positive and timely development of effective use of information explosion of information resources has become a modern social problems. The emergence of a computer to solve this problem, because the computer quickly and accurately as information collection, processing, use, may be provided for. Computer technology and communications technologies with great modern information technology to promote the development of national information to speed up the process, the international community to build the information highway and an upsurge of Chinese workers, "the" famous works as the representative of national projects undertaken, so that China's Enterprise Information facing the new situation.Electronic computers adapt to modern society rapidly growing amount of information management, information life short, require timely conversion problem. Information systems from electronic data processing, information reporting system, decision support system to the further development of expert systems and support the leadership of the implementation of the decision-making process information in support of strategic decision-making competition in the strategic information systems. Today's society of modern information technology extensively to the rapid penetration of social life in various fields but in the management information system applications are still very imperfect, is the initial stage. Computer support for the work of the management, not only data processing, but also to support decision-making tools, from the mass of information collection, collation, analysis provided to managers, policy-related information, relevantpolicy analysis, and even managers Interactive dialogue to generate decision-making. At present the various sectors of the computer processing of information management, in large part are still individual business rationale, in the electronic data-processing stage, and units from transaction processing system to support system to deal with the real has also established a predictive control and support functions of management decision-making Information systems. Although the information system has a certain development, business process automation control office has made great progress, but far from perfect. Should make full use of the computer processing of information, we must start from the current situation, look to the future, the development of suitable units, a small industry management system, or even one-step, such as salary management system, and then gradually improve, and constantly expanded. Management Information System is one of the characteristics of centralized data, using the database. Use database technology to address data sharing issues. Database with a certain data model organization of data, data-oriented systems, procedures independent of the data, and data independence, to reduce data redundancy and inconsistency, and easy programming, expansion, removal. In particular, the 20th century the late 1970s distributed, in the face of object database, so that data and data from the operation as an object database management system to better use and reduce the possibility of problems. Attribute their inheritance in object share data And operation of great convenience to the users. All in all management information system is set scientific。
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在管理信息系统中我们的工作有关信息系统的相关介绍：1.什么是管理信息系统？管理信息系统领域的研究起始于上世纪80年代早期。
那个时候在最终用户和技术开发人员（比如：程序员）之间存在着沟通问题。
管理信息系统主要考虑的是这样三个关键词（管理，信息和系统），这三个关键字之间存在着很强的牵连关系。
管理：管理信息中的管理资源包括人、机器（如技术和计算机）、资金和时间等等。
在管理信息系统中你必须把下面这三个管理要素联系在一起来考虑，这三个要素是：效力、效率和收益性。
·效力-一个公司怎么才能更好的实现他们所要达到的商业目的呢；有这样一个例子：提供高质量的产品和服务水平可以被示为一个商业目标，这个通常作为一个公司的使命来阐述的，此外还有目标管理（MBO）等等。
·效率-也就是说把资源最好的利用起来，在公司中所有支出和所有收入相除得出的就是生产力。
一般来说生产力是通过输出对输入的比例来衡量的。
这里，输出就象征着收入和市场共享等等。
同样输入象征着劳动力、原始材料、行政的花费、周转的成本和跟IT 有关的花费。
·收益性-在信息系统文学中经验的学习被报道这对管理者的信心起着相反的作用，在这之前和之后，新开发的信息系统的执行就利用率方面而言并没有存在很大的不同。
换句话说，就是新的信息系统不再对所有的增长产生很大的收益。
一般来说，在商业中一般有着下划线的文字就是收益的代表。
如果不加强收益性的重要性，那么什么才是我们要去克服所有的困难去开发并完成一个新的信息系统的要点呢？使用IT并不一定能够解决好所有的商业情形。
不管什么时候一个新的IT或者一个新的信息系统的被执行的情况下、都会招致一些附加的花费。
这些花费包括硬件花费、软件花费、培训花费、维护花费等等。
因此，对成本利益的分析应该对于一个新系统的执行处于一个优先的地位。
信息：信息跟计算机是相关联的，同时也涉及到一门学科。
对于信息来说数据就是资源。
如果这些数据在用一个特定的方法来处理的话，他们就成为了“信息”在IT业这是能够实现的。
如果数据经过适当的处理的话，信息能够很容易的通过计算机（IT）来提取。
因此，在MIS中的第二个字母就象征着IT和COMPUTER。
当然，信息也能够通过简单的方法来获取，比如通过办事员手工的资料排架的一些方法。
在数据处理方面用计算机来进行处理的确的要比过去的那些方法更有效。
系统：如果开发了一个好的信息系统，通过系统的自我运行能够帮助人民减少一些必要的商业进程。
系统来自于系统理论，提升系统的重要性会更接近于问题的解决并用一个介质化的方法去适应和控制自动化。
在系统开发进程中电脑程序和软件工程人员/开发人员已经意识到这是唯一一种能够在以后的开发过程中尽可能减少错误的方法。
当你开发出一个新的好的系统被用于正确的商业操作和决策处理，你不想要开发一个基于正确商业方法的电脑程序。
你也可以在对当前的系统进行仔细的分析以后来开发一个新的模型。
所以为以后尽可能的避免错误/失误的发生应该保存好这些资源信息。
因此，商业进程的在处理就如同一个没有一个声音理解系统理论和观念。
管理信息系统是一个科学的领域，它主要研究以下几点内容（1）这样才能更好的管理技术（2）怎样才能更好的设计信息系统，以便能够增强企业的效力、效率和收益性。
管理信息系统在过去10到15年作为一个新的学科产生了。
这个思想一直被研究着，直到概念得到了进一步的发展。
在这个类型的课题中由于一个老师的见解产生了一个很重要的影响。
管理信息系统中特定的分类1 .系统计划2 .系统开发3 .系统回顾和提高4 .特殊的计算机应用系统计划--简单的计划编制，分布式处理系统，系统的组织，管理和全体人员的开发和培训和一些新技术的应用。
系统开发--系统可行性研究学习和价值利益分析，系统详细发展的说明书，设备的选择和配置，软件的获取/技术上的规划管理，帮助的执行，文档和用户的培训。
系统回顾和提高--信息处理要求的重新估计，完整计算机信息系统的运行效率的审查。
硬件/软件性能评估和微调，估价和应用程序效率的提高，支柱生产力，数据处理的操作，系统发展的学习和测试程序的环境，安全性和可靠性。
特殊的计算机应用--生产计划和时序安排，详细目录控制，资源模型，信息恢复和分析，进程控制，科学和工程学的应用。
接近管理信息系统的设计所有的现代组织的特点在于对管理信息的需要。
不管怎么说这个需要是可见的，在一个合理的成本的条件下从简单的口头报告系统到复杂的用计算机处理的系统，如果这个信息倘若是归应于有效的管理某些基本的原理必须要遵守。
管理信息必须是适时的，精确的并且符合一定的形式的，这有助于自身的决策的发展。
就成本获取的，在决策过程中它必须不能超过它自身的价值。
皇家陆军学院认为一个信息系统必须有计划的去考虑客户交易的本性，组织的结构和系统用户管理的风格。
一旦有唯一的数据，数据的处理应该被获取并且通过那些发起它和最熟知它的人是更合适的。
这个意思就是说信息系统必须通过对微系统操作员的训练进行简单的连接，并且必须有助于对输入错误的发现和修正。
在信息系统设计中我们的目标是在最小的操作成本和执行中断时去提供最大的伸缩性和系统的能力的开发。
系统执行审查一旦已经确定了，一个信息系统被定时性地审查是为了去确认它，这就必须尽其可能地、高效率地和有效地执行所有的任务。
组织的成长，增加的营业额，在商业环境的变化情况下，技术的改进和近期所设想的信息要求的增长要求存在一个信息系统并且经常根据一个特别的依据促使他们被修改或被扩大。
我们的职员有专业的技能和经验，在现有的信息系统和设计，设备，软件和规程上的推荐变化去执行一次详尽的审计，以便带来最新的表现。
一个信息系统审计应该每三年执行一次，或者当处理容量看上去被劳损和升级设施是被考虑在内的。
典型的分配作为圭亚那健康区段政策和协会发展方案一部分由IADB 资助, RMC 设计了财政MIS/会计系统为医疗保健交付在国民地方水平和为主要深刻关心设施在乔治城。
作为特立尼达& 多巴哥卫生部IS/IT战略上的打算回顾。
IS/IT的评估是质量管理董事会上的要求，并且一个被推荐的计划谈到多年来IADB用一千三百五十万美元来资助的健康的区段来进行改革，这导致一个全国健康情报中心的创立并且使它成为在这个国家的主要医学科学升级中心。
一位资深的校长在一年期间的临时外调是也是办公室管理的计划，这样一个小的系统是Ontario Ministry of Health的健康计划。
PMO的宗旨是将设计的基础设施去交付于一个好的系统产品和服务；通过对技术的使用去建立未来的标准和政策，推荐管理，财务和安全策略；这取决健康区段和技术的合作者的共同努力，并且通过了卫生部提出卫生政策问题。
在这个项目的开发大约有80个专家包括三个来自RMC的专家。
在RMC的技术中，作为到爱沙尼亚/ 世界银行健康项目的顾问，几个信息系统被开发并且在爱沙尼亚语部为项目协调单位实施了社会事务。
这些有：1.一个全面项目会计学系统，他能适用于所有的财政报告的要求。
2.一个项目管理系统可以去促进计划，项目任务预定和实行进展监视。
这个系统日程表和监视器计划作为获取的行为表现，预定和成本控制。
3.公司附属的数据库外形对起初的指南作用对于开发一个全面的信息系统提供广泛的信息要求并联合了爱沙尼亚的未来健康财务系统。
相似与爱沙尼亚项目，为乔治亚洲世界健康项目所管理；并且成为阿尔巴尼亚世界银行健康项目。
作为RMC的工作的一部分劝告波兰在调整他们的卫生业务，我们的专业人员协助卫生部和社会保障开发信息系统战略和确定适当计算机硬件和软件的要求。
在全国和地方的水平，我们的工作范围包括建立MIS，计划和监视卫生业务的交付。
在这个制度的水准上，我们的工作包括为计算机系统的发展获取一个综合规划。
RMC为了UGANDAN卫生部根据国民和区健康信息需求设计了一个用计算机处理的健康管理信息系统的全面的公文包。
这包括的系统会集合处理的数据资源并分析公共卫生状态和计划纲要，服务和资源需求并实行有效率的监测和医疗保健交付系统的费用，并且支持研究与发展的主动性。
一个综合的医疗保健规划系统和相关计划模型的概念的设计如同这个项目的副产物也同样被开发了。
RMC在交付巴哈马的医疗保健服务后分析了现有的会计管理信息系统，然后设计和创始一个为卫生部和二家医院改良的，联合的计算机化的会计管理信息系统的执行计划。
在修改反映的BAHAMIAN环境前，RMC为MIS开发了基于加拿大健康协会的生产力标准的MIS指南，。
RMC与不列颠哥伦比亚省, 安大略和新四科舍通过计算机的协助计划和亚伯大医院就卫生保健进行了密切的合作。
第一阶段的可行性研究估计了范围，准备发展一个以计算机为主的工具来推动所有的初步设计和功能方案的涵义。
第二阶段包括软件和硬件发展的需求。
附件：2.外文原文Our Work In Management Information SystemsINTRODUCTION TO MISWhat is "Management Information Systems (MIS)"?Field Began in Early 80s MIS bridges the gap between end-users and technical staffs (e.g. programmers) Consider the three key words (management, information, & systems) that have significant implications:Management:Managing resources that include people, machinery (technology and computers),money, and time, etc. You have to consider three managerial factors together in MIS: effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.Effectiveness – how well a firm is pursuing a goal or objective of its business; for instance, providing quality product/service can be a business goal that is usually stated in a firm's mission statement; Management by objective (MBO), etc.Efficiency – best use of resources, a synonym is productivity = output divided by input. Productivity is measured in general by a ratio of OUTPUT to INPUT. Here, output indicates revenue, market share, etc., while input indicates labor, raw materials, administrative costs, operations costs, and IT related costs.Profitability - The empirical studies in the IS literature have reported that on the contrary to the management's belief, there exists no significant difference in the profitability between before and after the new IS implementation. In other words, the new IS does not make significant profitability increase whatsoever. In general, the bottom line in any business is the profitability. If it does not enhance the profitability, then what is a point to go through all the trouble to develop/implement a new IS? Using IT is not the perfect solution for every business situation. Whenever a new IT or information systems (IS) are implemented, additional costs incur. They can be costs related to hardware, software, training, maintenance, etc. Therefore, the cost-benefit analysis should be conducted prior to a new systems implementation.InformationRelates to the computer; refers to knowledge. Data are a source for the information. If the data are processed in a meaningful way, they become "information." Here, IT can contribute. Information can be extracted easily through IT (e.g. computer) if data are properly processed. Therefore, the second word in M.I.S. indicates IT or computer. Of course, information can be obtained by a primitive way such as manual sorting, etc. by a clerk. Using IT definitely outperform any other means in history, in terms of processing data.SystemsIf a nice system is made, it is self-running which leads to reducing the people necessary to the business process. Systems Theory, Systems approach Systematically doing business Systems comes from systems theory that stresses the importance of systems approach to problem solvingand a structured way to control and adjust automatically. Computer programmers and software engineers/developers realized it was only way to reduce a possibility of encountering errors later in the systems development process. When you construct a new/better system for the current business operations/decision-making process, you don't want to make a computer program based on the current business way. Instead, you develop a new model after serious analysis of the current system, so later can save resource in terms of time and money by avoiding a possible mistake/error. Therefore, business process reengineering (BPR) is unthinkable without a sound understanding of systems theory/concepts.MIS is a field of science that studies on (1) how better we can manage technologies (2) how better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firm's effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.MIS is a new subject in the last ten to fifteen years. The idea is still being researched since the concept is being evolved. A teacher's bias has a large impact on this type of subject. Classification of Specialties in MIS•Systems Planning•Systems Development•Systems Review and Enhancement•Special Computer ApplicationsSystems Planning - facilities planning, distributed processing systems, systems organization, management and staff development and training, and application of new technologies.Systems Development - feasibility study and cost benefit analysis, development of detailed system specifications, equipment selection and configuration, software procurement / technical supervision of programming, implementation assistance, documentation and user training.Systems Review and Enhancement - re-evaluation of information processing requirements, complete information system productivity audits, hard-ware/software performance evaluation and fine tuning, assessment and improvement of application program efficiency, staff productivity, data processing operations, studies of system development and testing procedures, environment, security and reliability.Special Computer Applications - production planning and scheduling, inventory control,re-source allocation, transportation and distribution logistics, least-cost formulation, personnel planning and administration, project management/control, system simulation, corporate models, information retrieval and analysis, process control, scientific and engineering applications.Our Approach to MIS DesignAll modern organizations are characterized by the need for management information. However this need is met, from the simplest verbal reporting system to the most sophisticated computerized system, certain basic principles must be observed if the information provided is to contribute to effective management, at a reasonable cost. Management information must betimely, accurate and in a format that lends itself to decision making. The cost of obtaining it must not exceed its value in the decision making process.RMC believes that an information system must be designed to take account of the nature of the client's business, the structure of the organization and the managerial styles of the system users. Data to be processed should be captured once only - and preferably by those who originate it and are most familiar with it. This means that the information system must be geared for simple yet efficient use by operators with minimal system training, and must facilitate input error detection and correction. Our goals in information system design are to provide maximum flexibility and growth capacity for the system while minimizing operating costs and implementation disruptions.System Performance AuditOnce established, an information system must be audited periodically to ensure that it is performing all the tasks required of it as efficiently and effectively as possible. Growth of the organization, increased volume of business, changes in the business environment, technological changes and newly conceived information requirements all place increased demands on existing information systems and often cause them to be modified or extended on an ad hoc basis.Our staff has the specialized skills and experience to perform a thorough audit on existing information systems and to recommend changes in design, equipment, software and procedures, to bring them up-to-date and to peak performance.An information system audit should be performed every three years, or when processing capacity appears to be strained and upgrading of facilities is being considered.Typical AssignmentsAs part of the Guyana Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program funded by IADB, RMC designed a financial MIS/accounting system for health care delivery at the national/regional level and for the principal acute care facility in Georgetown.IS/IT Strategic Planning Review for the Trinidad & Tobago Ministry of Health. Assessment of the IS/IT requirements of the Directorate of Quality Management, and a recommended course of action with respect to the multi-year $135 million IADB funded Health Sector Reform Program leading to the establishment of a National Health Information Centre and the coordination of IS/IT upgrades for the principal medical sciences centre in the country.Secondment of a Senior Principal for a one year period to be the Director of the Project Management Office (PMO) of a Smart Systems for Health project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. The objectives for the PMO was to design infrastructure to deliver Smart System products and services; establish standards and policy for the future use of the technology; recommend governance, financing and security policies; coordinate efforts of health sector and technology partners; and raise health policy issues for determination by the Ministry of Health. About 80 professionals, including three from RMC were involved during the course of the project.In RMC's capacity as Advisors to the Estonia / World Bank Health Project, several information systems were developed and implemented for the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. These included:a comprehensive project accounting system to address all of the financial reporting requirements.a project management system to facilitate the planning, scheduling and progress monitoring of project tasks. This system schedules and monitors project procurement activities for performance, scheduling and cost control.Corporate Subject Database Profiles to serve as the initial guide for developing a comprehensive information system to support the broad information requirements associated with Estonia's future health financing system.Similar to the Estonia project, an assignment was conducted for the Republic of Georgia World Band Health Project; and for the Albania World Bank Health Project.As part of RMC's work advising Poland on restructuring its health services, our professional staff assisted the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop an information systems strategy and determine appropriate computer hardware and software requirements. At the national and regional levels, the scope of our work included establishing MIS for planning and monitoring the delivery of health services. At the institutional level, our work covered the development of a comprehensive program for the acquisition of computer systems.RMC designed a comprehensive portfolio of computerized health management information systems for the Ugandan Ministry of Health to support national and district health information needs. This included systems to gather and manage data resources; analyze the public's health status; plan the program, service and resource requirements; monitor the effectiveness, cost and efficiency of the health care delivery systems; and support research and development initiatives. Conceptual design of an integrated health care planning system and related planning models was also developed as a by-product of this project.RMC analyzed the existing accounting and management information system for the delivery of health care services in the Bahama s, then designed and initiated an implementation program of an improved, integrated, computerized accounting and management information system for the Ministry of Health and the two hospitals. RMC also developed productivity standards for the MIS based on the Canadian Health Association's MIS guidelines, modified to reflect the Bahamian environment.RMC worked jointly with the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia on computer assisted planning for Alberta Hospitals and Medical Care. The Phase 1 feasibility study assessed extent, costs and implications of developing a computer-based tool to facilitate all pre-design and functional planning. Phase 2 included development of software and hardware requirements.。