2004硕士AI期末试卷(2004.11.8)
中国人民大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题(2)
中国人民大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：政治经济学、网络经济学考试科目：政治经济学和西方经济学政治经济学部分一、说明马克思的货币流通规律理论与西方传统货币数量论的异同。
（15分）二、说明劳动生产率的变化对不同部门产品比价关系的影响。
（15分）三、说明资本主义经济中平均利润率下降趋势及阻碍这种下降的因素。
（20分）四、试述深化国有资产管理体制改革的方向及其理论依据。
（25分）西方经济学部分一、名词解释（每个名词5分，共20分）1．低档物品2．古典二分法3．奥肯定律4．边际产品价值二、问答题（35分）1．简述生产要素最优组合条件与利润最大化条件的关系。
（10分）2．如何从价格-消费曲线推导出消费者的需求曲线？（10分）3．在货币政策效果问题上，凯恩斯主义、货币主义和新古典宏观经济学的观点有什么不同？为什么不同？（15分）三、计算题（每小题10分，共20分）1．已知消费者对某种商品的需求函数为Q=100－2p，写出相应的总收益函数和边际收益函数。
在什么价格水平上，需求价格弹性系数为1？2．已知W国的宏观经济可以用下列一组方程式来描述：消费函数：C=120+0.8y (1)投资函数：I=50-200r (2)收入恒等式：Y=C+I (3)货币需求函数：L=（0.5Y-500r）P (4)其中，C为消费，Y为国民收入，I为投资，r为利率，P为价格总水平，L为货币需求。
（1）如果在2003年，W国的价格总水平为2，货币供应量为500。
试写出W国的IS 曲线和LM曲线方程。
（2）写出W国的总需求函数。
（3）W国的宏观经济均衡时国民收入和利率分别是多少？参考答案：中国人民大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：政治经济学、网络经济学考试科目：政治经济学和西方经济学政治经济学部分一、说明马克思的货币流通规律理论与西方传统货币数量论的异同。
（15分）答：马克思货币流通规律理论是以完全的金币流通为假设条件，他认为，商品价格取决于商品的价值和黄金的价值，而价值取决于生产过程，所以商品是带有价格进入流通的，商品价格有多大，就需要有多少金币来实现它，商品和货币交换后，商品退出流通，黄金却留在流通之中可以使另外的商品得以出售，从而实现一定数量的金，流通几次，就可使相应倍数价格的商品出售，因此有：执行流通手段职能的货币量=商品价格总额/同名货币的流通次数。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试题及答案解析
对角化.
(22)(本题满分 9 分)
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(20)(本题满分 9 分)
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2004-2005学年第二学期期末考试A卷
考试日期：2004年6 月22日考试时间：120分钟考试形式：闭卷笔试华东政法学院2004-2005学年第二学期期末考试A卷一、填空题（每小题2分，共14分）1、在命题形式“¬ p∧q”与“SAP”中，常项是_____ ____，变项是_______ __。
2、根据律，若“当且仅当甲上场，乙才上场”为假，则联言命题（用自然语言表达）“”为真。
3、间接反驳是先提出一个与对方论题具有关系或关系的反论题，通过论证反论题的真实，并根据矛盾律来确定对方论题的虚假。
4、如果被定义项的外延真包含于定义项的外延,则犯了______________的错误。
如果母项的外延真包含诸子项的外延之和, 则犯了_______________的错误。
5、若¬ SAP取值为真，则PO S取值为______，SIP取值为________。
6、若“p→q”真且p与q不同真不同假，则“p∨¬ q”取值为____，“¬ p∧q”取值为____。
7、根据前提与结论之间的逻辑联系的性质不同,求同求异并用法推理属于________推理,换质法推理属于_____________推理。
二、单项选择题（每小题2分，共14分）1、命题“中国人是勤劳勇敢的”和“我是中国人”中的“中国人”（）a、都是集合概念b、前者是集合概念，后者不是集合概念c、都不是集合概念d、前者不是集合概念，后者是集合概念2、在下列关系中，具有对称性的关系是（）a、真包含关系b、蕴涵关系c、真包含于关系d、交叉关系3、若SAP与SIP一真一假，则S与P之间的外延关系是（）a、全同b、真包含c、真包含于d、全异4、已知“明天不可能不下雨”，可推出（）a、明天必然下雨b、明天可能下雨c、明天可能不下雨d、明天必然不下雨5、在某次税务检查后，四个工商管理人员有如下结论：甲：所有个体户都没纳税。
乙：服装个体户陈老板没纳税。
:丙：个体户不都没纳税。
2004-2005学年度第一学期期末考试试卷
华南理工大学计算机科学与工程学院2004—2005学年度第一学期期末考试《数据挖掘与数据仓库技术》试卷专业：双语班年级：2001 姓名：学号：注意事项：1. 本试卷共四大题，满分100分，考试时间120分钟；2. 所有答案请直接答在试卷上；一.Fill in the following blanks. (1 point per blank, the total: 20 points)1. A data warehouse is a __________, __________, __________and __________collection of data in support of management’s decision making process.2.The most popular data model for a data warehouse is a multidimensional model. Sucha model can exist in the form of a _____schema, a __________schema, or a__________ schema.3.OLTP is the abbreviation for ____________________, and OLAP is the abbreviationfor ____________________.4.Measures can be organized into the following three categories, based on the kind ofaggregate functions used, __________, __________, and ________.5.Methods for data preprocessing can be organized into the following categories:__________, __________, __________ and __________.6.List four knowledge types to be mined: __________, __________, __________ and__________.二.True or False: if you think the following statement is true then mark it with √, otherwisemark it with ⨯. (1 point per decision, the total: 10 points)1.Decision tree induction is an unsupervised learning method. ( )2.Clustering is a supervised learning method. ( )3.The OLTP system is operational processing-oriented, while the OLAP system isinformational processing-oriented. ( )4.The access operation to the OLTP system is mostly read/write, while the accessoperation to the OLAP system is mostly read. ( )5.Outlier and noisy data are useless for data mining task and should be removed. ()6.For an itemset S, the constraint S ⊆ V is anti-monotone. ( )7.For an itemset S, the constraint min(S)≥ v is monotone. ( )8.The aggregate functions min()and max()are distributive, where min()is used tocompute the minimum value of a data set and max() is used to compute the maximum value of a data set. ( )9.The aggregate function avg() is holistic, where avg() is used to compute the averagevalue of a data set. ( )10.The difference between K-means and K-medoids clustering method is that the formeruses the centroid to represent a cluster, while the latter uses the real object to represent a cluster. ( )三.Miscellaneous questions. (8 points per question, the total: 24 points)1.Suppose that a data warehouse consists of the three dimensions time, doctor, andpatient, and the two measures count and charge, where charge is the fee that a doctor charges a patient for a visit. Draw the star schema diagram for the above data warehouse.2.Given the following table (Table 1):rule. For example, ∀X, Guangzhou(X) ⇔ TV(X) [t: x%, d: y%] ∨⋯.(2).M ap the class Computer (target class) into a (bi-directional) quantitative descriptiverule.3.Given frequent itemset m and subset s of m, prove that the confidence of the rule“s'⇒(m-s')” can not be more than the confidence of “s⇒(m-s)”, where s' is a subset of s.四.Problems. (The total: 46 points)1.In information retrieval, keywords-based retrieval method is the dominant method.Document is represented by a set of words, called keywords, and when you want to retrieve some documents, you just need to present some keywords. Given the following keywords-document table (Table 2), the first row means that the document D1 is represented by keywords K1, k2 and K4.(1).F ind all frequent patterns of keywords using Apriori algorithm, and generate strongassociation rules from L2 (i.e. the frequent 2-pattern). Assume the support count is 2 and the confidence is 80%. (12 points)(2).D raw the frequent pattern tree. (6 points)2.Table 3 presents a training set of data tuples about whether to play tennis. Given atuple (Outlook=sunny, temperature=cool, Humidity=high, Wind=strong), decide that the target class Playtennis is yes or no using Bayesian naïve classifier. (18 points)3.Table 4 presents distances between any two objects, e.g. the distance between objects1and 2is 2.5. Assume the distance between two clusters d(C1, C2)is defined as follows: d(C1, C2) = Min{d ij| i ∈ C1, j ∈ C2}, where C1, C2 are two clusters, and d ij is the distance between objects i and j, Min is used to compute the minimum value of a set. Clustering the objects using the agglomerative hierarchical clustering method and draw the dendrogram (i.e. shows how the clusters are merged hierarchically). (10 points)。
人工智能期末试题及答案完整版(最新)
一单项选择题（每小题2分，共10分）1。
首次提出“人工智能”是在（D )年A.1946 B。
1960 C.1916 D.19562。
人工智能应用研究的两个最重要最广泛领域为：BA.专家系统、自动规划 B。
专家系统、机器学习C。
机器学习、智能控制 D。
机器学习、自然语言理解3. 下列不是知识表示法的是 A 。
A：计算机表示法B：“与/或”图表示法C：状态空间表示法D:产生式规则表示法4. 下列关于不确定性知识描述错误的是 C 。
A:不确定性知识是不可以精确表示的B：专家知识通常属于不确定性知识C：不确定性知识是经过处理过的知识D：不确定性知识的事实与结论的关系不是简单的“是"或“不是”.5。
下图是一个迷宫，S0是入口，S g是出口，把入口作为初始节点，出口作为目标节点，通道作为分支,画出从入口S0出发，寻找出口Sg的状态树。
根据深度优先搜索方法搜索的路径是 C .A:s0—s4-s5-s6—s9-sg B：s0—s4-s1-s2—s3—s6-s9—sgC：s0—s4-s1-s2-s3-s5-s6-s8-s9—sg D：s0-s4-s7-s5—s6—s9—sg二填空题（每空2分，共20分）1。
目前人工智能的主要学派有三家：符号主义、进化主义和连接主义。
2。
问题的状态空间包含三种说明的集合，初始状态集合S 、操作符集合F以及目标状态集合G 。
3、启发式搜索中，利用一些线索来帮助足迹选择搜索方向，这些线索称为启发式（Heuristic）信息。
4、计算智能是人工智能研究的新内容，涉及神经计算、模糊计算和进化计算等。
5、不确定性推理主要有两种不确定性，即关于结论的不确定性和关于证据的不确定性。
三名称解释（每词4分，共20分）人工智能专家系统遗传算法机器学习数据挖掘答：（1）人工智能人工智能(Artificial Intelligence），英文缩写为AI。
它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。
人工智能期末测试试卷(A卷)(解析版)
人工智能期末测试试卷(A卷)(解析版)题目一1. 请简述人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）的定义和应用领域。
解析一人工智能是指通过模拟人类智能的技术和方法来实现机器智能的一门科学。
其应用领域广泛，包括但不限于以下几个方面：- 机器研究（Machine Learning）：通过大量数据和算法让机器从中研究、改进和适应。
- 自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing）：使机器能够理解和处理人类语言。
- 专家系统（Expert Systems）：通过模拟专家经验和知识来解决特定问题。
题目二2. 请简要解释机器研究中的监督研究和无监督研究的区别，并给出一个应用示例。
解析二一个应用示例是：根据房屋的大小、地理位置、房间数量等特征来预测房屋价格。
若提供了许多已知价格的房屋数据来训练机器，那么可以应用监督研究来建立一个预测模型。
无监督研究则可以通过聚类算法自动将相似特征的房屋归类到一起。
题目三3. 请解释神经网络（Neural Network）的结构和工作原理。
解析三神经网络由多个节点（神经元）和连接这些节点的权重组成。
它包含输入层、隐藏层和输出层，信息通过层与层之间的连接传递。
神经网络的工作原理是通过反向传播算法进行训练和调整权重，从而研究输入与输出之间的关系。
当输入数据通过神经网络，经过一系列的权重计算和激活函数处理后，最终产生输出结果。
题目四4. 请描述自然语言处理中的词嵌入（Word Embedding）技术及其作用。
解析四词嵌入是一种将单词映射到低维向量空间的技术，将单词转换为实数向量，使得单词的语义和语法关系能够在向量空间中保持。
词嵌入的作用是将自然语言处理问题转化为向量空间计算，使得机器能够更好地理解和处理文本。
通过词嵌入，我们可以计算词语的相似性，进行词性标注、句法分析等任务。
题目五5. 简述强化研究（Reinforcement Learning）的基本原理和应用场景。
2004年工程硕士考试试题及答案
2004年工程硕士考试试题及答案—数据结构注：1、除第九题外，其他各题每题10分，第九题20分。
2、所有试题的答案写在答题纸上。
一、判断下列叙述的对错。
(1) 线性表的逻辑顺序与物理顺序总是一致的。
(2) 线性表的顺序存储表示优于链式存储表示。
(3) 线性表若采用链式存储表示时所有结点之间的存储单元地址可连续可不连续。
(4) 二维数组是其数组元素为线性表的线性表。
(5) 每种数据结构都应具备三种基本运算：插入、删除和搜索。
二、设单链表中结点的结构为typedef struct node { //链表结点定义ElemType data; //数据struct node * Link; //结点后继指针} ListNode;(1) 已知指针p所指结点不是尾结点，若在*p之后插入结点*s，则应执行下列哪一个操作？A. s->link = p; p->link = s;B. s->link = p->link; p->link = s;C. s->link = p->link; p = s;D. p->link = s; s->link = p;(2) 非空的循环单链表first的尾结点（由p所指向）满足：A. p->link == NULL;B. p == NULL;C. p->link == first;D. p == first;三、设有一个顺序栈S，元素s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6依次进栈，如果6个元素的出栈顺序为s2, s3, s4, s6, s5, s1，则顺序栈的容量至少应为多少？四、一棵具有n个结点的理想平衡二叉树（即除离根最远的最底层外其他各层都是满的，最底层有若干结点）有多少层？若设根结点在第0层，则树的高度h如何用n来表示（注意n可能为0）？五、从供选择的答案中选择与下面有关图的叙述中各括号相匹配的词句，将其编号填入相应的括号内。
2004试题B答案
2004年智能控制试卷B答案1．交叉前沿，智能机器人控制，智能过程控制，智能调度与规划，专家控制系统，智能故障诊断，智能仪器，医院监护，飞行器控制，自动制造系统控制（只要答出来任五个即可）2．分级递阶控制系统，专家控制系统，神经控制系统，模糊控制系统，学习控制系统，集成或者（复合）混合控制系统3．学习能力，容错能力，适应性，鲁棒性，组织功能，实时性，人机协作（只要答出来任五个即可）二1、智能控制系统的基本结构一般由三个部分组成：人工智能（AI）：是一个知识处理系统，具有记忆、学习、信息处理、形式语言、启发式推理等功能。
自动控制（AC）：描述系统的动力学特性，是一种动态反馈。
运筹学（OR）：是一种定量优化方法，如线性规划、网络规划、调度、管理、优化决策和多目标优化方法等。
2、把智能控制扩展为三元结构，即把人工智能、自动控制和运筹学交接如下表示：IC=AI∩AC∩OROR一运筹学（Operation research）IC一智能控制( intelligent control);Al一人工智能(artific ial intelligence);AC一自动控制(automatic Colltrol);∩一表示交集.3、传统控制：经典反馈控制和现代理论控制。
它们的主要特征是基于精确的系统数学模型的控制。
适于解决线性、时不变等相对简单的控制问题。
智能控制：以上问题用智能的方法同样可以解决。
智能控制是对传统控制理论的发展，传统控制是智能控制的一个组成部分，在这个意义下，两者可以统一在智能控制的框架下。
三).). (a)(b)(c)2、（a ）（b ）() 1 ˆ0 x u ifu z x A i o th erw ise μ=⎧⎪⎪=⎨⎪⎪⎩四、()()min{,}e t et μμμ= 条件条件条件 ()min{,u }t μμμ=结论条件结论(),N（1）()()e t et μμμ=⨯ 条件条件条件 ()u t μμμ=⨯结论条件结论()(),t N )（2） 五 解：123450.40.30.910.5A B u u u u u ⋃=++++ 13450.10.710.3A B u u u u ⋂=+++ 12350.60.70.10.5c A u u u u =+++ 12350.910.30.7c B u u u u =+++123450.20.40.910.5A B u u u u u ⋃=++++ 13450.10.710.3A B u u u u ⋂=+++ 12350.80.60.10.5c A u u u u =+++ 12350.910.30.7c B u u u u =+++。
(完整word版)人工智能期末考试卷(1)评分标准及标准答案
人工智能期末考试卷（1）标准答案及评分标准一、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1智能具有五个特征，分别为①学习能力、自适应能力、②记忆与思维能力、表达能力和感知能力.2．机器的③感知能力是让机器自动获取知识的基本条件,而知识的自动获取一直是智能系统研究中最困难的问题之一.3．从研究的角度不同，对人工智能的研究可分两大阵营：④联接和⑤符号。
其中⑤符号的理论基础为数理逻辑.4。
⑥问题规约方法是一种将复杂问题变换为比较简单的子问题,子问题再转换为更简单的子问题，最终将问题转换为对本原问题的知识表示方法。
5。
鲁宾逊提出了⑦归结原理使机器定理证明成为可能。
6．当某个算符被认为是问题求解的决定步骤时，此算符为⑧关键算符。
7。
宽度优先搜索与深度优先搜索方法的一个致命的缺点是当问题比较复杂是可能会发生⑨组合爆炸.8。
语义网络⑩方法是1968年由J。
R.Quilian在研究人类联想记忆时提出的心理学模型.1972年，Simon 首先将⑩用于自然语言理解系统.二、简答题（共30分)1．什么是A＊算法的可纳性?(4分)答：在搜索图存在从初始状态节点到目标状态节点解答路径的情况下，若一个搜索法总能找到最短（代价最小)的解答路径,则称算法具有可采纳性。
2．在一般图搜索算法中，当对某一个节点n进行扩展时，n的后继节点可分为三类,请举例说明对这三类节点的不同的处理方法。
(8分）答：把SNS中的子节点分为三类：(1）全新节点，（2）已出现于OPEN表的节点，(3)已出现于CLOSE表的节点; / 后二类子节点实际上意味着具有新老两个父节点；(3分)·加第1类子节点于OPEN表，并建立从子节点到父节点n的指；（1分)·比较第2类子节点经由新、老父节点到达初始状态节点s的路径代价，若经由新父节点的代价较小, 则移动子节点指向新父节点（2分）·对于第3类子节点作与第2类同样的处理，并把这些子节点从CLOSE表中移出，重新加入OPEN 表；(2分)3．请简述不确定性推理的含义.(4分）是一种从不确定的初始证据出发，通过运用不确定性知识，最终推出具有一定程度的不确定性但却有是合理或基本合理的结论的推理过程。
2004--2005学年度第一学期期末考试卷(B)
- 一、解释概念（每小题２分，共10分）１、需求:在某一特定时期内，在每一价格水平时，消费者愿意而且能够购买的某、资源稀缺性：相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言，经济物品，或者生产这些物品 、经济学：研究稀缺资源合理配置与利用的科学。
、效用：消费者从消费某种物品过程中所获得的满足程度。
、工资：劳动这种生产要素的价格。
二、填空（每空１分，共20分）、需求交叉弹性是（一种需求量变动的比率）与（另一种商品价格变动比率）2、在需求量与需求的变动中，商品价格变动引起的是（需求量的变动），消费者收入的变动引起的是（需求的变动）。
、生产要素分为（劳动）、（土地）、（资本）和（企业家才能）。
４、均衡价格是指一种商品的（需求）和（供给）相等时的价格，在图形上是（需求曲线）和（供给曲线）相交时的价格。
５、当边际产量等于零时，总产量（最大）；边际产量大于零时，总产量（增加）；边际产量小于零时，总产量（减少）。
６、需求不变，供给变动引起均衡价格成（反方向）变动，均衡数量成（同方向）变动。
７、需求是（购买意愿）和（支付能力）的统一。
８、供给曲线是一条向（右上方）倾斜的曲线。
三、选择答案（每小题2分，共20分）1、厂商不能根据生产规模变动调整全部生产要素的时期称为（A ） Ａ、短期； Ｂ、长期。
2、实证经济学和规范经济学的区别是（A ）： Ａ、研究的方法不同； Ｂ、研究的对象不同； Ｃ、研究的内容不同。
3、均衡价格是指（A ）。
Ａ、供给与需求相等时的价格；Ｂ、固定不变的价格； Ｃ、任何一种市场价格。
4、需求富有弹性的产品，需求价格弹性系数（A ）。
Ａ、大于１； Ｂ、等于１； Ｃ、小于１。
5、已知A 商品的价格为1.5元，B 商品价格为1元，如果消费者从这两种商品得到最大效用时，B 商品的边际效用是30，那么A 商品的边际效用应该是（C ）。
A 、20； B 、30； C 、456、供给的变动引起（B ）：A 、均衡价格和均衡数量同方向变动；B 、均衡价格反方向变动，均衡数量同方向变动；C 、均衡价格与均衡数量反方向变动。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Section I Listening Comprehension Part A(每题1分，共20分)Directions:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C. Remember, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET I.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections: For Quesstions1—5,you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)1、Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau Highest 12、altitude of the coastal plain 2 m3、Climate near the sea 3 humid4、Particularly rainy months of the years 4 April5、Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃ high 5 ℃Section I Part B(每题1分，共5分)Directions: For Questions 6-10,you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. ( 5 points )6、What is Saffo according to himself?7、The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and8、The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is9、To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and10、What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?Section I Part C（共三节，满分10分）Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D . After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. ( 10 points )Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11、What do we often do with the things we love?A.Ask for their names. babies after them.C.Put down their names.D.Choose names for them.12、 The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked ifA. the family tree is fairly limited.B. the family tie is strong enough.C.the name is commonly used.D.nobody in the family complains.13、 Several months after a baby’s birth, its name willA.show the beauty of its own.B.develop more associations.C.lose the original meaning.D.help form the baby’s personality.Questions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?A. 90.B .108.C.180.D. 668.15、In 1964, Bobby Moore was madeA.England’s footballer of the year.B.a soccer coach in West Germany.C.a medalist for his sportsmanship.D.a number of the Order of the British Empire.16、After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did wasA.editing Sunday Sport.B.working for Capital Radio.C.managing professional soccer teams.D.developing a sports marketing company.Questions 17-20 are based on the on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. Belfast has long been famous for itsA. oil refinery.B. linen textiles.C.food products.D. deepwater port.18、Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?A. Soap.B. Grain.C.Steel.D.Tobacco.19、When was Belfast founded?A. In 1177.B. In 1315.C.In the 16th century.D. In the 17th century.20、 What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?A. French refugees arrived.B. The harbor was destroyed.C.Shipbuilding began to flourish.D.The city was taken by the English.Section II Use of English（满分10分）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21)[] on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22)[] they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23)[] with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24)[] to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25)[] as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26)[] the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27)[] lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28)[] to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29)[] juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30)[] to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31)[] make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32)[] lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also(33)[] changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34)[], children are likely to have less supervision at home (35)[] was common in the traditional family (36)[]. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37)[] causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38)[] of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39)[] of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40)[] a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21、A. actingB. relyingC.centeringD. commenting22、A. beforeB. unlessC.untilD. because23、A. interactionsB. assimilationC.cooperationD. consultation24、A. returnB. replyC.referenceD. response25、A. orB. but ratherC.butD. or else26、A. consideringB. ignoringC.highlightingD. discarding27、A. onB. inC.forD. with28、A. immuneB. resistantC.sensitiveD. subject29、A. affectB. reduceC.chockD. reflect30、A. pointB. leadeD. amount31、A. in generalB. on averageC.by contrastD. at length32、A. caseB. shortC.turnD. essence33、A. survivedB. noticedC.undertakenD. experienced34、A. contrarilyB. consequentlyC.similarlyD. simultaneously35A.thanB. thatC.whichD. as36、A. systemB. structureC.conceptD. heritage37、A. assessableB. identifiableC.negligibleD. incredible38、A. expenseB. restrictionC.allocationD. availability39、A. incidenceB. awarenessC.exposureD. popularity40、A. providedB. sinceC. althoughD. supposingSection III Reading Comprehension Part A（满分40分）Directions: Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Passage 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,”says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openingscan be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.”says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do ——then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,”says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.“I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,”says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them ——and they do.“"On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41. How did Redmon find his job?A.By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in a database.C.By using a special service of a database.D.By E-mailing his resume to a database.42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?ck of counseling.B.Limited number of visits.C.Lower efficiency.D.Fewer successful matches.43、The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably meansA.advisory.pensation.C.interaction.D.reminder.44、Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A.To focus on better job matches.B.To attract more returning visits.C.To reserve space for more messages.D.To increase the rate of success.45、Which of the following is true according to the text?A.Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.B. Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C.Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Passage 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English namesare fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?A. A kind of overlooked inequality.B. A type of conspicuous bias.C. A type of personal prejudice.D. A kind of brand discrimination.47、What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48、The 4th paragraph suggests thatA.questions are often put to the more intelligent students.B.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.C.teachers should pay attention to all of their students.D.students should be seated according to their eyesight.49、What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Line 2-3, Paragraph 5)?A.They are getting impatient.B.They are noisily dozing off.C.They are feeling humiliated.D.They are busy with word puzzles.50、Which of the following is true according to the text?A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.B.VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.C.The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Passage 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” SoSpero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,”says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about.[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A now boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Passage 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized ——going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantlyproclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.60. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful.(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of asociety. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section Ⅳ Writing66. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing.2) interpret its meaning, and.3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)。
2004年在职教育硕士(教育学)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2004年在职教育硕士（教育学）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 选择题 2. 填空题 3. 名词解释 4. 判断题 5. 论述题 6. 案例分析题选择题每小题1分。
以下每道小题的备选答案中，只有一个是正确的。
1．教育形成自己相对独立形态的标志是( )。
A．人类社会的出现B．交往的出现C．学校的出现D．语言的出现正确答案：B2．17世纪的捷克教育家夸美纽斯强调教育的( )。
A．自然性B．社会性C．历史性D．世俗性正确答案：A3．孔子提出的“因材施教”符合个体身心发展的( )。
A．不平衡性要求B．个别差异性要求C．顺序性要求D．互补性要求正确答案：C4．19世纪末20世纪初，中国了解和引进西方教育学主要通过( )。
A．美国B．德国C．法国D．日本正确答案：D5．反映教育活动中人的个性化要求的现代教育特征是( )。
A．教育的民主化B．教育的全民化C．教育的多元化D．教育的终身化正确答案：C6．我国的班级授课制最早始于( )。
A．唐代B．民初C．清末D．新中国成立正确答案：B7．把教学过程分为“情景一问题一观察一解决一应用”等教学步骤的教育家是( )。
A．杜威B．夸美纽斯C．卢梭D．裴斯泰洛齐正确答案：D8．在思想道德建设上，明确提出“要把先进性要求同广泛性要求结合起来”的是( )。
A．1986年《中共中央关于社会主义精神文明建设指导方针的决议》B．：1996年《中共中央关于加强社会主义精神文明建设若干重大问题的决议》C．2001年《公民道德建设实施纲要》D．以上三个文件正确答案：A9．在社会学习理论中，观察学习又称“替代学习”或( )。
A．“行为习得”B．“模仿学习”C．“道德学习”D．“强化学习”正确答案：A10．涂尔干认为，德性的要素包括纪律精神、牺牲精神和( )。
A．合作精神B．正义感C．同情心D．意志自由正确答案：D填空题每小题1分。
请在下列各题的空白处填入合适的答案。
11．校园文化可以细分为校园的物质文化、组织制度文化、——以及课程活动文化。
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(四)试题及答案 .doc
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(四)试题及答案一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上） (1) 若5)(cos sin lim0=--→b x ae xx x ，则a =1，b =4-.【分析】本题属于已知极限求参数的反问题. 【详解】因为5)(cos sin lim0=--→b x a e xx x ，且0)(cos sin lim 0=-⋅→b x x x ，所以 0)(lim 0=-→a e x x ，得a = 1. 极限化为51)(cos lim )(cos sin lim00=-=-=--→→b b x x xb x a e x x x x ，得b = -4.因此，a = 1，b = -4.(2) 设1ln arctan 22+-=x xxe e e y ，则1121+-==e e dx dy x .【分析】本题为基础题型，先求导函数即可.【详解】因为)1ln(21arctan 2++-=xxe x e y ，111222++-+='x x xx e e e e y ， 所以，1121+-==e e dx dy x . (3) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥-<≤-=21,12121,)(2x x xe x f x ，则21)1(221-=-⎰dx x f .【分析】本题属于求分段函数的定积分，先换元：x - 1 = t ，再利用对称区间上奇偶函数 的积分性质即可.【详解】令x - 1 = t ， ⎰⎰⎰--==-121121221)()()1(dt x f dt t f dx x f＝21)21(0)1(12121212-=-+=-+⎰⎰-dx dx xe x .（4） 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=100001010A ，AP P B 1-=，其中P 为三阶可逆矩阵, 则=-220042A B ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-100030003 ．【分析】 将B 的幂次转化为A 的幂次, 并注意到2A 为对角矩阵即得答案. 【详解】因为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1000100012A , P A P B 200412004-=.故E EP P P A P B===--11002212004)(,=-220042A B ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-100030003.(5) 设()33⨯=ija A 是实正交矩阵，且111=a ，Tb )0,0,1(=，则线性方程组b Ax =的解是T)0,0,1(．【分析】利用正交矩阵的性质即可得结果. 【详解】因为 b A x 1-=, 而且()33⨯=ij a A 是实正交矩阵, 于是 1-=A A T , A 的每一个行(列)向量均为单位向量, 所以⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛===-0011312111a a a b A b A x T.(6) 设随机变量X 服从参数为λ的指数分布, 则=>}{DX X Pe1. 【分析】 根据指数分布的分布函数和方差立即得正确答案. 【详解】 由于21λDX =, X 的分布函数为 ⎩⎨⎧≤>-=-.0,0,0,1)(x x e x F x λ故=>}{DX X P =≤-}{1DX X P =≤-}1{1λX P )1(1λF -e1=.二、选择题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内） (7) 函数2)2)(1()2sin(||)(---=x x x x x x f 在下列哪个区间内有界. (A) (-1 , 0).(B) (0 , 1).(C) (1 , 2).(D) (2 , 3). [ A ]【分析】如f (x )在(a , b )内连续，且极限)(lim x f a x +→与)(lim x f b x -→存在，则函数f (x ) 在(a , b )内有界.【详解】当x ≠ 0 , 1 , 2时，f (x )连续，而183sin )(lim1-=+-→x f x ，42sin )(lim 0-=-→x f x ，42sin )(lim 0=+→x f x ，∞=→)(lim 1x f x ，∞=→)(lim 2x f x ， 所以，函数f (x )在(-1 , 0)内有界，故选(A).(8) 设f (x )在(-∞ , +∞)内有定义，且a x f x =∞→)(lim ，⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≠=0,00,)1()(x x xf xg ，则 (A) x = 0必是g (x )的第一类间断点. (B) x = 0必是g (x )的第二类间断点.(C) x = 0必是g (x )的连续点.(D) g (x )在点x = 0处的连续性与a 的取值有关. [ D ] 【分析】考查极限)(lim 0x g x →是否存在，如存在，是否等于g (0)即可，通过换元xu 1=， 可将极限)(lim 0x g x →转化为)(lim x f x ∞→.【详解】因为)(lim )1(lim )(lim 0u f x f x g u x x ∞→→→=== a (令xu 1=)，又g (0) = 0，所以，当a = 0时，)0()(lim 0g x g x =→，即g (x )在点x = 0处连续，当a ≠ 0时，)0()(lim 0g x g x ≠→，即x = 0是g (x )的第一类间断点，因此，g (x )在点x = 0处的连续性与a 的取值有关，故选(D). (9) 设f (x ) = |x (1 - x )|，则(A) x = 0是f (x )的极值点，但(0 , 0)不是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. (B) x = 0不是f (x )的极值点，但(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点.(C) x = 0是f (x )的极值点，且(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点.(D) x = 0不是f (x )的极值点，(0 , 0)也不是曲线y = f (x )的拐点. [ C ] 【分析】由于f (x )在x = 0处的一、二阶导数不存在，可利用定义判断极值情况， 考查f (x )在x = 0的左、右两侧的二阶导数的符号，判断拐点情况.【详解】设0 < δ < 1，当x ∈ (-δ , 0) ⋃ (0 , δ)时，f (x ) > 0，而f (0) = 0，所以x = 0是f (x ) 的极小值点.显然，x = 0是f (x )的不可导点. 当x ∈ (-δ , 0)时，f (x ) = -x (1 - x )，02)(>=''x f ，当x ∈ (0 , δ)时，f (x ) = x (1 - x )，02)(<-=''x f ，所以(0 , 0)是曲线y = f (x )的拐点.故选(C).(10) 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<-=>=0,10,00,1)(x x x x f ，⎰=x dt t f x F 0)()(，则(A) F (x )在x = 0点不连续.(B) F (x )在(-∞ , +∞)内连续，但在x = 0点不可导. (C) F (x )在(-∞ , +∞)内可导，且满足)()(x f x F ='.(D) F (x )在(-∞ , +∞)内可导，但不一定满足)()(x f x F ='.[ B ]【分析】先求分段函数f (x )的变限积分⎰=xdt t f x F 0)()(，再讨论函数F (x )的连续性与可导性即可.【详解】当x < 0时，x dt x F x-=-=⎰0)1()(；当x > 0时，x dt x F x==⎰01)(，当x = 0时，F (0) = 0. 即F (x ) = |x |，显然，F (x )在(-∞ , +∞)内连续，但在x = 0点不可导. 故选(B).(11) 设)(x f '在[a , b]上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则下列结论中错误的是 (A) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > f (a ). (B) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f > f (b ). (C) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f .(D) 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得)(0x f = 0.[ D ]【分析】利用介值定理与极限的保号性可得到三个正确的选项，由排除法可选出错误选项. 【详解】首先，由已知)(x f '在[a , b]上连续，且0)(,0)(<'>'b f a f ，则由介值定理， 至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈，使得0)(0='x f ；另外，0)()(lim)(>--='+→ax a f x f a f a x ，由极限的保号性，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得0)()(00>--ax a f x f ，即)()(0a f x f >. 同理，至少存在一点),(0b a x ∈使得)()(0b f x f >. 所以，(A) (B) (C)都正确，故选(D).(12) 设n 阶矩阵A 与B 等价, 则必须(A) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B =||. (B) 当)0(||≠=a a A 时, a B -=||. (C) 当0||≠A 时, 0||=B . (D) 当0||=A 时, 0||=B . [ D ] 【分析】 利用矩阵A 与B 等价的充要条件: )()(B r A r =立即可得.【详解】因为当0||=A 时, n A r <)(, 又A 与B 等价, 故n B r <)(, 即0||=B , 从而选 (D).(13) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布)1,0(N , 对给定的)1,0(∈α, 数αu 满足αu X P α=>}{, 若αx X P =<}|{|, 则x 等于(A) 2αu . (B) 21αu - . (C) 21αu-. (D) αu -1. [ B ]【分析】 利用标准正态分布密度曲线的对称性和几何意义即得. 【详解】 由αx X P =<}|{|, 以及标准正态分布密度曲线的对称性可得21}{αx X P -=>. 故正确答案为(B).(14) 设随机变量n X X X ,,,21 )1(>n 独立同分布，且方差02>σ．令随机变量∑==ni i X n Y 11， 则(A) 212)(σn n Y X D +=+． (B) 212)(σnn Y X D +=-． (C) nσY X Cov 21),(=． (D) 21),(σY X Cov =． [ C ]【分析】 利用协方差的性质立即得正确答案..【详解】 由于随机变量n X X X ,,,21 )1(>n 独立同分布, 于是可得),(1)1,(),(11111∑∑====ni i n i i X X Cov n X n X Cov Y X Cov),(1),(11111X X Cov nX X Cov n n i i ==∑=211)(1σnX D n ==. 故正确答案为(C).三、解答题(本题共9小题，满分94分. 解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.) (15) (本题满分8分)求)cos sin 1(lim 2220xxx x -→. 【分析】先通分化为“”型极限，再利用等价无穷小与罗必达法则求解即可. 【详解】xx xx x x x x x x 2222202220sin cos sin lim )cos sin 1(lim -=-→→ =30422044sin 212lim 2sin 41lim x xx x x x x x -=-→→. 346)4(21lim 64cos 1lim 22020==-=→→xx x x x x . (16) (本题满分8分)求⎰⎰++Dd y y x σ)(22，其中D 是由圆422=+y x 和1)1(22=++y x 所围成的平面区域(如图).【分析】首先，将积分区域D 分为大圆}4|),{(221≤+=y x y x D 减去小圆}1)1(|),{(222≤++=y x y x D ，再利用对称性与极坐标计算即可.【详解】令}1)1(|),{(},4|),{(222221≤++=≤+=y x y x D y x y x D ，由对称性，0=⎰⎰Dyd σ.⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+-+=+21222222D D Dd y x d y x d y x σσσ⎰⎰⎰⎰--=θπππθθcos 20223220220dr r d dr r d .)23(916932316-=-=ππ所以，)23(916)(22-=++⎰⎰πσDd y y x . (17) (本题满分8分)设f (u , v )具有连续偏导数，且满足uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(.求),()(2x x f e x y x -=所满足的一阶微分方程，并求其通解.【分析】先求y '，利用已知关系uv v u f v u f v u='+'),(),(，可得到关于y 的一阶微分方程. 【详解】x v x ux x e x y x x f e x x f e x x f e y 222222),(),(),(2----+-='+'+-='， 因此，所求的一阶微分方程为x e x y y 222-=+'.解得 x dxx dx e C x C dx e e x e y 232222)31()(---+=+⎰⎰=⎰(C 为任意常数).(18) (本题满分9分) 设某商品的需求函数为Q = 100 - 5P ，其中价格P ∈ (0 , 20)，Q 为需求量. (I) 求需求量对价格的弹性d E (d E > 0)；(II) 推导)1(d E Q dPdR-=(其中R 为收益)，并用弹性d E 说明价格在何范围内变化时， 降低价格反而使收益增加. 【分析】由于d E > 0，所以dP dQ Q P E d =；由Q = PQ 及dPdQQ P E d =可推导 )1(d E Q dPdR-=. 【详解】(I) PPdP dQ Q P E d -==20. (II) 由R = PQ ，得)1()1(d E Q dPdQ Q P Q dP dQ P Q dP dR -=+=+=. 又由120=-=PPE d ，得P = 10.当10 < P < 20时，d E > 1，于是0<dPdR，故当10 < P < 20时，降低价格反而使收益增加.【评注】当d E > 0时，需求量对价格的弹性公式为dPdQQ P dP dQ Q P E d -==. 利用需求弹性分析收益的变化情况有以下四个常用的公式：Qdp E dR d )1(-=，Q E dpdRd )1(-=，p E dQ dR d )11(-=， d E EpER-=1(收益对价格的弹性).(19) (本题满分9分)设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤=-0,0,)(22x ex e x F x x ，S 表示夹在x 轴与曲线y = F (x )之间的面积. 对任何t > 0，)(1t S 表示矩形-t ≤ x ≤ t ，0 ≤ y ≤ F (t )的面积. 求(I) S (t ) = S -)(1t S 的表达式；(II) S (t )的最小值.【分析】曲线y = F (x )关于y 轴对称，x 轴与曲线y = F (x )围成一无界区域，所以， 面积S 可用广义积分表示. 【详解】(I) 120202=-==+∞-∞+-⎰x xedx e S ，t te t S 212)(-=，因此t te t S 221)(--=，t ∈ (0 , +∞). (II) 由于t e t t S 2)21(2)(---='，故S (t )的唯一驻点为21=t ， 又t e t t S 2)1(8)(--=''，04)21(>=''eS ，所以，eS 11)21(-=为极小值，它也是最小值.(20) (本题满分13分)设线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++++=+++=+++,14)4()2(3,022,0432143214321x x μx λx x x x x x x μx λx 已知T)1,1,1,1(--是该方程组的一个解，试求(Ⅰ) 方程组的全部解，并用对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系表示全部解； (Ⅱ) 该方程组满足32x x =的全部解．【分析】 含未知参数的线性方程组的求解, 当系数矩阵为非方阵时一般用初等行变换法化增广矩阵为阶梯形, 然后对参数进行讨论. 由于本题已知了方程组的一个解, 于是可先由它来(部分)确定未知参数.【详解】 将T)1,1,1,1(--代入方程组，得μλ=．对方程组的增广矩阵A 施以初等行变换, 得⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------→⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=1212)12(2001131012011422302112011λλλλλλλλλλA ，(Ⅰ) 当21≠λ时，有 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--→2121100212101001001A ， 43)()(<==A r A r ，故方程组有无穷多解，且T ξ)0,21,21,0(0-=为其一个特解，对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系为 Tη)2,1,1,2(--=，故方程组的全部解为T T k ηk ξξ)2,1,1,2()0,21,21,0(0--+-=+= (k 为任意常数)．当21=λ时，有⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--→00000113102121101A ，42)()(<==A r A r ，故方程组有无穷多解，且T ξ)0,0,1,21(0-=为其一个特解，对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系为 Tη)0,1,3,1(1-=，Tη)2,0,2,1(2--=,故方程组的全部解为T T T k k ηk ηk ξξ)2,0,2,1()0,1,3,1()0,0,1,21(2122110--+-+-=++=(21,k k 为任意常数)．(Ⅱ) 当21≠λ时，由于32x x =，即 k k -=+-2121，解得 21=k ， 故方程组的解为T T T ξ)1,0,0,1()2,1,1,2(21)0,21,21,1(-=--+-= ．当21=λ时， 由于32x x =，即121231k k k =--， 解得 212141k k -=，故方程组的全部解为 T T T k k ξ)2,0,2,1()0,1,3,1)(2141()0,0,1,21(22--+--+-=T T k )2,21,21,23()0,41,41,41(2---+-=， (2k 为任意常数)．(2) 对于题(Ⅱ), 实际上就是在原来方程组中增加一个方程, 此时新的方程组当21≠λ时有惟一解, 当21=λ时有无穷多解. (3) 在题(Ⅱ)中，当21=λ时，解得12221k k -=，方程组的全部解也可以表示为T T k ξ)4,1,1,3()1,0,0,1(1-+-=， (1k 为任意常数)．(21) (本题满分13分)设三阶实对称矩阵A 的秩为2，621==λλ是A 的二重特征值．若T α)0,1,1(1=, T α)1,1,2(2=, T α)3,2,1(3--=, 都是A 的属于特征值6的特征向量．(Ⅰ) 求A 的另一特征值和对应的特征向量；(Ⅱ) 求矩阵A ． 【分析】 由矩阵A 的秩为2, 立即可得A 的另一特征值为0. 再由实对称矩阵不同特征值所对应的特征向量正交可得相应的特征向量, 此时矩阵A 也立即可得.【详解】 (Ⅰ) 因为621==λλ是A 的二重特征值，故A 的属于特征值6的线性无关的特征向量有2个．由题设知Tα)0,1,1(1=，Tα)1,1,2(2=为A 的属于特征值6的线性无关特征向量．又A 的秩为2，于是0||=A ，所以A 的另一特征值03=λ．设03=λ所对应的特征向量为T x x x α),,(321=，则有 01=ααT ，02=ααT，即⎩⎨⎧=++=+,02,032121x x x x x得基础解系为Tα)1,1,1(-=，故A 的属于特征值03=λ全部特征向量为T k αk )1,1,1(-= (k 为任意不为零的常数)．(Ⅱ) 令矩阵),,(21αααP =，则⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-0661AP P ，所以1066-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=P P A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=3131313231311100661******** ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=422242224． (22) (本题满分13分)设A ,B 为两个随机事件,且41)(=A P , 31)|(=AB P , 21)|(=B A P , 令 ⎩⎨⎧=不发生，，发生，A A X 0,1 ⎩⎨⎧=.0,1不发生，发生，B B Y 求(Ⅰ) 二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率分布; (Ⅱ) X 与Y 的相关系数 XY ρ; (Ⅲ) 22Y X Z +=的概率分布.【分析】本题的关键是求出),(Y X 的概率分布，于是只要将二维随机变量),(Y X 的各取值对转化为随机事件A 和B 表示即可．【详解】 (Ⅰ) 因为 121)|()()(==A B P A P AB P ， 于是 61)|()()(==B A P AB P B P ， 则有 121)(}1,1{====AB P Y X P ， 61)()()(}0,1{=-====AB P A P B A P Y X P ， 121)()()(}1,0{=-====AB P B P B A P Y X P ，32)]()()([1)(1)(}0,0{=-+-=⋃-=⋅===AB P B P A P B A P B A P Y X P ， ( 或 32121611211}0,0{=---===Y X P )，即),(Y X 的概率分布为：(Ⅱ) 方法一：因为 41)(==A P EX ，61)(==B P EY ，121)(=XY E ， 41)(2==A P EX ，61)(2==B P EY ，163)(22=-=EX EX DX ，165)(22=-=EY EY DY ，241)(),(=-=EXEY XY E Y X Cov ，所以X 与Y 的相关系数 1515151),(==⋅=DYDX Y X Cov ρXY ． 方法二： X, Y 的概率分布分别为X 0 1 Y 0 1P 43 41 P 65 61 则61,41==EY EX ，163=DX ，DY=365, E(XY)=121,故 241)(),(=⋅-=EY EX XY E Y X Cov ，从而.1515),(=⋅=DYDX Y X Cov XY ρ (Ⅲ) Z 的可能取值为：0，1，2 ．32}0,0{}0{=====Y X P Z P ， 41}1,0{}0,1{}1{===+====Y X P Y X P Z P ， 121}1,1{}2{=====Y X P Z P ， 即Z 的概率分布为：(23) (本题满分13分)设随机变量X 在区间)1,0(上服从均匀分布，在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，随机变量Y 在区间),0(x 上服从均匀分布，求(Ⅰ) 随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度； (Ⅱ) Y 的概率密度； (Ⅲ) 概率}1{>+Y X P ．【分析】正确理解已知条件, 即条件密度是求解本题的关键. 【详解】 (Ⅰ) X 的概率密度为⎩⎨⎧<<=其他，，，010,1)(x x f X在)10(<<=x x X 的条件下，Y 的条件概率密度为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<=其他，，，00,1)|(|x y x x y f X Y当10<<<x y 时，随机变量X 和Y 的联合概率密度为 xx y f x f y x f X Y X 1)|()(),(|== 在其它点),(y x 处，有0),(=y x f ，即⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<<<=．x y x y x f 其他，，010,1),((Ⅱ) 当10<<y 时，Y 的概率密度为⎰⎰-===+∞∞-1ln 1),()(y Y y dx xdx y x f y f ； 当0≤y 或1≥y 时，0)(=y f Y ．因此 ⎩⎨⎧<<-=．y y y f Y 其他，，010,ln )((Ⅲ) ⎰⎰⎰⎰->+==>+xx Y X dy xdx dxdy y x f Y X P 112111),(}1{2ln 1)12(121-=-=⎰dx x ．。
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浙江大学2004－2005学年秋季学期期终考试硕士生《人工智能》试卷（开卷）考试时间：120 分钟开课学院计算机学院专业____________姓名______________ 学号_____________ 成绩_____________一、单项选择题（在每小题列出的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确的答案，并将其号码填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共30分）1．下面关于AI萌芽及理论准备阶段的论述不正确的是：（）A、亚里士多德提出了演绎法和归纳法等著名的思维法则和形式逻辑。
B、莱布尼兹提出了对思维和推理进行形式逻辑符号化的数理逻辑。
C、哥德尔深入研究了形式逻辑的可判定性和完备性，并从理论上证明了将人的思维和推理形式化和机械化是存在某些极限的。
D、香农信息论认为人的思维和推理过程能通过信息熵的形式加以量化研究。
2．下面关于Stanford大学教授Feigenbaum在AI界所做的重要贡献论述不正确的是：（）A、彻底推翻了有些著名的AI专家企图建立万能的逻辑体系的设想B、提出了知识工程、专家系统及其开发工具C、主持开发了一个以知识为基础的专家咨询系统MYCIND、及时恢复了AI的社会形象并有力地推动了AI的发展进程3．与一般的分布式人工智能（DAI）系统相比，多Agents系统的最显著特点是：（）A、既没有全局控制，也没有全局的数据和知识存储，在逻辑和物理上都是分布的。
B、这是一种典型的利用多个问题求解单元实现自底向上并行协作的系统。
C、各个问题求解单元通过计算机网络实现协作、协调和协商等功能。
D、适合于求解那些超出单个问题求解单元能力的较复杂问题。
4．相对而言，下面哪一种语言不是很适用于多Agents之间的通信？（）A、KQMLB、FIPA ACLC、JavaD、Open GL5．对于复合型的谓词公式{[HUMAN(X) →LAWED(X)] →[COMMIT(X) →PUNISHED(X)]}，已知X= 猎狗，且COMMIT(猎狗)不成立，则上述整个谓词公式的真值为：（）A、真B、假C、不可判定D、还需要其它附加条件6． 下面哪一项是G=(∃x)(∀y)(∃z) ((~P(x, y) ∧ Q(x, z)) ∨ R(x, y, z))经过SKOLEM标准形转换后所得的子句集？ （ ） A 、S= {(~P(a, b) ∨ R(a, y, b)) , (Q(a, b) ∨ R(a, y, b))} B 、S= {(~P(a, y) ∨ R(a, y, z)) , (Q(a, z) ∨ R(a, y, z))}C 、S= {(~P(a, y) ∨ R(a, y, f(a, y))) , (Q(a, f(a, y)) ∨ R(a, y, f(a, y)))}D 、S= {(~P(a, y) ∨ R(a, y, f(y))) , (Q(a, f(y)) ∨ R(a, y, f(y)))})7．下面哪一项是子句集S={R(b) ∨ P(z), Q(f(a, z))}的Herbrand 域？ （ ）A 、}b)), f(a, f(a, a)),f(a, f(a, b), f(a, a), f(a, b, {a,H ⋯=∞B 、} a)),f(a, f(a, b),f(b, a),f(b, b), f(a, a), f(a, b, {a,H ⋯=∞C 、a)),...}f(a, f(a, b), f(a, a), f(a, Q(a), P(a), R(b), b, {a,H =∞D 、...} b), f(a, a), f(a, a)),Q(f(a, P(a), R(b), b, {a,H =∞8．下面哪一项不属于20世纪70～80年代出现的非单调推理三大流派之一？（ ）A 、限定推理B 、默认（缺省）逻辑C 、自认知逻辑D 、模态逻辑9． 在选择知识表示方法时，下面哪一项原则不一定要遵循？ （ ）A 、应能充分表示领域知识B 、越简单越好C 、便于知识的组织、管理、利用和维护D 、便于理解和实现10．下面哪一项不属于产生式系统的三大组成部分之一？ （ ）A 、真值维护系统B 、综合数据库C 、规则库D 、推理机11．下面哪一种方法不很适于表达存在因果关系的知识？ （ ）A 、产生式表示法B 、Petri 网C 、Bayesian Belief NetworksD 、框架表示法 12．下面哪一项不属于贝叶斯网络的主要优点（与朴素贝叶斯分类器和全概率公式相比）？ （ ） A 、可表述变量的一个子集上的条件独立性假设，提供了一种折衷方案 B 、比朴素贝叶斯分类器中条件独立性的全局假定限制更少，故更符合实际 C 、无需在所有变量中计算条件依赖，故其效率比全概率计算方法更高 D 、贝叶斯信念网是一种效率、精度都很高的最优分类器13．在隐马尔可夫模型（HMM ）中，若已给定观测序列和模型，现要求选择一个状态序列使得它能最合理地解释所给定的观测序列，这时应选择下面哪个算法？ （ ） A 、前向－后向算法 B 、Viterbi 算法C 、后向传播算法D 、Baum-Welch 算法14．与人工神经网络相比，下面哪一项不是支持向量机的独特优点？（）A、以结构风险最小化原则替代经验风险最小化原则，具有坚实的数学依据B、解决了人工神经网络中经常出现的欠学习和过学习问题C、解决了线性不可分的训练数据集的分类问题D、一般来说，支持向量机的模式识别正确率比人工神经网络更高15．下面哪一种方法或算法不属于AI中的仿生生物学方法或算法？（）A、人工神经网络B、遗传算法C、蚂蚁算法D、模拟退火算法二、判断题（判断下列各题是否正确，正确的在括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。
每小题1.5分，共15分）1．试探性的搜索、启发式的、不精确的、模糊的、甚至允许出现错误的推理方法才更符合人类的思维过程。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）2．谓词公式G与其子句集S不仅在不可满足的意义上是一致的，而且它们是等值的。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）3．只要不是无穷多的样本数据都属于统计学习理论及SVM中所指的“小样本”。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）4．在使用归结原理时可以同时消去两个互补对。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）5．一个推理系统中的所有对象的出现概率符合平均分配规律时，意味着其熵值是最小的。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）6．概率测度、必然性测度、可能性测度三者之间的交集为空，而且从本质上说，它们都属于模糊测度。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）7．Bayes方法、HMM、证据理论、可信度方法、启发式搜索等都属于基于概率统计的不确定性推理方法。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）8．美国AI之父McCarthy提出的限定推理既是一种典型的非单调逻辑，又是一种有代表性的非单调推理方法。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯（）9．基于范例的推理方法（CBR）在CAD领域有较大的用途。
⋯⋯⋯（）10．知识表示是设计和开发智能系统时必须首先面临的难点之一。
⋯（）三、计算题（共55分）1．（本题20分）假设在2001年美国发生“911事件”之前，布什总统分别接到美国中央情报局（CIA）和国家安全局（NSA）两大情报机构发来的绝密情报，其内容是关于中东地区的某些国家或组织企图对美国实施突然的恐怖袭击。
CIA 和NSA 得到的证据如表1所示。
表1 美国CIA 和NSA 两大情报机构在“911事件”前所掌握的证据试计算并回答下列问题：（1）请直接利用Dempster 证据合成公式计算表1中的所有“？”内容。
（本小题5分）（2）有人提出如下基本概率分配BPA （即mass 函数值）的Bayes 近似计算公式：请根据上述公式重新调整表1中的BPA 分布，并利用Dempster 证据合成公式重新计算调整后的表1中的所有“？”内容。
（本小题10分） （3）试分析比较利用上述两种方法所得的计算结果，请简要说明理由。
（本小题5分）()()()||0,A BC m B A m A m C C ⊆⊆Θ⎧⎪⎪=⋅⎨⎪⎪⎩∑∑，若是单个假设集合否则2．（本题15分）长期以来，中东局势一直动荡不安且变幻莫测，有人对该地区的局势进行了较深入的研究，并总结出中东局势所牵涉的主要国家/地区及其关心的主要问题，如表2所示。
表2 中东局势所牵涉的主要国家/地区及其关心的主要问题（无决策属性）试计算下列问题：（1）请根据Rough Set理论中的近似分类质量（Quality of approximation of partition）计算公式分别计算属性a, b, c, d, e的分类质量增益，即上述每个属性对分类质量的贡献大小。
（本小题10分）（2）请在问题（1）的基础上指出中东地区应迫切解决的最核心问题，即给出该问题的“核”（Core）。
（本小题3分）（3）请在问题（1）和（2）的基础上给出该问题的所有可能约简（Reduction）。
（本小题2分）3．（本题10分）在上述表2中，若增加一列决策属性（即联合国大会的决议），即可得到有决策属性的信息表，如图3所示。
表3 中东局势所牵涉的主要国家/地区及其关心的主要问题（有决策属性）试利用Rough Set理论中的相关原理及公式计算下列问题：（本题共计10分）（1）试写出根据决策属性f所得到的等价类。
（本小题2分）（2）设P = {a, c}，试分别计算决策属性f分别为Reject和Accept时的下近似P X和上近似P X。
（本小题3分）（3）请写出差别矩阵（Discernibility Matrix），并给出“核”（Core）。
（本小题3分）（4）请根据差别函数计算属性约简，并给出最佳约简属性。
（本小题2分）4．（本题10分）针对上述表3中的数据，试根据Shannon信息熵计算公式和决策树中的ID3算法求解下列问题：（1）请分别选择a, b, c, d, e作为测试属性时，试求出它们的条件熵。
（本小题5分）（2）请画出依据信息熵和ID3算法对表3中给出的实例集所生成的决策树。
（本小题5分）。