英语单词的上下义关系

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专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征(Design Features):语言的甄别特征(Design Features)包括:1. 任意性(Arbitrariness)2. 能产性(Productivity)3. 双层性(Duality)4. 移位性(Replacement)5. 文化传承(Cultural transmission)二.语言学的主要分支(the Main Branches of Linguistics):1. 语音学(phonetics):用以研究语音的特点,并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。

2. 音系学(phonology):研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。

3. 形态学(morphology):研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

4. 句法学(syntax):用以研究词是被如何组成句子,以及支配句子构成的学科。

5. 语义学(semantics):研究语言意义的学科。

6. 语用学(pragmatics):研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。

7. 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics):主要包括社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)、心理语言学(Psycholinguistics)、人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics)、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics)。

三.语言学的流派(Different Approaches of Linguistics):1. 结构主义语言学(Structural Lingustics):1.1 布拉格学派(The Prague School)1.2 哥本哈根学派(The Copenhagen School)1.3 美国结构主义学派(American Structuralism)以上三个学派都受到索绪尔(Saussure)的影响,例如都区分语言和言语(Langue vs. Parole),共时和历时(Synchronic vs. Diachronic)。

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。

首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素(Morphemes)单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。

专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点

语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征(Design Features):语言的甄别特征(Design Features)包括:1. 任意性(Arbitrariness)2. 能产性(Productivity)3. 双层性(Duality)4. 移位性(Replacement)5. 文化传承(Cultural transmission)二.语言学的主要分支(the Main Branches of Linguistics):1. 语音学(phonetics):用以研究语音的特点,并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。

2. 音系学(phonology):研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。

3. 形态学(morphology):研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

4. 句法学(syntax):用以研究词是被如何组成句子,以及支配句子构成的学科。

5. 语义学(semantics):研究语言意义的学科。

6. 语用学(pragmatics):研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。

7. 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics):主要包括社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)、心理语言学(Psycholinguistics)、人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics)、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics)。

三.语言学的流派(Different Approaches of Linguistics):1. 结构主义语言学(Structural Lingustics):1.1 布拉格学派(The Prague School)1.2 哥本哈根学派(The Copenhagen School)1.3 美国结构主义学派(American Structuralism)以上三个学派都受到索绪尔(Saussure)的影响,例如都区分语言和言语(Langue vs. Parole),共时和历时(Synchronic vs. Diachronic)。

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学、定义1. semantics 语义学:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的将研究。

二、知识点5.2 Different views of meaning 意义研究的不同观点521 The naming theory命名论(by 希腊Scholar Plato)The naming theory命名论:Words are just names or labels for thin gs词语只不过是其代表的事物的名字或标记。

Eg. desk—a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs.The limitations of this theory 局限性:1. This theory seems applicable to nouns only这一理论看起来仅适用于名词(Some words are definitelynot lables of object:eg. jump, quickly, pretty, an d, i n,hearted, thi nk, hard, slowly …)2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world: ghost,grago n, un icorn麒麟.有些名词是指世界中根本就不存在的事物。

3. Nouns that do not refer to physical object, but abstract notions such asjoy and impulse有些名词并不是指实物性的物体,而是指:joy, impulse 刺激,这样的抽象概念。

6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义汇总

6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义汇总

• • • •
代表整体的词:holonym 代表局部的词:meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词 e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词

Plant
• leaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot • • Petal stamen
semantic component.
( Jost Trier / German 1930’s)
• words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic component
(between the genus(类概念) and the species(种概念).
Note:***---grammatical structure: • He likes dogs and other animals. • There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. • I like all fruits except bananas. • She reads books all day---mostly novels.
semantic field theory 语义场理论 • vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common

上下义关系和上下位关系英语

上下义关系和上下位关系英语

上下义关系和上下位关系英语
上下义关系和上下位关系是语言学中重要的概念,尤其是在词汇的定义和分类方面。

上下义关系指的是同义词或近义词之间的关系,例如“car”和“automobile”就是上下义关系;而上下位关系则是指一种事物比另一种事物更加具体或更加抽象的关系,例如“cat”是“animal”的下位词,“animal”是“cat”的上位词。

在英语中,上下义关系和上下位关系都是非常常见的。

对于英语学习者来说,熟悉这些概念并能够正确使用它们对于扩大词汇量和提高语言表达能力都是非常有帮助的。

- 1 -。

英语单词的上下义关系解析

英语单词的上下义关系解析
I like all fruits except bananas.
She reads book all day –mostly novels.
Distinction: Hyponymy and Meronymy
Meronymy [mərə‘nɪmɪ] n.
the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole 整体部分关系
I met a writer who is the relation of a politician. I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother
of Senator Buckley.
Subordinates: concrete precise vivid Superordinate: general vague
例:消防队——消防员 班级——学生 大学——系 医院——外科
★不是上下义关系
Reference
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下义词
Hyperonym (superordinate)
上义词
Example
rose lily
tulip
……
flower
Exampleparrots Nhomakorabeaarrow
oriole
……
bird
Attention:
Hyponymy can be describes in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinate.

词义关系ppt课件

词义关系ppt课件

stuffy air stale bread faded flower tired look
二、反义关系
4、反义词的应用: 把反义词放在一起用,使两个词相得益彰,可产
生对比强烈、形象鲜明的效果。
英语中有一类成对词就是用反义词组成的。英语 成语和谚语中成对地使用反义词:
二、反义关系
weal and woe long and short
4、同义词的辨析
Differences in stylistic level Your report on child abuse has evoked serious
concern. He gave a vivid account of the car accident.
Report:Formal. often used to refer to information about recent events, esp. in newspapers and on television and radio; what’s in it is often more or less authoritative.
美术家?也就是说一个词的某个词义可能包括在?另一个词义中属于下义关系hyponymy?详参第六单元三下义关系和分类关系一下义关系英语中有些词在意义性质特征类别等方面下属于另一个表示较大范畴的词这些词叫做下义词hyponym
第六单元 词义关系
同义关系
词义关系
反义关系
上下义关系和分类关系
一、同义关系
意义(概念)l:ooodbTfjeohcritsaivlhlecoaombnoteuelxyt ttsh/,euasngidlzyevoouflgdsatmhr.w.aonridss are little:usiemdpatloyfiasnhmgoaowufeosenmlein’sugcsooicfniftaoenmd. pntefsosr,baensdidoefstethne

英语词汇学第6章

英语词汇学第6章

➢Synchronic approach共时研究方法
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看,在同一个历史时期,同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。
• 2) Relative synonyms
Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
➢ The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
Ask
commenceascendFirefirm
conflagration
Fear
question
secure
Fast
mount
initiate
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合

词汇学名词解释2

词汇学名词解释2

词汇学名词解释21、英语词汇概述:(8%)(1)英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展:英语的谱系关系;英语的三个发展阶段。

(2)英语词汇的构成:基本词汇与专⽤词汇;英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。

(3)英语词汇的三⼤特点:数量⼤、来源⼴、变化多。

‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.(1)All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。

英语语言学同义关系

英语语言学同义关系

同义关系Sense relations(词义关系)can be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. 词义关系的类型有以下几种,分别是Synonymy(同义关系)、Hyponymy(上下义关系)、Antonymy(反义关系)、Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)。

本讲中,我们主要介绍Synonymy——同义关系。

一、主要内容(重难点已着重标出)1、Synonyms and its sources;通常我们把同义关系定义为两个或以上有相同意义的关系的词,这样的词叫做同义词(Synonym)。

它的来源主要有:Borrowing、dialects 、idiomatic expressions。

2、Types of synonyms;完全同义词(absolute、exact、perfect synonyms)和部分同义词(near、partial、loose synonyms).3、Semantically synonymous field(同义词语义场);Based on semantic similarity, synonyms are usually arranged into synonymic groups or sets. Within this groups there is the most general term known as “synonymic dominant”(主导同义词). The synonymic dominant is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group(同义词群),which can be called a semantical一synonymous fields.4、Significance of synonymy;General——specific and accurate; Monotony——vivid and alternative; Direct——euphemistic and acceptable5、Discrimination of Synonyms(同义词辨析).同义词的差异实际上就是比较词义间的不同性,而这种不同性又不足以破坏词义概念间的相同性。

英语词汇学复习要点(不过就难啊)

英语词汇学复习要点(不过就难啊)

1.Motivation 分类:onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据, morphological motivation形态理据, semantic motivation语义理据, etymological motivation词源理据.2. Types of meaning:grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)Associative meaning : 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.3. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.4.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning fromanother, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones (some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person;deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.5. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.6. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of Synonyms1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions如何区分同义词?1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application7.What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.8.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaningof a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes9.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation,elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).10.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to covera broader or less词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense;词义的升格Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense;词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,;11.词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a differentbut related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 12.语境的种类:非语言语境。

英语单词三步曲

英语单词三步曲

单词三部曲英语单词本身代表着什么;对于英语学习者来说,英语单词又代表着什么;英语单词在整个英语习得占据着什么样的地位;为了能够更好的掌握英语单词,英语的深度和广度到底是什么,它们对英语的习得又有什么样影响。

下面就是要解决这些问题,也针对这些问题提出了一些相应的简单的建议。

在文中,并提出了学习英语的两种境界:音形灵活转换和看字名义,这两种境界仅供英语学习者参考,如要进入的话,需要自己长期的努力,也需要旁人的指导,愿大家共勉。

为了能够更好的掌握文中的框架和主要内容,下面提供了简单的目录供大家学习和参考。

1、英语单词英语单词的理解2、英语单词的深度和广度2.1英语单词的深度2.1.1发音系统2.1.2组合系统2.1.3含义系统2.1.4语用系统2.1.5词缀系统2.1.6上下义系统2.1.7同反系统2.2英语单词的广度及方法:2.1英语单词广度的含义2.2到达英语广度的方法2.2.1音标记忆法2.2.2组块记忆法2.2.3构词记忆法2.2.4种属记忆法2.2.5语用记忆法3、英语单词的境界3.1音形灵活转换3.1.1识别和准确掌握48个英语英标和26个英语字母的发音方式。

3.1.2识别和记忆英语英标中常见英标组合与英语字母的对应关系3.1.3学会音节的划分3.1.3.1音节的种类3.1.3.2音节划分的一般规则3.2看字明义3.2.1英语单词字首的简单归纳3.2.2英语单词字尾的简要归纳3.2.3英语单词字根的简要归纳英语单词英语单词什么,对于这个问题,在语言学领域这是一个必须要回答的基本问题。

但是作为普通人,我们用不着像语言学家那样用细致又精确的语言来的解释,因而这里我要谈的是在普通英语学习者的眼中英语单词究竟代表着那些意思。

我们就拿form来举个例子,假如第一次接触这个英语单词,我们看见的是四个字母按固定的顺序排列组成的英语组合,进一步我们会通过视觉或听觉获取与它相对应的一个独特的发音方式。

既已知晓form的发音方式和字形,我们就得如何正确使用form,也就是要求我们在实际场合中运用form并到达相应的语言效果,使用form的形式要么以书写的方式,要么以口头的方式。

教师资格证考试-笔试-《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高中)-教材知识点整理-前半部分

教师资格证考试-笔试-《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高中)-教材知识点整理-前半部分

【所使用的教材信息】:2019年下半年考试使用的教材;【注意】:打印前请注意排版以及文档中图片的大小是否合适;因内容较多,分成两个文档,这是前半部分!第一部分英语语言知识第一章语音知识第一节字母、音素和音标一、英文字母1、英文字母的发音:2、英文字母的分类:二、英语音素1、音素:音素是音的最小的单位,英语中有48个音素,按照发音时气流是否受阻,分为元音音素(20个)和辅音音素(28 个);2、元音音素的分类:①单元音和双元音:②根据设最高部分的位置,单元音可分为:③根据发音的长短,单元音可分为:④根据唇的圆展,单元音可分为:⑤根据舌抬起的高度,单元音可以分为:⑥根据口形的大小,单元音可分为:3、辅音因素的分类:①根据发音方式,辅音可分为:②根据发音部位,辅音可分为:③根据声带振动与否,辅音可分为:三、英语音标1、音标:音标是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号;其制定规则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,而一个音标并不只表示一个音素;目前我国通用的国际音标共有48个,其中,元音音标20个,辅音音标28个;2、标音法:无声子音【p, k, t】在【s】后面会丧失送气的现象,如:peak和speak,其宽式标音是:/pi:k/和/spi:k/,其严式标音是:【phi:k】和【spi:k】;第二节语音是的结合及其变化一、音节1、音节:音节是读音的基本单位,一个元音音素可以构成一个音节,一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节;一般来说,辅音音素不响亮,不能构成音节,但阴雨辅音音素中有一些响音,他们和辅音音素结合,也可以构成音节,如:[m][n][n][l]等;2、音节的划分:几个拼起来发音的字母较一个“音节”,音节有开音节、闭音节、半开音节之分,不同的单词有不同的音节划分;常见的划分音节的方法如下:3、音节的类型:⑴单音节:单音节词都重读;⑵双音节;⑶三音节;⑷多音节;⑸成音节:一个辅音因素加上一个/l/或/m/或/n/,构成成音节;4、重读音节:⑴开音节:包括绝对开音节和相对开音节;①绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节;如:me;②相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音的字母e组成的重读音节;如:name;⑵闭音节:单个元音字母后面有辅音字母(r, w, y除外)且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节;如:bag;⑶-r音节:元音字母+r;如:car;⑷-re音节:元音字母+re;三、语音现象1、连读:在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读;连读符号是:~;连读的类型如下:①辅音+元音:②元音+元音:③辅音+辅音:④r/re+元音:如果前一个词以r或re结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这时r/re要与后面的元音拼起来连读;如:They‘re my father~and mother.⑤不可连读:当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读;2、爆破:①爆破;⑥爆破类型;3、重读:⑵句子重读:在句子中,一般重读的是实词,如名词、动词、形容词、副词等,不重读的多为虚词,如冠词、连词、感叹词等;4、弱读:5、语调:英语中有五种基本语调:升调()、降调()、升降调()、降升调()、平调();⑵降调:陈述句、特殊疑问句、表示命令的祈使句、问候用语、感谢用语以及感叹句一般都用降调;在并列句中,若前后两个分句关系紧密且是顺承关系,则用升降调,若两个分句同等重要,或联系不紧密,则都用降调;⑶升降调:主要用语表达“蔑视、嘲笑、惊奇、自满得意”等;⑷降升调:用来表示“不肯定、话中有话”,还可表示“警告、安慰、鼓励”等;6、同化:7、英美发音的区别:第二章词汇知识(看教材)第三章词法知识+第四章句法知识—会陆续单独整理第五章语言学知识第一节语言学绪论一、语言1、语言定义:语言是言语交际(verbal communication)的一种方式,是人类用于交流的一种任意的声音符号系统(a system of arbitrary vocal symbols)。

论上下义理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

论上下义理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

图3school map
在展示该图片之后,可鼓励学生试着描述所看到的建筑,如:
(4)This is a map of our school. On the left right of the gate is the office building and behind this is the classroom building. Behind the classroom building is the library.
通过让学生尝试像例(4)这样的描述,不仅可以使他们结合相关语法和句型即there be句型,提高了其英语口语表达能力,还提高了他们的词汇习得能力。

在本情境中,学校(school)是由各个部分构成的,如大门(gate),办公楼(office building),教学楼(classroom building),图书馆(library)等,这符合广义上的上下义关系,即下义词为某事物之部分(part of X)。

通过图片描述,在愉快的环境中学生用上下义关系巩固上义词school和下义词gate,office building,classroom building,library等。

这种教学活动,既培养了学生的观察力,也促进了词汇学习,培养了分类学习策略,进而达到了一举多得的课堂教学效果。

英语词汇学

英语词汇学

• 2. Dialects and regional English: • relative synonyms in British and American usage • British American lift elevator car park parking lot
• Types of synonyms • 1. Complete or absolute synonyms(完全/绝对同 义词):It refers to the two words are totally synonymous and they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g. • fatherland -- motherland, word-formation -- wordbuilding. • 2. Relative synonyms or more accurate quasisynonymous words(相对同义词):It refers to the words are synonymous in meaning basically but there are some small differences. e.g. beautiful, pretty, good-looking, handsome, attractive, charming are synonymous words.
II. 词与词之间的同义关系
词与词可以因表达同一的逻辑概念结合在一起,这 些词称之为同义词(synonyms)。 同义词只是意义相同,但形位结构、音位形状和用 法不同。 一对或一组同义词并不是一成不变,一个词可与 一部分或另一部分词构成同义词。如: look与see, watch, observe 构成同义词,表示“看”的概念, 也可以与seem, appear 构成同义词,表示“看上 去”的概念。

语言学概论 第五章 第六章

语言学概论 第五章 第六章

第五章语义第一节词义一、词义及其内容:词义就是词所表示的意义内容。

具体可以包括词汇意义和语法意义两部分的内容。

(一)语法意义:是指词的表示语法作用的意义。

词的语法意义是语言中的词的语法作用通过类聚之后所显示出来的,所以是一种更抽象更概括的意义。

(上一章讲的)(二)词汇意义:是指词所表示的客观世界中的事物、现象和关系的意义。

如:一般词典中对词项所作的说明就是词的词汇意义。

实词具有词汇意义,虚词是否具有词汇意义?二、词义和概念的关系概念是词义形成的基础;另一方面,词义反映概念,概念凭借词义而成为直接现实。

具体来说:(一)词汇意义中的理性意义是指称客观事物的意义,是人们对客观事物的理性认识在词义中的反映。

这种意义与概念直接联系,基本上是一一对应的关系。

(二)语法意义与词汇意义中的色彩意义也与概念相联系,它们通常是多个概念的综合,与概念之间的联系具有类指性。

三、词义的性质(一)客观性(主观性)(二)概括性(具体性)(三)模糊性(确定性)(四)民族性(普遍性)四、词义的层次原生层——派生层引申义???(本义)比喻义五、词义的概念内容和联想内容概念内容:根据一个词所指称的事物的本质属性或共同特点所概括出来的内容,就是这个词的词义,也就是这个词义的概念内容。

联想内容:是指由词义的概念内容引发联想所产生的含义。

它通常是依附于词义的概念内容之上的,不能脱离词义的概念内容而存在。

六、词义的关系:(一)相同关系(二)相反关系(三)上下义关系七、义素分析(一)义素是构成词义的基本要素,是最小的语义构成成分,又叫语义特征。

(二)义素分析就是通过对最合适的语义场中的两个或两个以上的义项进行比较、分析,找出这些义项所包含的义素的方法。

(三)义素分析的原则:1、系统性原则。

就是说义素分析必须在一定的语义系统中进行,不在一个系统中无法进行义素分析。

2、对等性原则。

就是说义素分析的结果必须与义项的意义相等,所指范围不能过宽或过窄。

浅析上下义关系在英语中的应用

浅析上下义关系在英语中的应用

浅析上下义关系在英语中的应用1 上下义关系上下义关系(也叫下义关系)的英文表达“hyponymy”源自于希腊语,其中“hypo(hupó)”表示“下面、次等”,而“nym(ónoma)”相当于“name”表示“名字”的含义。

因此,从词源上来讲,英文中的上下义关系的本质是指:一个意义较为宽泛、概括的词同另一个意义较为具体的词之间的包含关系。

胡壮麟先生的《语言学教程》中,也将上下义关系归结为是一种归属关系(class membership)。

这其中,上一级的词,即意义较为广泛的表示类别的词叫做上义词(superordinate/hypernym),相应的,意义较为具体的词则称为下义词(subordinate/ hyponym)。

例如,在提到clothes一词时,我们可能会想到正式场合下男士的tuxedo,也可能会想到女性较为随意的bohemian voile dress。

在这里,clothes(衣服)表达的就是意义较广的类的概念,是上义词;而tuxedo和voile dress都是clothes的子类,表达较为具体的从属意义,是下义词。

上下义关系首先反映了人们对客观世界的认知,如,cabbage(卷心菜)是一种蔬菜,是vegetable或plant的下义词,而绝不会被归为动物的一类,这种上下义关系就是基于客观事实以及我们人类对客观世界的认知来划定的。

此外,更重要的是,英语学习者对英语上下义词的把握,尤其是对英语下义词的了解,在很大程度上能够反映出学习者对于英语这门语言及其文化了解的广度和深度。

比方说,在探讨Christmas这一重要的西方节日时,对于圣诞节认知较为粗浅的人往往也能讲出圣诞节会有装饰,即Christmas ornaments(上义词),而对圣诞节了解较为透彻或在英语国家庆祝过圣诞节的人,则往往能细数圣诞的装饰都有哪些,如snow globes,peony wreath,Santa figurine等(下义词)。

英语单词的上下义关系

英语单词的上下义关系

Subordination
03
How to memorize and use synonyms
Memory skills
Organize and categorize: Group words with similar means together to help you remember them better This can be done through creating flashcards, notebooks, or digital lists
The Hyponymous Relationship of English Words
The definition of the heterogeneous relationship Classification of the Hyponymous Relationship of English Words How to memorize and use synonyms The Application of Hyponyms in English Writing The application of synonyms in English reading comprehension The application of synonyms in English translation
By understanding synonyms, readers can more easily identify the denotative and explanatory meanings of words, that enhancing their comprehension of the text
Concrete abstract relationship
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Distinction: Hyponymy and Meronymy
Meronymy [mərə‘nɪmɪ] n. the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole 整体部分关系
1、the relationship between the whole and its membership 整体和成员之间的 关系
I met a writer who is the relation of a politician. I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.
Subordinates: concrete precise Superordinate: general vague
Hyponymy
-----上下义关系
Outline
Definition of hyponymy Superordinate and subordinate Use of superordinate and subordinate Some details out of the book
Hyponymy 上下义关系
★部分代表不了整体,不能构成上下义关系
Attention
钢琴、小提琴、长笛——乐器 Musical instruments 钢笔、粉笔——笔 Pen chalk----没有对应的上义词
Attention:
词的上下义关系和词义表达的团体与成员 或单位和部门的关系区别开 例:消防队——消防员 班级——学生 大学——系 医院——外科 ★不是上下义关系
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
Hyponym (subordinate) 下义词
vivid
However, this does not mean that subordinate are better than superordinate.
She likes dogs and other animals.
There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. I like all fruits except bananas. She reads book all day –mostly novels.
Reference
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Hyperonym (superordinate) 上义词
Example
rose
lily
tulip
……
flower
Example
parrot
sparrow
oriole
……
bird
Attention:
Hyponymy can be describes in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinate. Their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other te
Living things
creature plant
animal
insect
vegetable
flower
tree
horse
dog
pig
cockroach cabbage
rose
pine
mare
hound
swine
Trees surround the water near our summer place. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
e.g. 学生—— 小学生、中学生、大学生…... 车—— 轿车、客车、吉普车、卡车…... ★Hyponymy 构成上下义
2、the relationship between the whole and its component 整体与其构件的关系
e.g. 火车——车头、车厢、车尾…… 人——头、胳膊、手、脚……
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