货币金融学中国人大金融学第二版(黄达)精编课后答案

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金融学精编版第二版[货币银行学]第2章课后答案

第二章信用1．你过去对于信用这个经济范畴是怎样理解的?应该怎样界定信用较好?答：（1）过去对信用这个经济范畴的理解是，信用相当于“借贷”或“债”的概念，等等。

（2）按照下面的方式来界定信用比较好：信用这个经济范畴是指借贷行为。

从逻辑上推论，私有财产是的出现是借贷关系存在的前提条件。

这种经济行为的形式特征是以收回为条件的付出，或以归还为义务的取得；而且贷者之所以贷出，是因为有权取得利息，借者之所以可能借入，是因为承担了支付利息的义务。

现实生活中有时也有无利息的借贷，但这是由于某种政治目的或经济目的而采取的免除利息的优惠，是一般中的特殊。

西方不少国家的银行对企业的活期存款也往往不支付利息，但存款者可以享受银行的有关服务和取得贷款的某些权利，实际上还是隐含有利息的。

2．经济学意义上的“信用”，与日常生活和道德规范里的“信用”，有没有关系，是怎样的关系?答：道德范畴中的“信用”指的是诚信，是经济主体通过诚实履行自己承诺而取得他人的信任。

从经济意义上看，信用的含义就转化和延伸为以借贷为特征的经济行为，是以还本付息为条件的，体现着特定的经济关系。

它既区别于一般商品货币交换的价值运动形式，又区别于财政分配等其他特殊的价值运动形式，是不发生所有权变化的价值单方面的暂时让渡或转移。

这两个范畴的信用密切相关。

诚信是交易、支付和借贷活动得以顺利进行的基础。

借贷活动是以收回为条件的付出，或以归还为义务的取得；而且贷者之所以贷出，是因为有权取得利息，借者之所以可能借入，是因为承担了支付利息的义务。

如果没有当事人之间的最基本的信任，就不会发生借贷活动。

诚信是借贷活动的基础。

如果失信成为信用行为中的主导方面，借贷活动就会萎缩甚至中断。

而借贷活动的发展，使得经济活动参与者日益意识到诚信的重要性，进而使诚信成为经济生活的重要准则之一。

3．为什么说在现代经济生活中，信用联系几乎无所不在，以至可以称为“信用经济”?能否谈谈你本人的体验?答：（1）将现代经济说成信用经济是对现代经济的一种描述。

金融学第二版课后习题答案

金融学第二版课后习题答案【篇一：王重润公司金融学第二版课后答案】业有几种组织方式？各有什么特点？（ 1）有两种，有限责任公司和股份有限责任公司（ 2）有限责任公司特点：有限责任公司是指股东以其出资额为限对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任的企业法人；有限责任公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币3万元；其资本并不必分为等额股份，也不公开发行股票，股东持有的公司股票可以再公司内部股东之间自由转让，若向公司以外的人转让，须经过公司股东的同意；公司设立手续简便，而且公司无须向社会公开公司财务状况。

（ 3）股份有限责任公司特点：1、有限责任2、永续存在3、股份有限责任公司的股东人数不得少于法律规定的数目，我国规定设立股份有限公司，应当有2人以上200人以下为发起人4、股份有限责任公司的全部资本划分为等额的股份，通过向社会公开发行的办法筹集资金，任何人在缴纳了股款之后，都可以成为公司股东，没有资格限制。

5、可转让性6、易于筹资2题：为什么我国《公司法》允许存在一人有限责任公司？一人有限责任公司与个人独资企业有何不同？答：1.就立法初衷而言，许可自然人投资设立一人有限责任公司的重要考虑是减少实质上的一人公司的设立，简化和明晰股权归属，减少纷争。

以往由于我国《公司法》禁止设立一人公司，使得投资人通过各种途径设立或形成的实质上的一人公司大量存在，挂名股东与真实股东之间的投资权益纠纷以及挂名股东与公司债权人之间的债务纠纷不断，令工商行政管理部门和司法机关无所适从。

在修订《公司法》的过程中，法律委员会、法制工作委员会会同国务院法制办、工商总局、国资委、人民银行和最高人民法院反复研究认为：从实际情况看，一个股东的出资额占公司资本的绝大多数而其他股东只占象征性的极少数，或者一个股东拉上自己的亲朋好友作挂名股东的有限责任公司，即实质上的一人公司，已是客观存在，也很难禁止。

根据我国的实际情况，并研究借鉴国外的通行做法，应当允许一个自然人投资设立有限责任公司。

货币金融学课后习题答案解析

第一章课后习题答案一、关键词1.货币（money；currency）从商品中分离出来固定地充当一般等价物的商品。

现代货币：是指以某一权力机构为依托，在一定时期一定地域内推行的一种可以执行交换媒介、价值尺度、延期支付标准及作为完全流动的财富的储藏手段等功能的凭证。

一般可以分为纸凭证及电子凭证，就是人们常说的纸币及电子货币。

2.信用货币（credit money）由国家法律规定的，强制流通不以任何贵金属为基础的独立发挥货币职能的货币。

目前世界各国发行的货币，基本都属于信用货币。

3.货币职能（monetary functions）货币本质所决定的内在功能。

货币的职能主要包括了价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段和国际货币这五大职能。

4.货币层次（monetary levels）货币层次的划分：M1=现金+活期存款；M2=M1+储蓄存款+定期存款；M3=M2+其他所有存款；M4=M3+短期流动性金融资产。

这样划分的依据是货币的流动性。

5.流动性（liquidity）资产能够以一个合理的价格顺利变现的能力，它是一种所投资的时间尺度（卖出它所需多长时间）和价格尺度（与公平市场价格相比的折扣）之间的关系。

6.货币制度（monetary system）国家对货币的有关要素、货币流通的组织与管理等加以规定所形成的制度，完善的货币制度能够保证货币和货币流通的稳定，保障货币正常发挥各项职能。

二、重要概念1.价值形式商品的价值表现形式。

商品的价值不能自我表现，必须在两种商品的交换中通过另一种商品表现出来。

2.一般等价物从商品中分离出来的充当其它一切商品的统一价值表现材料的商品，它的出现，是商品生产和交换发展的必然结果。

3.银行券由银行（尤指中央银行）发行的一种票据，俗称钞票。

早期银行券由商业银行分散发行，代替金属货币流通，通过与金属货币的兑现维持其价值。

中央银行产生以后，银行券由中央银行垄断发行，金属货币制度崩溃后，银行券成为不兑现的纸制信用货币。

金融学___人大版第二版_重点答案

1.信用货币的含义：是由国家法律规定的，强制流通的，不以任何贵金属为基础的独立发挥货币职能的货币；特点：1它是一种没有金属本位币的货币制度，黄金退出流通，黄金不再执行货币的职能，银行券在形式上不再规定含金量，不再兑换黄金，但它袭用金属本位币的单位名称 2 不兑现的银行券，由国家法律规定强制流通，发行权集中于中央银行或发行银行，成为无限法偿货币和最后支付手段 3银行券由银行通过信用渠道投入流通，存款货币通过银行转账结算，随着金融发展程度的提高，现金流通的数量和范围越来越小，而非现金流通成为货币流通的主体。

2.货币购买力与价格的关系：货币购买力指数与价格指数成反相关，与货币价值成相关货币购买力指数=1／物价指数3.（多选择）货币制度的基本内容：1规定货币材料 2 规定货币单位 3 规定流通中的货币种类 4 规定货币的偿还支付能力 5 规定货币铸造或发行的流通程序 6 规定货币的发行准备制度和对外关系4.（选择）人民币制度的特点：1人民币是大陆法定货币，有无限法偿能力 2 人民币不兑换信用货币 3 人民币是大陆为诶一合法的货币 4是一种管理货币5.支票存款的特点（支票存款不具有无限法偿力）：1 不易丢失或被窃 2 方便大额交易和远距离交易，可节约流通费用 3 可按所需签发，免去找零，清点的麻烦 4 有银行信用支持，可在一定范围内背书转让，不具有无限法偿力6..信用的本质和特征：本质为债权债务关系特征1 价值的单方面让渡，双方构成的债权债务关系而非等价交换关系 2 以还本付息为条件，贷者并没有放弃所有权，利息是与使用权等价的 3 信用是价值运动的特殊形式7.（解答）信用在国民经济中的作用：1积极作用①助于广泛筹集资金，支持规模经济②利于提高资金使用效率，如提高资金储蓄，投资，交换效率③可调节需求总量和结构，进而调节宏观经济的运行 2 消极作用主要表现为出现信用风险和经济泡沫8.（解答）简述银行信用的特点 1 是以银行为中介的间接信用 2 是以货币形态提供的信用 3 提供的是社会各部门的闲置货币 4 具有相对灵活性 5 在产业周期的各阶段上，银行信用的动态与产业资本动态不一样9.国家信用的作用 1 解决财政困难的好途径，如税收，贷款，发行国债等 2 可筹集大量资金，改善投资环境，创造投机机会 3 可成为国家宏观调控的重要手段10.（简答）简述股份经济具有的信用经济特征：1 股票小额化合股权分散化趋势，出资人负有限责任，使小额资金借贷市场极大拓展。

《金融学（第二版）》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十三章

《⾦融学（第⼆版）》讲义⼤纲及课后习题答案详解⼗三章CHAPTER 13THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODELObjectivesExplain the theory behind the CAPM.Explain how to use the CAPM to establish benchmarks for measuring the performance of investment portfolios. Explain how to infer from the CAPM the correct risk-adjusted discount rate to use in discounted-cash-flow valuation models. Explain the APT and its relationship to the CAPM.Outline13.1 The Capital Asset Pricing Model in Brief13.2 Determinants of the Risk Premium on the Market Portfolio13.3 Beta and Risk Premiums on Individual Securities13.4 Using the CAPM in Portfolio Selection13.5 Valuation and Regulating Rates of Return13.6 Extensions, Modifications, and Alternatives to the CAPMSummaryThe CAPM has three main implications:In equilibrium, ev eryone’s relative holding of risky assets are the same as in the market portfolio.The size of the risk-premium of the market portfolio is determined by the risk-aversion of investors.The risk premium on any asset is equal to its beta times the risk premium on the market portfolio.Whether or not the CAPM is strictly true, it provides a rationale for a very simple passive portfolio strategy: Diversify your holdings of risky assets in the proportions of the market portfolio, andMix this portfolio with the risk-free asset to achieve a desired risk-reward combination.The CAPM is used in portfolio management primarily in two ways:To establish a logical and convenient starting point in asset allocation and security selectionTo establish a benchmark for evaluating portfolio management ability on a risk-adjusted basis.In corporate finance the CAPM is used to determine the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate in valuation models of the firm and in capital budgeting decisions. The CAPM is also used to establish a “fair” rate of return on invested capital for regulated firms and in cost-plus pricing.Today few financial scholars consider the CAPM in its simplest form to be an accurate model for explaining or predicting risk premiums on risky assets. However, modified versions of the model are still a central feature of the theory and practice of finance.The APT gives a rationale for the expected return-beta relationship that relies on the condition that there be no arbitrage profit opportunities; the CAPM requires that investors be portfolio optimizers. The APT and CAPM are not incompatible; rather, they complement each other.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterComposition of the Market Portfolio1. Capital markets in Flatland exhibit trade in four securities, the stocks X, Y and Z, and a risklessgovernment security. Evaluated at current prices in US dollars, the total market values of these assets are, respectively, $24 billion, $36 billion, $24 billion and $16 billion.a. Determine the relative proportions of each asset in the market portfolio.b. If one trader with a $100,000 portfolio holds $40,000 in the riskless security, $15,000 in X, $12,000 in Y, and$33,000 in Z, determine the holdings of the three risky assets of a second trader who invests $20, 000 of a $200, 000 portfolio in the riskless security.SOLUTION:The total value of all assets in the economy is 100 billion dollars. a. The proportions of each asset relative to the value of all assets are, respectively, .24 (X), .36 (Y),b. .24 (Z) and .16 (riskless bond.) The proportions of each risky asset to the total value of all risky assets are, respectively, (2/7) (X), (3/7) (Y) and (2/7) (Z).c. . Ignore the question as it appears in the First Edition of the textbook. Instead, the question should be: If aninvestor has $100,000 with $30,000 invested in the riskless asset, how much is invested in securities X, Y, and Z? The answer to this question is $20,000 in X and Z, and $30,000 in Y.Implications of CAPM2. The riskless rate of interest is .06 per year, and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is .15 per year.a. According to the CAPM , what is the efficient way for an investor to achieve an expected rate of returnof .10 per year?b. If the standard deviation of the rate of return on the market portfolio is .20, what is the standarddeviation on the above portfolio?c. Draw the CML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.d. Draw the SML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.e. Estimate the value of a stock with an expected dividend per share of $5 this coming year, an expecteddividend growth rate of 4% per year forever, and a beta of .8. If its market price is less than the value you have estimated, i.e., if it is under-priced, what is true of its mean rate of return?SOLUTION: a.So one would hold a portfolio that is 4/9 invested in the market portfolio and 5/9 in the riskless asset. b.c. The formula for the CML is9415.)1(06.10.)()1()(=+-=?+-?=x xx x r E x r r E M f 08889.)20(.94==?=M x σσσσσ45.06.)()(+=-+=MfM f r r E r r Ed. The formula for the SML ise. Use constant growth rate DDM and find r using the SML relationIf the market price of the stock is less than this, then its expected return is higher than the 13.2% required rate.()ββ09.06.)()(+=-+=f M f r r E r r E 35.54$04.132.504.510=-=-=-=r g r D P 132.8.09.06.09.06.=?+=+=βr3. If the CAPM is valid, which of the following situations is possible? Explain. Consider each situation independently. a.PortfolioExpected ReturnBeta A 0.20 1.4B 0.25 1.2b.PortfolioExpected ReturnStandard DeviationA 0.300.35B 0.400.25c.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A 0.160.12d.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A0.200.22SOLUTION:a. Impossible. Since the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive, a security with a higher beta must have ahigher expected return.b. Possible. Since portfolios A & B are not necessarily efficient, A can have a higher standard deviation and alower expected return than B.c. Impossible. Portfolio A lies above the CML, implying that the CML is not efficient. If the standard deviation ofA is .12, then according to the CML its expected return cannot be greater than .14.d. Impossible. Portfolio A has a lower standard deviation and a higher mean return than the market portfolio,implying that the market portfolio is not efficient.4. If the Treasury bill rate is currently 4% and the expected return to the market portfolio over the same period is 12%, determine the risk premium on the market. If the standard deviation of the return on the market is .20, what is the equation of the Capital Market Line?SOLUTION: The risk premium on the market portfolio is .08. The slope of the CML is .08/.2 = .4. Thus, the equation of the CML is:Determinants of the Market Risk Premium5. Consider an economy in which the expected return on the market portfolio over a particular period is .25, the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio over this same period is .25, and the averagedegree of risk aversion among traders is 3. If the government wishes to issue risk-free zero-coupon bonds with a term to maturity of one period and a face value per bond of $100,000, how much can the government expect to receive per bond? []σσσ4.04.)()(+=++=MfMf r rE r r ESOLUTION:According to the CAPM, E(r M) - r f = Aσ2, so that r f = E(r M) - Aσ2.Substituting into this formula we find: r f = .25 – 3 x .252 = .0625Therefore the revenue raised by the government per bond issued is $100,000 = $94,117.651.06256. . Norma Swanson has invested 40% of her wealth in MGM stock and 60% in Industrial Light and Magic stock. Norma believes the returns to these stocks have a correlation of .06 and that their respective means and standard deviations are: MGM ILMExpected Return (%) 10 15Standard Deviation (%) 15 25a.Determine the expected value and standard deviation of the return on Norma’s portfolio.b.Would a risk-averse investor such as Norma prefer a portfolio composed entirely of only MGM stock? Ofonly ILM stock? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a.The expected return is .13, and the standard deviation is .1649.b. A risk averse investor will not want to hold a portfolio composed entirely of MGM or of ILM stock, becauseone can, in general, achieve the same expected return with a lower standard deviation by combining a portfolio of MGM and ILM with the risk-free asset.7. Consider a portfolio exhibiting an expected return of 20% in an economy in which the riskless interest rate is 8%, the expected return to the market portfolio is thirteen percent, and the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio is .25. Assuming this portfolio is efficient, determine:a.its beta.b.the standard deviation of its return.c.its correlation with the market return.SOLUTION:/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the security market line to infer that the beta of this portfolio is 2.4:.20 = .08 + β(.13 - .08)β = (.20 - .08)/(.13 - .08) = .12/.05 = 2.4/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the capital market line to infer that the standard deviation of the yield to this portfolio is .6:.20 = .08+ (.13 - .08) σ = .08+ .2 σ.25σ = .12/.2 = .6c.By definition the following relationships hold:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσiσMwhere ρ denotes the correlation coefficient. We know that β = 2.4, σM = .25, and σi = .6.So from the definition of β, we get that the cov is 2.4 x .252 = .15. Substituting this into the definition of ρ: ρ = cov = .15 __ = 1σiσM .6 x .25Application of CAPM to Corporate Finance8. . The Suzuki Motor Company is contemplating issuing stock to finance investment in producing a new sports-utility vehicle, the Seppuku. Financial analysts within Suzuki forecast that this investment will have precisely the same risk as the market portfolio, where the annual return to the market portfolio is expected to be 15% and the current risk-free interest rate is 5%. The analysts further believe that the expected return to the Seppuku project will be 20% annually. Derive the maximal beta value that would induce Suzuki to issue the stock.SOLUTION:The project would be on the borderline if its required return were 20% per year. Since the risk-free rate is 5% and the risk premium on the market portfolio is 10%, the required return would be 20% if the beta were 1.5.9. . Roobel and Associates, a firm of financial analysts specializing in Russian financial markets, forecasts that the stock of the Yablonsky Toy Company will be worth 1,000 roubles per share one year from today. If the riskless interest rate on Russian government securities is 10% and the expected return to the market portfolio is 18% determine how much you would pay for a share of Yablonsky stock today if:a.the beta of Yablonsky is 3.b.the beta of Yablonsky is 0.5.SOLUTION:Use the security market line in each case to determine a required rate of return, then infer the current price from the forecasted price of 1,000 roubles and the required rate of return you have determined.a.If beta is 3, the required return is .10+ 3x.08 = .34. You would pay 1,000/1.34 = 746.27 roubles;b.If beta is .5, the required return is .10+ .5x.08 = .14. You would pay 1,000/1.14 = 877.19 roubles.Application of CAPM to Portfolio Management10. Suppose that the stock of the new cologne manufacturer, Eau de Rodman, Inc., has been forecast to havea return with standard deviation .30 and a correlation with the market portfolio of .9. If the standard deviation of the yield on the market is .20, determine the relative holdings of the market portfolio and Eau de Rodman stock to form a portfolio with a beta of 1.8.SOLUTION: By definition:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσrσMTherefore, β = ρσr/σM. The beta of Rodman stock is therefore .9x.3/.2 = 1.35.The beta of a portfolio is a weighted average of the betas of the component securities. Let A be a fraction of the portfolio invested in Rodman stock to produce a beta of 1.8. Then we have:1.35A + (1-A) = 1.8.35A = .8A = 2.286So the portfolio would have to have 228.6% invested in Rodman stock and a short position in the market portfolio equal to 128.6%.11. The current price of a share of stock in the Vo Giap Clothing Company of Vietnam is 50 dong and its expected yield over the year is 14%. The market risk premium in Vietnam is 8% and the riskless interest rate 6%. What would happen to the stock’s current price if its expected future payout remains co nstant while the covariance of its rate of return with the market portfolio falls by 50%?SOLUTION:Deduce that the expected future price of a share of Vo Giap is 57 dong, so that a reduction in this stock’s beta of 50% implies, by the security market relation, that the required yield on Vo Giap is now 10%, so that its current share price rises by 3.64% toa new value of 51.82 dong.12. Suppose that you believe that the price of a share of IBM stock a year from today will be equal to the sumof the price of a share of General Motors stock plus the price of a share of Exxon, and further you believethat the price of a share of IBM stock in one year will be $100 whereas the price of a share of General Motors today is $30. If the annualized yield on 91-day T-bills (the riskless rate you use) is 5%, the expected yield on the market is 15%, the variance of the market portfolio is 1, and the beta of IBM is 2, what price would you be willing to pay for one share of Exxon stock today?SOLUTION:Expected return = .05 + 2(.15 - .05) = 25%; (100 - x)/x = .25 → x = $80Deduce that the current price of a share of IBM stock is $80, so that the upper bound on the price of a share of Exxon is ($80 -$30 = $50).13. Ascertain whether the following quotation is true or false, and state why:“When arbitrage is absent from financial markets, and investors are each concerned with only the risk and return to their portfolios, then each investor can eliminate all the riskiness of his investments through diversification, and as a consequence the expected yield on each available asset will depend only on the covariance of its yield with the covariance of the yield on the diversified portfolio of risky assets each investor holds.”SOLUTION:False. You cannot eliminate all risk through diversification, only the unsystematic risk.Application of CAPM to Measuring Portfolio Performance14. During the most recent 5-year period, the Pizzaro mutual fund earned an average annualized rate of return of 12% and had an annualized standard deviation of 30%. The average risk-free rate was 5% per year. The average rate of return in the market index over that same period was 10% per year and the standard deviation was 20%. How well did Pizzaro perform on a risk-adjusted basis?SOLUTION:Compute the ratio of average excess return to standard deviation for Pizzaro and compare it to that of the market portfolio: Pizzaro risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.12-.05)/.30 = .233Market portfolio risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.1-.05)/.2 = .250So, on a risk-adjusted basis, Pizzaro did worse than the market index.Challenge ProblemCAPM with only 2 Risky Assets15. There are only two risky assets in the economy: stocks and real estate and their relative supplies are 50% stocks and 50% real estate. Thus, the market portfolio will be half stocks and half real estate. The standard deviations are .20 for stocks, .20 for real estate, and the correlation between them is 0. The coefficient of relative risk aversion of the average market participant (A) is 3. r f is .08 per year.a.According to the CAPM what must be the equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio, on stocks,and on real estate?b.Draw the Capital Market Line. What is its slope? Where is the point representing stocks located relativeto the CML?c.Draw the SML. What is its formula? Where is the point representing stocks located relative to the SML? SOLUTION: a.The market portfolio consists of half stocks and half real estate. It has a standard deviation of .1414, computedas follows:σ2M = w2σ2s + (1-w)2σ2r+ 2 w(1-w) cov s,rσ2M = 2 x (1/2)2 .22 = .02σM = .1414The equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio is E(r M)-r f = Aσ2M = 3x.02 = .06.The market portfolio’s expected rate of return is also a weighted average of the expected rates of return on stocks and real estate, where the weights are each 1/2. Stocks and real estate must have the same risk premiumbecause they have the same standard deviation and correlation with the market. Therefore the risk premium on stocks and real estate must be .06, the same as the market portfolio’s risk premium.b.The slope of the CML is .06/.1414 = .424. The point representing stocks is M, it is to the right of the CML.equaling to 1.The formula is: E(r) = r f + (E(r M) –r f).。

黄达《金融学》(第2版)(金融)笔记和课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第3章金融3.1复习笔记一、金融及其涵盖的领域1．“金融”这个由中文组成的词所涵盖的范围在中国的日常生活中金融概念大体包括：与物价有紧密联系的货币流通；银行与非银行金融机构体系；短期资金拆借市场；资本市场；保险系统以及国际金融等领域。

用经济学的术语来概括，通常所理解的金融，就是指由这诸多部分所构成的大系统。

这个大系统既包括宏观运行机制，也包括微观运行机制。

近年来，有一种理解，认为“金融”仅指资本市场，仅指资本市场的微观运行机制。

同时存在范围稍大的观念，如从资本市场扩及金融机构及其他金融市场。

所指范围虽然稍大，但也极其明确：金融仅指这个范围内的微观运行机制。

比较上述两者，可以粗略地将金融以“宽”口径、“窄”口径加以区分。

2．“金融”这个中文词并非古已有之“金”与“融”连起来组成的“金融”始于何时，无确切考证。

分析应在19世纪后半叶，那时正是现代西方文化东渐之际。

现在，在工具书中都是把金融与finance对应；在日常交往中，人们也是简单互译。

3．西方人对finance的用法如果简单概括，西方人对finance的用法也不只限于一种，大体可归纳为三种口径：（1）最宽泛的是诠释为：货币的事务、货币的管理、与金钱有关的财源等。

具体包括三个方面：政府的货币资财及其管理，归之为public finance；工商企业的货币资财及其管理，归之为corporate finance；个人的货币资财及其管理，归之为personal budget，即个人收支。

（2）最狭窄的诠释为：金融用来概括与资本市场有关的运作机制以及股市和其他金融资产行情的形成。

在经济学界，这样的用法通行。

近年来，在我国开始流行的对“金融”的狭义解释，即来源于国外对finance的这种用法。

（3）介于两者之间的诠释为：货币的流通、信用的授予、投资的运作、银行的服务等。

如果上述两种口径以“宽”和“窄”表示，介于两者之间的可称“中”口径。

概而言之，西方对finance也并非一种用法。

黄达《金融学》(第2版)(金融脆弱性与金融危机)笔记和课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第24章金融脆弱性与金融危机24.1复习笔记一、金融脆弱性生成的内在机制1．什么是金融脆弱性狭义上的金融脆弱性：高负债经营的行业特点决定了金融业具有容易失败的特性。

广义上的金融脆弱性，泛指一切融资领域中的风险积聚。

金融脆弱性与金融风险意义相近。

金融风险，是指潜在的损失可能性。

金融脆弱则是指风险积聚所形成的状态。

金融风险概念既用于微观领域，也用于宏观领域。

金融脆弱性多用于对金融体系的讨论。

对金融脆弱性的研究，以研究对象分：（1）通过金融机构运作的信贷市场的脆弱性；（2）金融市场的脆弱性。

早期的看法，十分强调经济周期对金融脆弱性的引爆作用。

后来认为，即使经济周期没到衰退阶段，金融脆弱性也会激化成金融危机。

2．金融脆弱性的成因（1）金融机构的脆弱性①企业角度的金融脆弱性假说“金融脆弱性假说”形成于上世纪80年代中期，较早地对金融内在脆弱性问题作了系统阐述，金融脆弱性假说认为私人信用创造机构，特别是商业银行和其他相关的贷款者，它们的内在特性使得自己不得不经历周期性危机和破产浪潮；而它们的困境又被传递到经济体的各个组成部分，产生经济危机。

这一假说的分析是依据50年左右长波周期的理论：在长经济周期的繁荣时期就播下了金融危机的种子。

在50年长周期的经济上升时期，贷款人（银行）的贷款条件越来越宽松，而借款人（工商企业）则利用宽松有利的信贷环境积极借款。

随着周期的发展，有越来越多的借款人，要维持运营和按期付息还本，必须不断地借新债还旧债。

然而经济的长波必然迎来滑坡。

只要借新还旧被打断，就将引起违约和破产。

金融机构的破产迅速扩散，金融资产价格的泡沫迅速破灭，金融危机爆发。

②银行角度的“安全边界说”推理安全边界可理解为银行收取的利息之中包含有必要风险报酬的“边界”，它能给银行提供一种保护。

然而，极其重视安全边界的银行家，在经济稳定扩张时却会不断地降低安全边界。

这是因为：a．银行家是否贷款，主要看借款人过去的信用记录。

黄达《金融学》(第2版)(金融中介概述)笔记和课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第8章金融中介概述8.1复习笔记一、金融中介及其范围1．金融中介的定义与范围（1）金融中介定义金融中介是指从事各种金融活动的组织，也称“金融机构”。

其基本功能就是在间接融资过程中作为连接资金需求者与资金盈余者的桥梁，促使资金从盈余者流向需求者，实现金融资源的重新配置。

（2）金融中介范围金融中介包括各种类型银行、投资银行、证券公司、证券经纪人、基金及证券交易所、保险公司、信托、金融租赁。

2．金融中介的国际分类（1）按照联合国统计署（ISIC）将金融中介分为3类①不包含保险和养老基金的金融中介机构；②保险和养老基金；③辅助性金融机构。

（2）按照中心产业分类将金融中介分为6类①金融中介服务；②投资银行服务；③保险和养老基金服务；④再保险服务；⑤金融中介辅助服务；⑥保险与养老基金辅助服务。

（3）按照国民核算体系SNA对金融业的分类可分为5类①中央银行；②其他存款公司；③其他金融中介机构,如投资银行；④金融辅助机构；⑤保险公司与养老基金。

3．金融服务业的特点（1）金融资产比率极高在金融中介资产负债表中，金融资产与实物资产相比，具有其他产业不能比拟的极高比例。

（2）高负债率金融业务的自有资本与资金来源相比，所占比例过低。

一般企业的该比例要高许多。

（3）高风险产业高负债率决定了金融业务的高风险。

（4）政府的严格监管高风险产业和高负债率的特征决定了政府对其的严格监管。

（5）追求利润作为企业这是与一般产业的共同特征。

二、西方国家的金融中介体系金融体系是一个国家以行政的、法律的形式和运用经济规律确定的金融系统结构，以及构成这个系统的各种类型的银行和非银行金融机构的职能作用和相互关系。

它包括金融组织体系、金融市场体系、金融业务体系、金融监管体系等方面。

1．西方国家金融中介体系的构成（1）银行类金融机构大体分为中央银行与存款货币银行。

（2）非银行类金融机构其构成庞杂主要有：保险公司、投资公司、基金组织、消费信贷机构、金融公司、租赁公司、证券交易所。

《货币金融学》课后习题参考答案

《货币金融学》课后习题参考答案第一章货币与货币制度1.解释下列概念：狭义货币、广义货币、准货币、实物货币、格雷欣法则（1）狭义货币，通常由现金和活期存款组成。

这里的现金是指流通中的通货。

活期存款，在国外是指全部的活期存款，在我国只包括支票类和信用类活期存款。

狭义货币是现实购买力的代表，是各国货币政策调控的主要对象。

（2）广义货币，通常由现金、活期存款、储蓄存款、定期存款及某些短期流动性金融资产组成。

这里的短期流动性金融资产是指那些人们接受程度较高的可在一定程度上执行货币某些职能的信用工具，如商业票据、可转让存单、国库券、金融债券、保险单、契约等。

广义货币扩大了货币的范围，包括了一切可能成为现实购买力的货币形式。

对于研究货币流通整体状况和对未来货币流通的预测都有独特作用。

（3）准货币，也称亚货币。

一般将广义货币口径中除狭义货币以外的部分称为准货币或亚货币。

包括活期存款、储蓄存款、定期存款及某些短期流动性金融资产组成。

准货币本身虽非真正的货币，但由于它们在经过一定的手续后，能比较容易地转化为现实的购买力，加大流通中的货币供应量。

所以，也称为近似货币。

（4）实物货币，是指以自然界存在的某种物品或人们生产出来的某种物品来充当的货币。

最初的实物货币形式五花八门，各地、各国和各个时期各不相同。

例如，在中国历史上，充当过实物货币的物品种类就有：龟壳、海贝、布匹、农具、耕牛等。

实物货币的缺点在于：不易分割和保存、不便携带，而且价值不稳定，很难满足商品交换的需要。

所以，它不是理想的货币形式，随后被金属货币所取代。

2.如何理解货币的定义？它与日常生活中的通货、财富和收入概念有何不同？答：（1）货币是日常生活中人们经常使用的一个词，它的涵义丰富，在不同的场合有不同的意义。

《货币金融学》课程习题参考答案-第二章-201009[1]

第二章信用一、填空1．偿还性2．私有3．极高的利率4．盈余超过（大于）5．赊销方式6．消费者个人7．国外商业性借贷国外直接投资8．有限责任公司9．银行信用二、判断1．对2．对3．错4．对三、单选1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 6．A 7．B四、多选1．BD 2．CD 3．AC 4．AB 5．BD 6．ABCD 7．BCD 8．ABD 9．AC五、问答1．如何理解信用的形式特征？答：信用的形式特征是以收回为条件的付出，或以归还为义务的取得；而且贷者之所以贷出，是因为有权取得利息，借着之所以可能借入，是因为承担了支付利息的义务。

现实生活中有时也有无利息的借贷，但这是由于某种政治目的或经济目的而采取的免除利息的优惠，是一般中的特殊。

西方不少国家的银行对企业的活期存款也往往不支付利息，但存款者可以享受银行的有关服务和取得贷款的某些权利，实际上还是隐含有利息的。

2．简述民间信用的特点及其在我国经济中的地位。

答：从1979年我国经济改革与开放政策开始执行直至今天，特别是农村地区，民间借贷相当活跃，而且利率较高。

但其产生基础并非全是迫于丧葬嫁娶、天灾人祸乃至赌博挥霍之类的紧急需要，有相当大的部分是为了解决经营方面的资金需要。

改革开放为私人的经营活动提供了极大的余地。

他们极其需要货币资金，而高的投资回报又使其有可能支付高水平的利息；换言之，这里的高利率并未达到阻碍经营活动发展的水平。

在相当大的程度上具有高利贷性质的民间借贷，之所以活跃，是由于现代的信用体系尚不足以满足经济生活中的借贷需求。

面对这种情况，显然不应简单排斥、禁止，而应采取积极的方针。

3．为什么说现代经济是信用经济？答：现代经济可以称之为“信用经济”，理由是债权债务关系无所不在，相互交织，形成网络，覆盖着整个经济生活。

对于企业经营单位，时时有借入与贷出。

政府，几乎没有不发行债券的，而各国政府对外国政府，有时是既借债又放债。

个人同样是如此。

就我国来说，如果银行不办理储蓄业务，那将是不可想象的。

黄达《金融学》(第2版)(货币与货币制度)笔记和课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第1篇范畴第1章货币与货币制度1.1复习笔记一、经济生活中处处有货币市场经济不可能离开货币：家庭个人的日常收支、个体经营者的生产生活、企业生产流通的运转、机关团体职能的履行、政府财政收支及金融机构的业务都离不开货币，货币流通体系：以个人、企业、机关团体、银行等金融机构为中心的货币收支及对外货币收支构成国民经济的五大货币收支系统，这些收支紧密地结合在一起，构成了不可割裂的货币流通活动总和。

二、货币的起源研究货币的起源问题就是研究货币产生的问题，关于货币的起源或货币产生的理论有多种，我们对其可以归纳为三类。

1．马克思对货币起源的论证（1）价值及其形式根据马克思主义政治经济学的商品理论，任何商品都具有使用价值和价值两个属性。

商品首先必须是一个有用物，能够满足人们的某种需要，不同的物品有不同的用途，有不同的使用价值。

不同商品的使用价值在质上各不相同，但所含的价值是同质的。

价值是凝结在商品中的一般人类劳动，凝结在不同的商品体内，都是同质的，所以不同商品通过彼此体内凝结的不同劳动量即价值量进行衡量、对比。

马克思主义政治经济学的货币理论中讲到商品有两个属性，相应的也有两种表现形式，即使用价值形式和价值形式。

商品的使用价值形式就是商品的自然形式，人们可以看得见，摸得着，感觉到。

商品的价值形式就是商品的交换价值，是看不见，摸不着的，只有在交换中通过交换才能表现出来。

为了弄清货币的起源和本质，需要结合商品交换发展的历史进程，分析价值形式发展的过程。

（2）价值形式的发展与货币的产生价值形式的发展是同商品交换的发展历程相适应的。

它经历了简单的价值形式（或偶然的价值形式）、扩大的价值形式、一般价值形式和货币形式四个阶段。

货币形式是价值形式的完成形式，也是货币产生的阶段。

货币产生后，整个商品世界分为两极：一极是各种各样的商品，它们都作为特殊的使用价值存在，要求转化为价值；另一极是货币，它直接作为价值的化身而存在，随时可以转化为任何一种有特殊使用价值的商品。

金融学(第二版)_精编版_(货币银行学(第四版))_编著_黄达_课后习题参考答案

第一章货币与货币制度1．钱、货币、通货、现金是一回事吗？银行卡是货币吗？答：（1）钱、货币、通货、现金不是一回事，虽然其内容有所重叠，但这几个概念之间是有区别的。

钱是人们对货币的俗称。

经济学中被称为货币的东西，就是在日常人们生活中被称为钱的东西。

货币是由国家法律规定的，在商品劳务交易中或债务清偿中被社会普遍接受的东西。

通货即流通中的货币，指流通于银行体系外的货币。

现金就是指家庭个人、工商企业、政府部门所拥有的现钞，包括纸币现钞、硬币现钞。

现金是货币的一部分，这部分货币的流动性强，使用频率高，对人们日常消费影响大。

（2）银行卡亦称“塑料货币”，是由银行发行，供客户办理存取款等业务的新型服务工具的总称，包括信用卡、支票卡、记账卡、自动出纳机卡、灵光卡等。

各种银行卡是用塑料制作的，可用于存取款和转账支付。

现在，特别在西方发达国家，各种银行卡正逐步取代现钞和支票，成为经济生活中广泛运用的支付工具。

因此，在现代社会银行卡也属于货币。

2．社会经济生活中为什么离不开货币?为什么自古至今，人们又往往把金钱看作是万恶之源?答：（1）社会经济生活离不开货币，货币的产生和发展都有其客观必然性。

物物交换的局限性要求有某种商品充当共同的、一般的等价物，而金银的特性决定其成为货币的天然材料。

作为货币的金银等贵金属，便于携带、铸造和分割，大大推动了商品经济的发展。

随着经济的发展，货币形态不断发生变化。

经历了实物货币阶段、贵金属货币阶段、代用货币阶段和信用货币阶段。

当今货币正朝着专门化、无体化、扩张化、电子化的趋势发展。

但不管货币的具体形态如何，都是媒介商品经济所必需的。

货币节省了社会劳动，促进了市场经济的有效率的发展。

对货币的使用是实现市场对资源合理配置的必要条件，也是市场经济正常运行的必要条件。

从这个意义上说，市场经济实际上是一种货币经济：货币方便了市场交换，提高了市场效率；货币保证了社会需求的实现，促进了市场对资源的有效配置。

《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第九章

CHAPTER 9VALUATION OF COMMON STOCKSObjectives∙To explain the theory and application of the discounted cash flow valuation method as applied to the equity of a firm.Outline9.1 Reading Stock Listings9.2 The Discounted Dividend Model9.3 Earnings and Investment Opportunities9.4 A Reconsideration of the Price/Earnings Multiple Approach9.5 Does Dividend Policy Affect the Value of a Share?Summary∙The discounted cash flow (DCF) method of valuing assets consists of discounting expected future cash flows ata risk-adjusted discount rate.∙The discounted dividend model (DDM) for valuing shares of stock starts from the observation that an investor in common stock expects a rate of return (consisting of cash dividends and price appreciation) that is equal to the market capitalization rate. The resulting formula shows that the current price of a share is the present value of all expected future dividends.∙In the constant growth rate DDM, the growth rate of dividends is also the expected rate of price appreciation.∙Growth per se does not add value to a share’s current price. What adds value is the opportunity to invest in projects that yield a rate of return in excess of the market capitalization rate.∙In a “frictionless” financial envir onment, where there are no taxes and no transaction costs, the wealth of shareholders is the same no matter what dividend policy the firm adopts.∙In the real world there are a number of frictions that can cause dividend policy to have an effect on the wealth of shareholders. These include taxes, regulations, the costs of external finance, and the information content of dividends.Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1.The DDM Corporation has just paid a cash dividend (D0) of $2 per share. It has consistently increased its cash dividends in the past by 5% per year, and you expect it to continue to do so. You estimate that the market capitalization rate for this stock should be 13% per year.a.What is your estimate of the intrinsic value of a share (derived using the DDM model)?b.Suppose that the actual price of a share is $20. By how much would you have to adjust each of thefollowing model parameters to “justify” this observed price:i.The growth rate of dividendsii.The market capitalization rateSOLUTION:a.P0 = D0(1+g)/(k-g) = 2(1+0.05)/(0.13-0.05) = $26.25b.If the actual price of the share is $20, then some of our input parameters might need some adjustments:i.Assuming all other parameters are left as given, then solving for g =(.13 x 20 – 2)/(2+20) = 0.0273= 2.73%ii.Similarly, solving for k = 2(1.05)/20 + 0.05 = 0.155 = 15.5%2.The Rusty Clipper Fishing Corporation is expected to pay a cash dividend of $5 per share this year. You estimate that the market capitalization rate for this stock should be 10% per year. If its current price is $25 per share, what can you infer about its expected growth rate of dividends?SOLUTION:D1 = $5; k = 10%; P0= $25Hence g = 0.1 - 5/25 = -0.1 = -10%3. The Constant Growth Corporation (CGC) has expected earnings per share (E1) of $5. It has a history of paying cash dividends equal to 20% of earnings. The market capitalization rate for CGC’s stock is 15% per year, and the expected ROE on the firm’s future investments is 17% per year? U sing the constant growth rate discounted dividend model,a. What is the expected growth rate of dividends?b. What is the model’s estimate of the present value of the stock?c. If the model is right, what is the expected price of a share a year from now?d.Suppose that the current price of a share is $50.By how much would you have to adjust each of the following model parameters to “justify” this observed price:i.The expected ROE on the firm’s future investments.ii.The market capitalization rateiii.The dividend payout ratio.SOLUTION:a. g = earnings retention ratio x ROE = .8 x .17 = .136 = 13.6%b. P0 = D1/(k-g)D1 = .2 x $5 = $1 per shareP0 = $1/(.15 -.136) = $1/.014 = $71.43c. The stock price grows at the same rate as dividends, i.e., 13.6% per year:P1 = P0 x (1 + g) = $71.43 x 1.136 = $81.14d.If the market is efficient then the $50 price represents the best estimate of the stock’s true value. To “justify” thisprice, one of the input parameters in the model needs to be adjusted:i.Assuming all other parameters are correct, if we were to adjust for the ROE:50 = D1/(k-g), where g = 0.8 x ROESolving for g, then for ROE: g = .15 – 1/50 = 0.13 = 13%,hence ROE is equal to 13/0.8 = 16.25%ii. If we were to adjust the market capitalization k then:k = 1/50 + .136 = .156 = 15.6%iii.Dividend payout ratio x E1 = 50 x (.15-.136) = 0.7,hence Dividend payout ratio = 0.7/5=0.14 = 14%4. The stock of Slogro Corporation is currently selling for $10 per share. Earnings per share in the coming year are expected to be $2 per share. The company has a policy of paying out 60% of its earnings each year in dividends. The rest is retained and invested in projects that earn a 20% rate of return per year. This situation is expected to continue forever.a. Assuming the current market price of the stock reflects its intrinsic value as computed using the constantgrowth rate DDM, what rate of return do Slogro’s investors require?b. By how much does its value exceed what it would be if all earnings were paid as dividends and nothingwere reinvested?c. If Slogro were to cut its dividend payout ratio to 25%, what would happen to its stock price? What ifSlogro eliminated the dividend altogether?d. Suppose that Slogro wishes to maintain its current 60% dividend payout policy but that it also wishes toinvest an amount each year equal to that year’s total earnings. All the money would be invested inprojects earning 20% per year. One way that Slogro could do so would be to issue an amount of new stock each year equal to one-half that year’s earnings. What do you think would be the effect of this policy on the current stock price?SOLUTION:a. P0 = $10, E1 = $2, b = .4, ROE = .2k = D1/P0 + gD1 = .6 x $2 = $1.20g = b x ROE = .4 x .2 = .08Therefore, k = $1.20/$10 + .08 = .12 + .08 = .2 or 20%b. If all earnings were paid as dividends its price would be:P0 = $2/.2 = $10Thus, its price is the same whether it reinvests or not. This is because k = ROE.c. Since k = ROE, the stock price would be unaffected by cutting the dividend and investing the additionalearnings.d.Again, this should have no impact on the stock’s price since the NPV of the investments would be zero (the IRRof those projects (20%) is equal to the investors’ required rate of return, hence the firm’s c ost of capital).5. The Corporation currently pays no cash dividends, and it is not expected to for the next 5 years. Its sales have been growing at 25% per year.a.Can you apply the constant growth rate DDM to estimate its intrinsic value? Explain.b.It is expected to pay its first cash dividend $1 per share 5 years from now. It its market capitalization rateis 20% and its dividends are expected to grow by 10% per year, what would you estimate its intrinsic value to be?c.If its current market price is $100 per share, what would you infer the expected growth rate of its futuredividends to be?SOLUTION:a.Yes, we can apply the DDM model even if the company doesn’t pay dividends for the first 5 years. Thecompany will eventually have to pay dividends in the future.b.P4 = D5/(k-g) = 1/(.2-.1) = $10P0 = 10/1.24 = $4.82c.If P0 = $100 then P4 = 100 x 1.24 = 207.36 and g = 0.2 – 1/207.36 = 19.518%6. The Digital Growth Corp. pays no cash dividends currently and is not expected to for the next 5 years. Its latest EPS was $10, all of which was reinvested in the company. The firm’s expected ROE for the next 5 years is 20% per year, and during this time it is expected to continue to reinvest all of its earnings. Starting 6 years from now, the firm’s ROE on new investments is expected to fall to 15%, and the company is expected to start paying out 40% of its earnings in cash dividends, which it will continue to do forever after. DG’s market capitalization rate is 15% per year.a. What is your estimate of DG’s int rinsic value per share?b. Assuming its current market price is equal to its intrinsic value, what do you expect to happen to its priceover the next year? The year after?c. What effect would it have on your estimate of DG’s intrinsic value if you expecte d DG to pay out only20% of earnings starting in year 6?56P0 = P5/(1+k)5 = $180.82/1.155 = $89.90b.The price should rise by 15% per year until year 5 after which it will grow at the dividends’ growth rate g (=9%).c. Since ROE =k, the dividend payout ratio will have no effect on current price.7. The 2Stage Co. just paid a dividend of $1 per share. The dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 25% per year for the next 3 years and then to level off to 5% per year forever. You think the appropriate market capitalization rate is 20% per year.a. What is your estimate of the intrinsic value of a share of the stock?b. If the market price of a share is equal to this intrinsic value, what is the expected dividend yield?c. What do you expect its price to be one year from now? Is the implied capital gain consistent with yourestimate of the dividend yield and the market capitalization rate?P 3 = D 4/(k – g) = 2.05078/(.20 -.05) = $13.67P 0 = D 1/(1+k) + D 2/(1+k)2 + (D 3 + P 3)/(1+k)3 = $1.25/1.2 + $1.5625/1.22 + ($1.953 + $13.67)/1.23 = $11.17 b. If the market price of a share is equal to this intrinsic value, the expected dividend yield is D 1/P 0, which is1.25/11.17 = .1119 or 11.2%c. Its price one year from now = P 1 = D 2/(1+k) + (D 3 + P 3)/(1+k)2 = $1.5625/1.2 + ($1.953 + $13.67)/1.22 =$12.15.The implied capital gain is $12.15 - $11.17 = $.98, which is 8.8% of the price P 0. Thus the dividend yield plusthe capital gain rate add up to 20%, which is k.8. The Bearded ladies’ Stock guide offers the following method for selecting stocks:Compute the stock’s PEG ratio by dividing its P/E mu ltiple by its growth rate of earnings. Select only those stocks whose PEG ratio is in the lowest quartile.a. If the stock is fairly priced according to the constant-growth-rate DDM, what should be its PEG ratio asa function of the following three variables: the stock’s market capitalization rate (k), the expectedprofitability of its future investments (ROE), and its plowback ratio (b)? (Assume the P/E ratio used in computing PEG is the ratio of the stock’s current price to its expected earnings per share, P 0/E 1)b. Assume the CAPM and the DDM are valid. The risk free rate is .04 and the risk premium on the marketportfolio is .06. What should be the relationship between the PEG for a stock whose ROE is .10 and a stock whose ROE is .15, assuming the two stocks have the same beta (equal to 1) and plowback ratio (equal to .6)?c. What do you think of the Bearded Ladies’ method?SOLUTION:a. If the DDM holds we know that P 0 = D 1 / (k-g), furthermore, we know that g = b x ROE and D 1=(1-b) E 1b(ROE)(k -b(ROE))b (ROE)b E k -b(ROE)E )b (g E P PEG -=⨯-==1111110b. The values of k for each of the stocks will be: k = .04 + .06 beta = .04 + .06 =.1PEG 1= (1-.6) / (.6 x .10 x (.1 - .6 x .10)) = 166.67PEG 2= (1-.6) / (.6 x .15 x (.1 - .6 x .15)) = 444.44PEG 1 < PEG 2c. As we can see in part b, the PEG rule would lead us to choose the stock with the lowest ROE.In general, if the stock market is informally efficient, then any stock will offer an expected rate of return that is commensurate with the stock’s perceived market risk, regardless of the stock’s PEG.Using the Internet for Stock Pricing9. Pick a company whose stock is traded on the NYSE. Use one of the stock valuation models discussed in this chapter together with information that you can find by searching the Internet to compute an intrinsic value for the s tock. Compare your estimate of intrinsic value with the stock’s actual price. Would you be willing to make an investment decision on the basis of your research? Why or why not?SOLUTION:One simple model that we can use to value a company is to find the average P/E multiple of the industry in which the company operates and multiply it by the expected earnings per share of that company. The difference between this intrinsic value and the actual market value of the stock can be explained by the difference between our assumptions regarding the company’s future investment opportunities and the market’s expectations. For example, if the market value of the stock is higher than the intrinsic value found, then this difference reflects the investors’ belief that the company will have a greater-than-average future investments opportunities with a rate of return greater than the market capitalization rate for this particular industry. If markets are efficient, then this market value is supposed to be the “real” value o f the company, and represents the view of the majority of investors, hence I would be reluctant to follow my own findings of the intrinsic value as a basis for an investment decision.Dividend Policy10. Divido Corporation is an all-equity financed firm with a total market value of $100 million. The company holds $10 million in cash-equivalents and has $90 million in other assets. There are 1,000,000 shares of Divido common stock outstanding, each with a market price of $100. What would be the impact on Di vido’s stock price and on the wealth of its shareholders of each of the following decisions? Consider each decision separately.a. The company pays a cash dividend of $10 per share.b. The company repurchases 100,000 shares.c. The company pays a 10% stock dividend.d. The company has a 2-for-1 stock split.e. The company invests $10 million in an expansion that has an expected IRR equal to the firm’s cost ofcapital.SOLUTION:a.The stock price falls by $10, but shareholder wealth remains the same in a frictionless world becauseshareholders receive $10 in cash on each share they own. In the real world, shareholder’s wealth may decline because personal taxes may have to be paid on the cash dividend.b.The stock price is unchanged and so is shareholder wealth. Some of the shareholders who sold their shares mayhave to pay taxes on their capital gains in the real world.c.The number of shares outstanding rises to 1,100,000, and the stock price falls to $90.909 (=$100MM/$1.1MM)per share. Shareholder wealth is unchanged: instead of having one share at $100, now the shareholder will have1.1 shares at $90.909/share (1.1 x 90.909 = 100)d.The number of shares outstanding rises to 2,000,000, and the stock price falls to $50 per share. Theoretically,shareholder wealth is unchanged.e.The composition of the firm’s assets changes. Cash falls by $10 million and other assets go up by the sameamount. There is no change in either the stock price or in shareholder wealth.11. It has been found empirically, that on average the total market value of their stock rises when firms announce a stock split. What hypotheses might you offer to explain this phenomenon?SOLUTION:Theoretically, when a firm announces a stock-split, the number of shares doubles (if 2-to-1 stock split) and the market value per share drops by half. Empirically, we have observed a small increase in market value of the stock after the announcement of a stock-split. This can be explained by the informational content of the split. Outside investors may interpret this stock dividend as a positive sign that the company is doing well, hence increasing the price of the stock. Another possible interpretation is that since the price per share is now lower after the split, it can become more affordable for some investors.12. Suppose that a company has had an extraordinarily profitable year, and it announces that it will use most of its net cash inflow to buy back shares of its stock in the market. Would you expect the price of its stock to rise or fall when the announcement is made? Explain.SOLUTION:Theoretically, the price of the stock should not change after a stock repurchase. But the announcement could send a positive signal to investors that the company has been doing very well and has enough cash to buy back shares as a form of dividends. This might increase the price of the stock after the announcement.。

金融学精编版第二版[货币银行学]第4章课后答案

第四章利息和利率1．为什么利息成为收益的最一般的形式？举一个例子，说明收益的资本化。

答：（1）利息是资金所有者由于借出资金而取得的报酬，它来自于生产者使用该笔资金发挥生产职能而形成的利润的一部分。

显然，没有借贷，就没有利息。

但在现实生活中，利息被人们看作是收益的一般形态：无论贷出资金与否，利息都被看作是资金所有者理所当然的收入——可能取得的或将会取得的收入。

与此相对应，无论借入资金与否，生产经营者也总是把自己的利润分成利息与企业收入两部分，似乎只有扣除利息所余下的利润才是经营所得。

于是，利息就成为一个尺度：如果投资额与所获利润之比低于利息率，则根本不应该投资；如果扣除利息，所余利润与投资的比例甚低，则说明经营的效益不高。

利息之所以能够转化为收益的一般形态，马克思认为主要是由于以下几个原因：①借贷关系中利息是资本所有权的果实这种观念被广而化之，取得了普遍存在的意义。

在货币资本的借贷中，贷者之所以可以取得利息，在于他拥有对货币资本的所有权；而借者之所以能够支付利息，在于他将这部分资本运用于产业营运的过程之中，形成价值的增值。

一旦人们忽略整个过程中创造价值这个实质内容，而仅仅注意货币资本的所有权可以带来利息这一联系，货币资本自身天然具有收益性的概念，便植根于人们的观念之中。

②利息虽然就其实质来说是利润的一部分，但同利润率有一个极明显的区别：利润率是一个与企业经营状况密切联系而事先捉摸不定的量；而利息率则是一个事先极其确定的量，无论企业家的生产经营情形如何，都不会改变这个量。

因此，对于企业主来说，“一旦利息作为独特的范畴存在，企业主收入事实上就只是总利润超过利息的余额所采取的对立形式。

”利息率的大小，在其他因素不变的条件下，直接制约企业主收入的多少。

在这个意义上，用利息率衡量收益，并以利息表现收益的观念及做法，就不奇怪了。

③利息有着悠久的历史。

信用与利息，早在“资本主义生产方式以及与之相适应的资本观念和利润观念存在以前很久”就存在了，货币可以提供利息，早已成为传统的看法。

黄达《金融学》(第2版)(金融与发展)笔记和课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第6篇专论第23章金融与发展23.1复习笔记一、金融与经济发展1．金融与经济发展概要第二次世界大战后最初的20年，西方主流的经济发展理论与金融理论基本上是相互分离的。

从20世纪60年代起，一批经济学家先是肯定金融发展对于一国的经济增长有不可或缺的作用。

随后又论证了金融部门与经济发展之间的密切联系，并指出：发展中国家存在广泛的“金融压抑”现象，从而制约了经济增长。

所以发展中国家应将金融自由化、金融深化作为发展政策的核心。

自此，发展中国家先后推开了以金融发展为目标的金融体制改革。

同时发达国家也相继放松金融管制。

一场在全球范围内的金融自由化运动迅速扩展。

2．金融发展的含义金融发展（financial development），作为一个专用术语，按照戈德史密斯的解释，是指金融结构的变化。

金融结构包括金融工具的结构和金融机构的结构两个方面；不同类型的金融工具与金融机构组合在一起，构成不同特征的金融结构。

一般来说，金融工具的数量、种类、先进程度，以及金融机构的数量、种类、效率等的组合，形成发展程度高低不同的金融结构。

金融发展程度越高，金融工具和金融机构的数量、种类就越多，金融的效率就越高。

（2）衡量金融发展的基本指标对于金融发展的程度，一是根据对金融发展的释义，通过对金融结构状态的数量指标来度量；二是通过金融发展状态与经济增长的相互关系指标来度量。

①金融部结构指标：a．主要金融资产占全部金融资产的比重；b．金融机构发行的金融工具与非金融机构发行的金融工具之比率；c．在非金融机构发行的主要金融工具中，由金融机构持有的份额；d．主要金融机构相对规模；e．各类金融机构的资产之和分别占全部金融机构总资产的比率；f．非金融部门的内源融资和外源融资的对比。

；g．国内部门和外国贷款人在各类债券和股票中的相对规模。

②金融发展与经济增长相互关系指标：a．金融相关率：全部金融资产价值与该国经济活动总量的比；b．货币化率：通过货币进行交换的商品与服务的值占国民生产总值的比重。

黄达《金融学》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(货币经济与实际经济)【圣才出品】

第26章货币经济与实际经济26.1 复习笔记一、两个两分框架1．两个两分框架由商品货币关系全面覆盖的经济模型，存在两个由两分法构成的分析框架：（1）任何产出和任何经济集合都具有相互依存的两个方面：实际方面和名义方面；（2）任何微观经济行为主体和任何社会经济体所拥有的资产、财富都由两种形态构成：实际形态和货币形态；就整个社会经济过程来说，则相应一分为二：实际经济和货币经济。

2．“名义”与“实际”任何产出都有用货币数量表示的价格。

就每一件产出品，其有用性，即使用价值，都是该产出品的“实际”面；而伴随着该产出品的价格，则是“名义”面。

有些事物的本身就是价格，如利率、汇率，对它们经常采用“名义”与“实际”的两分框架进行剖析。

但它们对应的“实际”并不是有用性，不是使用价值，而是用通货膨胀率调整后的自己本身。

工资，有名义工资和用通货膨胀率调整的实际工资。

这与利率、汇率的“名义”与“实际”的关系性质相同。

但工资还与劳动、劳动力、人力资本等等对应。

这是需要另行讨论的问题。

股票有价格，债券有价格，期货、期权、互换等合约也有价格。

这种种价格，有的是对未来回报的求索权，有的是对未来交易的选择权。

对它们的剖析，这里所说的两分框架并不适用。

经济生活中的诸多集合也同时具有“名义”与“实际”两个方面。

比如，GDP和GNP，都有名义和实际的区别。

3．名义与实际的多重用法当价格长期不变时，对单一事物来说，名义与实际的区分意义不大。

但度量任一经济集合，不依靠其名义方面则难以进行。

比如GDP、GNP的度量，可以把握的也只能是以货币表示的名义量。

在通货膨胀与通货紧缩的条件下，名义与实际的关系有这样一些类型：（1）商品与服务的名义与实际：在这一领域，由于通货膨胀，价格上涨；由于通货紧缩，价格下跌，名义量会有极大变化。

但名义量的变化无论有多大，也改变不了实际的量。

（2）利率、汇率、工资率的名义与实际：这些率的名义形态和实际形态都是货币形态。