高考人物传记阅读及答案
(完整版)高考人物传记阅读及答案
高考语文实用类文本阅读----人物传记练习一二、吉林省五校高考高端命题研究协作体2016届第一次摸底考试语文试题阅读下面的文字，完成（1）～（4）题。
（25分）纳什：无常命运中的美丽心灵对于很多人来说，数学家可能是遥不可及的存在。
他们醉心于那个由各种抽象符号组成的世界，而似乎离现实很远很远。
《美丽心灵》以诺贝尔经济学奖获奖者约翰·纳什的经历为素材，讲述了一位患上精神分裂症的数学天才，在爱与理智的帮助下，逐渐痊愈的感人故事。
但电影毕竟是艺术抽象，它偏重于纳什博士与精神分裂症抗争的过程。
那么，他属于数学家的一面，又是如何呢？“这人是个天才。
”这就是纳什的硕士导师给他写的推荐信，只有一句话的推荐信。
约翰·纳什的确是个天才。
中学时代，他就开始在附近的大学旁听高等数学的课程了。
尔后，他得到了卡耐基技术学院的奖学金，攻读数学。
仅仅用了三年时间，他就完成了硕士学位。
哈佛大学与普林斯顿大学都向他伸出了橄榄枝。
普林斯顿提供的奖学金比较多，纳什认为这表明普林斯顿更看重他的才能。
“士为知己者死“，纳什选择了普林斯顿。
刚进入普林斯顿的纳什，不像电影描述的那个腼腆的天才。
相反，他属于骄傲好胜的类型。
他不爱上课不爱看书，相对于跟随前人的步伐，他更喜欢自己在数学的世界探索。
吹着巴赫曲子的口哨，他可以独自做上一整夜数学，不知疲倦。
但普林斯顿并不是只有他一位数学天才。
这些天才凑在一起，总爱分个高下，而像国际象棋和围棋之类的智力对抗游戏恐怕最对他们的胃口了，不像电影中描述的那样，纳什其实算得上下棋高手。
实际上，纳什当时研究的博弈论，正是一门以各种博弈为研究对象的应用数学分支。
当纳什在1950年发表对非合作博弈的研究时，博弈学界眼前为之一亮。
以此为题材，纳什完成了他的博士论文。
可是，此时纳什的研究兴趣早已转向更纯粹的数学领域。
甚至在他完成博士论文之前，他已经开始对代数几何——一个高度抽象的数学领域——产生了兴趣，并作出了一些开拓性的研究。
高考语文人物传记阅读理解《张同敞传》含答案
高考语文人物传记阅读理解《张同敞传》含答案（2023春·浙江温州·高三统考开学考试）阅读下面的文言文，完成下面小题。
张同敞传张同敞，湖广江陵人，曾祖居正，相神宗有声。
敞，崇祯间荫补．．中书舍人。
至十七年，闯贼李自成陷北京，怀宗殉难，贼索朝官甚急，文武逼降者多。
敞藏入宫牙牌匿民间，潜出城徒步南归。
及永历帝龙飞端州，敌陷粤东，上留大学士瞿式耜守粤西，驾幸武岗，趣敞入朝。
丁亥八月，寇陷武岗，上狩粤西。
敞为乱兵所掠，避入黔地。
时黔、粤隔绝，人情汹扰，数月不闻行在．．消息。
川、黔士绅议立荣、韩二藩。
敞与钱邦芑及郑逢元、杨乔然力争其不可，众议乃沮。
戊子，敞从间道．．赴行在，升詹事府正詹事。
时寇数道攻粤，留守瞿式耜疏荐敞知兵，得士心。
上命以兵部左侍郎，经略楚、粤兵马。
时兵弱饷匮，敞身在行间，分甘苦，以忠义激励将士，人人自奋。
每接战，敞即以死誓。
及庚寅冬，敞督开国公赵印选、卫国公胡一青连营于桂林之小榕江。
十一月初五日敌兵大至两营战败敞率数骑入桂林城时军民俱散留守大学士朝服坐堂上誓与城亡见敞至，喜曰：“我守臣不容他适，子军中总督，自宜行。
天下事尚可为，子勉之！”敞笑曰：“公能为朝廷死，敞独不能乎？何相待之薄也！”遂取酒共饮，坐而待之。
次日，敌人入城，执敞与式耜见孔有德，两人不跪，敞尤大骂。
有德命部下捶辱之，敞骂愈厉。
有德命拘二人于城北一小室中，命左右说之降，劝谕百端，式耜但大哭，敞则毒骂。
暇则两人赋诗自矢．．，并刺敌人。
有德愤甚，命折敞右臂，仍谈笑赋诗不绝。
两人幽囚唱和者四十余日，诗各数十章。
敌见两人困愈久、苦愈甚，而志愈坚、气愈烈，知终不可辱。
至闰十一月十八日，乃杀之。
金堡时为僧，致书于孔有德，乃殓瞿、张两公尸，葬于白鹤山下。
上闻敞死痛悼，累日不食，望而祭之，赠陵江伯。
（选自《明季南略》有删改）1．下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是（）A．十一月初五日/敌兵大至两营/战败/敞率数骑入桂林城/时军民俱散/留守大学士朝服坐堂上/誓与城亡/B．十一月初五日/敌兵大至两营/战败/敞率数骑/入桂林城时军民俱散/留守大学士朝服坐堂上/誓与城亡/C．十一月初五日/敌兵大至/两营战败/敞率数骑入桂林城/时军民俱散/留守大学士朝服坐堂上/誓与城亡/D．十一月初五日/敌兵大至/两营战败/敞率数骑/入桂林城时军民俱散/留守大学士朝服坐堂上/誓与城亡/2．下列对文中加点的词语及相关内容的解说，不正确的一项是（）A．荫补，指因祖先功勋而补官，荫补官员与其它途径出身的官员共同构成封建官僚队伍。
高考语文传记阅读练习带答案
高考语文传记阅读练习原文1：和倪先生的初次相识是在一同去往杭州旅游的大客车上，一路上我都在向他讨教，现代文学史的掌故、旧书店淘书的传奇等等。
此后，陆续得到倪先生惠赠的一些签名本新著，也曾到他府上拜访过一次，参观了他收藏的令人艳羡的新文学“善本书”。
2006年，当我来到上海人民出版社时，倪先生告诉我正在写一本关于鲁迅的新书。
四年之后的2010年，这部将近五十万字的新书《真假鲁迅辨》，终于面世了。
倪先生探讨鲁迅某些生平大事历史原貌的文章，几乎篇篇都很精彩。
当《鲁迅茅盾“致红军信”的探讨》在《文汇报·学林》上发表时，现代文学史专家、善于“打捞”史料的华东师大陈子善教授一口气读完后，很为倪先生的胆量和见识所感动，立刻给《学林》主编打电话，认为这是一篇有创见的学术论文，是十分难得的。
倪先生以大量可信的史料，论证了此信不可能经鲁迅(包括茅盾)起草或过目或事先知情，而是由当时在陕北的红军中的一位革命同志起草的，极具说服力。
现在倪先生的说法已成为鲁迅研究界的共识。
《真假鲁迅辨》那本书印得不多，总共印了2700册，其中200册毛边本是被一位收藏家“买断”的，所以真正上市流通的不足2500册，很快就销光了。
我曾送了一册给倪先生的“神交”——当时已然九十高龄的蒋星煜先生，蒋老拿着此书便说：倪墨炎写的文章我喜欢看，他在《文汇报》发表的对唐“完全成立”!后来，蒋先生在编选自己的文集时，特地在一篇《唐在“辨伪”系列工程取得阶段性成果后，倪先生才正式开始“重写鲁迅传”。
因为先要辨伪、扫雷，《大鲁迅传》的编写、出版至少推迟了四年。
为了提高效率，年近八十的倪先生“老来学吹打”，第一次用电脑写作整部书，用伊妹儿发稿件。
在《大鲁迅传》第一部写作期间，传来了倪先生患病的消息，我总有一种不祥的预感：倪老师的大书也许写不完了!今年的炎夏，倪先生又住进了华山医院。
在医院里，他最牵挂的自然是已经进入出书“倒计时”的《大鲁迅传》第一部，在即将付刊之前还来电话关照：又发现两处错误，一定要改正!我自然遵命照办。
直击2023高考英语(乙卷) 阅读理解 话题1 人物传记
直击2023高考英语（乙卷）阅读理解话题1 人物传记一、2023真题(共3题；共6分)阅读理解PRACTITIONERSJacqueline Felice de Almania (c. 1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.Tan Yunxian (1461 - 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.James Barry (c. 1789 - 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 - 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.1．（2分）What did Jacqueline and James have in common?A．Doing teaching jobs.B．Being hired as physicians.C．Performing surgery.D．Being banned from medicine.2．（2分）How was Tan Y unxian different from the other practitioners?A．She wrote a book.B．She went through trials.C．She worked as a dentist.D．She had formal education.3．（2分）Who was the first African American with a medical degree?A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania.B．Tan Yunxian.C．James Barry.D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.二、冲刺练(共12题；共24分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B. 、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
高考现代文阅读人物传记
高考现代文阅读人物传记篇一：高考语文人物传记类现代文阅读强化训练(含答案)高考语文人物传记类现代文阅读强化训练（含答案）（一）下笔不觉师造化黄宾虹一生绘画艺术的大进展，多发生在他隐居的时期。
这并不是纯粹的巧合，无需应酬杂务的宁静生活可以让他深思内省，促使画作和自然风景、隐居生活进一步契合。
池阳湖画风之变是一次突变，源自他对江湖水光天色的写生，也来自他蓄积已久的思考，还来自苦涩现实对他心灵的影响。
其弟子王伯敏多年后还难忘他老师的教诲：“读书的人，要甘于寂寞。
寂寞能安定，定则心静，静则心清，清则心明，明则明白一切事理。
作画，墨是黑的，只要眼明心清，便能悟出知白守黑的道理，画便猛进。
”1929年的一件盛事是教育部在上海举办的第一届全国美术展览，南北国画家都参加。
此时在上海美专任教的黄宾虹参加了展出工作，并发表了评介文章《美展国画谈》。
文章提倡士大夫的逸品画格，以为不必求悦于人，人不知而不愠，才是真画者；还以为当时沪上流行的一种是细谨、工于涂泽的媚人习气，另一种是自矜才气、沦于放诞的欺人画风，以浮滑为潇洒、以轻软为秀润，真画者反不合时宜。
他希望画者能坚持避俗趋雅的操守，力求华滋浑厚的画风，不要因一时俗世弃取而改变。
黄宾虹一向以为书画同源，所以称作画为“写画”。
他以为上古时代书画不分，如伏羲画八卦，仓颉造字的一种主要方式就是象形，中国最早的文字中已有横线、纵线、弧线等线条形式；汉以后虽分书画，但仍是道归于一，三代以上笔法可从甲骨、古玉、铜器中求之。
他在1929年编辑的《滨虹草堂古印谱》里曾谈到古印上的籀篆文字：点画的肥瘦方圆奇正各不同，有助于绘画笔法；而结构的疏密、参差离合、抑扬顿挫、回环往复，更可见章法布置之妙。
所以，他作画时要置备金石拓本在案头。
他由古玺印这种上古金石实物、临近原始的艺术形式中悟出笔法要旨，认识到书法、文字、金石、绘画都是同一来源，即来源于自然山水，从而找到回归造化之路。
黄宾虹常提到古代书法家从观察自然中有所领悟，如在雨后看车行泥沼，车轮在泥中转动犹如笔被纸墨所滞却仍圆转，不疾不徐、不粘不脱，由此笔法大进。
历年高考实用类人物传记真题集(后附参考答案)
高考实用类人物传记精选真题集训精选篇目1：科学巨人玻尔（ 2014年新课标Ⅰ卷）玻尔|科学家1927年，第五届索尔维物理学会议在布鲁塞尔召开，激烈的辩论很快就变成了一场爱因斯坦与玻尔之间的“决斗”。
这场辩论在三年后的第六届索尔维会议上战火再续，玻尔获得胜利，他所代表的哥本哈根学派因此获得了大多数物理学家的认同，他们对量子力学的解释也被奉为正统解释。
这次辩论就是著名的“爱因斯坦－玻尔论战”，有人称之为物理学史上的“巅峰对决”。
爱因斯坦和玻尔这两位科学巨人的背后，是现代物理学的两大基础理论——相对论和量子力学。
他们的争论旷日持久，几乎所有理论物理学家都被吸引并参与进来，乐此不疲。
尽管两人的科学理论和思想观点始终没能调和，但他们却结下了长达数十年的友谊。
玻尔高度评价他与爱因斯坦的学术之争，认为它是自己“许多新思想产生的源泉”。
爱因斯坦也称赞说：“很少有谁像玻尔那样，对隐秘的事物具有如此敏锐的直觉，同时又兼有如此强有力的批判能力。
他是我们时代科学领域伟大的发现者之一。
”与爱因斯坦更个性化的独自研究不同，玻尔周围聚集着许多杰出的理论物理学家。
他不但有革新的勇气，更是一位伟大的伯乐。
他为量子物理学培养和组织了一支创新发展的队伍，人们称之为“哥本哈根学派”。
后来的诺贝尔物理学奖获得者玻恩、海森伯、泡利以与狄拉克等都曾是其主要成员。
哥本哈根学派活动的大本营就是哥本哈根理论物理研究所。
该所是玻尔在1917年申请，并于1921年正式成立的。
他以著名科学家的身份为研究所做担保，筹集了大量资金。
在任所长的40年间，他以特有的人格魅力，吸引了世界各地的青年才俊，使研究所成为当时全世界最重要、最活跃的量子力学研究中心。
这里先后培养了600多名物理学家。
玻尔使这个科学家群体中的每个个体的力量发挥到极致，形成了以集体讨论和自由探索为特征的研究风格。
他还经常在此举办非公开的小型年会，邀请各国著名的物理学家出席，相互学习，启发交流。
高考语文专题传记阅读试题(含答案)
高考语文专题传记阅读试题(含答案)专题十五传记阅读[学法――围绕传主，多向思考] [考题位置――第12题](2015•全国卷Ⅰ)阅读下面的文字，完成1～4题。
(25分) 朱东润自传 (1)1896年我出生在江苏泰兴一个失业店员的家庭，早年生活艰苦，所受的教育也存在着一定的波折。
21岁我到梧州担任广西第二中学的外语教师，23岁调任南通师范学校教师。
(2)1929年4月间，我到武汉大学担任外语讲师，从此我就成为大学教师。
那时武汉大学的文学院长是闻一多教授，他看到中文系的教师实在太复杂，总想来一些变动。
用近年的说法，这叫作掺沙子。
我的命运是作为沙子而到中文系开课的。
(3)大约是1939年吧，一所内迁的大学的中文系在学年开始，出现了传记研究这一个课，其下注明本年开韩柳文。
传记文学也好，韩柳文学也不妨，但是怎么会在传记研究这个总题下面开韩柳文呢？在当时的大学里，出现的怪事不少，可是这一项多少和我的兴趣有关，这就决定了我对于传记文学献身的意图。
(4)《四库全书总目》有传记类，指出《晏子春秋》为传之祖，《孔子三朝记》为记之祖，这是三百年前的看法，现在用不上了。
有人说《史记》《汉书》为传记之祖，这个也用不上。
《史》《汉》有互见法，对于一个人的评价，常常需要通读全书多卷，才能得其大略。
可是在传记文学里，一个传主只有一本书，必须在这本书里把对他的评价全部交代。
(5)是不是古人所作的传、行状、神道碑这一类的作品对于近代传记文学的写作有什么帮助呢？也不尽然。
古代文人的这类作品，主要是对于死者的歌颂，对于近代传记文学是没有什么用处的。
这些作品，毕竟不是传记文学。
(6)除了史家和文人的作品以外，是不是还有值得提出的呢？有的，这便是所谓别传。
别传的名称，可能不是作者的自称而是后人认为有别于正史，因此称为“别传”。
有些简单一些，也可称为传叙。
这类作品写得都很生动，没有那些阿谀奉承之辞，而且是信笔直书，对于传主的错误和缺陷，都是全部奉陈。
高考——语文传记类文本阅读专项训练专项练习附答案
高考——语文传记类文本阅读专项训练专项练习附答案一、传记类文本阅读1．阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。
无机材料大师严东升：生而为国2016年9月18日早上5点56分，世界著名材料科学家、我国无机材料科学技术奠基人、两院院士严东升在上海瑞金医院病逝，享年98岁。
严东升去世后，上海硅酸盐研究所的官网首页用1/4板块推出醒目的“沉痛悼念严东升先生”专栏。
1949年新中国成立，正在美国伊利诺伊大学做博士后研究的严东升欣喜若狂，迫不及待想要回到祖国，以了“矢志科学，许身报国”的心愿，1950年2月，他中断了博士后研究历经周折回到祖国。
严东升先生是中国当代无机材料科学的重要奠基人。
七十多年来，他始终将自己的科技实践与国民经济、国防建设和社会发展紧密结合。
在无机材料科学领域辛勤耕耘，为中国科学事业的建设发展设计着蓝图并积极实践。
甫一回国，严东升就马不停蹄赶往开滦化工研究所着手耐火材料的研究，因为他知道，新中国正处于国民经济恢复时期，亟须重工业的崛起。
1954年，严东升被委以重任，解决包头钢铁厂原料——包头铁矿石含氟量高给高炉炼铁带来的严重问题。
期间，大到宏观组织调控队伍，小到研究数据的精确统计，从车间到实验室、办公室，严东升都亲力亲为，巨细无遗，为我国钢铁工业的发展作出了重要贡献。
上世纪60年代，严东升参与创建了上海硅酸盐研究所。
在这里，他把科研方向从传统硅酸盐材料研究调整为先进无机材料科学指导下的新材料研究，主持研究的陶瓷基复合材料，获得国家发明奖一等奖。
严东升先生是著名的战略科学家。
他参与了中国第一个十二年科学技术长远发展规划和《1963-1972十年科技规划》的起草工作。
1984年，他主持制定了《关于中国科学院科技体制改革的汇报提纲》，对中科院的科技体制改革采取了一系列面向经济建设与发展的重大举措，为全国科技体制改革积累了宝贵经验。
他主持开展了中国科学院学部咨询项目《长江三角洲经济与社会可持续发展若干问题》，受到了国家和地方政府的高度重视，在推动长江三角洲地区发展方面起到积极作用。
高考阅读理解-人物传记类练习及答案
高考阅读理解-人物传记类练习及答案Passage 1（2016 全国I A）You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams （1860-1935）Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community （社区）by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carson （1907-1964）If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans.Sandra Day O'Connor （1930-present）When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator （参议员）and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks （1913-2005）On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tiredI was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.1. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A. Her social work.B. Her lack of proper training in law.C. Her efforts to win a prize.D. Her community background.2. What is the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrimination against women.D. The poor financial conditions.3. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?A. Jane Addams.B. Rachel Carson.C. Sandra Day O'Connor.D. Rosa Parks.4. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?A. They are highly educated.B. They are truly creative.C. They are pioneers.D. They are peace-lovers.（2015 安徽B）When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity （团结）. To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn’t have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny’s mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elizabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business.”Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans’ corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.1. Helene tied several chopsticks together to show ______.A. the strength of family unityB. the difficulty of growing upC. the advantage of chopsticksD. the best way of giving a lesson2. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family ______.A. started a business in 1975B. left Vietnam without much moneyC. bought a restaurant in San FranciscoD. opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles3. What can we infer about the An daughters?A. They did not finish their college education.B. They could not bear to work in the family business.C. They were influenced by what Helene taught them.D. They were troubled by disagreement among family members.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. How to Run a CorporationB. Strength Comes from PeaceC. How to Achieve a Big DreamD. Family Unity Builds Success（2009 浙江E）Four people in England, back in 1953, stared at Photo 51. It wasn't much—a picture showing a black X. But three of these people won the Nobel prize for figuring out what the photo really showed—the shape of DNA. The discovery brought fame and fortune to scientists James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Willkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out.Her name was Rosalind Franklin. “She should have been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden. “If her photo hadn't been there, the others couldn't have come up with the structure. ” One reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholars doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her competitors.At Cambridge University in the 1950s, Watson and Crick tried to make models by cutting up shapes of DNA's parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at King's College in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule （分子）. The rays produced patterns reflecting the shape.But Wilkins and Franklin's relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick. Wilkins thought Franklin was hired to be his assistant. But the college actually employed her to take over the DNA project.What she did was to produce X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. That angered Watson, who attacked her in return. “Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily bend. Clearly she had to go or be put in her place. ”As Franklin's competitors, Wilkins, Watson and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that “Franklin was only two steps away from the solution. ”No, Franklin was the solution. “She contributed more than any other player to solving the structure of DNA. She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.1. What is the text mainly about?A. The disagreements among DNA researchers.B. The unfair treatment of Franklin.C. The process of discovering DNA.D. The race between two teams of scientists.2. Watson was angry with Franklin because she ______.A. took the lead in the competitionB. kept her results from himC. proved some of his findings wrongD. shared her data with other scientists3. Why is Franklin described as “Dark Lady of DNA”?A. She developed pictures in dark labs.B. She discovered the black X—the shape of DNA.C. Her name was forgotten after her death.D. Her contribution was unknown to the public.4. What is the writer's attitude toward Wilkins, Watson and Crick?A. Disapproving.B. Respectful.C. Admiring.D. Doubtful.Passage 4（2009 陕西B）When people hear a president speak, they seldom think about others helping to shape the presentation（报告）. Today, however, presidents depend on writers such as J. Terry Edmonds to help them communicate（交流）effectively. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U. S. president; he is also the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House. His is an all-American story of success.Edmonds grew up in Baltimore, Maryland; his father drove a truck, and his mother worked as a waitress. A great reader, Edmonds showed a gift for writing at his high school, Baltimore City College. After graduating in 1967, Edmonds went on to Morgan State University.Edmonds began his career in business, with jobs in public relations and communications. He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman （国会议员）from Baltimore. During Bill Clinton's presidency, he wrote speeches for Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala and worked in a number of jobs in the White House and in governmental departments. President Clinton then appointed （任命）him to the office of director of speechwriting. Following the 2000 elections, Edmonds returned to Morgan State University as the school's special assistant to the president for 2001-2002.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A. Edmonds proved himself to be good at writing at high school.B. Edmonds graduated from Morgan State University in 1967.C. Edmonds was the first full-time speechwriter.D. Edmonds served the White House after 2000.2. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as ______.A. news secretary for a congressmanB. a speechwriter for President ClintonC. news secretary in the White HouseD. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala3. The text is most likely to be found in a book about ______.A. popular scienceB. historical eventsC. successful peopleD. political systemsPassage 5（2010 湖南B）When Mary Moore began her high school in 1951, her mother told her, “Be sure and take a typing course so when this show business thing doesn't work out, you'll have something to rely on.” Mary responded in typical teenage fashion. From that moment on, “the very last thing I ever thought about doing was taking a typing course,” she recalls.The show business thing worked out, of course. In her career, Mary won many awards. Only recently, when she began to write Growing Up Again, did she regret ignoring her mom, “I don't know how to use a computer,” she admits.Unlike her 1995 autobiography, After All, her second book is less about life as an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes（糖尿病）. All the money from the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation（JDRF）, an organization she serves as international chairman. “I felt there was a need for a book like this,” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”But she hasn't always practiced what she teaches. In her book, she describes that awful day, almost 40 years ago, when she received two pieces of life-changing news. First, she had lost the baby she was carrying, and second, tests showed that she had diabetes. In a childlike act, she left the hospital and treated herself to a box of doughnuts（甜甜圈）. Years would pass before she realized she had to grow up—again—and take control of her diabetes, not let it control her. Only then did she kick her three-pack-a-day cigarette habit, overcome her addiction to alcohol, and begin to follow a balanced diet.Although her disease has affected her eyesight and forced her to the sidelines of the dance floor, she refuses to fall into self-pity. “Everybody on earth can ask, ‘why me?’ about something or other,” she insists. “It doesn't do any good. No one is immune （免疫的）to heartache, pain, and disappointments. Sometimes we can make things better by helping others. I've come to realize the importance of that as I've grown up this second time. I want to speak out and be as helpful as I can be.”1. Why did Mary feel regretful?A. She didn't achieve her ambition.B. She didn't take care of her mother.C. She didn't complete her high school.D. She didn't follow her mother's advice.2. We can know that before 1995 Mary ______.A. had two books publishedB. received many career awardsC. knew how to use a computerD. supported the JDRF by writing3. Mary's second book Growing Up Again is mainly about her ______.A. living with diabetesB. successful show businessC. service for an organizationD. remembrance of her mother4. When Mary received the life-changing news, she ______.A. lost control of herselfB. began a balanced dietC. tried to get a treatmentD. behaved in an adult way5. What can we know from the last paragraph?A. Mary feels pity for herself.B. Mary has recovered from her disease.C. Mary wants to help others as much as possible.D. Mary determines to go back to the dance floor.Passage 6（2011 辽宁C）Many people believe Henry Ford invented the automobile（汽车）. But Henry Ford did not start to build his first car until 1896. That was eleven years after two Germans developed the world's first automobile. Many people believe Henry Ford invented the production line that moved a car's parts to the worker, instead of making the worker move to the parts. That is not true, either. Many factory owners used methods of this kind before Ford. What Henry Ford did was to use other people's ideas and make them better. And he made the whole factory a moving production line.In the early days of the automobile, almost every car maker raced his cars. It was the best way of gaining public notice. Henry Ford decided to build a racing car. Ford's most famous race was his first one. It was also the last race in which he drove the car himself.The race was in 1901, at a field near Detroit. All of the most famous cars had entered, but only two were left: the Winton and Ford's. The Winton was famous for its speed. Most people thought the race was over before it began.The Winton took an early lead. But halfway through the race, it began to lose power. Ford started to gain. And near the end of the race, he took the lead. Ford won the race and defeated the Winton. His name appeared in newspapers and he became well-known all over the United States. Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford's dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for one person to operate and care for. It will be built of the best materials. It will be built by the best men to be employed. And it will be built with the simplest plans that modern engineering can produce. It will be so low in price that no man making good money will be unable to own one.”The Model T was a car of that kind. It only cost $850. It was a simple machine that drivers could depend on. Doctors bought the Model T. So did farmers. Even criminals, they considered it the fastest and surest form of transportation. Americans loved the Model T. They wrote stories and songs about it. Thousands of Model T's were built in the first few years.1. What do we know about Henry Ford from Paragraph 1?A. He made good use of ideas from others.B. He produced the first car in the world.C. He knew how to improve auto parts.D. He invented the production line.2. Why did Henry Ford take part in the 1901 car race?A. To show off his driving skills.B. To draw public attention.C. To learn about new technology.D. To raise money for his new company.3. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refers to ______.A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced pricesB. the sale of Model T to the mass of peopleC. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctorD. the sales target for the Ford Company4. What was Henry Ford's dream according to the text?A. Producing cars for average customers.B. Building racing cars of simple design.C. Designing more car models.D. Starting more companies.Passage 7（2010 福建A）F. Scott Fitzgerald（1896-1940）F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her.His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary: “My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.”This Side of Paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel The Beautiful and Damned （1922）, a collection of short stories Tales of the Jazz Age （1922）, and a play The Vegetable （1923）. But his greatest success was The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quick brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men.However, Fitzgerald's problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swissclinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.1. How many novels written by Fitzgerald are mentioned in the passage?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 82. Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald's life according to the passage?a. He became addicted to drinking.b. He studied at St. Paul Academy.c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise.d. The Great Gatsby won high praise.e. He failed to reorder his life.f. He joined the army and met Zelda.A. f-c-e-a-b-dB. b-e-a-f-c-dC. f-d-e-c-b-aD. b-f-c-d-e-a3. We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald ______.A. had made some money when he met Zelda in AlabamaB. was well educated and well off before he served in the armyC. would have completed more works if his wife hadn't broken downD. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital4. The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about ______.A. Zelda's personal lifeB. Zelda's illness and treatmentC. Fitzgerald's friendship with GrahamD. Fitzgerald's contributions to the literary worldPassage 8（2011 陕西B）Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first person to win it twice. However, few people know that she was also the mother of a Nobel Prize winner.Born in September, 1897, Irene Curie was the first of the Curies' two daughters. Along with nine other children whose parents were also famous scholars, Irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers. She finished her high school education at the College of Sévigné in Paris.Irene entered the University of Paris in 1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics. When World War I began, Irene went to help her mother, who was using X-ray facilities（设备）to help save the lives of wounded soldiers. Irene continued the work by developing X-ray facilitiesin military hospitals in France and Belgium. Her services were recognised in the form of a Military's Medal by the French government.In 1918, Irene became her mother's assistant at the Curie Institute. In December 1924, Frederic Joliot joined the Institute, and Irene taught him the techniques required for his work. They soon fell in love and were married in 1926. Their daughter Helene was born in 1927 and their son Pierre five years later.Like her mother, Irene combined family and career. Like her mother, Irene was awarded a Nobel Prize, along with her husband, in 1935. Unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her work with radioactivity（辐射能）. Irene Joliot-Curie died from leukemia on March 17, 1956.1. Why was Irene Curie awarded a Military Medal?A. Because she received a degree in mathematics.B. Because she contributed to saving the wounded.C. Because she won the Nobel Prize with Frederic.D. Because she worked as a helper to her mother.2. Where did Irene Curie meet her husband Frederic Joliot?A. At the Curie Institute.B. At the University of Paris.C. At a military hospital.D. At the College of Sévigné.3. When was the second child of Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot born?A. In 1932.B. In 1927.C. In 1897.D. In 1926.4. In which of the following aspects was Irene Curie different from her mother?A. Irene worked with radioactivity.B. Irene combined family and career.C. Irene won the Nobel Prize once.D. Irene died from leukemia.Passage 9（2012 安徽C）When Frida Kahlo's paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon （丝带）around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City, Kahlo suffered from polio （小儿麻痹症）at the age of seven. Her spine （脊柱）became bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was broken in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operations, but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However, the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering, Kahlo taught herself to paint.In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, another famous Mexican artist. Rivera's strong influence on Kahlo's style can be seen in her early works, but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her best works, show less influence from her husband.Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and 1940s, even in her home country. Her first one-woman show in Mexico was not held until 1953. For more than a decade after her death in 1954, Kahlo's works remained largely unnoticed by the world, but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last.1. What does the phrase “a much bigger name” in Paragraph 1 most nearly mean?A. a far better artistB. a far more gifted artistC. a much stronger personD. a much more famous person2. The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by ______.A. polioB. her bent spineC. back injuriesD. the operations she had3. Kahlo's style had become increasingly independent since the ______.A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1970s4. What is the author's attitude toward Kahlo?A. Devotion.B. Sympathy.C. Worry.D. Encouragement.Passage 10（2014 山东C）Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves. At the age of six months she was acquired, along with her sister, by John Ashley, a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholder. She became known as “Mumbet” or “Mum Bett.”For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family. One day, Ashley's wife tried to strike Mumbet's sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious, she left the house and refused to come back. When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. With his help, Mumbet sued （起诉）for her freedom.While serving the Ashleys, Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution. If the constitution said that all people were free and equal, then she thought it should apply to her. Eventually, Mumbet won her freedom—the first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.Strangely enough, after the trial, the Ashleys asked Mumbet to come back and work for them as a paid employee. She declined and instead went to work for Segdewick. Mumbet died in 1829, but her legacy lived on in her many descendants （后裔）. One of her great-grandchildren was W.E. B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the NAACP, and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights.Mumbet's tombstone still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried. It reads, in part: “She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years. She could neither read nor write, yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal.”1. What do we know about Mumbet according to Paragraph 1?A. She was born a slave.B. She was a slaveholder.C. She had a famous sister.D. She was born into a rich family.2. Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys?A. She found an employer.B. She wanted to be a lawyer.C. She was hit and got angry.D. She had to take care of her sister.3. What did Mumbet learn from discussions about the new consititution?A. She should always obey her owners' orders.B. She should be as free and equal as whites.C. How to be a good servant.D. How to apply for a job.4. What did Mumbet do after the trial?A. She chose to work for a lawyer.B. She founded the NAACP.C. She continued to serve the Ashleys.D. She went to live with her grandchildren.5. What is the text mainly about?A. A story of a famous writer and spokesperson.B. The friendship between a lawyer and a slave.C. The life of a brave African American woman.D. A trial that shocked the whole world.答案及解析Passage 11. A 细节理解题。
2022年高考语文的传记类文本阅读专项训练附答案
2022年高考语文的传记类文本阅读专项训练附答案一、传记类文本阅读1．阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
中国留学第一人——容闳对于中国留学第一人容闳来说，当年他选择留学的胆量，丝毫也不下于世界上第一个吃螃蟹的人，那个年代留洋充满风险。
中国与欧美等国家隔着太平洋、大西洋，坐上船从启程到抵达，途中经过无边无际的海域，需要大半年时间。
更何况把未成年的孩子，送到完全陌生的西洋国家，然后忍受遥遥无期的隔洋相望、鱼雁传书，这对于从来没有出过家门的传统中国父母来说，是难以想象的。
容闳出身于穷苦人家，十三岁时，家居澳门。
当时，澳门是来粤贸易各国商人的共同居留地，华洋杂居。
在澳门，他在马利逊学校读书，受教于美国传教士布朗。
当时他们班上只有6个学生。
后来由于家人和自己健康的考虑要提前回美国，布朗宣布了一个重要的决定：他想带几个跟他学习多年的学生回国，继续完成学业。
布朗说完，要求愿意跟他去美国的孩子站起来。
当时班上只有3个学生站起来，而容闳是其中的第一人。
容闳的母亲起初并不同意，经过容闳的劝说才勉强答应。
布朗为此特地为准备随他去美国的学生找了资助人，这些资助人不仅负担学生留洋的全部费用，还承担了他们留洋期间学生家庭两年的生活费用。
因此，容闳获得了赴美学习的机会。
容闳初到美国，进了马萨诸塞州孟松城的孟松学校。
“那时美国的生活、膳宿都非常便宜。
贫困的学生都有很好的机会找点工作做，以解决学费问题。
我记得当时的食宿费，包括燃料、灯和洗涤在内，每人每星期仅1元2角5分美金。
”容闳从孟松学校完成学业后，获得的资助就此结束。
他放弃了去苏格兰进入爱丁堡大学学习，同时又可以继续获得资助的机会，坚执地要留在美国进入耶鲁大学学习。
有教授建议他申请一份贫困生救助金，但条件是学成后必须做传教士。
容闳不愿意为此放弃自己的理想，而去做传教士，并以此换取获得救助金的机会。
为此，他的大学生活很艰苦，最后是通过当地妇女协会的帮助，才获得了生活的救助。
容闳在耶鲁学习，由于入学前准备并不充分，尽管他学习很努力，但是在总体成绩上并没有取得高名次。
2024年上海高考语文二模典型题目解析文言文阅读(一)人物传记类文言文阅读：太傅王文恪公传(金山区)
2024年上海高考语文二模典型题目解析|文言文阅读（一）人物传记类文言文阅读：太傅王文恪公传（金山区）（四）阅读下文，完成第13-18题。
（20分）太傅王文恪公传（明）王守仁①公讳鏊，字济之。
公自幼颖悟不凡，十六读书太学，太学诸生争传诵其文，一时先达名流咸屈年行求为友。
成化甲午，应天乡试第一，主司异其文，曰：“苏子瞻之流也。
”录其论策，不易一字。
乙未会试，复第一。
②方春，上游后苑，左右谏不听，公讲文王不敢盘于游田，上为罢游。
时边烽甚急，公上筹八事，虽忤权幸，而卒多施行，公辅之望日隆。
武宗在亮闇①，内侍八人，荒游乱政，台谏交章，中外汹汹。
公协韩司徒率文武大臣伏阁以请，上大惊怒，有旨召公等至左顺门。
中官传谕甚厉，众相视莫敢发言。
公曰：“八人不去，乱本不除，天下何由而治！”议论侃侃，韩亦危言继之，中官语塞。
一时国论倚以为重。
（刘）瑾入柄司礼，诏补内阁缺，瑾意欲引冢宰焦②，众议推公。
瑾虽中忌而外难公论，遂与焦俱入阁。
瑾方威钳士类，按索微瑕，辄枷械之，几死者累累。
公亟言于瑾曰：“士大夫可杀不可辱，今既辱之又杀之，吾尚何颜于此！”由是类从宽释。
瑾衔韩不已，必欲置之死无敢言者又欲以他事中内阁刘谢二公公前后力救之，乃皆得免。
瑾骄悖日甚，毒流缙绅。
公遏之不能得，居常戚然。
瑾曰：“王先生居高位，何自苦乃尔耶？”公日求去。
瑾意愈咈③，众虞祸且不测。
公曰：“吾义当去，不去乃祸耳。
”瑾使伺公无所得，且闻交贽亦绝，乃笑曰：“过矣。
”于是恳疏三上，许之。
③公既归吴，屏谢纷嚣，翛然④山水之间，究心理性，尚友千古。
至其与人，清而不绝于俗，和而不淆于时，无贵贱少长，咸敬慕悦服。
平生嗜欲澹然，吴中士夫所好尚珍赏观游之具，一无所入。
惟喜文辞翰墨之事，至是亦皆脱落雕绘，出之自然。
④史臣曰：世所谓完人，若震泽先生⑤王公者，非邪？自为童子至于耆耊，自庙朝下逮闾巷至于偏隅，或师其文学，或慕其节行，或仰其德业。
所谓寿福康宁，攸好德而考终命⑥，公殆无愧尔矣！（选自《王阳明文集》，有删节）[注]①亮闇（àn）：古时候君王或士大夫为直系尊亲居丧守孝。
高考语文文言文阅读分类训练：《人物传记类》(含答案)
文言文阅读：人物传记类一、阅读下面文言文，完成下面小题。
庆历二年，御试进士，时晏元献①为枢密使。
杨察，晏婿也，时知制诰，避亲，勾当②于三班院。
察之弟置时就试毕，负魁天下望。
未放榜间，将先宣示两府，上十人卷子。
置因以赋求察问晏公己之高下。
晏公明日入对，见置之赋既考定第四人，出以语察。
察密以报置。
而置试罢与酒徒饮酒肆，闻之，以手击案叹曰：“不知那个卫子③夺吾状元矣！“既而唱名④，再三考定第一人卷子进御，赋中有“孺子其朋”之言，上不怿曰：“此语忌，不可魁天下。
”即王荆公卷子。
第二人卷子即王珪，以故事，有官人不为状元；令取第三人，即殿中丞韩绛；遂取第四人卷子进呈，上欣然曰：“若杨置可矣。
”复以第一人为第四人。
置方以鄙语骂时，不知自为第一人也。
荆公遂于杨置榜下第四人及第。
是时，上令十人往谢枢密使。
晏公俟众人退，独留荆公，再三谓曰：“延评乃殊乡里，久闻德行乡评之美。
况殊备位执政，而乡人之贤者取高科，实预荣焉。
”又曰：“休沐日⑥相邀一饭。
”荆公唯唯。
既出，又使直省官相约饭会，甚殷勤也。
比往时，待遇极至。
饭罢，又延坐，谓荆公曰：“乡人他日名位，如殊坐处，为之有矣。
”且叹慕之，又数十百言，最后曰：“然有二语欲奉闻，不知敢言否？”晏公言至此，语欲出而拟议久之，乃泛谓荆公曰：“能容于物，物亦容矣。
”荆公但微应之，遂散。
公归至旅舍，叹曰：“晏公为大臣，而教人者以此，何其卑也！”心颇不平。
荆公后罢相，其弟和甫知金陵，时说此事，且曰：“当时我大不以为然。
我在政府，执意革新，人人与之为敌，不能保其终。
今日思之，不知晏公何以知之；复不知能容于物，物亦容焉二句，有出处，或公自为之言也。
”（取材于宋代王铚《默记》）注：①晏元献：晏殊，谥元献。
②勾当：做事情。
③卫子：驴的别称。
④唱名：科举时代殿试后，皇帝呼名召见登第进士，叫唱名。
⑤有官人不为状元：宋代在职官员可以参加科举，但不能录为状元。
⑥休沐日：休息日。
1．下列对句中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是（）A．时知制诰知：掌管B．上不怿曰怿：高兴C．饭罢，又延坐延：请D．何其卑也卑：卑劣2．下列对句中加点字的解释，不正确的一项是（）A．勾当于三班院于：在B．见置之赋既考定第四人既：已经C．复以第一人为第四人以：把D．人人与之为敌之：他3．下列对文中语句的理解，正确的一项是（）A．负魁天下望辜负了天下人想让他考第一的期望B．察密以报置审察的人把秘密报告给杨置C．晏公俟众人退，独留荆公晏殊等大家走的时候，唯独留下王安石D．不知敢言否？不知你敢不敢说？4．根据文意，下列理解和推断，不正确的一项是（）A．庆历二年的殿试中，开始王安石的试卷获得第一名，因犯了皇帝的忌讳而被黜。
高考语文适用文本人物传记阅读题
高考实用类文本阅读训练一、阅读下面的文字，完成1—3题。
王澍：所有庞大的东西，注定都要崩溃王澍，现任中国美术学院建筑艺术学院院长、博士生导师。
恋箫管，擅书法和山水画，执着践行中国本土建筑学理念，享有“中国最具人文气质的建筑家”美誉。
2012年，荣获建筑学最高奖项普利兹克奖，成为第一位获此殊荣的中国籍人士。
⑴人物周刊：上世纪90年代，您有6年隐居起来了，当时您就批判中国“新建筑大量爆发的非常态的状态”，今天您如何评价现状？⑵王澍：愈演愈烈，到了疯狂的地步了。
几乎是不顾一切，你可以看到任何地区都是失控的状态，地方政府疯狂建设的欲望如此强烈，简直到了难以控制的地步。
这可能跟过去几十年的变革有关，传统文化一直是被批判的对象；另一方面，表面上谈中国传统文化调门喊得很高，但具体做法全在模仿西方，这揭示了大家实际上对自己的文化既不了解也没有信心的状态，出现了整个价值观和社会发展方向上的完全迷失的状态。
⑶人物周刊：您有一个观点，建设好乡村就是对中国城市建设的最大贡献，包括向乡村学习的态度，能具体介绍一下吗？。
我们接下来可能碰到的最大问题，就是对城市化⑷王澍：中国传统一直有句话，“礼失求诸野”的过分强调，但实际上中国文化的基础是在乡村。
我经常开玩笑说，你看一下我们明清以来乡村建设的质量，就可以下一个判断：我们至少已经全面城市化六百年了！我们的乡村根本不是无序的简单的农舍，我们的乡村都是结构井然的，它其实都是小城市来的，我们早就城市化了，只不过不是以今天这种现代性的异化扭曲的方式的城市化，它是一个跟自然更和谐的城市化的状态。
这些，是中国未来的老师。
如果我们想知道自己的未来的话，应该回头看一下我们乡村的状态。
我们传统乡村的状态，是中国的未来。
⑸人物周刊：您曾说，“中国人在说传统的时候，都是完全不一样的时间概念”，建筑实践中，您如何实现“对传统进取地保护”？⑹王澍：我这两年经常在西方做一个演讲，主题叫“重返自然之道”。
高考语文专题复习文言文(人物传记类)阅读理解十年真题
高考语文专题复习文言文（人物传记类）阅读理解十年真题（2023·全国甲卷）阅读下面的文言文，完成各题。
B．周尧卿为人简朴持重，不喜计较，对于不如自己的人，他会郑重地以礼相待，让对方产生羞愧之心；虽然俸禄不多，但周济宗族朋友，直到用完为止。
C．周尧卿为学注重独立思考，不迷信古人传注，而以通达文义为目的，他认为解释《诗经》的《传》《笺》各有得失，学习时应当加以分辨。
D．周尧卿学问品行俱佳，得到当世名臣范仲淹和欧阳修嘉许。
范仲淹曾举荐他，但未及任用，他就去世了；欧阳修为他的墓碑撰文，对他褒扬有加。
13．把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
（1）泫然流涕曰：“过是，虽欲竭力，复可得乎？”（2）纭至邑，不复他察，第以所闻荐之。
【2022年】（2022·新高考2卷）阅读下面的文言文，完成下面小题。
吴汉，字子颜，南阳人。
韩鸿为使者，使持节，徇河北，人为言：“吴子颜，奇士也，可与计事。
”吴汉为人质厚少文造次不能以辞语自达邓禹及诸将多所荐举再三召见其后勤勤不离公门上亦以其南阳人渐亲之上既破邯郸，诛王郎，召邓禹宿，夜语曰：“吾欲北发幽州突骑，诸将谁可使者？”禹曰：“吴汉可。
禹数与语，其人勇鸷有智谋，诸将鲜能及者。
”上于是以汉为大将军。
汉遂斩幽州牧苗曾，上以禹为知人。
吴汉与苏茂、周建战，汉躬被甲持戟，告令诸部将曰：“闻鼓声皆大呼俱进，后至者斩。
”遂鼓而进，贼兵大破。
北击清河长垣及平原五里贼，皆平之。
吴汉伐蜀，分营于水南水北，北营战不利，乃衔枚．．引兵往合水南营，大破公孙述。
吴汉兵守成都，公孙述将延岑遗奇兵出吴汉兵后，袭击破汉，汉堕水，缘马尾得出。
吴汉性忠厚，笃于事上，自初从征伐，常在左右，上未安，则侧足屏息，上安然后退舍。
兵有不利，军营不完，汉常独缮檠其弓戟，阅其兵马，激扬吏士。
上时令人视吴公何为，还言方作战攻具，上常曰：“吴公差强人意．．．．，隐若一敌国矣。
”封汉广平侯。
吴汉尝出征，妻子在后买田业。
高考复习专题之人物传记阅读相关练习答案
高考复习专题之人物传记阅读相关练习答案(一）《黄永玉：大师之境》1．（1）率真、睿智：一位画家在聊天中向黄老倾诉心中的苦楚时，黄老叼着烟斗听着，从丝丝青烟中飘出两个字：“揍他！”；将一大幅书法作品挂在客厅里，“人活了八十岁了，如果再不承认老奸巨猾就太不谦虚了！”这些都体现了他的率真和睿智。
体现他的率真。
（2）仗义、正直。
为两位遭保长迫害的学木刻的穷朋友报仇，干掉保长浪迹天涯了。
（3）淡泊名利、重情重义。
弘一法师李叔同去世，黄永玉在庙里嚎啕大哭；为了怀念帮助过他的前辈，出版了《比我老的老头》，记述了张乐平、沈从文、聂绀弩等十几位早年帮助过他的前辈；中国慈善总会授予他“慈善家”称号，因多年好友黄苗子夫人郁风大姐的去世而沉浸在深深的怀念之中，根本没有心情去参加颁奖晚会。
2. 主观上：①自身的素质和天赋②率真的个性；客观上：①文化渊源：姑公即大文学家沈从文的父亲非常喜欢他，少年黄永玉整日和姑公泡在一起。
②艺术家的交往：他和沈从文、张乐平、齐白石、弘一法师等艺术大家有缘分，得到他们的帮助，深受他们的影响，在他的艺术生涯中起了潜移默化的作用。
3. ①贡布里希是在强调艺术家是艺术存在的先决条件，艺术家的品位决定了艺术的品位。
②要搞真正的艺术，先要做真正的人。
③本文作者引用这句话的目是为了说明黄永玉是真正的艺术家。
（二）《莫言——不倦的探索者》1．答案 AE解析：B项原文说“和大多数普通文学爱好者一样”的只是“文学之路也是从阅读和模仿开始的”，也并没有说是“必由之路”。
C项文中“对小说中的故乡有了新的理解”，而不是“对故乡和文学有了新的理解”；“渐渐地你就会有一种能力了，把别人的故事变成你自己的了，无论是国内的，还是国外的，都一样”，是说莫言把国内、国外故事变成发生在高密县的故事。
D项文中说“莫言是世界级的作家，可能是鲁迅、老舍以来最有前途的中国作家”，原文不是肯定的。
2. （1）从主题看，展现了乡土中国的历史和命运。
2023届高考语文复习：实用类文本阅读之人物传记+课件41张
①Hale Waihona Puke 心国家前途，民族命运的爱国者：提出“服务社会、便利人群、 开发产业、富强国家”的强国宏愿，动员民生公司员工英勇抗战。 (品质上) ②脚踏实地，勇于实践的实于家：创办民生实业公司，致力于北碚乡 村建设。(事业上)
③具有现代意识的改革家：认为建设现代化国家的基本要求是建 立良好秩序:注重基础建设，提高人民文化生活水平。(思想上) ④目标高远，不懈追求的理想主义者：把实现个人理想与改造社 会有机结合起来。(行为上)
4.人生经历型 5.引用材料型
3.人生经历型(全文段落大意的考察)
多以时间为顺序，找出主人公发生的大事件，归纳整 理，分条作答。
有时候，也以人物的情感转变过程为线索
3.人物形象(品质)题
【答案来源】 A.直接的人物描写（语言、动作、心理、神态等） B.间接的描写： 次要人物——衬托——主要人物(形象和品质) 典型环境——烘托——主要人物的心理状态(心情) C.从人物经历的事件中（如传记中出现多个事件，而传主的应对行为 就可以看出人物的品质）
例：玻尔“特有的人格魅力”表现在哪些方面?请结合材料谈谈 你的看法。(8分)(2014-1)
例：有人说《自由报》记者宗祺仁是共产党，提醒戴安澜多加提防，他 却回答“何防之有”，这是为什么？请结合材料，分析戴安澜这样回答 的理由。(6分) 【答案】 ①国难当头，应以民族大义为重，戮力同心，共赴国难；(外因) ②宗的见解卓越，报道真实感人，是少有的爱国志士； (内因) ③作为莫逆之交，只应相互敬重，不能彼此防备。(直接原因)
例：作为一位杰出的数学家，吴文俊对物理学、文学艺术等也 有广泛的兴趣。请结合材料，就兴趣广泛与专业研究的关系进 行分析。(8分) (2016-2) 推理过程就是强行点题! ! ! 答案: ①吴文俊广泛的阅读面，为日后的专业研究奠定了基础，也有 利于科学与人文交融理念的形成。(非红字部分为学生自由阐 述)
2019高考文言文阅读训练及答案：人物传记类
人物传记类文言文阅读同步导入既罢，归国，以相如功大，拜为上卿，位在廉颇之右。
廉颇曰：“我为赵将，有攻城野战之大功，而蔺相如徒以口舌为劳，而位居我上。
且相如素贱人，吾羞，不忍为之下！”宣言曰：“我见相如，必辱之。
”相如闻，不肯与会。
相如每朝时，常称病，不欲与廉颇争列。
已而相如出，望见廉颇，相如引车避匿。
于是舍人相与谏曰：“臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也。
今君与廉颇同列，廉君宣恶言，而君畏匿之，恐惧殊甚。
且庸人尚羞之，况于将相乎？臣等不肖，请辞去。
”蔺相如固止之，曰：“公之视廉将军孰与秦王？”曰：“不若也。
”相如曰：“夫以秦王之威，而相如廷叱之，辱其群臣。
相如虽驽，独畏廉将军哉？顾吾念之，强秦之所以不敢加兵于赵者，徒以吾两人在也。
今两虎共斗，其势不俱生。
吾所以为此者，以先国家之急而后私仇也。
”廉颇闻之，肉袒负荆，因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪，曰：“鄙贱之人，不知将军宽之至此也！”卒相与欢，为刎颈之交。
1、请你概括一下这段故事的内容？2、这段故事表现了廉颇和蔺相如什么样的品质？参考答案：1、负荆请罪 2、廉颇：知错就改蔺相如：深明大义体裁特点类型传主身份一般写作顺序价值取向通过对典型人物的生平、生活、精神等领域进行系统描述、介绍的一种文学作品形式。
（以写人记事为主要内容）一类是史传文学，即正史中的人物传记；一类是杂传文学，即具有传记性质的碑、铭、诔、自传等。
政治类：领袖、政治家文艺类：文学家、艺术家、哲学家、教育家民间类：侠义之士、奇人异士、模范、孝子姓名→籍贯→官职→经历→事件为官清廉、淡薄名利，为民作主、关爱百姓，孝敬父母，聪明智慧、卓越的军事、政治才能，针砭时弊、弘扬正气。
知识讲解文体特征关注题目和文章内容，看是否是以写人记事为主为主。
（1）所选材料以真实的历史人物传记为主，辅之以与官职、法律、习俗等有关的内容。
（2）所选文章的内容都有一定的现实意义，一般赞扬所记人物，弘扬正义，贬斥邪恶。
（3）所选的材料篇幅较短，500字左右，文后有一定量的注释。
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高考语文实用类文本阅读----人物传记练习一二、吉林省五校高考高端命题研究协作体2016届第一次摸底考试语文试题阅读下面的文字，完成（1）～（4）题。
（25分）纳什：无常命运中的美丽心灵对于很多人来说，数学家可能是遥不可及的存在。
他们醉心于那个由各种抽象符号组成的世界，而似乎离现实很远很远。
《美丽心灵》以诺贝尔经济学奖获奖者约翰·纳什的经历为素材，讲述了一位患上精神分裂症的数学天才，在爱与理智的帮助下，逐渐痊愈的感人故事。
但电影毕竟是艺术抽象，它偏重于纳什博士与精神分裂症抗争的过程。
那么，他属于数学家的一面，又是如何呢？“这人是个天才。
”这就是纳什的硕士导师给他写的推荐信，只有一句话的推荐信。
约翰·纳什的确是个天才。
中学时代，他就开始在附近的大学旁听高等数学的课程了。
尔后，他得到了卡耐基技术学院的奖学金，攻读数学。
仅仅用了三年时间，他就完成了硕士学位。
哈佛大学与普林斯顿大学都向他伸出了橄榄枝。
普林斯顿提供的奖学金比较多，纳什认为这表明普林斯顿更看重他的才能。
“士为知己者死“，纳什选择了普林斯顿。
刚进入普林斯顿的纳什，不像电影描述的那个腼腆的天才。
相反，他属于骄傲好胜的类型。
他不爱上课不爱看书，相对于跟随前人的步伐，他更喜欢自己在数学的世界探索。
吹着巴赫曲子的口哨，他可以独自做上一整夜数学，不知疲倦。
但普林斯顿并不是只有他一位数学天才。
这些天才凑在一起，总爱分个高下，而像国际象棋和围棋之类的智力对抗游戏恐怕最对他们的胃口了，不像电影中描述的那样，纳什其实算得上下棋高手。
实际上，纳什当时研究的博弈论，正是一门以各种博弈为研究对象的应用数学分支。
当纳什在1950年发表对非合作博弈的研究时，博弈学界眼前为之一亮。
以此为题材，纳什完成了他的博士论文。
可是，此时纳什的研究兴趣早已转向更纯粹的数学领域。
甚至在他完成博士论文之前，他已经开始对代数几何——一个高度抽象的数学领域——产生了兴趣，并作出了一些开拓性的研究。
从入学开始，仅仅花了一年半的时间，他就获得了普林斯顿的数学博士学位。
这无论在什么时代都称得上高速度。
1951年，纳什开始任职于麻省理工学院数学系。
这几年可以说是他在数学研究上最有价值的几年。
他解决了黎曼流形在欧几里德空间中的等距嵌入问题，这个问题跟很多纯数学问题一样，由于艰深，从未被大众所了解。
这也是纳什在纯数学上最大的贡献。
尔后在1956年，他开始研究一个有关偏微分方程的问题。
这时，他那种不爱看论文而独自研究的个性让他吃到了一些苦头。
这种由于自己的无知而被他人捷足先登的经历，也许给纳什造成了一定的心理创伤。
这段时间，纳什遇到了艾莉西亚，在1957年两人结婚了。
在1959年的春天，艾莉西亚怀孕了。
这时的纳什三十出头，在学术界有了一定的地位，还有一个美满的家庭。
一切看起来都是那么美好。
谁又想到仅仅几个月后，纳什便堕入精神分裂症的深渊呢？纳什被困在他的妄想之中。
他开始出现幻听。
入院治疗，出院后辞职逃往欧洲，被遣返美国治疗，离婚，胰岛素休克疗法，出院。
在这十年间，出现过几个月的短暂清醒时期。
在这段时期，纳什做出了一些有意义的研究。
但很快，他又陷入了妄想之中，而他的名字，也逐渐被数学界所遗忘。
但他的理论没有被遗忘。
在他与精神分裂症缠斗之时，来自经济学界、博弈学界的学者们，在纳什均衡的基础上，发展出各自的理论，并将其应用到实践中，从股票市场到拍卖交易。
经过漫长的岁月后，奇迹发生了。
纳什的精神分裂症像冰雪消融那样，一点一滴地缓解了。
纳什从精神分裂症的深渊回来了。
纳什开始重新被学术界承认。
迟来的荣誉接踵而至，其中分量最重的莫过于1994年的诺贝尔经济学奖，获奖原因正是纳什均衡。
只可惜好景不长，仅仅三个月后的现在，他不得不永远终止他的研究。
但是，无数学者，仍会沿着他开创的道路前行。
美国时间23日下午四点半，天才数学巨星约翰·纳什陨落于新泽西州高速公路上的一场交通事故。
享年86岁。
（摘编自方弦《纳什：无常命运中的美丽心灵》有删改）相关链接所谓纳什均衡，指的是参与人的这样一种策略组合，在该策略组合上，任何参与人单独改变策略都不会得到好处。
换句话说，如果在一个策略组合上，当所有其他人都不改变策略时，没有人会改变自己的策略，则该策略组合就是一个纳什均衡。
（百度百科）纳什的研究奠定了现代非合作博弈论的基石，后来的博弈论研究基本上都沿着这条主线展开的。
然而，纳什天才的发现却遭到冯·诺依曼的断然否定，在此之前他还受到爱因斯坦的冷遇。
（孙健《回顾：<</span>美丽心灵>原型小约翰-纳什的一生》）（1）下列对材料有关内容的分析和概括，最恰当的两项是（5分）( ) ( ) A．《美丽心灵》以诺贝尔经济学奖获奖者约翰·纳什的经历为素材，讲述了一位患上精神分裂症的数学天才，与命运抗争的过程。
这与他作为数学家的一面是截然不同的。
B．纳什放弃了学术实力也很强的哈佛大学而选择普林斯顿大学是因为后者提供的奖学金比较多，更看重他的才能。
C．纳什早在以非合作博弈的研究为题材完成了他的博士论文之前，研究兴趣就已转向更纯粹的数学领域。
他已经开始对代数几何产生了兴趣，并作出了一些开拓性的研究。
D．在1956年，纳什开始研究一个有关偏微分方程的问题。
他那种不爱看论文而独自研究的个性让他由于自己的无知而被他人捷足先登，这个经历也许给纳什造成了一定的心理创伤。
E．经过漫长的岁月后纳什从精神分裂症的深渊回来了。
开始重新被学术界承认，1994年他获得诺贝尔经济学奖，获奖原因正是纳什均衡。
此前，纳什均衡的理论已经广泛应用到实践中，从股票市场到拍卖交易。
（2）纳什在读书时代就表现出卓异不凡的数学才能，请结合材料简要分析。
（6分）（3）作者以“无常命运中的美丽心灵”为题有何深意及作用？请结合材料，谈谈你的理解。
（6分）（4）作为天才数学家，纳什具有独特的人格魅力，被誉为“孤独的天才”，表现在哪些方面？请结合材料谈谈你的看法。
（8分）12.（1）C给3分，答D给2分，答B给1分；答A、E不给分。
回答三项或三项以上，不给分。
A截然不同的说法无依据。
E“纳什均衡的理论已经广泛应用到实践中”的说法张冠李戴，而是在纳什均衡的基础上，发展出各自的理论，并将其应用到实践中。
B“是因为后者提供的奖学金比较多，更看重他的才能。
”错误，强加因果，是纳什自己主观认为的，未必如此。
（2）①中学时代，他就开始在附近的大学旁听高等数学的课程；得到了卡耐基技术学院的奖学金。
②在卡耐基技术学院，仅用三年时间，就完成了硕士学位；并获取硕士导师给他写的高度评价的推荐信；同时获取哈佛大学与普林斯顿大学的奖学金③在普林斯顿，发表对非合作博弈的研究引起学界震动，并以此为题材完成了他的博士论文；仅花了一年半的时间，就获得了的数学博士学位；对代数几何作出了一些开拓性的研究。
（每答出一点给2分。
意思答对即可。
）（3）①无常命运指纳什一生经历了学术历程的坎坷，精神分裂症的反复困扰，婚姻生活的波折意外亡故等；②美丽心灵是指他在数学领域的诸多天才发现及抗击命运打击坚持自我学术思想重新被学术界认可的坚毅人格等；③题目是对纳什一生坎坷际遇和独特人格的高度概括和评价，体现作者钦敬之意，具有统摄全文的作用；（每答出一点给2分。
意思答对即可。
）（4）①骄傲好胜特立独行；②专注学术敢于挑战新领域；③藐视权威坚持己见；④坚毅执着勇于向无常命运抗争；⑤独立研究不急于功利不屑于世俗理解。
（每答出一点给2分，给满8分为止。
意思答对即可。
如有其他答案，可根据观点明确、理由充分、论述合理的程度，酌情给分。
）三、江西省南昌市2016届高三摸底测试语文试题阅读下面的文字，完成（1）一（4）题。
（25分）报人王芸生王芸生的一生注定与《大公报》有关，《大公报》这张曾经在中国叱咤风云的报纸决定了王芸生一生的走向，王芸生的是是非非与《大公报》的是是非非也密不可分。
抗战胜利后进入上海《大公报》担任记者的唐振常说：“先生一生事业在《大公报》，《大公报》因得先生而益彰。
先生与《大公报》，盖一而二，二而一者也”。
1927年3月，北伐军打进南京，英、美、日等帝国主义派出军舰炮轰南京，引起第六军官兵奋起反杭。
王芸生在《华北新闻》的社论中声援第六军将士的正义行动。
而《大公报》则发表文章呼吁“躬自厚而薄责于人”。
第二天，王芸生发表社论对《大公报》进行反驳。
文章写道：“被侵略者对侵略者无所谓‘躬自厚’的问题。
中国国民革命的根本任务，不仅对内要打倒军阀，对外还要取消一切不平等条约，把帝国主义的特权铲除净尽！”1928年《大公报》总编裤张季莺亲自登门接王芸生到《大公报》。
从此王荟生的命运就与《大公报》连在一起了。
《大公报》自创刊以来，以“四不”为“家训”，素有德健的“文人论政”的报格。
到了王荟生，也继承了这种传统。
王芸生以国际关系和时政见长，他写的社评挥洒自如，一吐块垒，人们争相抢读。
“九一八”事变三天后，《大公报》总编张季莺决定尽快开辟一个专拦，记载自1871年至1931年“九一八”事变的重大事件，带助读者了解甲午以来的对日屈辱史，栏目名称定为“六十年来中国与日本”，并指定王芸生专主其事。
在王芸生开始编撰工作时，正好赶上溥仪离开清宫，清代历史档案得以会开，其中清朝与外国列强的外交文件很多很丰富。
王芸生奔走于京津之间，广泛搜集史料，在多数未经整理的浩瀚史籍和档案中，耐心搜寻，精选细择，有时竟通宵不眠。
经过三个多月的紧张工作，王荟生在《大公报》隆重推出“六十年来中国与日本”专栏，每日登载一段，连续两年半，无一日中断。
每日文前冠以“前事不忘，后事之师！国耻认明，国难可救！”读来悭然有声。
他的文章后来编成了厚厚的《六十年来中国与日本》，影响深远。
王芸生因著此书而成为我国研究日本近现代史的著名专家和日本问题的政论家。
1943年3月29日，抗战处于最艰难的时候，他在《大公报》发起一场以“爱、恨、悔”为主题的精神运动。
他疾呼：“我们要爱—爱国、爱族、爱人、爱事、爱理；凡我所爱，生死以之，爱护到底！我恨敌人，恨汉奸，恨一切口是心非，损人利已，对人无同情，对国无热爱，贪赃枉法，以及做事不尽职的人！我们要悔，上自各位领袖，下至庶民，人人都要低首于自己良心面前，忏悔三天！省察自己的言行，检视自己的内心，痛切忏悔自己的大小一切过失！”对于国民党的贪污腐败，王荟生义愤填膺，拍案而起，屡次撰文给予痛斥，取得了民众的击节称赞。
他写了著名的《拥护修明政治案》，文章笔酣意畅，正气凛然，传诵一时，同时巧妙地披露香港沦陷之际，“逃难的飞机竟装来了箱笼、老妈子与洋狗”的丑闻，激起了遵义和昆明群众的义愤。
王芸生最著名的社评要数《看重庆，念中原》。
文中把重庆与河南作对照，描写重庆富翁花天酒地，脑满肠肥，限制物价，揭露国民党统治下河南灾民的悲惨生活。