【最新】英国历史简介英文
英语作文关于英国历史
英语作文关于英国历史The history of the United Kingdom is a rich tapestry woven with the threads of various cultures, conflicts, and transformations. From its ancient origins to its modern role on the global stage, the British Isles have seen the rise and fall of empires, groundbreaking social reforms, and significant contributions to the arts and sciences.The story of Britain begins with the ancient Celts and the Roman invasion. The Romans conquered much of Britain and brought their civilization to the islands, leaving behind roads, forts, and Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of their empire. After the Roman withdrawal in the 5th century, various Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, invaded and settled, laying the groundwork for what would become England.The Middle Ages saw the Norman Conquest in 1066, which brought a new ruling class and a feudal system. This period was marked by castles, knights, and the Magna Carta of 1215, which is considered a cornerstone in the development of constitutional governance and therule of law.The Tudor period, from 1485 to 1603, was a time of great change. The Reformation split the Christian church in Britain, leading to the establishment of the Church of England. This era also saw the exploration and expansion of the British Empire, with figures like Sir Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh.The 17th and 18th centuries were significant for the growth of the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution. Britain became the world's leading naval power and colonized large parts of North America, the Caribbean, and India. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and transformed the country from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse.The 19th century was a time of social and political reform. The Victorian era, named after Queen Victoria, was characterized by immense progress in science, technology, and culture, but also by deep social inequalities. The Reform Acts expanded the right to vote, and the labor movement fought for workers' rights.The 20th century brought two world wars, whichreshaped the map of Europe and saw the decline of the British Empire. The UK played a pivotal role in both conflicts, but the aftermath of World War II led to a significant reduction in Britain's global influence. Nonetheless, the British cultural influence remained strong, with the spread of the English language and the British Commonwealth.Today, the United Kingdom stands as a modern, multicultural nation with a rich historical legacy. It continues to be an influential player in international politics, science, and culture.中文翻译：英国的历史是一幅丰富的挂毯，由各种文化、冲突和变革的线编织而成。
英国历史简介英文
Roman influence on Britain was limited.
First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
Christianity to Britain • Extraordinary achievement in
building roads – “All Roads Lead to Rome” • Hadrian's Wall – England’s great wall – 2000 years ago
Conqueror. ������
On October 14, 1066
William and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.
William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William I of England.
monarchs
Robin Hood
• England’s best-loved legend • Heroic Saxon noblemen oppressed by the Normans • ―“Merry men” robbed from the rich to
英国历史简介英文版
?Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871)
Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons ? The Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centuries
? The Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and Denmark. ? The Heptarchy: seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex,
?– England was ruled by Danish kings.
?Alfred the Great
?? The king of Wessex ?? The father of British navy ?? A capable military leader ?and administrator
The Early Settlers (… -55 B.C.)
? 8,000 years ago ? Great Britain became an island ? Natives of Britain ? Iberians (3000BC-2000BC) ? The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area
?King Arthur
? The best-known English legend ? The 5th century ? Story ? King Arthur united the British ? ?? His famous ―round table knights ? ?? Drove the Saxons back with his magical sword ? ?? A hero of British, who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders
英语说明英国的历史作文
英语说明英国的历史作文Title: A Journey Through British History。
Introduction:The history of Britain is a tapestry woven with threads of conquests, cultural exchanges, and societal transformations. From the ancient Celts to the modern-day United Kingdom, the island nation has witnessed a saga of triumphs and tribulations. In this essay, we embark on a journey through the annals of British history, exploringits key epochs and pivotal moments that shaped its identity.1. Ancient Britain:Our voyage begins in ancient Britain, inhabited byCeltic tribes who thrived in the lush landscapes of the island. These early Britons left behind enigmatic monuments like Stonehenge, testaments to their ingenuity andspiritual beliefs. The Roman conquest in 43 AD introduced anew chapter, as Britain became a province of the vast Roman Empire. Roman influence left an indelible mark on British society, evident in infrastructure, governance, and culture.2. The Dark Ages:With the decline of the Roman Empire, Britain plunged into the tumultuous era known as the Dark Ages. Invading Anglo-Saxons and Vikings reshaped the political landscape, giving rise to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and the Danelaw. Amidst the chaos, Christianity took root, shaping both spiritual and political realms. The legendary figure ofKing Arthur emerged from this period, embodying the idealsof chivalry and unity.3. The Medieval Period:The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought William the Conqueror to the English throne, heralding the dawn of the medieval period. Feudalism dominated society, with knights swearing allegiance to their lords in exchange for land and protection. Magna Carta, signed in 1215, laid thegroundwork for constitutional governance and the rule of law. The Hundred Years' War and the Black Death cast shadows over this epoch, yet Britain emerged resilient, its identity forged in the crucible of adversity.4. The Tudor Dynasty:The Tudor dynasty ushered in an era of Renaissance and Reformation, transforming Britain's cultural and religious landscape. Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church laid the foundation for the Church of England, marking a pivotal moment in British history. Elizabethan England flourished under the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, epitomizing the age of exploration, literature, and theatre.5. The Stuart Era:The Stuart era witnessed civil strife and political upheaval, culminating in the English Civil War and the execution of King Charles I. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ushered in a constitutional monarchy, limiting the power of the monarchy and establishing the supremacy ofParliament. The Act of Union in 1707 united England and Scotland under a single parliament, laying the groundwork for the modern United Kingdom.6. The Industrial Revolution:The Industrial Revolution propelled Britain into a new age of innovation and economic prosperity. Steam engines, factories, and railways revolutionized manufacturing and transportation, transforming society and urban landscapes. The Victorian era, named after Queen Victoria, saw Britain emerge as a global superpower, its influence extending across continents through trade and imperialism.7. The Modern Era:The 20th century brought unprecedented challenges and transformations to Britain. World Wars I and II tested the nation's resilience and unity, shaping its role in global affairs. The decline of the British Empire and the emergence of the welfare state marked profound shifts in politics and society. Today, Britain stands as amulticultural society, embracing diversity and striving for social progress in an ever-changing world.Conclusion:From its ancient origins to the complexities of the modern era, British history is a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and diversity of its people. As we reflect on this journey through time, we recognize the enduring legacy of Britain's past, shaping its present and inspiring its future endeavors.。
中英对照英国历史简介
一、英国的起源�公元前5000年—1066年�T h e O r i g i n s o f a N a t i o n(5000B C-1066)I.E a r l y S e t t l e r s�5000B C-55B C�早期的居民�公元前5000年—公元前55年�1�T h e f i r s t k n o w n s e t t l e r s o f B r i t a i n w e r e t h e I b e r i a n s.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
2�A t a b o u t2000B C t h e B e a k e r F o l k a r r i v e d f r o m t h e a r e a s n o w k n o w a s H o l l a n d a n d R h i n e l a n d.约公元前2000年�从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3�T h e C e l t s b e g a n t o a r r i v e B r i t a i n a b o u t700B C.约公元前700年�克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
4�T h e C e l t s c a m e t o B r i t a i n i n t h r e e m a i n w a v e s.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
1�T h e f i r s t w a v e w e r e t h e G a e l s-c a m e a b o u t600B C.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
2�T h e s e c o n d w a v e w e r e t h e B r y t h o n s-c a m e a b o u t400B C.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞�不列颠�人的抵达。
3�T h e t h i r d w a v e w e r e t h e B e l g a e-c a m e a b o u t150B C.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
最新版history of Britain英国历史总结
tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farmers (building villages & using iron weapons) warlike people
Introduction to British and American Culture
theater • roads • “All Roads Lead to Rome〞 • Hadrian's Wall • England’s great wall • protect the Roman Britain
Introduction to British and American Culture
Stonehenge
About 5,000 years ago The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction
Celtic language
River Thames London
Introduction to British and American Culture
Introduction to British and American Culture
What happened 8,000 years ago? Great Britain became an island Who were the early settlers?
Celts the natives of Britain---Briton
Contribution
1) They are the forefather of English.
2) Anglo-Saxons' language -----old English the land of Anglo-Saxon---- Angle-land----England
英语作文关于英国历史
英语作文关于英国历史The History of EnglandEngland, also known as the United Kingdom, has a rich and varied history that spans over thousands of years. From the Celts and Romans to the Saxons and Vikings, England has been home to many different peoples and cultures that have left their mark on its landscape and history.One of the earliest inhabitants of England were the Celts, who lived in the region during the Iron Age. They were known for their intricate art and craftsmanship, as well as their advanced knowledge of agriculture and animal husbandry. The Romans eventually invaded England in 43 AD, bringing with them their advanced technology and culture. The Romans built roads, forts, and cities throughout England, and introduced the region to Christianity.The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD marked the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period in England. The Anglo-Saxons were Germanic tribes that migrated to England from what is now Germany and Denmark. They brought with them their own language, customs, and laws, and established a number of kingdoms throughout the region.In 1066, England was invaded by the Normans under the leadership of William the Conqueror. The Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings, and William was crowned King of England. The Norman Conquest marked the beginning of a new era in English history, characterized by the construction of castles, cathedrals, and monasteries, as well as the introduction of feudalism.The Middle Ages saw the rise of the Plantagenet dynasty, which ruled England for over 300 years. The Plantagenet era was marked by a series of wars, including the Hundred Years' War with France and the Wars of the Roses, a civil war between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.The Tudor dynasty came to power in 1485, with the accession of Henry VII. The Tudor era was characterized by a flourishing of the arts, including the works of William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, as well as the establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII.The Stuart dynasty succeeded the Tudors in 1603, with the accession of James I. The Stuart era was marked by conflicts between the monarchy and parliament, culminating in the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Civil War resulted in theexecution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the overthrow of King James II and the installation of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs. The Glorious Revolution marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England, with the passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed England into an industrial powerhouse, with the invention of new technologies such as the steam engine and the spinning jenny. The Industrial Revolution also brought social changes, including the growth of cities, the rise of the middle class, and the expansion of the British Empire.The 20th century saw England involved in two world wars, as well as the decolonization of the British Empire. The end of World War II saw the establishment of the welfare state in England, with the introduction of the National Health Service and other social programs.Today, England is a modern and vibrant country with a rich cultural heritage that reflects its long and diverse history. From Stonehenge to the Tower of London, England is home to a wealth of historical sites and landmarks that attract millions ofvisitors from around the world each year. With its mix of tradition and innovation, England continues to be a leading force in world politics, economics, and culture.。
英国历史作文英语介绍
英伦历史的斑斓画卷Encompassing a vast array of events and transformations, British history is a tapestry of diverse threads that weave together the rich cultural, political, and social fabricsof the nation. Spanning from ancient times to the modern era, this essay aims to delve into the fascinating journeyof Britain, highlighting key moments and figures that have shaped its identity.The ancient history of Britain begins with the settlement of the first humans on the island, known as the Stone Age. This period is marked by the development of primitive tools and structures, such as the Stonehenge, a mysterious monument that remains a testament to the ancient civilization's sophisticated understanding of astronomy.The Bronze Age saw the emergence of more advanced communities and trade networks, followed by the Iron Age, during which the Celtic tribes established their influence across the British Isles. However, it was the Romaninvasion in 43 AD that marked a significant turning pointin British history. The Romans brought with them newtechnologies, infrastructure, and a centralized government, leaving a lasting impact on British culture and society.The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century led toa period of political instability and cultural fusion known as the Dark Ages. This era was followed by the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, when the French-speaking Normans overthrew the Anglo-Saxon kingdom and established a new feudal system. This event marked a significant shift in the language and culture of England, as French became the language of the government and nobility.The Tudor period, marked by the reigns of Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I, saw the emergence of Englandas a major European power. Henry VII consolidated power and established the Tudor dynasty, while Henry VIII's reign saw significant religious changes, as he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England. Elizabeth I, known as the "Virgin Queen," presided over a period of economic and cultural prosperity, during which England's naval power and exploration reached new heights.The 17th century marked a period of political upheaval, as the English Civil War erupted between the Royalists andthe Parliamentarians. This conflict ended with theexecution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. However, theRestoration of the Monarchy in 1660 marked the return ofthe Stuart dynasty and the end of the Puritan era.The 18th century was a time of significant social and economic transformation, known as the Industrial Revolution. This period saw the development of new technologies and manufacturing methods, which led to rapid urbanization and economic growth. The Empire expanded under the leadershipof George III, as Britain emerged as a global power, controlling vast territories and trading networks.The 19th century was marked by furtherindustrialization and imperial expansion. The Victorian era, named after Queen Victoria's long reign, saw significant economic and social progress, as well as the development of major cities like London. However, it was also a period of social and political tensions, as the working class struggled for better conditions and rights.The 20th century brought with it two world wars and significant social and political changes. Britain'sinvolvement in the First World War led to significant casualties and economic hardships, while the Second World War saw the country stand against fascism and emerge as a key ally of the United States and the Soviet Union. Post-war Britain saw the implementation of welfare reforms and the decolonization of its Empire, as well as the electionof the first female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, in 1979.In conclusion, British history is a rich tapestry of events and transformations that have shaped the nation's identity. From ancient civilizations to modern times, the threads of this history are woven with the stories of brave leaders, innovators, and ordinary people who havecontributed to building a nation that is respected and admired worldwide. As we delve into the past, we gain a deeper understanding of the present and a clearer perspective on the future of this fascinating country.**英国历史的斑斓画卷**英国历史是一幅丰富多彩、交织着各种事件的画卷，这些事件共同塑造了英国丰富多样的文化、政治和社会风貌。
中英对照英国历史简介
一、英国的起源�公元前5000年—1066年�T h e O r i g i n s o f a N a t i o n(5000B C-1066)I.E a r l y S e t t l e r s�5000B C-55B C�早期的居民�公元前5000年—公元前55年�1�T h e f i r s t k n o w n s e t t l e r s o f B r i t a i n w e r e t h e I b e r i a n s.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
2�A t a b o u t2000B C t h e B e a k e r F o l k a r r i v e d f r o m t h e a r e a s n o w k n o w a s H o l l a n d a n d R h i n e l a n d.约公元前2000年�从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3�T h e C e l t s b e g a n t o a r r i v e B r i t a i n a b o u t700B C.约公元前700年�克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
4�T h e C e l t s c a m e t o B r i t a i n i n t h r e e m a i n w a v e s.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
1�T h e f i r s t w a v e w e r e t h e G a e l s-c a m e a b o u t600B C.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
2�T h e s e c o n d w a v e w e r e t h e B r y t h o n s-c a m e a b o u t400B C.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞�不列颠�人的抵达。
3�T h e t h i r d w a v e w e r e t h e B e l g a e-c a m e a b o u t150B C.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
英国历史的英语介绍带翻译
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。
英国历史概况总结英文300字
英国历史概况总结英文300字BC in the Mediterranean Iberian people, BAK people, Celtic, has come to Britain. 1-5 century, south-east England, the Roman Empire. , After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Anglo people in northern Europe, Saxons, Jutes invaded and settled in succession. The 7th century the feudal system began to take shape, many small countries, and into seven kingdoms strive for hegemony over 200 years, called "Anglo - Saxon era." 829 King of Wessex love Gebert unified England. 8 end of the century the Danes were struck from 1016 to 1042 as part of the Danish Viking empire. King was later short-term rule, in 1066, Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England. In 1215 King John was forced to sign Magna Carta, kingship was inhibited. From 1338 to 1453 English law, "the Hundred Years War," the British after the defeat and win a victory. In 1588, defeated the Spanish "Armada", to establish maritime supremacy. Bourgeois revolution broke out in 1640. May 19, 1649 declared a republic. 1660 Dynasty restoration took place in 1668 "Glorious Revolution" established a constitutional monarchy. 1707 England and Scotland merged in 1801 they merged with the Irish. The latter half of the18th century to the first half of the 19th century, becoming the world's first industrial revolution, a complete country. 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire in 1914 the colonial possession of 111 times more than the local big was the first colonial power, claiming to be "follow the sun empire." After World War I began to decay. British in Northern Ireland was established in 1920, the county, and in 1921 to 1922 in southern Ireland, from its rule to allow the establishment of an independent country. Westminster Act, enacted in 1931, was forced to recognize its dominion in the internal affairs and foreign policy of independence, the British Empire, shaken from the colonial system. World War II, greatly weakened the economic strength and political status declined. With the 1947 India and Pakistan have independence, to 60 years, the British Empire, the collapse of the colonial system. In January 1973 to join the EC.。
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。
uk history英国历史(英语国家概况)
– The Battle of Waterloo – The Battle of Trafalgar
中弹阵亡。
1815 1805，英军在这场海战中击败了拿破仑的
法国西班牙联合舰队,法国海军司令被俘虏,英国海军司令纳尔逊海军上将
• The Industrial Revolution
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ
Tudor Dynasty • Henry Ⅶ 1485--1509 • Henry Ⅷ 1509--1547 • Edward Ⅵ 1547--1553 • Mary 1553-1558 • Elizabeth Ⅰ 1558—1603
Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Back
The Black Death
• 3 plagues
• 在1348年，一场瘟疫 或者黑死病通过从亚 洲来的商人来到欧洲， 并被在那些商人的商 船里的老鼠传播开来。 黑死病在1348年到 1353年这短短的五年 时间里夺去了欧洲大 陆近三分之一的人口。
The 16th Century
• The Wars of the Roses • A New Monarchy • The Reformation Movement / Protestant Movement Bloody Mary The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I)
Return
The Crusades 十字军东征
• A series of wars (from 11th to 14th centuries) in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “Holy Land” (i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the “Infidels”异教徒；不 信正统宗教者 (i.e. the Back Muslims).
英国历史简介briefintroductionofenglishhistory
The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）The IberiansThe Beaker FolkThe CeltsII.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.III.The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.IV．Viking and Danish invasionsThe invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. Theybecame a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”V．The Norman Conquest (1066)The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）Norman Rule （1066-1381）William's Rule （1066-1087）King Henry II and his reformsThe Great CharterThe origins of the English ParliamentThe Hundred Years' War（The Hundred Years‘ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France， while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders， which were the importer of English wool， but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides， England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.The English being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France， the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity， while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.）The Black DeathThe Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reducedEngland's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.The Peasant Uprising of 1381Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex， led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw， moved on London in June， 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king.The uprising was brutally suppressed， but it had far-reaching significance in English history. First， it directed against the rich clergy， lawyers and the landowners. Second， it dealt a telling blow to villeinage， and third， a new class of yeomen farmers emerged，paving the way to the development of capitalism.Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)The Wars of RoseThe name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster， symbolized by the read rose， and that of York， symbolized by the white， from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor，descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars， English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The English ReformationHenry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes： a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now，encouraged by the success of Martin Luther， many people believed its time had come； the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； and Henry needed money.Elizabeth I （1558-1603）The English RenaissanceThe Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles， the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22，1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King， and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious （ Puritan） ideology while the Crown‘s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard， the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck， occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II， and appealed to a Protestant king， William of Orange， to invade and take theEnglish throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth， with no bloodshed， nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5，1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5， when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire（1688-1990）Whigs and Tories originated with the Glorious Revolution（1688）. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyDuring the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries.The Industrial Revolution （1780-1830）The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）Parliamentary reformsThree Reform BillsBetween 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832The Reform Act of 1832 （also called the “Greater Charter of 1832）abolished ”rotten boroughs“， and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant‘s， based on the value of their property.A People‘s CharterThere was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836， a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‘s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands （a People’s Charter） in 1838， with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points：（1）the vote for all adult males；（2）voting by secretballot；（3）equal electoral districts；（4）abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament；（5）payment of members of Parliament；（6）annual Parliaments， with a General Election every June.Trade Unions and the Labor PartyColonial Expansion: The growth of dominionsEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain‘s control of the seas， especially by the rising tide of emigration， British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada， Australia， and New Zealand， in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900， Britain had built up a big empire， “on which the sun never set”。
英语国家概况英国的历史起源
英语国家概况英国的历史起源当我们看英国的电影时，会不会对于这个国家的历史起源感兴趣呢?下面是店铺带来英国的历史起源的介绍，欢迎大家阅读!英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(克尔特人的到来和定居)(公元前5000年—1066年)I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 克尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。
他们还打造铁器。
苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。