语言学大题
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的科学？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的起源和发展2. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇构成C. 语言的发音机制D. 语言的书写形式3. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素M. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子5. 语义学研究的是语言的哪一方面？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法6. 语言的词汇量是如何增长的？A. 通过新词的创造B. 通过旧词的淘汰C. 通过语言的混合D. 通过语言的简化7. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的地区变体D. 一种语言的官方标准8. 语言的同化现象是指什么？A. 语言的统一B. 语言的分化C. 语言的借用D. 语言的变异9. 语言的转换是指什么？A. 语言的翻译B. 语言的转写C. 语言的转述D. 语言的转换10. 什么是语言的语境？A. 语言的使用环境B. 语言的书写环境C. 语言的发音环境D. 语言的语法环境二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）11. 语言学的两大分支是________和________。
12. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
13. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
14. 语言的词汇化是指________转化为词汇的过程。
15. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在________中的使用。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 简述语言的交际功能。
17. 简述语言的规范性与变异性。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言与文化的关系。
19. 论述语言的演变过程及其影响因素。
五、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）20. 请分析一种方言的形成过程，并讨论其对标准语的影响。
语言学教程试题及答案
语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的要素？A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 逻辑答案：D3. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的变异性指的是什么？A. 语言随时间的变化B. 语言在不同地域的变化C. 语言在不同社会群体中的变化D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可变性答案：D6. 语言学中“音位”指的是什么？A. 语言中最小的音义结合单位B. 语言中最小的意义单位C. 语言中最小的语音单位D. 语言中最小的语法单位答案：C7. 语言的“语法”指的是什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的词汇规则C. 语言的句法规则D. 语言的语义规则答案：C8. 以下哪一项是语言的语义学研究的内容？A. 音位的分类B. 词义的演变C. 句法结构的规则D. 语言的交际功能答案：B9. 语言的“方言”是指什么？A. 一种语言的不同变体B. 一种语言的书面形式C. 一种语言的口头形式D. 一种语言的文学形式答案：A10. 以下哪一项不是语言的语用学研究的内容？A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇规则D. 语言的交际策略答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支学科包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和意义之间没有必然的联系。
答案：形式3. 语言的创造性表现在人们可以创造新的______来表达新的概念。
答案：词汇4. 语言的规律性是指语言具有______的规则。
答案：系统性5. 语言的变异性包括语言随时间的______、地域的______以及社会群体的______。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
语言学大题
一Once you open your mouth, you are placed.—— Pygmalion by Bernard ShawPoints to cover /language varietiesSpecial terms:1 Standard language, 标准语言Also called standard variety or standard dialect, standard language is the dominant, or prestigious variety.It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language .2 dialects, Classification of DialectsRegional dialectsSocial dialectsAccents3 registers,Differ in vocabulary phonology grammar and semantics4 pidgins,皮钦语,洋泾浜语或混杂语言（Pidgin），指不同种语言混和而成的混合语。
从纯粹语言学的观点看，皮钦语只是语言发展的一个阶段，指在没有共同语言而又急于进行交流的人群中间产生.A pidgin language is a lingua franca which has no native speakers.FeatureReduction in vocabulary and grammarElimination of complexities and irregularities5 creoles 克里奥尔语A creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers.FeasureExpanding in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meaningsServing the range of functions required of a first language二Approaches to meaning 1041.The Naming Theory/referential theory--PlatoDefinition: the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.Problems with naming as meaningApproaches to meaning2. The conceptualist view illustrated by the semantic triangle/triangle of significance. Definition: The interpretation of meaning is linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.Problem: What is the link?Triangle of Reference by Ogden & RichardsApproaches to meaning3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. Wittgenstein: …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.J.R. Firth: “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”ContextLinguistic context: co-text, word’s collocation. Eg. Black coffee, black tea, black peopleSituational contextParticipants( Personalities,Verbal action,Nonverbal action etc. )ActionsObjects and eventsDeictic featuresApproaches to meaning 1074.Behaviorism—Bloomfield“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” S Jill r……s Jack RApproaches to meaning 1095. Meaning as truth conditions: truth-conditional theory/semantics 真值理论draws on formal logic 形式逻辑.Knowing the meaning of a sentence means knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false.Problems 109-110:。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
英语语言学常考大题(本科、研究生、复试通用)
1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitationof sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.4. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.5. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.6. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.7. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.8. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.9. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.10. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.11. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.12. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.13. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.14. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.15. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.16. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.17. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N V NPDet NThe boy likes the music.18. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustratethe constituent relationship among linguistic elements.。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
语言学大题
Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics .45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in lan-guage is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics,.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings..56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language thatdistinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions.35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. Why is it difficult to define language?It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are com-bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob-ject in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven-tion . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfil their commu-nicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1)ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec-essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages , and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2)ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou-ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans-mitted .63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written lan-guage . It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the de-scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of languagedescribes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of lan-guage.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance ?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950's proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker's knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.VI. Analyse the following situation.37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific?It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economyand objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions.35. What is acoustic phonetics?Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced withgreater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.VI. Analyze the following situation.37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricativeChapter 3 Lexicon11.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the begin-ning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?36. What are the main features of the English compounds?43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined w ith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, su ch as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.VI. Analyze the following situation.37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN III II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. CalculationChapter 4 SyntaxIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions.35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or。
戴炜栋语言学试题及答案
戴炜栋语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 社会答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能包括：A. 表达、交流、记录B. 交际、表达、记录C. 交际、表达、思考D. 交际、思考、记录答案：C5. 下列哪个术语不属于语义学的研究范畴？A. 同义B. 反义C. 词源D. 句法答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：声音系统2. 语言的语法学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：结构规则3. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：使用方式4. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：实际使用数据5. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：意义三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述语言的社会功能。
答案：语言的社会功能包括但不限于：交际、记录、教育、娱乐、文化传承等。
2. 什么是语言的双重性？答案：语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容，形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、语法等结构，内容指的是语言所表达的意义。
3. 请简述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程是一个复杂且持续的过程，它包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。
这些变化可能是由于社会、文化、技术等因素的推动，也可能是语言内部的自然发展。
四、论述题（每题30分，共30分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的重要组成部分。
一方面，语言反映了一个社会群体的价值观、信仰和行为模式；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和使用。
例如，不同文化背景的人可能会使用不同的词汇和表达方式来描述相同的事物，同时，语言中的特定词汇和表达方式也能够帮助人们理解一个文化的独特之处。
语言学纲要试题及答案
语言学纲要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的运用D. 语言的发音、语法结构和运用2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学3. 语言学中，研究语言的发音规律的学科被称为什么？A. 语音学B. 音韵学C. 语用学D. 语义学4. 语言学中，研究语言意义的学科是？A. 语用学B. 语义学C. 语法学D. 词汇学5. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的变体B. 一种完全不同的语言C. 一种语言的书面形式D. 一种语言的口头形式6. 语言学中，研究语言随时间变化的学科被称为什么？A. 历史语言学B. 社会语言学C. 比较语言学D. 结构语言学7. 下列哪个选项是研究语言与社会之间的关系的学科？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 应用语言学8. 语言学中，研究语言如何被用来达到交际目的的学科是？A. 语用学B. 语义学C. 语法学D. 语音学9. 什么是语言的同源词？A. 来自不同语言的词B. 来自同一语言的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 来自同一语言家族的词10. 语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为什么？A. 结构语言学B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学答案：1-5 D C A A A 6-10 A A A C A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言学研究的两个主要领域是______和______。
答案：理论语言学；应用语言学3. 语言的方言是指在某一特定地区或社会群体中使用的______。
答案：语言变体4. 语言学中，研究语言随时间变化的学科是______。
答案：历史语言学5. 语言学中，研究语言与社会之间的关系的学科是______。
答案：社会语言学三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
1语言学概论第一章语言与语言学习题
1语言学概论第一章语言与语言学习题语言学概论第一章语言与语言学习题、真题集锦一、单选题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1．结构主义语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家（ D ）。
（P12）A.葆朴B.乔姆斯基C.洪堡D.索绪尔2.索绪尔提出的语言学被称为( D )。
P12A.对比语言学B.转换生成语言学C.社会语言学D.结构主义语言学3．首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是( B )。
P58 A．洪堡特 B.索绪尔 C．乔姆斯基 D.萨丕尔4．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自( D )。
（P68）A.《论语?述而》B.《庄子?养生主》C.《韩非子?五蠹》D.《荀子?正名》5.“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自（ D ）P68Ａ．《墨子》Ｂ．《论语》Ｃ．《管子》 D.《荀子》6.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是（ A ）。
P58-59A．约定性 B．自然性 C．固定性 D．想象性7．语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的（A ）。
P58-59 A．任意性 B.强制性 C．离散性 D.系统性8．几万、几十万个词通过排列组合可以产生无限多的句子，这主要是由于语言符号具有（ A ）。
P60-61A．离散性 B．强制性 C．可变性 D．任意性9．语言是一种（ C ）。
P49A.自然现象B.生理现象C.社会现象D.个人现象9.“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”指的是（ A ）p49A.语言B.言语C.言语行为D.言语作品10.语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的（ A ）p59A.任意性B.强制性C.离散性D.系统性11.语言符号的任意性是指（ B ）p59A.人们可以任意使用或创制语言符号B.语言符号的声音和意义之间没有必然联系C.利用语言可以任意给事物或现象命名D.语言符号的语音形式和意义的关系可以任意改变12.下列关于语言符号的表述中，不正确的一项是（ D ）p60-61A.语言符号包括能指和所指B.语言符号的音和义不可分割C.语言符号音义关系具有任意性D.语言符号不能分解和重新组合13.语言教学理论属于（ B ）。
语言学纲要的试题及答案
语言学纲要的试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 艺术答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 社会学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学研究的“语言”通常指的是什么？A. 书面语B. 口语C. 书面语和口语D. 非言语交流答案：C二、填空题1. 语言学的两个主要分支是______和______。
答案：语音学；句法学2. 语言学研究的目的是______、______和______语言。
答案：描述；分析；解释3. 语言的三个基本功能是______、______和______。
答案：信息传递；社会互动；思维表达三、简答题1. 简述语言学的发展历程。
答案：语言学的发展历程可以追溯到古希腊时期，但现代语言学的奠基人是索绪尔，他提出了语言符号的任意性和二元对立理论。
20世纪初，结构主义语言学兴起，强调语言的系统性和规则性。
随后，生成语法、社会语言学、心理语言学等新的分支相继出现，推动了语言学的进一步发展。
2. 什么是语言的任意性？答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号的音义关系是任意的，即语言的音和义之间没有必然的联系，这种关系是约定俗成的。
四、论述题1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化是相互影响、相互制约的关系。
一方面，语言是文化的重要组成部分，它反映了一个民族的历史、习俗、价值观等文化特征。
另一方面，文化也影响语言的发展和变化，不同的文化背景会导致语言的词汇、语法、表达方式等方面的差异。
此外，语言还可以作为文化传播的媒介，促进不同文化的交流和融合。
2. 描述语言学在现代科技中的应用。
答案：语言学在现代科技中有着广泛的应用，例如在自然语言处理、机器翻译、语音识别等领域。
自然语言处理技术可以分析和理解人类语言，使计算机能够处理和回应自然语言输入。
机器翻译技术利用语言学原理，将一种语言的文本自动翻译成另一种语言。
语音识别技术则使计算机能够识别和理解人类的语音，从而实现语音控制和交互。
语言学概论试题
C.［ｐ］［ｎ］ D.［ｂ］［ｋ］
5.语音的本质属性是( )。
A.物理属性 B.生理属性
C.心理属性 D.社会属性
6.北京人把“分配”［f n55p‘ei51］说成［f m55p‘ei51］，这种语音变化形象是( )。
A.皮亚杰失语症 B.布洛卡失语症
C.维尔尼克失语症 D.斯金纳失语症
12.提出人脑中存在“语言遗传机制”的学者是（ ）
A.萨丕尔 B.沃尔夫
C.乔姆斯基 D.利奇
13.儿童开始正确使用虚词和掌握形态变化时，就进入儿童语言获得过程中的（ ）
A.语境对语法的作用 B.修辞对语法的作用
C.语汇对语法的作用 D.语音对语法的作用
10.“学习外语”和“政治学习”中的“学习”是( )。
A.边缘类的词 B.兼类词
C.同音词 D.词性完全相同的词
A.只改变词的具体意义、不改变词的词类
B.只改变词的抽象意义、不改变词的词类
C.只改变词的词类、不改变词的具体意义
D.只改变词的词类、不改变词的抽象意义
9.“一张上海”这句话表面上看起来是词语搭配不当，其实是“买一张去上海的车票”这句话在特定场所(售票处)对话省略。这种现象说明了( )。
A.义素 B.语素
C.词 D.音素
16.下面各项中属于句子和词组的本质区别的是（ ）
A.句子更有意义 B.句子更长
C.句子能独立使用 D.句子有一定的语气和语调
17.在语音和意义上跟文字所代表的语言单位都没有联系的字符是（ ）
A.音符 B.意符
C．发光 散热 出气 D．天地 欢乐 爱好
11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致情况的一组是（ ）
语言学概论试题及答案200题
语言学概论试题及答案200题语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案（一）：一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是贴合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．决定两种话是不一样语言还是同一种语言的不一样方言就应主要参考（c）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度c．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家2．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为，下列说法正确的一项是（D）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题c．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言好处作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长c．音长是由发音体振动的持续时光决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（B）A．音位是透过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性c．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是（B）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结c．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．从语言信息处理技术本身来看，下列各项中，属于未来一段时光研究的主攻方向的是（D）A．文字编码B．语音识别c．文本检索D．机器翻译7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（A）A．B．c．D．8．北京话“面”单念时读作，但“面包”却读作，这种语流音变现象是（c）A．弱化B．增音c．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是（c）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素c．“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻c．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致状况的一组是（D）A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳c．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）能够首先分出的两个大类是（B）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词c．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词13．语法现象能够分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指（D）A．词语搭配问题B．好处表达问题c．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指（c）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词c．词和词组D．词组和句子15．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用c．语法规则之间能够相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（D）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一向切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一向组合到词组为止c．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有好处”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车”是（A）A．上下位词B．同义词c．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（B）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门c．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（c）A．（甲）他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．（甲）老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边c．（甲）他早就不在学校工作了//（乙）他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（B）A．笔画B．字符c．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（A）A．词语文字B．语素文字c．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（c）A．语族B．语支c．语系D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言潜力是（c）A．语音潜力B．语汇潜力c．语法潜力D．语义潜力24．“萨丕尔（E。
语言学练习题
语言学概论练习题(上）语言学概论练习题目录1 引言2语言的本质3语言的起源和发展4语音5语义6词汇7语法8语用9 文字10语言学的应用第一章绪论一、名词解释。
（每题1分）语言学普通语言学索绪尔乔姆斯基：韩礼德：哥本哈根学派：美国描写语言学派：二、用学过的语言学理论解释下列观点正确与否。
（每题2分）1. 语言学在现代科学体系中是领先学科和关键学科。
2.历史比较语言学的出现，结束了传统语言学的时代，从此，传统语言学的理论和方法也就不再起任何作用。
3.应用语言学就是语言的应用学。
4.语言研究的历史比较法和静态描写法是互不相干的两种研究方法。
5.结构主义语言学的重要研究方法是静态描写法，它也是结构主义语言学唯一的研究方法。
6.共时语言学和历时语言学区分的角度不同，研究的重点各异，所以可以也必须截然分开。
7.现代语言学的发展使语言研究从语言系统过渡到语言使用，也就是现代语言学不再进行语言系统的研究。
8.索绪尔语言学理论的出现是语言学发展的一个转折点。
9.语文学阶段就是指语言学发展史上以语言和文学为主要研究对象的阶段。
10.语言学只要有理论即可，不需要方法，更不需要方法的进步。
11.历史比较语言学的出现标志着语言学科的独立。
三、单项选择。
（每题0．5分，不答不给分，答错倒扣分）1．传统语言学时期主要是指语文学和（）两个时期。
A．历史比较语言学B．结构主义语言学C．转换生成语言学D．现代语言学2．历史比较语言学出现在（）。
A．19世纪中叶B．20世纪初C．19世纪初D．20世纪中叶3．（）被认为是现代语言学的奠基人。
A．洪堡特B．索绪尔C．吕叔湘D．马建忠4．狭义的应用语言学主要是以（）为研究对象。
A．语言教学问题B．双语教学C．对外汉语教学D．计算语言学5．语言学的特殊研究方法是静态描写法和（）。
A．统计法B．调查法C．历史比较法D．分布分析法6．宏观语言学主要研究语言的（）。
A．结构要素B．社会功能C．句法结构D．语法结构7．综合各种语言的研究成果，一般地研究人类语言的语言学叫（）A．历史语言学B．比较语言学C．描写语言学D．普通语言学8．语言学概论课属于（）的入门课。
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分,本大题共10 分）1。
( )语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
2。
人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
3. 进入20世纪以后,语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为（）.4。
俄语属于印欧语系的（5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做（）。
6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（ )字母。
8。
言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为( ）起了补充说明的作用。
9。
方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成(• ）•;在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。
10。
南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，［n ］和[l］是属于（）变体.二、单项选择题:码填在题干上的括号内。
（每小题1 分,本大题共15 分）1。
在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响的语言学流派是（）A.历史比较语言学B.心理语言学C。
结构主义语言学D。
社会语言学2。
“人有人言,兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（) A。
语言 B.言语C.言语行为D.言语作品3。
“我爱家乡"中“爱”和“家乡”（）A.是聚合关系。
B.是组合关系。
C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。
D.4。
一种语言中数量最少的是A.音素B.音位C.语素D。
音节5. 英语的man-→men采用的语法手段是A. 屈折变化B.变换重音的位置C。
变化中缀 D.异根6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是( ）A.音高B。
音强C。
音长D。
音质7. [ε］的发音特征是A.舌面前高不圆唇B.舌面后高不圆唇C.舌面前半高不圆唇D.舌面前半低不圆唇8。
构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（）A。
都是成词语素B。
都是不成词语素C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身"和“体"是不成词语素D。
大学语言学概论试题及答案
大学语言学概论试题及答案语言学概论试题及答案(一)：一、单项选择题(本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是贴合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.决定两种话是不一样语言还是同一种语言的不一样方言就应主要参考(C)A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D.是否属于同一个国家2.关于“说话”这种口头交际行为，下列说法正确的一项是(D)A.只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B.只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题C.只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D.既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题3.关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确的一项是(B)A.在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B.能起区别语言好处作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C.音长是由发音体振动的持续时光决定的D.音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4.下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是(B)A.音位是透过区别特征相互区别的B.区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C.音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D.区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5.关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确的一项是(B)A.复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B.复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C.复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D.复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6.从语言信息处理技术本身来看，下列各项中，属于未来一段时光研究的主攻方向的是(D)A.文字编码B.语音识别C.文本检索D.机器翻译7.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是(A)A.[k，]B.[m，n]C.[n，]D.[k，p]8.北京话“面”单念时读作[mi?n]，但“面包”却读作[mi?mp u]，这种语流音变现象是(C)A.弱化B.增音C.同化D.异化9.关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是(C)A.“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B.“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素C.“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D.“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10.下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是(A)A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C.发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好11.下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致状况的一组是(D)A.丹麦挪威法兰西B.沙拉咖啡麦当劳C.卡车啤酒立邦漆D.香波克隆好莱坞12.汉语中的词类(词的语法分类)能够首先分出的两个大类是(B)A.基本词和非基本词B.实词和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词13.语法现象能够分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指(D)A.词语搭配问题B.好处表达问题C.语音实现问题D.句法结构问题14.主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指(C)A.语素和语素组B.语素组和词C.词和词组D.词组和句子15.语法规则的“抽象性”是指(A)A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间能够相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢16.下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”(层次分析法)的表述，不正确的一项是(D)A.从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一向切分到词为止B.从最小的词开始逐层组合，一向组合到词组为止C.分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有好处”D.分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17.“汽车”和“卡车”是(A)A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词18.下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是(B)A.这样做不值得B.他跑过去开门C.我们单位需要增加编制D.他们正在研究如何筹集资金19.下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是(C)A.(甲)他买了一支钢笔//(乙)他买了一支笔B.(甲)老王在小李的左边//(乙)小李在老王的右边C.(甲)他早就不在学校工作了//(乙)他以前在学校工作过D.(甲)什么水果他都吃过//(乙)他吃过苹果20.文字最基本的单位是(B)A.笔画B.字符C.偏旁D.部首21.根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于(A)A.词语文字B.语素文字C.音节文字D.音位文字22.在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是(C)A.语族B.语支C.语系D.语群23.在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言潜力是(C)A.语音潜力B.语汇潜力C.语法潜力D.语义潜力24.“萨丕尔(E。
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1. complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. irremovable m. dissyllabicb. informal n. abnormalc. impracticable o. unworkabled. insensible p. unwrittene. intangible q. unusualf. illogical r. unthinkableg. irregular s. inhumanh. disproportionate t.irrelevanti. ineffective u. uneditable j. inelastic v. immobile k. inductive w. illegal1. irrational x. indiscreet2. find the sources of the following blends.(a) bash: bat + mash(b)smash: smack + mash(c) glimmer: gleam + shimmer(d) flimmer: flame + glirmmer(e) clash: clap+ crash(f) flare: flame + glare(g) brunch: breakfast+ lunch(h) motel: motor+ hotel(k) workaholic: work + alcoholic(1) spam: spiced+ ham(m) telethon: telephone + marathon(n) aerobicise: aerobicis + exercise(o) chunnel: channel + tunnel (p) chortle: chuckle + snort (q) bit: binary + digit.(r) modem: modulator + demodulator3. determine the historically accurate etymology of the words(a)hangnail(alter. of agnail, angnail) aching nail(b) female(ME: femel, femelle) a male¡¯s companion(c) crayfish( ME: crevis) crawling fish(d) shamefaced( alter. of shamefast) bound by shame (e) Jordan almond(ME: jardin almande) garden almond(f) sparrowgrass(alter of asparagus) a genus of herbs (g) bridegroom (ME: bridegome) a man is just, or about(h) bridegroom(ME: bridegome) a man is just, or about o be married.(i) muskrat( Algonquian: musquash) a large rat-like animal(j) woodchuck( Algonquian: otchek) a north American marmot 8. (a) asset: assets (k) diagnose: diagnosis4. determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed.(a) asset: assets(k) diagnose: diagnosis(b) burgle: burglar (1) tuit: intuition(c) enthuse: enthusiasm(m) amusing: amuse(d) greed: greedy(n) loaf: loafer(e) hush: hush(o) self-druct:self-destructicn(f) automate: automation(p) attrit: attrition(g)donate: donation(q) hairdress: hairdresser(h)escalate: escalator(r) emote: emotion(i) born ck: homesickness(s) drowse: drowsy(j) die: peddler(t) frivol: frivolous5. identify the immediateetymological source of thewords(a) air: Middle English(k) mule: Middle English(b) barbecue: AmericanSpanish(I) decreed: Middle English(c) bungalow: Hindi(m) revolution: MiddleEnglish(d) cola: African origin(n) benevolent:Middle English(e) gusto: Spanish(o) lie:Middle English(f) Babel: The Bible(p) topic: Latin(g) buffalo: Italian(q) subject: Middle English(h) cocoa: Spanish(r) theme: Middle English(i) costume: French(s) wind: Middle English(j) ill: Middle English(t) datum: Latin6. LW: monk, loanword; LB:boody trap, coconut; LS:yankee; LT: firewater, freeverse, war paint5. “A free for m whichconsists entirely of two ormore lesser free forms…. is aphrase. A free form which isnot a phrase is a word. Aword, then, ...(a) Bloomfield treated suchitems as book, book, or do,does, did, done, not as thesame words in different forms,but as different words. But onthe other hand, he alsoclaimed that John’s in John’shat should be regarded as oneword. At the same time, theboy’s (bat) is also just oneword. From here, one cn seethat Bloomfield’s definition ofword intended to coverdifferent linguistic units withthe same criterion.(b) The traditionallyrecognized words such as thegrammatical articles a and theare different words from theirmodifying head, butBloomfield thought differently,as was evidenced in(a).(c) Consequently, grammaticalcriterion was taken intoaccount while defining thescope of word. For example,Bloomfield treated theconstituent the king ofEngland’s or the man I sawyesterday’s serving as apremodifier as independentlong word. In fact, this type ofmodifier is rank—shiftedphrases, not words at all.6. in what ways is ICanalysis better thantraditional parsing?In traditional parsing, asentence is mainlyseen as asequence of individual words,as if it has only a linearstructure. IC analysis, however,emphasizes the hierarchicalstructure of a sentence,seeLing it as consisting ofword groups first. In this waythe internalstructure of a sentence isshown more clearly, hence thereasons of some ambiguitiesmay be revealed.7. what are the problems inIC analysis?There are some technicalproblems caused by the binarydivision and discontinuousconstituents. But the mainproblem is that analysis, e.g.the love of God. In terms ofboth the tree diagram thereare structures whoseambiguities cannot berevealed by IC and the labels,there is only one structure, butthe word God is in twodifferent relations with love, i.e. either as a subject or object.8. In what sense is theanalysis of a sentence interms of theme and themefunctional?The analysis of a sentencein terms of theme and theme isfunctional in the sense thatthis distinction has to do withthe semantic side of theconstituents of a sentencerather than the formal side.They have to do with theinformation conveyed,whether the known or new, themore important or lessimportant. In contrast, theanalysis of a sentence in termsof subject and predicate isformal, e.g. the subject will bein the nominative form inlanguages with casedistinctions, the form of thepredicate verb will have to bein agreement with the subjectin certain categories.9. How does Halliday relatethe functions performed bylanguage to its structures, orsystems?In Halliday’s view, there arethree structures, or systems,corresponding to the threefunctions of ideational,interpersonal and textual. Theideational function is realizedas the transitivity system inthe clause as a representationof experience, in which thereare six processes: material,mental, relational, behavioural,verbal and existentialprocesses. Actor, the so-calledlogical subject, is an importantparticipant in the materialprocess. The interpersonalfunction is realized as themood system in the clause asan exchange, which is dividedinto the two major parts ofMood and Residue. AndSubject is one of the two partsof Mood, the other part beingthe finite verbal operator.10. Why is Saussure hailedas the father of modernlinguistics?Saussure was the first tonotice the complexities oflanguage. He believed thatlanguage is system of signs.To communicate ideas, signsmust be part of a system ofsigns, called convections. Heheld that the sign is the unionof the signifier and thesignifled.By providing answers toquestions concerning manyaspects of language, Saussuremade clear the object of studyfor linguistics as a science. hisideas on the arbitrary nature ofsign, on the relational natureof linguistic units, on thedistinction of langue andparole and of synchronic anddiachronic linguistics, etc. ,pushed linguistics into a brandnew stage.11. What are the 3 importantpoints of the Prague school?The Prague School hasthree points of specialimportance. First, it stressedthat the synchronic study oflanguage is fully justified as itcan draw on complete andcontrollable material forinvestigation. Second, itemphasised the systemiccharacter of language, arguingthat no element of anylanguage can be satisfactorilyanalysed or evaluated ifviewed in osation. In other words, ele. ments are held to be in functional contrast or oppcition. Third,it looked on language as a tool performing a numer of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.12. What is the Prague school best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme” as an ab stract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sound actually produced.In classifying distinctive features,he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system;(2) relations between the opposing elements; and(3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarised as:a)bilaeral opposition;b) multilateral opposition;c) proportional opposition;d) isolated opposition;e) privative opposition;f) gradual opposition;g）equipollent opposition;h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition. 13. What’s the essence of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)?FSP is a theory that refers to a linguistic analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole. From a functional point of view, some Czechoslovak linguists believed that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer —it is their rallying point, the ground on which they meet. This is called the Theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the Rheme. It is believed that the movement from the Theme to the Rhemereveals the movement of themind itself. Language may usedifferent syntactic structures,but the order of ideas remainsbasically the same. Based onthese observations, theycreated the notion ofFunctional SentencePerspective ( FSP) to describehow information is distributedin sentences. FSP dealsparticularly with the effect ofthe distributed in sentences.FSP deals particularly with theeffect of the distribution ofknown (or given) informationand new information indiscourse. The knowninformation refers toinformation that is not new tothe reader or hearer, and thenew information is what is tobe transmitted to the reader orhearer.14. What is the tradition ofLondon School?The London School has atradition of laying stress onthe functions of language andattaching great importance tocontexts of situation and thesystem aspect of language. Itis these features that havemade this school of thoughtknown as systemic linguis Lticand functional linguistics. It isan important and admirablepart of the London Schooltradition to believe thatdifferent types of linguisticdescription may beappropriate for differentpurposes.15. What’s the relationbetween Systemic Grammarand Functional Grammar?Systemic Grammar andFunctional Grammar are twoinseparable components for anintegral framework ofSystemic-Function a linguistictheory. Systemic Grammaraims to explain the inter narelations in language as asystem network, or meaningpotential This networkconsists of subsystems fromwhich language users makechoices. Functional grammaraims to reveal that language isa means of social interaction,based on the position thatlanguage system and the formsthat make it up areinescapably determine by theuses or functions which theyserve. Systemic Grammarcontains a functionacomponent, and the theorybehind Functional Grammar issystemic.16. What’s special aboutSystemic-Functionallinguistics?Systemic-Functionallinguistics aims to provide ataxonomy for sentences, ameans of descriptivelyclassifying particular sentenceAlthough it may not seem asinfluential as Chomsky’stransformational generatvietheory in some parts of theworld, it is much morerelevant to the needs ofvarious groups of people whodeal with language.Halliday believes thatlanguage is what it is becauseit has to serve certainfunctions. In other words,social demand on languagehas helped to shape itsstructure.Systemic-Functionallinguistics is based on twofacts: (1 )language users areactually making choices in asystem of systems and tying torealize different semanticfunctions in social interaction;and(2) language is inseparablefrom social activities of man.Thus, it takes actual uses oflanguage as the object of study,in opposition to Chomsky’sapproach that takes the idealspeaker’s linguisticcompetence as the object ofstudy.17. How many stages ofdevelopment has Chomsky’sTG Grammar undergone?Chomsky’s TG Grammarhas seen five stages ofdevelopment. The ClassicalTheory aims to makelinguistics a science. TheStandard Theory deals withhow semantics should bestudied in a linguistics theory.The Extended StandardTheory focuses discussion onlanguage universals anduniversal grammar. TheRevised Extended StandardTheory (or GB) focusesdiscussion on givemment andbinding. The latest is theMinimalist Program, a furtherrevision of the previoustheory.The development of TGGramrnar can be regarded as aprocess of constantlyminimalising theories andcontrolling the generativepowers. Although TGGrammar has involved puttingforward, revising, andcancelling of many specificrules, hypotheses, mechanisms,and theoretical models, itsaims and purposes have beenconsistent,i. e. to explore thenature,origin and the uses ofhuman knowledge onlanguage.18. In what ways is ICanalysis better thantraditional parsing?In traditional parsing, asentence is mainly seen as asequence of individual words,as if it has only a linearstructure. IC analysis, however,emphasizes the hierarchicalstructure of a sentence, seeingit as consisting of word groupsfirst. In this way the internalstructure of a sentence isshown more clearly, hence thereasons of some ambiguitiesmay be revealed.19. the advantages andproblems in IC analysis?Though IC analysis, theinternal structure of a sentencemay be demonstrated clearly,and ambiguities, if any, will berevealed.There are some technicalproblems caused by the binarydivision and discontinuousconstituents. But the mainproblem is that analysis, e. g.the love of God. In terms ofboth the tree diagram there arestructures whose ambiguitiescannot be revealed by IC andthe labels, there is only onestructure, but the word God isin two different relations withlove, i. e. either as a subject orobject.20. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisConsequently, two versionsof the Sapir-Whorf hypothesishave been developed, a strongversion and a week version.The strong version of thetheory refers to the claim theoriginal hypothesis suggests,emphasizing the decisive roleof language as the shaper ofour thinking patterns, theweak version of thishypothesis, however, is amodified type of its originaltheory, suggesting that there isa correlation betweenlanguage, culture and thought,but the cross- culturaldifferences thus produced inour ways of thinking arerelative, rather thancategorical.。