欧洲文化入门 中文版
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
欧洲文化入门(The 17th Century)
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
德国数学家、自然科学家、哲学家 New Essays Concerning Human
Understanding(1704) 《人类理智新论》 Discourse on Metaphysics 《形而上学论》
5.Invention of New Instruments
Great progresses of 17th: A. astronomy B. dynamics动力学 C. invention of scientific instruments
Contract 社会契约论
Thomas Hobbes
And Therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies.
如果有两人都想要一件东西，他们就会 成为敌人。
B. Johannes Kepler 约翰尼斯·开普勒
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 〈天体运 行论〉
德国天文学家、物理学家、 数学家
Kepler’s Laws开普勒定律: three laws of planetary motion
三大行星定律
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
(完整版)《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍
《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍《欧洲文化入门》是面向完成《大学英语》（1-4）学习的高年级学生的公共选修课之一，计划开设于第三学年第一学期，每周2课时，学程18周。
该课程以课堂讲授为主，涉及内容广泛，讲授内容包括对西方尤其是欧美的文化、宗教、哲学、历史、地理、人文、风俗、以及音乐、美术、文学、科技等各方面知识的介绍。
课程采用历史叙述法，系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识，增强学生对欧洲文化的了解掌握，使学生把英美文化放在大的欧洲背景下，体验欧洲文化的一体以及多元性。
1. 学习目标：通过本课程的学习，学生可以了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野的目的。
2. 教学语言和方式：英语和汉语；教师课堂讲授，多媒体展示，学生小组活动。
3. 对学生的要求：要求学生能够自觉训练使用英语去了解和表达，对欧洲文化有大体的了解。
广泛去接触欧洲文化，包括使用互联网，阅读相关书籍。
《欧洲文化入门》是一门兼具知识性与开放性的综合性课程。
教师通过网络教学平台、开放课程教学博客等，随着课程进展将复习练习、课外自学建议和学习材料等提供给选课学生。
4. 课程考核包括：1、出席率+小组活动与课堂报告20％；2、笔试60%（考题以问史实为主）；3、项目化教学报告成绩（20%）。
5. 课程内容及课时分配：第一讲：古希腊文化；影片观摩（四课时）；第二讲：古罗马；希腊、罗马文化比较与综述（四课时）；第三讲：基督教的兴起；影片观摩（三课时）；第四讲：《圣经》选读；欧洲的中世纪（三课时）；第五讲：文艺复兴运动；文艺复兴时期的艺术（四课时）；第六讲：宗教改革；十七世纪的欧洲（三课时）；第七讲：启蒙运动、新古典时期；启蒙时代与古典时期的音乐（四课时）；第八讲：浪漫主义；浪漫主义时期的文学与音乐（三课时）；第九讲：现实主义；影片观摩（三课时）；第十讲：二十世纪的欧洲与现代主义；现代美术作品观摩（三课时）；6. 教材王佐良等《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992。
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案复习课程
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which arenot seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture i n works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the developmen t of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When the wandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God all Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first p art of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to thechurch groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠ continued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translated the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the Middle Ages, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written.。
欧洲文化入门第一章PPT课件
looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks
11
a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)
Games, revived in 1896
7
3. Homer
Homer (around 7th century B.C.) , author
of the ancient Greek epics—Iliad and Odyssey—the Trojan War in around 1200
B.C.荷马史诗，《伊利亚特》与《奥德 赛》，特洛伊战争
4
Greece and Troy
5
Rule of Alexander
Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336–323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece
Alexander fighting Persian king
3
Trojan War 特洛伊战争
In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey
by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought over the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse, Laocoon(p33) Troy defeated
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门第一章PPT课件
Loose plot, satirical tone, clever parody, acute criticism, contemporary events, coarse language
18
6. History--Herodotus
important lyric poet of ancient Greece Pindar--Greek lyric poet 品达
Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved, and some critics since antiquity have regarded him as the greatest.
Almost exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his 'inquiries' into the origins of the GrecoPersian 《历史》 Wars which occurred in 490 and 479 B. C.
The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars—Herodotus and Thucydides
希罗多德(484-430 B.C.), Ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”
see these great works incorporated into
欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解
目录分析
1.1复习笔记
1.2课后习题 详解
2.1复习笔记
2.2课后习题 详解
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题 详解
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题 详解
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题 详解
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题 详解
第7章浪漫主义
第8章马克思主义和达尔文主义
9.1复习笔记
9.2课后习题 详解
10.1复习笔 记
10.2课后习 题详解
作者介绍
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课 后习题详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
王佐良
章节
文化
精华
现实主义
内容
浪漫主义
习题
知识
笔记 笔记
时代
文化
复习
圣经
习题
罗马
第章
达尔文主义
内容摘要
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他 教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓 缩了经典教材的知识精华。2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重 要难点知识的理解和运用。3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。本书对王佐良主编的《欧洲文化入门》课后思考题 进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
欧洲文化入门
1.?What?did?the?Roman?have?in?common?with?the?Greeks??And?what?was?the?c hief?difference?between?them??(1)The?Romans?had?a?lot?in?common?with?the?Greeks.?Both?peoples?had?traditio ns?rooted?in?the?idea?of?the?citizen-assembly,?hostile?to?monarchy?and?to?servilit y.?Their?religions?were?alike?enough?for?most?of?their?deities?to?be?readily?identi fied?—Greek?Zeus?with?Roman?Jupiter,?Greek?Aphrodite?with?Roman?Venus,?an d?so?on—and?their?myths?to?be?fused.?Their?languages?worked?in?similar?ways? and?were?ultimately?related,?both?being?members?of?the?Indo-European?language ?family?which?stretches?from?Bangladesh?to?Iceland.?(2)?There?was?one?big?difference.?The?Romans?built?up?a?vast?empire.?The?Gree ks?didn’t,?excepted?for?the?brief?moment?of?Alexander’s?conquests,?which?soon? disintegrated.2.?Why?do?we?say?Judaism?and?Christianity?are?closely?related??Judaism?and?Christianity?are?closely?related:?(1) It?was?the?Jewish?tradition?which?gave?birth?to?Christianity;?(2)Both?originated?in?Palestine--the?hub?of?migration?and?trade?route,?which?led? to? exchange?ideas?over?wide?areas.5.?Into?what?three?groups?were?people?divided?under?feudalism??Under?feudalism,?people?of?their?Western?Europe?were?mainly?divided?into?three ?classes:?clergy,?lords,?and?peasants.2.?What?are?the?main?elements?of?humanism??How?are?these?elements?refl ected?in?art?and?literature?during?the?Italian?Renaissance??Humanist?is?the?essence?of?Renaissance.?Humanists?in?renaissance?believed?that? human?beings?had?rights?to?pursue?wealth?and?pleasure?and?they?admires?the?be auty?of?human?body.?This?belief?ran?counter?to?the?medieval?ascetical?idea?of?poverty?a nd?stoicism,?and?shifted?man’s?interest?from?Christianity?to?humanity,?from?religion? to ?philosophy,?from?heaven?to?earth,?from?the?beauty?of?God?to?the?beauty?of ?human?in? all?its?joy,?senses?and?feeling.?The?philosophy?of?humanism?is?reflected?in?the?art?and?literature?during?the?Itali an?Renaissance?in?the?literature?works?of?Boccaccio?and?Petrarch?and?in?the?art? of?Giotto,?Brunelleschi,?Donatello,?Giorgione,?da?Vinci,?Michelangelo,?Raphael,?and?Titian,? etc.?In?their?works?they?did?not?stress?death?and?other?world?but?call?on?man?to ?live?and?work?for?the?present.6.?What?are?the?doctrines?of?Martin?Luther??What?was?the?significance?of?the?re formation?in?European?civilization??In?Reformation?began?in?1517,?Martin?Luther?put?forth?the?following?doctrines:?⑴He?rejected?the?absolute?authority?of?the?Roman?Catholic?church?and?replace?i t?with?absolute?of?the?Bible.?People?can?communicate?with?God?directly?instead? of?through? the?church;?⑵He?opposed?the?purchase?of?indulgences?and?called?for?institutional?reform?of? the? church;?⑶advocated?translating?the?whole?Bible?into?vernaculars?and?made?the?Bible?acc essible? to?every?man;?⑷He?preached?love?and?ideals?of?equality,?and?he?was?a?fighter?for?democracy? and?nationalism,?a?humanist?who?helped?to?build?a?competent?educational?system ?in?Germany.The Reformation was significant in the European civilization. Before Reformation, E urope was essentially feudal and medieval. In all aspects of politics, economy and spir it, it was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Reformation things were different. In educational and cultural m atters, the monopoly of the church was broken. In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Cath olic Church. In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the nation al languages as a result of various translations of Bible into vernacular. In spirit, absol ute obedience became out--mode and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered in by the reformists. In word, after the reformation Europe was to take a new course of develop ment, a scientific revolutionwas to be under way and capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principle s.4. Why do we say that Bacon was a founder of modern philosophy? Bacon was regard ed as the founder of modern philosophy:The whole basis of his philosophy was practical. He held the philosophy should be ke pt separate from theology instead of being blended with it as the Scholasticism; Bacon maintained that it was crucial to supply mankind with a scientific method of in quiry into nature. He rejected the traditional deductive method and founded modern in ductive method;To expert any great advancement in science, bacon held that we must begin anew. The fresh start required the mind to overcome all the preconceptions, all prejudices, all theassumption, to sweep away all the fallacies and false beliefs, in a word, to break with t he past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.8. What is Descartes’ method of Cartesian doubt? What is its significance? Descartes employed methodic doubt with a view to discovering whether there was an indubitable truth. And he expressed this truth in this famous motto: ―I doubt, therefor e I think: I think, therefore I am.‖ This Cartesian doubt is the most important point in h is philosophy. According to Descartes, I think therefore I am‖ makes mind more cer tain than matter. He believed that is thinking is one that doubts, understands, conceive s, affirms, denies, wills, imagines, and feels. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the esse nce of mind. So he concluded that knowledge of things that we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true, and that knowledge of things must be by the mind. As to the se nses, he believed that they are not dependable.2. Why the Enlightenment is also called “the Age of Reason”?The Enlightenment characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use criticalreason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore it is called the Age of Reason.7. In which book did Montesquieu discuss the separation of powers? Discuss its core (main) ideas and significance. （谈谈其当时的意义以及对美国立法的影响。
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and ReformationP
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation
51、没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远 适用的 宪法， 甚至一 条永远 适用的 法律。 ——杰 斐逊 52、法律源于人的自卫本能。——英 格索尔
53、人们通常会发现，法律就是这样 一种的 网，触 犯法律 的人， 小的可 以穿网 而过， 大的可 以破网 而出， 只有中 等的才 会坠入 网中。 ——申 斯通 54、法律就是法律它是一座雄伟的大 夏，庇 护着我 们大家 ；它的 每一块 砖石都 垒在另 一块砖 石上。 ——高 尔斯华 绥 55、今天的法律未必明天仍是法律。 ——罗·伯顿
谢谢！
36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。——西班牙
37、我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯
欧洲文化入门第一章
编辑ppt
7
3. Homer
Homer (around 7th century B.C.) , author
of the ancient Greek epics—Iliad and Odyssey—the Trojan War in around 1200
123 or more plays, only seven survived Oedipus the King《俄狄浦斯王》 Strong impact on European literature
“the Oedipus complex”俄狄浦斯情节
编辑ppt
14
c. Euripides (484-406 B.C.)
Division One
Greek Culture and Roman Culture
编辑ppt
1
I. Greek Culture
1. Historical context 2. Social and political structure 3. Homer 4. Lyric poetry 5. Drama 6. History 7. Philosophy and science 8. Art, architecture, sculpture and pottery 9. Impact
The Pre-Socrates Greek Philosophers Pythagoras 毕达哥斯 Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Democritus 德莫克里特
编辑ppt
4
Greece and Troy
编辑ppt
5
Rule of Alexander
Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336–323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece
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欧洲文化入门中文版2009-10-11 15:16《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。
这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。
希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。
著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。
接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。
希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。
罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。
公元前500年，罗马开始了独立城邦的生涯。
经过三次布诺战争，罗马渐渐地满足了它的征服欲。
战争中尤里乌斯恺撒声名鹊起。
公元前27年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊称，罗马早期帝国形成。
在此后的两个世纪中，罗马帝国的疆域达到最大范围，其文化处于极盛时期。
这段历史时期被成为“罗马和平”。
但罗马的伟大也就仅至于此。
罗马的伟大时代随着公元180年马可奥勒留的去世而告终。
公元395年，罗马帝国彻底分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国。
公元476年，西罗马帝国陷落。
公元1453年，东罗马帝国被土耳其人占领。
说到罗马的文化，它基本源于希腊，但罗马人在思想意识方面也有重大贡献。
罗马人对欧洲文化所作的最重要的贡献是它所创立的罗马法律。
在政治文化方面，罗马出现了以下比较重要的人物：1. 恺撒他是古代罗马政治家、军事家。
他在文学方面也颇有建树。
传世之作有《高卢战记》、《内战记》。
对于他，我们要记住一句名言：也就是“I came, I saw, I conquered.”2.西赛罗他是古罗马政治家、哲学家和最重要的演说家。
主要成就在演说词和书信。
3. 卢克来修他是罗马共和国末期主要诗人之一，提倡唯物论、无神论和原子论。
作品有哲理诗《物性论》。
4. 维吉尔他是罗马文学中最重要的作家。
代表作品是《阿尼德》。
在建筑、艺术方面，罗马人也做出了突出的贡献。
如：圆形大剧场和建于公元前27年的罗马万神殿以及女狼雕塑等。
以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述，下面我们来一起看两个问答题。
1. How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?希腊哲学是如何发展起来的？回答这个问题，我们要掌握1. 三个哲学奠基人及其理论：毕达哥拉斯，赫拉克里特，德谟克里特。
2. 三位思想家及其理论：苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚力士多德。
3. 其它思辩流派，如诡辩派、犬儒派等。
这样才能完善这个问题。
具体的答案我们可在练习册上找到。
2. What’s the differ ence between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas (system)？柏拉图和亚力士多德的哲学体系有何区别？回答这个问题，首先要阐述柏拉图的哲学体系包含什么，亚力士多德的哲学体系包含什么。
然后再进行对比。
他们两个最主要的一个区别在于亚力士多德强调理论联系实际，而柏拉图强调万物依赖主观思维。
这是必须提到的一点。
具体的答案见练习册。
以上是对第一章希腊罗马文化的讲解。
刚才我们谈到要研究欧洲发展的历史，除了要研究希腊和罗马文化历史这条线索之外，精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史也很重要。
在第二章中我们要看一下基督教和圣经的发展及其内容。
第二章基督教和圣经这一章的重点是：犹太教与基督教的关系，基督教的教义核心，旧约的摩西五经，十诫，列王记，罗马帝国衰亡的原因，基督教与罗马帝国政府的关系的发展，基督教教士对维系和发展西方文明的贡献，圣经对西方的影响或贡献。
在学习这一章中，大家应努力将2－4章关于基督教的知识连成线，从而理解和记忆欧洲文化的另一个重要源头的发展脉络――犹太教和基督教，彻底认清圣经在欧洲文化中的核心作用。
基督教是在西方最具影响力的宗教。
犹太教是世界各地犹太人信仰的宗教。
是基督教的前身。
这一教派的经典《旧约》记载了犹太人的历史。
犹太人以前叫Hebrews希伯莱人，在大约公元前3800前在中东一带沙漠流浪。
约在公元前1300前，他们逐渐在伽南地区定居下来，并形成了小王国。
基督教与犹太教关系密切。
它与犹太教同发源于巴勒斯坦。
基督教的核心是耶稣基督，其教义是：一、耶稣基督是上帝的儿子，上帝派他到人间来，跟人类一起受苦受难，最终拯救人类。
二、基督是上帝唯一的儿子，任何信仰基督的人最终得到永生。
耶稣基督生活在第一个罗马帝国。
他教导人们热爱上帝、信仰上帝。
由于他获得越来越多的人的爱戴，当时的统治者就收买了他十二个门徒中的犹大，在耶稣与他的弟子去往巴勒斯坦的路上，将他钉死在十字架上。
由于耶稣的门徒圣保罗和圣彼得拒绝把罗马皇帝作为上帝来敬奉，而宣称只有真正的上帝才能受到崇拜，所以基督教一开始就被认为是一个具有反叛性的宗教受到包括罗马皇帝尼禄、多米提安在内的皇帝的迫害的宗教。
尽管如此，基督教还是越来越受到人们的信奉，并开始从早期穷人信奉的宗教演变为各个阶层的人都能接受的宗教。
成为一支显著的社会力量。
统治者对它的态度也开始转变。
公元305年，戴克里先放弃了摧毁基督教的企图。
不久，君士坦丁一世由于相信上帝帮助他赢得战争而在313年发布“米兰赦令”宣布人人都有宗教信仰的自由，从此基督教取得了合法地位。
392年，迪奥多西一世宣布基督教为罗马国教，而其它宗教不合法。
至此，基督教从一个受压迫的对象转变为统治阶级的统治武器。
基督教的主要经典是《圣经》。
《圣经》由《新约》和《旧约》两部分构成。
在前面已经谈到《旧约》是希伯莱人的文献。
《旧约》共39部，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是《摩西五书》，包括《创世纪》, 《出埃及记》, 《利未记》, 《民数记》, 《申命记》。
《新约》成于基督教兴起之后，共27卷，其中前四卷福音书《马太福音》、《马可福音》《路加福音》《约翰福音》内容包括了有关耶稣言行的传说、耶稣使徒的传说。
接下来我们看一下《圣经》的翻译：现存的最早的《旧约》希腊版本被成为旧约圣经。
传说是应埃及王之请，由72位犹太学者在72日之内译成。
现存最早的《圣经》拉丁文全译本是瓦尔盖特译本，是公元383－405年由圣杰罗姆所译，是罗马天主教认为唯一可信的拉丁语译本。
其它英文译本及欧洲其它语种译本大都以瓦尔盖特译本为基础。
当1500’s发明印刷术时，拉丁圣经是第一部被全文印刷的作品。
继拉丁文译本之后，出现了现代语言的译本。
第一部英文全文译本是1382年由约翰威克利夫在瓦尔盖特拉丁文译本基础上译成。
之后，出现了英国宗教改革家丁道儿的英文译本。
他的译本是直接根据希伯莱和希腊原文译成。
后来出现的《大圣经》The Great Bible 就部分参照丁道儿的译本。
1539年在亨利八世命令所有英国教堂中都必须供奉《大圣经》。
但最重要的也是最具影响力的圣经译本是最初发表于1611年的官方版圣经或詹姆斯王圣经。
它的翻译是在詹姆斯国王的命令下由54为圣经学者翻译而成，语言简洁，使用高雅的安各鲁萨克森语言。
这一译本被认为是英语语言中最伟大的作品。
圣经修订本The Revised Version 出现在1885，1901年出现了标准美语版本圣经修订本。
1979年，新版詹姆斯王圣经出版。
对圣经的翻译有重大意义，英语圣经和莎士比亚的作品被成为现代英语的两大源头。
后世的文学深受圣经的影响。
如：Miltion’s Paradise Lost (失乐园), Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary (同时期的) Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述，下面我们来一起看一个问答题。