高二英语必修五第一单元课文详解2
高二英语必修五第一单元知识点讲解.docx
必修5 Unitl Great scientistsPart 1. Warming up1・ explain及物动词(vt.)解释;说明;阐明[(+to)] [+wh-] [+(that)]He explained that he had been cheated.他解释说他是上当受骗了。
Can you explain how the machine operates?你能解释一下这机器是如何运转的吗？Please explain this rule to me.请给我讲解一下这条规则。
不及物动词(vi.)解释;说明;辩解I've got to explain about it.我得解释一下此事。
2・ characteristicn. 特征；特性Kindness is one of his characteristics.adj. 独特的I heard my friend's characteristic laugh.be characteristic of sb./sth.是.....的特性Such bluntness is characteristic of him.如此迟钝是他的特性。
3.Who put forward a theory about black holes?put forward提出(建议等)；提名;提前，把时钟往前拨He put forward a new plan.他提出一个新计划。
May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能杏提名你当委员会主席？ [归纳拓展]put down记下；镇压put out关掉；熄灭put aside放在一边；储存；保留put off推迟；延期put up建造；举起；张贴put on穿上put away 收好选词填空(put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out)①The plan that you ____ at the meeting is wonderful.②Many tall buildings were ____ a long the road.©Firefighters have been called to _____ the fire in the city center.④He has a little money to ____ f or a rainy day.⑤Don，t __ until tomorrow what can be done today.Part 2・ Pre・reading, reading and comprehending1.Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific researchhow to prove a new idea为“疑问词+不定式"结构，该结构可在句屮作主语、宾语、表语等。
新课标高中英语必修5 课文翻译与要点 unit1
1.必修五Unit 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”约翰·斯诺击败“霍乱王”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personalphysician.约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。
But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。
This was the deadly disease of its day.霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
So many thousands of terrified people diedevery time there was an outbreak.每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。
John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。
He knew that cholera would never be controlled until itscause was found.他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。
高中英语必修五课文及翻译
高中英语必修五课文及翻译集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]-必修 5Unit 2 The United KingdomReadingPUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it isdivided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotlandis known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of nationalgovernment and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.人们可能会奇怪为什么用不同的词语来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家。
高二英语必修5 Unit 1 课文知识点梳理
JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 【so...that引导结果状从】【when引导时间状从；exposed(done)作后定】This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 【neither...nor的用法；被动语态】So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 【every time引导时间状从，中间带有一个there be句型】John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.【that引导的宾从中套一个until引导的时间状从；情态动词的被动语态】He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.【be/become interested in...；that引导的定从中套一个how引导的宾从】The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.【that引导宾从】A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. 【until引导时间状从】The second suggested that people absorb ed this disease into their bodies with their meals.【that引导宾从】From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.【that引导宾从】So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry.【when引导时间状从】As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information.【as引导时间状从】In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.【so...that引导结果状从】He was determined to find out why.【被动语态】First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.【where引导定从】This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.【that引导宾从；had done过去完成时】He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.【that引导宾从】They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.【过去完成时的被动；so和had间省略主语they】It seemed that the water was to blame.【that引导表从】Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.【that引导宾从；polluted作后定（高考中出现过）】He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.【so that引导目的状从（是为了）；情态动词的被动】Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.【that引导宾从；被动语态】In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.【that引导定从】A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.【who引导非限制定从；so...that引导结果状从】Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.【that引导宾从（没有直接跟在谓语动词之后）】To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.【that引导宾从】The water companies were instruct ed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.定向练习，举一反三一、单词和短语1.The medicine will cure you ______ your cough.2.The doctor devoted himself to finding the cure ______ the disease.3.Most shin cancers are _______ (cure) if _______ (treat) early.4.Many patients are not getting the medical ________ (treat) they need.5.She likes her job to be ______ challenge.6.The new discovery ________ (challenge) traditional beliefs in 1850.7.Reducing the gap between rich and poor is one of the _________ (challenge) the government faces.8.Try tennis, badminton or boring. In short, try anything _________ (challenge).pletely ________ (absorb) in her new novel, the young writer kept thinking and writing in her study for a dozen hours.10.His ability _______ (absorb) information was astonishing, but his concentration time was short.11.Those small companies have been absorbed ______ the large company.12.When something did interest me, I could become ______ (absorb).13.He left office after _________ (suspect) of theft.*14.They suspected him ______ giving false evidence.15.He is the first _________ (suspect) of giving away government secrets to the enemy.*16.She blamed him ______ the failure of their marriage.17.If you fail the exam, you will only have yourself ________ (blame).18.Which driver was _______ (blame) for the accident?19.They put the blame for the abortion of the project ______ us.20._______ (blame) for the broken vase, the boy hung his head.21.There’s _____ direct link between diet and heart disease.22.The police suspect that the two cases may _______ (link).23.The Channel Tunnel _______ (link) Britain with the European contient.24.They walked with their arms ______ (link).25.Always read the _________ (instruct) on the bottle thoroughly and take the right amount ofmedicine.26.He is the ________ (instruct) who taught me how to shi.st week, we _________ (instruct) by our clients that you owe them 300 dollars.28.He instructs us ______ making self-introduction.29.She arrived at 10 o’clock as _______ (instruct).30.All the evidence suggests that he _______ (steal) the money.31.Earlier reports suggested that a meeting _________ (take) place next Sunday.32.I suggest that you _______ (thought) over your position very carefully.33.I suggest _______ (add) vitamins E and A to your diet.34.He suggested that we _______ (hold) a meeting to discuss this problem.35.He suggested _______ (hold) a meeting to discuss this problem.36.The doctor advised my father _______ (give) up smoking.37.The volunteers contribute most of their own spare time ______ the project.38.The young population of a nation are the people ________ (contribute) most to a country’s economic development.39.Her ________ (contribute) to the reaserch were largely unacknowledged.二、语法专项1.后置定语(1)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) ______ (build) by the Pueblo Indians are admired by even the most modern architects. (2015年全国卷)(2)The airport _______ (complete) last year has helped promote tourism in this area.(3)There are hundreds of vistor _______ (wait) in front of the Art Gallery.COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.【although引导让步状从；that引导同位从】Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.【if引导条件状从；only放句首时，句子要用部分倒装（波浪线部分为主句谓语动词，did助动词置于主句主语之前）】【as引导原因状从；would have done虚拟语气】They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.【省略that的宾从；for‘由于...’】The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop.【because引导原因状从；that引导宾从】Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.【if引导条件状从】Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer.He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.But only his new theory could do that.So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.【until引导时间状从】In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends.The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.【省略that/which的定从】He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.【that引导宾从；as引导时间状从】His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.【as引导时间状从】Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked.【who引导定从】Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.【on which 引导定从】His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.【which引导非限制定从中套一个because引导的原因状从】Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.【that引导宾从】。
新课标人教版高二英语必修5Unit 1SectionⅡ实用课件
Unit 1 Great scientists
③ _____In_______ conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise. 总之，散步是一种廉价、安全、有趣且易实施的锻炼方式。
Unit 1 Great scientists
Section Ⅱ Warming Up & Reading— Language Points
Unit 1 Great scientists
conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出 (经典例句)He concluded his speech with a famous saying: No pain, no gain. 他以一句名言“一分耕耘，一分收获”结束了他的演讲。
①It’s a great honour to be invited to attend her wedding. 被邀请参加她的婚礼是莫大的荣幸。 ② The patient was so ill that two nurses attended _______o_n____ him. 这位病人病得那么重，以至于有两个护士照顾他。
栏目 导引
Unit 1 Great scientists
③I can’t go out with you tonight because I have an important thing to attend ______to______． 今晚我不能与你一起外出，因为我有一件重要的事情要处理。
栏目 导引
栏目 导引
Unit 1 Great scientists
expose...to... be exposed to...
牛津译林版高中英语必修五《Unit 1 Getting along with others》Reading 课件 2
6.Why did Sarah tell Hannah that they weren’t going to be friends any more?
Because she thought that Hannah had told everyone how badly she had done in the Maths test.
She felt ashamed.
Why she felt so
She thought her best friend Hannah didn’t keep her secret.
She scored the lowest mark in her class.
She was so upset that she felt like crying.
She told Hannah how badly she had done in the test.
5.Why did Sarah tell Hannah that they weren’t going to be friends any more?
Because she thought that Hannah had told everyone how badly she had done in the Maths tests.
Read the second letter carefully And answer the following questions.
1. Why did Andrew shout at Mathew after the match?
2. What did Matthew think about losing the match? 3. How did Andrew think of football? 4. What kind boy is Matthew? 5. How is Matthew recently?
高二上英语必修五 unit1 words2
1)The director had her assistantp_r_e_p_a(rperepare) some documents for the meeting. 2)How could you have him s_t_a_n_d_i(nsgtand) in the cold all night? 3)After the party, we had a photo t_a_k_e_n_(take) to record this precious moment.
Be cautious when you put it down.
Put it down with caution. be cautious about ...小心/谨慎的 with caution=cautiously 谨慎地
He rejected the money given to him. reject sth. 拒绝接受...
4. In no sense ________ he realize he had made such a serious mistake.
enthusiastic
We should be enthusiastic about helping others. we should help others with enthusiasm. enthusiasm [u,c]n.热心，热情，热衷的事物 with enthusiasm =enthusiastically 热心地；热衷地
“have sb. do sth” 意为“让某人做某事”相 当于let/make sb. do sth.或get sb. to do sth.
John had me find a car for him. “have sb. doing sth.”意为“让某人一直做 某事”
高中英语必修五unit 1reading 1and 2课文内容
Unit 1 Great scientistsJOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London – so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets inthe sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them, but only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus’ theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.。
高中英语必修5第一单元课件
高中英语必修5第一单元课件篇一：高中英语必修5第一单元重点高中英语必修5第一单元重点、难点 Unit One Great scientists1、Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?(p1)那位科学家发现水中有一种力量能帮助物体漂浮？Discover 用法归纳(1)发现某东西 Columbus discovered America in 1492. 1492年哥伦布发现美洲大陆。
Do you know who discovered electricity? 你知道是谁发现电吗？(2)发现某情况A. 跟从句She discovered that he was excited. 她发现他很激动。
It was never discovered how he died. 永远也没发现他是怎么死的。
B. 跟名词或代词We soon discovered the truth. 我们很快就发现了真相。
He discovered his mistake too late. 他发现他的错误太迟了。
C. + O + OCEntering the room, I discovered him sitting near the fire, reading.一进房子，我发现他坐在火边看书。
We discovered her to be a good cook. 我们发现她是个好厨师。
特别提示：discover后的宾语补足语多用doing或to be结构。
【小试】：1. So far nobody has claimed the money in the library.A. discoveredB. to be discoveredC. discoveringD. having discovered2. There were many talented actors A. to discover B.to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered Key: ①A ②B2、Who put forward a theory about black holes?(p1) 谁提出了有关黑洞的原理？put forward( 1 ) 提出 Are you serious in putting forward such an idea? 提出这样的一个想法你不是认真的吧？( 2 ) 推荐；提名May I put your name forward as a possible monitor?( 3 ) 提前；拨快The warm weather has put the crops forward by a month. Put the clock forward by ten minutes.3、Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research?(p1)你知道在一项科学实验中怎样来证明一个新观点吗？ prove vt. & vi.用法归纳：（1）证明；证实(vt.)A. + n. / pron. He proved his courage in battles. 他在战斗中证实了他的勇敢。
高二英语必修五课文翻译
U1John snow defeats “king cholera”约翰雪是伦敦的一位非常著名的医生,确实,他作为维多利亚女王的私人医生来照顾她,但是当他想到帮助暴露在霍乱王疾病下的普通人时,他变的很有灵感,在那时,这是一个致命的疾病,不论他的感染方式还是治愈方法都无从知晓,所以每次爆发的时候都有数以千计的惊恐的人丧生.约翰学想要面对这个挑战并且解决这个问题,他知道霍乱的起源如果无法找到,他将无法控制.他变的对可能解释霍乱如何杀人的两个学说感兴趣起来,第一个说明霍乱在空气中繁殖,一团危险的气体漂浮着直到找到他的感染者,第二个表明人们在吃饭时把疾病吸收入身体,从胃里,这病毒很快的攻击身体并且很快导致感染者死亡.约翰雪怀疑第二个学说是正确的但他需要证据,所以当其他的霍乱在1854年的伦敦爆发时,他已经完成了他询问的准备工作,当这个疾病很快传播到穷邻居时,他开始去收集信息,在两个特别的街道,霍乱的爆发特别严重以致于有五百多人在十天内死亡,他下定了找出原因的决心.的人的居住地邻近水泵.他也注意到了一些房子没有人死去,他没有对此深究,所以,他作了一个进一步的调查,他发现这些人们工作在剑桥七街的酒吧里,他们被给予了免费的啤酒所以不需要去喝水泵里的水,看起来,应该责备的是水.接下来,约翰雪调查这两条街的水的起源,他发现这水来自被伦敦来的污水污染过的河流,他立刻告诉宽街上惊恐的人们移开水泵的把手从而使他不能被使用,在这之后,很快这疾病就减缓了,他展示了霍乱是通过细菌来传播而不是一团气体.在伦敦的其他部分,他发现其他两个与宽街爆发有关的死亡病例来作为支持证据,一个从宽街搬走的女子,非常喜欢从那个水泵里打出的水,以致于每天她都让那水送到她家供他饮用,在喝过水后,她和她的女儿都死去了,用这个额外的证据,约翰雪有能力确定地宣布是被污染的水带来了病毒.为了阻止霍乱的再次发生,约翰雪建议所有的供水源头都应该被检查,卖水公司被命令不许再把人们暴露在污染的水之下,最终,”霍乱王”被击败了.第二单元人们可能会奇怪为什么用不同的词语来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家。
高中英语必修五第一单元课文翻译
高中英语必修五第一单元课文翻译篇一：新人教版高中英语必修五完整课文译文新人教版高中英语课文译文必修五第一单元伟大的科学家Reading 约翰.斯诺击败“霍乱王”约翰.斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生—他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生。
但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。
霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
每次暴发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。
约翰.斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。
他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。
斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。
一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中腐殖着，像一股危险的气流到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。
第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。
病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。
斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但是他需要证据。
因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰.斯诺着手准备对此调研。
当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰.斯诺就开始收集资料。
他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。
他决心要查明其原因。
首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。
这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。
许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。
他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。
他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。
他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。
看来水是罪魁祸首。
接下来，约翰.斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。
他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。
他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵上的把手。
这样，水泵就用不成了。
不久，疫情就开始得到了缓解。
他证明了，霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。
高中英语必修五unit课文详解
必修五Unit 1 Great Scientists 伟大的科学家steam engine 蒸汽机characteristic n.特征；特性radium n.镭put forward 提出theory n;理论；学说infect vt.传染；感染infectious adj.传染的cholera n.霍乱scientific adj.科学的examine vt.检查；诊察；考察conclude vt. & vi.结束；结论；议定conclusion n.结论；结束；议定draw a conclusion得出结论analyse vt.分析repeat vi & vt.重复；重做n. defeat vt. N.打败；战胜；使受挫attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加expose vt.与to连用暴露；揭露；使曝光deadly adj.致命的cure n. vt.治愈；痊愈；治疗outbreak n.爆发；发作疾病或战争control vt.& n.控制；支配absorb vt.吸收；使专心severe adj.严重的；严厉的；严格的；剧烈的valuable adj.贵重的；有价值的clue n.线索；提示pump n.泵；抽水机pub n.酒馆；酒吧blame vt.责备；谴责；把…归咎于；n.过失；责备immediately adv.立即；马上handle n.柄；把手；vt.处理germ n.微生物；细菌addition n.加；增加；加法in addition也；另外link vt.连接；联系n.联系；环link…to…将…和…连接或联系起来announce vt.宣布；通告certainty n.确知；确信；确实instruct vt.命令；指示；教导virus n.病毒construction n.建设；结构；建筑物apart from 除…之外；此外creative adj.有创造力的；独创的co-operative adj.合作的positive adj.积极的；肯定的be strict with对…严格的revolutionary adj.革命的calculation n.计算；计算结果lead to通向；导致movement n;移动；运动；动作make sense有意义backward adv. & adj.向后地的；相反地的；退步地的loop n.圈；环complete adj.完整的；完成的privately adv.私下地；秘密地spin vi. & vt.使旋转；纺线brightness n.明亮；亮度；聪颖enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的reject vt.拒绝；不接受；丢弃point of view态度；观点；看法logical adj.和逻辑的；合乎常理的John Snow was a well-known doctor in London —so famous, indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.约翰斯诺在伦敦是一位著名的医生,的确,如此出名以致于由他护理维多利亚女王生孩子;注释：attendv.出席；到场；注意；照看attend to处理；注意倾听；专心于；照料；attend school/class/ church/ a wedding/ a meeting/ a lecture/ a movie; attend on/ upon sb.伺候某人；照顾某人；eg. 1 I’ll attend to the matter.我来处理此事; 2 He was very tired after the longrun, and expected someboday to attend on him.长袍之后他感到非常疲劳,很想有个人来照顾自己一下;▲辨析：attend, join, join in, take part in 1 attend是正式用语,一般指参加会议、典礼、婚礼、葬礼及去听课、听报告等； 2 join指加入某党派、某组织、某社会团体以及参军等,如：He joined the football club two years ago. 3 join in通常指参加某种活动,尤其指其他人一起参加某项活动,如：I hope you’ll all join in the discussion. 4 take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等,往往参加者持有积极地态度,并起到一定的作用,有时可与join in互换,如：Will you take part in the English evening试题：——Who is ______ the patient——Maybe his sister.A. taking careB. looking forC. joining inD. attending onBut he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他想到要帮助受霍乱侵扰的普通民众,他就感到受到激励或感受到神灵的召唤;注释：①inspire1影响或触动：eg. The falling leaves inspired her with sadness.落叶触动了她的伤感. 2 鼓励；激励eg. 1 inspire sb. with hope激起某人的希望 2 I was inspired to work harder than ever before.我受激励比以往任何时候都更加努力地工作; ②expose to使易受；使受eg. exposed themselves to disease使他们受到疾病的影响；exposed their children to classical music. 使他们的孩子们受到古典音乐的影响; 考题：1. As we all know,women do not________their faces in public in some Middle Eastern countries.A．cover B．keep C．expose D．protect2．The more one is________the Englishspeaking environment,the better he or she will learn the language. A．exposed to B．filled in C．caught on D．kept up3．The reason why people carry umbrellas in hot summer days is that ____ to strong sunlight may be harmful to the skin.A．contributing B．exposing C．contributed D．being exposedThis was the most deadly disease of its day. 这在当时是最为致命的疾病;注释：deadly adj. 致命的；死一般的；绝对的；完全的如：deadly weapons致命武器；a deadly pallor.死人般的苍白；deadly enemies.不共戴天的仇敌；：deadly concentration.绝对专心Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.其原因及治疗方法都不为人知道;注释：neither和相关连词nor 连用,连接并列主语1、并列谓语2、并列宾语3 eg. 1Neither we nor they want it. 我们和他们都不要它;2 She neither called nor wrote. 她既没打电话也没写信来;3 I got neither the gift nor the card.我既没得到礼物,也没得到贺卡;考题：2008辽1. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason,and _____.A．I was neither B．neither was I C．I was either D．either was I2. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,________.A．he will either B．neither will he C．he neither will D．either he willSo many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.所以每当这种疾病爆发的时候,就有数以千计的感到恐惧的人死掉;注释：every time这是由名词词组充当连词,引导时间状语从句,类似这种用法的名词短语有：不定代词+time,如：any time; each time; 介词+time 如：by the time…；序数词+time,如：the first/last time…; the +瞬间名词,如：the minute, the moment, the instant “一…就…”；the +时间名词,如：the day, the night, the month, the time…eg. 1 She demands sweets from me every time/each time she sees me. 2 The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up. 3 The first time he did the experiment, he succeeded. 4 I’ll give him your message the minute/ the moment/ the instant he arrives. 5 He bought a computer the day/ the time he got his salary. 考题：1. Don’t stop________you meet with a word you don’t understand.A．at the time B．each time C．by the time D．Sometimes2. ________you talk with someone or write a message,you show your skills to others.A．At times B．Some time C．Every time D．The timeJohn Snow wanted to use his knowledge to help solve this problem.约翰斯诺想用他的知识来帮助解决这个问题; He knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道直到找到原因才能控制该疾病;He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.他对霍乱如何让人丧生的两种理论感兴趣;注释：explaining how cholera killed people是现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语是two theories. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason. 第一种认为霍乱在空气中不合理地进行繁殖.注释：without reason没道理；不合理eg. Tom is a very clever boy, but he said that without reason.A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.一层危险的气体到处漂浮,直到它找到载体入侵对象;The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals, from the stomach the disease attached the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead.第二种认为人们在吃饭的时候将这种疾病吸收到体内,然后,从胃里该疾病很快就攻击身体,很快被感染的人就会死掉;注释：absorb vt.1 To take in; assimilate:吸入；同化：They are immigrants who were absorbed into the social mainstream.他们是被社会的主流同化了的移民; 2 To endure; accommodate:忍耐；忍受eg. We couldn't absorb the additional hardships.我们不能忍受额外的困苦. 3吸引；使专心；使全神贯注eg. The writer was absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.作家全神贯注地进行写作,忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰; be absorbed into被…吞并；兼并be absorbed in专心于；全神贯注于试题：1 She was so ____ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A. attracted B. absorbed C. drawn D. focused2. _______ in her new novel,the young writer kept thinking and writing for a dozen hours in her study. A．Having deeply absorbed B．Deeply absorbing C．Deeply having been absorbed D．Deeply absorbed He believed in the second theory but needed to prove he was correct.他相信第二种理论,可是需要证明是对的; So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two theories.所以在1854年,当另一场霍乱爆发袭击伦敦的时候,约翰斯诺准备测试这两个理论;注释：hit 1打,击eg. 1 The boy hit the other boy and was naturally punished by the headmaster."这男孩打了另一个男孩,理所当然地受到校长的处罚; 2 受影响eg. 1 Price increases hit everyone's pocket.物价上涨冲击了每个人的钱袋; 2 Strike waves hit several Western European countries.罢工的浪潮袭击了好几个西欧国家;As the disease spread quickly through the poor neighbourhoods, John Snow began to gather the information.当疾病迅速在贫穷的邻里间传播的时候,约翰斯诺开始收集相关信息;注释：spread传开,传播：事件范围扩大,在更大的领域被人知晓或蔓延eg. 1 The word spread fast.消息散布得很快. 2 The fire spread from the factory to the houses near by.火从工厂蔓延到附近的房舍; He found that in two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.他发现在两个特别的街道,霍乱爆发的是如此严重,以致于在10天之内有500多人死亡; He determined to find out why.他决定搞清楚为什么; He marked on a map where all the dead people had lived.在一张地图上他标出了所有死亡人的居住地;注释：where all the dead people had lived是定语从句,由关系副词where引导;Here it is:这就是：The map gave a valuable clueabout the cause of the disease.这份地图提供了有关该疾病原因有价值的线索;Many of the deaths were near thewater pump in Broad Streetespecially numbers 16,37,38and 40Broad Street.许多死亡靠近宽街的水泵尤其是宽街第17、37、38和40号房子John Snow also saw that some housessuch as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8and 9 Cambridge Street had had nodeaths. 约翰斯诺也注意到一些房子如宽街第20、21号和剑桥大街第8、9号房子,He discovered that these families worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他发现这些人家在剑桥大街7号酒店工作, They were given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.给他们提供的是免费的啤酒,所以他们不喝来自宽街水泵的水; It seemed the water was to blame.似乎水就是罪魁祸首;注释：blame 1起因是：是…起因或某事的根源的eg. 1 A freak storm was to blame for the power outage.停电的起因是一场特大暴风雪. 2 be to blame应受谴责eg. 1 The children were not to blame.孩子们不应受到谴责; 2 The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不应该责怪司机; 3 I am to blame.是我不好; 3blame sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人eg. Don't blame it on him, but on me.别怪他,该怪我; 4blame sb. for sth.因某事而指责某人eg. They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.他们怪罪秘书造成计划延误; ▲辨析：blame, fault, guilt 1 blame强调对某种可以解释的失误或不良行为的谴责或惩罚：eg. The police laid the blame for the accident squarely on the driver's shoulders. 警方公正地把事故的责任归于司机; 2 fault是指引起或没能阻止某有害事件发生而应承担的责任：eg. The student failed the examination, but not through any fault of his teacher. 这个学生考试不及格,但不是由于老师的过失; 3 guilt适用于情节严重、故意的不良行为并强调道德上的过失：eg. The case was dismissed because the prosecution did not have sufficient evidence of the defendant's guilt.案子被撤消了,因为指控对被告罪行没有足够的证据. 考题：1. They blamed the failure on ,he________.A．is not to blame B．is to blame C．is not to be blamed D．should not blame Next ,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下来,约翰斯诺调查这两条大街的水源; He found that it came from the river, which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.他发现水是来自已经北伦敦污染的河流;注释：which had been … London.是由which引导的非限制性定语从句,which指代前面主句中具体的名词the river,另外,which也可以指代抽象概念,如：He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开,那是很明智的; 考题：1. 09全II-17 My friend showed me around the town, ____ was very kind of him.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it2. 09鲁-24 Whenever I met her, _____ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.A. whoB. whichC. whenD. that3. 09辽-23 They’ve won their last three matches, _____ I find a bit surprising actually.A. thatB. whenC. whatD. which4. 08浙-8 Yesterday she sold her car, _____ she bought a month ago.A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which ABDDImmediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used.立刻,约翰斯诺要感到吃惊的宽街人移除水泵的把手,以使它不能再用; Soon the disease began to slow down.很快,疾病传播开始缓慢下来;John Snow had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.约翰斯诺早已表明霍乱是由细菌传播,而不是由云气传播; In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.另外,他发现在伦敦的另外一个地方的另外两例死亡与宽街霍乱爆发有关;注释：in addition副词短语,单独作状语,用于句首或句中,在句末相当于as well；in addition to介词短语,用在句首或句中,后须加宾语;如：1 When Diane fell, she hurt her arm and , in addition, broke her glasses. 2 In addition to a good diet, she keeps on taking exercise to keep fit. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water so much that she had had it delivered from the pump to her house every day.一位妇女,她已经离开宽街,但,她如此喜欢那里的水,以致于她每天让人从那个水泵里把水运到家;注释：have sth. done. 让人做某事;Have sth. to be done.指未来让某人做某事; have sb. do sth.让某人做某事; have sb. doing sth.让某人持续不停地做某事;Have sth. To do指自己有事要做; Both she and her daughter, who often visited her, died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的女儿,她女儿常去看她,俩人在饮用了那里的水之后都死于霍乱; With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.有了这个额外的证据,约翰斯诺就能够确切地宣布：被污染的河水含有这种疾病;To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies should be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.为了避免这种疾病再次发生,约翰斯诺建议所有的水供应源都应该进行检查,也应该寻找新的处理污水的方法;The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to pulluted water anymore.指示自来水公司不要让人再接触到受污染的水;Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.最终,“霍乱王”被击败了;▲辨析：win,beat,defeat 1 win 的意思是“赢”、“获胜”、“得到成功”,作及物动词时,它的宾语往往是奖品、奖学金、名誉、财产、战争或运动等;win后不能接人对手,如不说win sb.; win the race/the battle/the war/a prize/the game/a medal/success/friendship/reward赢得了赛跑/战斗/战争/奖品/比赛/奖牌/成功/友谊/奖赏Our team won the game 8 to 7.我们队以8比7赢了那场比赛;2beat也有“赢”、“取胜”、“战胜”之意,但跟win的用法不同,这个动词后面跟的是比赛、竞争中的对手或战争中的敌人;且beat还有连续敲打,心脏跳动之意;过去式为beat,过去分词为beaten;You beat me in the race,but I’ll beat you at tennis.赛跑你赢了我,但打网球我会赢你;He was so nervous that he could feel his heart beating faster.他如此紧张,以至于能感到自己的心跳加快了; ListenThe rain is beating against the window.听雨点在敲打着窗户;3 defeat本来用于描述战争中打败敌人,现在可与beat换用,以表示击败对手;He was badly defeated/beaten in the election.他在选举中惨败;考题：Zhang Yining________Wang Nan and won the gold medal in the 29th Olympic Games.A．won B．defeat C．beat D．hit重点句型：1．Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.精提取neither...nor...既不……,也不……,连接句中两个相同成分;巧应用我既不想知道,也不关心;Neither do I want to know it,____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____. 答案：nor do I care about it 2．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.精提取everyeach,any,next,first,lasttime作连词使用,引导时间状语从句;巧应用杰克每次来城里都会来看望我;Jack ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ he comes to town. 答案：will drop in on me every time 3．The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.精提取suggest vt.暗示,表明了巧应用他脸上的表情说明他非常高兴;The look on his face ____ ____ ____ _____ _____. 答案：suggested that he was happy 4．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.精提取only＋介词短语/状语从句/副词放在句首时后面主句用倒装语序;巧应用我只有找到工作才能有足够的钱继续大学的学业;___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____to continue my studies at college.答案：Only if I get a job can I have enough money常备动词短语：1. put forward提出,建议；推荐；将……提前；put aside节省,储蓄,储存; put out熄灭,扑灭put away放好,积蓄；put off延期,推迟；put up举起,张贴,公布,挂起,建造试题：—Why is he feeling down today—Because the suggestion he________has been turned down.A．put away B．put up C．put down D．put forward2. look into注视…的内部,注视；调查；look after照看,照管；look down upon看不起look forward to盼望；look out注意；look up to尊重试题：2009赣It is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of the two missing children.A．look upon B．look after C．look into D．look outThe building around the corner caught fire last police are now ______ the matter.A．seeing through B．working out C．looking into D．watching over3. make sense有意义；有道理；讲得通；make sense of理解,明白; make no sense没道理,没意义；there is no sense in doing sth.做……没道理; in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说；in no sense决不试题：There are so many new words in the passage that I could hardly make any _____ of them at all. A．meaning B．use C．idea D．senseNo matter how hard I tried to read it,the sentence didn’t________to me.A．make out B．understand C．make sense D．work outIt doesn’t make ____ to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. A．sense B．opinion C．use D．Difference每日一背范文：2009年高考全国卷Ⅰ假定你是李华,正在英国接受英语培训,住在一户英国人家里;今天你的房东不在家,你准备外出,请给写一留言条,内容包括：1．外出购物；2．替房东还书；3．Tracy来电话留言：1咖啡屋Bolton Coffee见面取消2此事已告知Susan3尽快回电注意：1.词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;,______________________________________________________________________________ __Li Hua范文：,I’m going out shopping,and won’t be back until about 5∶00 p．m..I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City about 1 o’clock this afternoon,Tracy called,saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend felt very sorry about that,but said that you could set some other time for the wanted you to call her back as soon as you are has already told Susan about this change.Li Hua。
高二年级英语必修五第一单元课后阅读与写作
Post-reading
• e the reading to help you draw the two theories of the universe.
知识回顾 Knowledge Review
the sun at its centre
Post-reading
• 2.Discussion (pair work) If you were Nicolaus Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? Give a reason.
Writing plan
• Paragraph 1 : Tell Copernicus
who you are and why you want him to publish his ideas.
• Paragraph 2: Reason 1. • Paragraph 3: Reason 2. • Summing up: Ask him to think
So I hope _______ (conclusion).
Best wishes
Writing example
Dear Nicolaus Copernicus, I am a student studying astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons.
完整版人教版高中英语必修五Unit1知识点详解
必修5 Unit1GreatscientistsPart1.Warmingup1.explain及物动词〔vt.〕解释;说明;说明[(+to)][+wh-][+(that)]Heexplainedthathehadbeencheated.他解释说他是上当受骗了。
Canyouexplainhowthemachineoperates?你能解释一下这机器是如何运转的吗? Pleaseexplainthisruletome.请给我讲解一下这条规那么。
不及物动词〔vi.〕解释;说明;辩白I'vegottoexplainaboutit. 我得解释一下此事。
characteristicn.特征；特性Kindnessisoneofhischaracteristics.adj.独特的Iheardmyfriend ’scharacteristiclaugh.becharacteristicofsb./sth. 是.....的特性Suchbluntnessischaracteristicofhin. 如此迟钝是他的特性。
3.Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes?putforward 提出〔建议等〕；提名;提前，把时钟往前拨Heputforwardanewplan. 他提出一个新方案。
MayIputyournameforwardasapossiblechairmanofthecommittee?我能否提名你当委员会主席？[归纳拓展]putdown记下；镇压putaside放在一边；储存；保存putup建造；举起；张贴putaway收好putoutputoffputon关掉；熄灭推迟；延期穿上选词填空putoff,putup,putforward,putaside,putout〕①Theplanthatyou_____atthemeetingiswonderful.Manytallbuildingswere_____alongtheroad.Firefightershavebeencalledto_____thefireinthecitycenter.Hehasalittlemoneyto_____forarainyday.Don’t_____untiltomorrowwhatcanbedonetoday.Part2.Pre-reading,readingandcomprehending Doyouknowhowtoproveanewideainscientificresearchhowtoproveanewidea为“疑问词+不定式〞结构，该结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
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必修五第一单元课文详解（2）
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
.哥白尼的革命性理论
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.
尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。
虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。
教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。
The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.
这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。
如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。
Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.
哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。
他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。
但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。
于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it
went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.
1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。
他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。
他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。
他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。
他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。
Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
当然，他小心谨慎是对的。
基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。
然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。
他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。
哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。
如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。