曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第四章(4)免费中文版.pptx

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曼昆微观经济学原理第四章 PPT

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
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Demand Curve Shifters: Expectations
Expectations affect consumers’ buying decisions. Examples: If people expect their incomes to rise, their demand for meals at expensive restaurants may increase now. If the economy sours and people worry about their future job security, demand for new autos may fall now.
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
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Demand Curve Shifters: Tastes
Anything that causes a shift in tastes toward a good will increase demand for that good and shift its D curve to the right. Example: The diet became popular in the ’90s, caused an increase in demand for diet Coke, shifted the diet Coke demand curve to the right.
Q
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Demand Curve Shifters: Income

《经济学原理曼昆》PPT课件

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例 4：汽油需求：——短期抑或长期？
（ Gasoline in the Short Run vs. Gasoline in the Long Run ）
▪ 假如汽油价格上涨20%，在短期或长期，哪种情形下汽油需求量会下
降更多？为什么？
▪ 短期：汽油需求下降不太明显
—— 因为，短期人们除了尽可能乘坐公交车之外，没有太多其他替代方法
( Q2 – Q1 ) / Q1 需求价格弹性 = ——————————
( P2 – P1 ) / P1
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利用“中点法”计算需求弹性
▪ 利用上述例子，采用“中点法”计算弹性，无论把哪一点（A或B）作
为变化的初始值或终止值，计算的弹性结果均相同：
▪ 价格变动的百分比：
= (250 – 200)/(250+200)/2 =50/225 =22.2%
供一个初略的答案：
—— 例如，消费者会因价格上涨减少对该物品的购买，即表现为需求量下
降
▪ 但要准确回答需求量究竟减少多少，则需借助其
他理论
▪ 这个理论就是“弹性理论”
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2
举例（ A Story）：
假如你的工作是为本地企业制作网站，制作一个网站收费 200美元。目前你每个月能卖出12个网站由于制作网站的成本上升（包括你的时间的机会成本），因此，你考虑把价格由原先的$200提升到$250 需求定理告诉我们：如提高价格，你就不能卖出原来那么多的网站你将少卖出多少网站？你的收益将会增加还是减少？增加或减少多少？
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例1：“加勒比” 游艇 vs. 胰岛素：
——必需品 vs. 奢侈品？（ Caribbean Cruises vs. Insulin ）

曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 04

4
Markets and Competition
• Monopoly
– The only seller in the market – Sets the price
• Other markets
– Between perfect competition and monopoly
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Quantity of Cones Demanded 12 cones 10 8 6 4 2 0
$3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0
2. . . . increases quantity of cones demanded.
Demand curve
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
8
Demand
• Market demand
– Sum of all individual demands for a good or service
• Market demand curve
– Sum the individual demand curves horizontally – Total quantity demanded of a good varies

经济学原理第5版微观部分曼昆

目录第一篇：导言 (1)第一章：经济学十大原理 (1)第二章：像经济学家一样思考 (2)第三章：相互依赖性与贸易的好处 (4)第二篇市场如何运作 (4)第四章：供给与需求的市场力量（假设市场是完全竞争的） (4)第五章：弹性及其应用 (6)第六章：供给、需求与政府政策 (10)第三篇市场和福利 (10)第七章消费者、生产者和市场效率 (10)第八章应用：赋税的代价 (11)第九章应用：国际贸易 (13)第四篇公用部门经济学 (15)第十章外部性 (15)第十一章公共物品和公共资源 (17)第十二章税制的设计原则 (18)第五篇企业行为与产业组织 (20)第十三章生产成本 (20)第十四章竞争市场上的企业 (22)第十五章垄断 (27)第十六章垄断竞争 (34)第十七章寡头 (37)第六篇劳动市场经济学 (38)第十八章生产要素市场 (38)第十九章收入与歧视 (40)第二十章收入不平等与贫困 (41)第七篇深入研究的论题 (42)第二十一章消费者选择理论 (42)第二十二章微观经济学前沿 (47)第一篇：导言第一章：经济学十大原理经济学：研究社会如何管理稀有资源人们如何做出决策原理一：人们面临权衡取舍（效率与平等不可兼得）原理二：一种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西，成本也即机会成本原理三：“理性人”考虑边际量（边际成本、边际利益）物品的数量越多，一单位物品带来的利益越小（这就是钻石比水贵的原因）原理四：人们会对激励做出反应人们如何相互交易原理五：贸易可以使每个人的状况变得更好在贸易中没有输赢，双方是互赢的。

原理六：“市场经济”是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济有一只“看不见的手”，这只手能促进效率最大化，实现资源的有效配置，价格是看不见的手用来指引经济活动的工具。

“计划经济”中的价格不是由市场决定的，而是由政府规定的，束缚了看不见的手而导致失败。

原理七：政府有时可以改善市场结果（仅仅是“有时”而已，政府有时只是权势们用来实现私利的工具）1.市场经济的基础是“私有制”，它需要政府来实行“产权”制度2.市场经济能够促进效率最大化但无关乎平等，政府需要保证“效率”与“平等”效率方面：市场不总是有效率的，当存在“外部性”（一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响）或者“市场势力”（某个经济群体能够控制价格）时，市场将不能有效配置资源，这被称为“市场失灵”。

经济学原理ppt课件曼昆

国际金融机构如国际货币基金组织、世界银行等，旨在提供资金支持、促进国际金融合作
和稳定全球经济。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度是指各国货币之间保持相对稳定的汇率，通常
由中央银行进行干预。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度是指汇率由市场供求关系决定，中央银行不进行干预。
汇率目标区
汇率目标区是指各国政府设定的汇率波动区间，以减少货币投机的可能性。
货币局制度
货币局制度是指政府将本国货币与另一国货币或一篮子货币挂钩，通过固定汇率制度实现
货币稳定。
全球化与经济发展
全球化对经济增长的影响
技术进步与经济发展
全球化通过促进国际贸易和投资流动，有助于提高生产效率和促进经济增长。
技术进步是推动经济发展的重要因素之一，它能够提高生产效率和产品质量，创造新的市场需求。
量。
市场结构
完全竞争市场
市场中存在大量的小规模生产者，每个生产者对市场价格的影响微乎其微。
垄断市场
只有一个生产者提供产品，其他生产者无法进入市场。
寡头市场
少数几家生产者占据大部分市场份额，产品具有同质性。
垄断竞争市场
市场中存在大量生产者，产品具有差异性。
价格与市场均衡
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价格接受者
价格制定者
企业竞争策略与产业组织
企业竞争策略
01
企业为了在市场竞争中获得优势，会采取各种竞争策略，例如
价格战、品牌建设等。
产业组织
02
产业组织是指同一产业内企业之间的组织结构和关系，对于企
业竞争策略和产业绩效具有重要影响。
总结
03
企业竞争策略与产业组织是经济学中研究的重要领域，对于理

曼昆5版微观经济学原理课件

2019/3/7
周其仁:从铅笔入手学经济,《经济观察报》2006年9月25日
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经济学真正成为一门学科
在《国富论》之前，亚当· 斯密 1759年发表了《道德情操论》（The Theory of Moral Sentiments）一书。
2019/3/7
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经济学真正成为一门学科

斯密的这本开山之作，对国民经济运行过程作了系统、明白的描述，并揭示了市场经济的基本规律，著名的“看不见的手”就是在这本书中提出的。这本书也被称为经济自由主义的代表作。是年，恰好美国发表《独立宣言》。资产阶级的政治自由同资本主义经济制度的建立一起诞生，历史的偶然性中包含了客观的必然性。

其后一个多世纪中，“政治经济学”在西方实际上用来指相当于国家公务管理这类的事情。
2019/3/7
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重商主义

重商主义：指15世纪后半期到17世纪初的一种
学说。重商主义认为货币是财富的唯一形态，对外贸易是财富的唯一源泉。主要代表人物有：法国的安徒安· 德· 孟克列钦（1575-1622）英国的托马斯· 孟（1571-1641）
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2019/3/7
米尔顿•弗里德曼的导语
《铅笔的故事》是典型的伦纳德 •里德式的作品：富有想象力，朴素而意味深长，洋溢着对自由的热爱，这一切，贯穿在伦纳德所写的一切著作或所做的一切活动中。跟他的其它著作一样，他并没有试图告诉人们应该做什么，或如何管理自己。他只是试图增进人们对他们自己及其生活于其中的制度的理解。
2019/3/7
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1、经济学的产生

英文中经济一词 “economy”源于希腊文 “”，原意是 “家计管理”。最早使用这一词的是古希腊学者亚里士多德。古希腊是奴隶制社会，家计管理即如何管理奴隶主庄园

微观经济学第五版第4讲生产理论PPT课件

第四讲生产理论
[教材第四、五章] [Production Theory]
----供给曲线的背后
第一节生产者行为与利润
1
一、生产者行为准则
----追求最大利润
行为目标----获得利润。
约束条件----资本量与投入的价格。
行为准则----运用有限
的资本，通过生产经营
活动以取得最大的利润。
假设前提----
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• 边际收益递减规律的前提条件: • [1]技术系数[ Technological Coefficient]
可变;
• (可变比例生产函数与固定比例生产函数）
• [2]技术水平[ Technological Level] • 不变; • [3]所增加的生产要素的效率
[Efficiency]不变。
1．规模报酬[收益]的含义
规模报酬（收益）[Return to Scale]
----其他条件不变，厂商因生产规模变动（即所有生产要素的投入量同比例变动）而得到的报酬或收益。
表示当所有生产要素的投入量同比例增加对产出量（即总产量）的影响。
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规模报酬变动与边际报酬变动的区别
边际报酬变动［短期分析］
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３．生产率与适度规模
• 生产率［Productivity] • ----总产出与总投入的加权平均数之
比。即单位投入的产出。
生产率＝ Py1.Y1+Py2.Y2+……+Pym.Ym
[3]单投入多产出资源产出组合 ( Q1，Q2,…,Qm) =f (L或K)
[4]多投入多产出资源投入产出组合 (Q1，Q2,…,Qm) =f (L，K,…,)
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二、短期分析与长期分析

5学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（04）曼昆经济学原理第五版测试题库（微观）

5学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（04）曼昆经济学原理第五版测试题库（微观）Chapter 4The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE/FALSE1. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional2. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and the price atwhich it is sold.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional3. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Definitional4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of aproduct.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | SupplyMSC: Definitional5. A yard sale is an example of a market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Applicative6. A newspaper’s classified ads are an example of a market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Applicative7. Most markets in the economy are highly competitive.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Definitional8. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional9. In a competitive market, there are so few buyers and so few sellers that each has a significant impact on the market price.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional10. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional20211. In a perfectly competitive market, buyers and sellers are price setters.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional12. All goods and services are sold in perfectly competitive markets.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional13. If a good or service has only one seller, then the seller is called a monopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional14. Monopolists are price takers.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive15. Local cable TV companies frequently are monopolists.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional16. The quantity demanded of a product is the amount that buyers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity demandedMSC: Definitional17. The law of demand is true for most goods in the economy.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demandMSC: Definitional18. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demandMSC: Definitional19. The demand curve is the upward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitional20. Individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curveMSC: Definitional21. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income of buyers varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curveMSC: Definitional22. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑204 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand23. A movement upward and to the left along a given demand curve is called a decrease in demand..ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive24. An increase in demand shifts the demand curve to the left.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitional25. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Normal goodsMSC: Definitional26. When Mario's income decreases, he buys more pasta. For Mario, pasta is a normal good.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goodsMSC: Applicative27. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goodsMSC: Interpretive28. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SubstitutesMSC: Interpretive29. Baseballs and baseball bats are substitute goods.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Applicative30. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Interpretive31. When an increase in the price of one good lowers the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Definitional32. Cocoa and marshmallows are complements, so a decrease in the price of cocoa will cause an increase in the demand for marshmallows.MSC: Applicative33. If a pe rson expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Applicative34. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demandcurve in the same general way.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive35. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive36. An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Applicative37. Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition ofcigarette advertising on television are all policies aimed at shifting the demand curve for cigarettes to the right. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Applicative38. Most studies have found that tobacco and marijuana are complements rather than substitutes.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Applicative39. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particularprice.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity suppliedMSC: Definitional40. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large.MSC: Definitional41. When the price of a good is low, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitional42. Price cannot fall so low that some sellers choose to supply a quantity of zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity suppliedMSC: Interpretive43. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good falls.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitional44. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied falls as well.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑206 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand45. If a higher price means a greater quantity supplied, then the supply curve slopes upward.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Definitional46. Individual supply curves are summed vertically to obtain the market supply curve.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curveMSC: Definitional47. The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied of a good varies as input prices vary, holding constant all the other factors that influence producers’ decisions about how much to sell.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curveMSC: Definitional48. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive49. A movement along a supply curve is called a change in supply while a shift of the supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Interpretive50. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Definitional51. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input pricesMSC: Interpretive52. An increase in the price of ink will shift the supply curve for pens to the left.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input pricesMSC: Applicative53. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: TechnologyMSC: Interpretive54. Advances in production technology typically reduce firms’ costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: TechnologyMSC: Interpretive55. If a company making frozen orange juice expects the price of its product to be higher next month, it will supply more to the market this month.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Applicative56. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Interpretive57. An increase in the price of a product and an increase in the number of sellers in the market affect the supplycurve in the same general way.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive58. Whenever a determinant of supply other than price changes, the supply curve shifts.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive59. A decrease in the price of pizza will shift the supply curve for pizza to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Applicative60. Supply and demand together determine the price and quantity of a good sold in a market.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Definitional61. A market’s equilibrium is the point at which the supply and demand curves intersect.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Definitional62. At the equilibrium price, quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional63. The equilibrium price is the same as the market-clearing price.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional64. At the equilibrium price, buyers have bought all they want to buy, but sellers have not sold all they want tosell.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional65. The actions of buyers and sellers naturally move markets toward equilibrium.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional66. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional67. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional68. A surplus is the same as an excess demand.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SurplusMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑208 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand69. Sellers respond to a surplus by cutting their prices.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SurplusMSC: Definitional70. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive71. When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current market price, the market has a surplus and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the surplus.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive72. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional73. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional74. A shortage is the same as an excess demand.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ShortageMSC: Definitional75. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ShortageMSC: Definitional76. Price will rise to eliminate a shortage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive77. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current market price, the market has a shortage and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the shortage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive78. Surpluses drive price up while shortages drive price down.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | SurplusMSC: Interpretive79. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price aboveequilibrium price.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | SurplusMSC: Interpretive80. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Interpretive81. When a supply curve or a demand curve shifts, the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional82. Demand refers to the amount buyers wish to buy, whereas the quantity demanded refers to the position of the demand curve.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demandTOP: Demand | Quantity demanded MSC: Definitional83. Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the quantity supplied refers to the amount supplierswish to sell.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Definitional84. It is not possible for demand and supply to shift at the same time.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | DemandMSC: Interpretive85. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive86. An increase in demand will cause an increase in price, which will cause an increase in quantity supplied. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive87. An increase in supply will cause a decrease in price, which will cause an increase in demand.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive88. A decrease in supply will cause an increase in price, which will cause a decrease in quantity demanded. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive89. In a market economy, prices are the signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-5NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑。

曼昆经济学原理第5版微观经济学精品PPT课件

映了生产物品的成本
▪ 在许多情况下，价格引导自利的家庭与企业做
出使社会经济福利最大化的决策
人们如何相互交易
原理 7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果
▪ 政府的重要作用: 保护产权 (通过警察，法庭) ▪ 如果人们的财产存在很大的被侵犯的风险，那么他
们便不愿意工作，生产，投资或者购买物品
人们如何相互交易
间学习
▪ 想要更多的收入需要工作更长时间，这就使得休
息时间减少
▪ 保护环境意味着生产消费物品的资源减少
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
▪ 社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍:
效率 vs. 平等
▪ 效率: 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益 ▪ 平等: 经济成果在社会成员中平均分配 ▪ 权衡取舍：为使社会更加平等, 需要在富人与穷人
在下面的情形中，你应该把变速器修好吗？并解释
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正常，则是$5700
B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不正常，则是$5500
11
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正常，则是$5700
▪ 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间，储蓄多少，
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
人们如何做出决策
人们如何做出决策
原理 1: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
人们如何相互交易
原理 6:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法

(2024年)曼昆经济学原理第五版宏观全ppt课件

11
03
货币市场与利率决定
2024/3/26
12
货币市场概述及工具
01
货币市场定义
货币市场是短期资金供求的场所，主要交易一年以内的短期金融工
具。
2024/3/26
02
货币市场工具
03
货币市场功能
包括商业票据、银行承兑汇票、大额可转让定期存单、回购协议
等。
提供短期资金融通、管理流动性、发现短期资金价格等。
总供给
总供给减少会导致价格水平上升。
预期
预期通货膨胀率上升会导致价格水平上升。
2024/3/26
19
价格水平决定因素及模型
货币数量论
MV=PY，其中M为货币供应量，V为货币流通速度，P为价格水平，Y为实际产出。该模型认为价格水平由货币供应量和实际产出决定。
2024/3/26
总供给-总需求模型
2024/3/26
27
国际金融理论与政策实践
国际金融理论
包括汇率决定理论、国际收支理论等，解释国际金融市场的运行和汇率波动的原因。
2024/3/26
国际金融政策工具
包括汇率政策、国际储备政策、国际金融机构等，分析其对国际金融稳定和发展的作用。
国际金融危机与应对
探讨国际金融危机的成因、传导机制和应对措施，以及国际合作在危机应对中的重要性。
结构类型
根据劳动力供求双方的特点和交易方式，劳动市场可分为完全竞争市场、买方垄断市场、卖方垄断市场和双边垄断市场四种类型。
2024/3/26
23
工资水平决定因素及模型
决定因素
工资水平受多种因素影响，包括劳动力供求关系、劳动生产率、经济发展水平、行业差异、地区差异等。

曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理课件

曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理1: 人们面临着交替关系
People Face Tradeoffs. 天下没有免费的午餐！
“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理1: 人们面临着交替关系
People Face Tradeoffs.
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理8: 生活水平取决于一国的生产
• Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities.
• 生活水平的几乎所有差异都可以用各个国家生产率的差异加以解释。
• an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s
actions on the well-being of a bystander. • 外部性---一个人或企业的行为对局外人福利的影响。
• market power, which is the ability of a single person or
是你为
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理2：某一事物的成本是你为了获得它而放弃的东西
LA Laker 的篮球明星 Kobe Bryant 选择放弃上大学，从高中直接进入职业球队，因此他可以赚到成百上千万美元。
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理3: 理性人进行边际思考
resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.市场经济是一种通过许多企业和家庭的分散决策配置资源的经济，与此同时企业和家庭在商品和服务市场上发生相互作用。

曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT课件

十年平均数，1956-2005
16%
进口
14%
(占GDP
12%
的百分
10%
比)
8%
6%
失业 (占劳动
力的百分比)
4%
2%
0%
1956 -65
1966 -75
1976 -85
1986 -95
1996 -2005
19
各种限制贸易的观点
1. 工作岗位论与其他国家进行贸易消灭了国内的一些工作岗位.
经济学家的回应：
P
无棉谓毛损衫失
=D+F
PS = G
S
总剩余 = A + B
+C+D+E+F+G
关税
A
CS = A + B
$30
B
PS = C + G 政府收入 = E
C $20 G
D
E
F
D
总剩余 = A + B +C+E+G
25 40
70 80 Q
15
对棉衬衫征收关税的分析
D = 衬衫过度生产的 P 无谓损失
F = 衬衫消费不足的无谓损失
PD > PW 进口增加减少增加
不管一种物品是进口还是出口，都会产生赢家和输家。但赢家的收益大于输家的损失
10
国际贸易的其他利益
▪ 增加消费物品的多样性 ▪ 生产者将面向一个更多的市场，可以通过规模经
济降低成本
▪ 国外的竞争可以减少国内企业的市场势力，从而
增进总福利
▪ 贸易加强了思想交流，有利于世界范围的技术扩
为他可以在世界市场上以世界价格买进物品

微观经济学第五版课件：chapter_4

Slide 2
Topics to be Discussed

Network Externalities Empirical Estimation of Demand
Chapter 4
Slide 3
Individual Demand

Price Changes

Using the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the price of food can be illustrated using indifference curves.
Chapter 4
Slide 11
Effects of Income Changes
Clothing (units per month) Assume: Pf = $1 Pc = $2 I = $10, $20, $30
7 5 3
A B U1 U2
Income-Consumption Curve D U3 An increase in income, with the prices fixed, causes consumers to alter their choice of market basket.
A
U1
6
5 4
Price-Consumption Curve
D B U3
U2
4
Chapter 4
12
20
Food (units per month)
Slide 6
Effect of a Price Change
Price of Food
$2.00