英美合同法复习(单词)

英美合同法复习之单词索引按课本出现顺序Promise 允诺Remedy 救济Competent persons 有相应行为能力之当事人Enforceable 可（由法律）强制执行的Agreement 协议P1Parties to the contract 合同当事人Offeror 要约人Offer 要约Offeree 受要约人Acceptance 承诺Assurance 确诺Manifestation of intent 意思表示Commitment 许诺Promisor 允诺人Promisee 受允诺人Beneficiary 受益人Consideration 约因Benefit 利益Detriment 损害Advantage 利益Disadvantage 不利益Object of the contract 合同标的Statute of Frauds 防止欺诈条例P2Formation 合同成立Enforcement 强制执行Performance 履行Discharge 解除Bilateral contract 双务合同Unilateral contract 单务合同A promise for a promise 以允诺换允诺A promise for an act 以允诺换行为P3Incomplete contract 不完全履行合同Partial performance contract 部分履行合同Actual contract 真实合同Express contract 明示合同P4 Implied-in-fact contract 默示合同/事实默示的合同P5Quasi-contract 准合同/ implied-in-law contract 法律默示的合同Meeting of minds 合意Injustice 不公正Unjust enrichment 不当得利Objective theory of contract 合同客观理论Intent 意图Resonably prudent person standard 合理谨慎人的标准In jest 开玩笑In anger 生气In excitement 兴奋状态Invalid 无效P6Formal contract 要式合同Contacts under seal 盖印合同Recognizance 具结Acknowledge 承认Negotiable instruments 可转让票据Letters of credit 信用证Invoice 发票；发货单Bill of lading 提单Informal contract 非要式合同/simple contract 简单合同P8Valid contract 有效合同V oid contract 无效合同V oidable contract 可撤销合同Unenforceable contract 不可强制执行的合同Contractual capacity 订约能力Nondisclosure agreement/NDA 保密协议Minors 未成年人Insane persons 精神病者Intoxicated persons 酗酒人Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响Fraud 欺诈P9Cases involving mutual mistake 双方都有误解的合同Contract at will 任意合同Excuted contract/performed contract/completed contract 已履行/已完成的合同Excutory contract 待执行合同P10Sources of contract law 合同法的渊源Common law 普通法/judge-made law 法官造法General principle 一般法律原则The Uniform Commercial Code/UCC 统一商法典National Conference of Commission on Uniform State Law 美国统一州级法律委员会全国大会Draft 起草（法律）Merchant 商人P11 Restatement of the law, Second：Contracts 法律整编第二版：合同法The American Law Institute 美国法学会The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods/CISG 联合国国际货物买卖销售合同公约Firm offer rule 实盘规则（不可撤销要约规则）Mailbox rule 发信主义Battle of forms 格式之争Mirror image rule 镜像规则P12Jurisprudential foundation 法理学基础Legal realism 法律现实主义Open-ended standard 开口标准Formalities 形式Make whole 填平Electronic Signature Act 电子签章法P13Electronic sound 电子声音Electronic symbol 电子符号Electronic process 电子程序Preserve 保留In writing 书面Laissez-faire 放任政策Freedom of contract 合同自由P14Classical law of contracts 古典合同法理论Objective rules 客观规则Certainty 确定性Predictability 可预见性Chain of distribution for goods 物流链Form contract 标准合同Automobile contract 汽车买卖合同Mortgage contract 抵押合同Sale contracts for consumer goods 消费品买卖合同Legal theories 法律原理/理论Oppressive 强制性Decisional law 判例法Small-town virtue 小城道德标准Interest of business 商业的利益Rural context 农村环境Urban context 城市环境P15 Defenses to the enforcement of a contract 对合同履行的抗辩Trade usage 行业惯例Specific performance 强制履行Expectation interest 预期利益Reliance interest 信赖利益Substitute performance 替代履行Restitution 恢复原状Genuineness of assent 同意的真实性Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响Fraud 欺诈P16Writing and form 书面和形式问题Equity 衡平Court of common law 普通法院Chancery court/court of equity 衡平法院Fairness 公平Moral rights 道德权利Natural law 自然法Doctrine of equity 衡平准则P17Lawyers 法律人Case law 判例法Public policy 社会公共政策P19Novation （合同）更新Liquidated damages 违约金Covenant of good faith 善意条款P20Mutual assent 双方同意A reasonably prudent person 合理谨慎人P21Offeror 要约人Offeree 受要约人Promise 承诺Accept 承诺Invitation to negotiate 要约邀请/谈判邀请Form letter 格式信函Quote 报价Promissory estoppel 允诺禁反言；不得自食其言P22Standard of offer 判断要约的标准A reasonable person 合理人标准P31Prevail 优先P33Terms of offer 要约的条件P38Open terms 开放条款Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规则Time of performance 履行时间P40Quantum meruit 按劳付酬；按合理价格支付；质量价值Quasi contract 准合同P43 Communication of offer 要约的传达Supported by consideration 有约因支持的Option 选择权Irrevocable 不可撤销的Firm offers 不可撤销的要约/实盘要约P47Offers in auction 拍卖的要约Auction without reserve 无保留的拍卖Auction wiht reserve 有保留的拍卖Collateral contract 附随合同；附属契约P50 Auction in electronic commerce 电子商务拍卖P53Termination of offer 要约的终止P54Lapse of time 逾时；期满失效P55Revocation of offer 要约的撤回P56Offeree’s refusal of offer 受要约人拒绝要约Counter-offer 反要约Mirror acceptance 镜像规则P62Option 选择权P64 Termination by law P65Terms and conditions 条款和条件Counter-offer 反要约Mirror acceptance rule 镜像承诺规则P68Cross offers 交叉要约P71 Indefiniteness 缺乏确定性；不确定性P72Meeting of minds 达成合意Entry-into-force time of acceptance 承诺的生效时间Acceptance-upon-dispatch rule/mailbox rule 承诺发出主义/投邮主义P73Quiet title to the land 确认土地所有权P74Option contract 选择权合同P75 Promise 允诺Performance 履行P77General contractor 总承包商Subcontractor 次承包商P82 Malpractice 玩忽职守；不当执业P86Implied-in-fact contract 事实默示的合同P87Good faith 诚信原则Reasonableness 合理性原则P93Commercial reasonableness 商业合理性P94Unconscionability 不正当；显失公平；不受良心控制Liquidated damage clause 预定损害赔偿条款Battle of the forms 格式信函之战P95Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规则Merchantability 适售性P96 Proposals for addition to the contract 对合同的补充建议P97 Different terms 不同条款Additional terms 额外条款Merchants 商人Non-merchants 非商人Materially alter 实质性变更Complaint 抱怨Warranty 担保Merchantability 适售性Fitness 合目的性P98Impacts of E-commerce and web-laws on the forms 电子商务与网络法对格式合同的影响Shrink wrap license 拆封许可P102Public policy 公共政策P103An enforceable contract 有强制力的合同Consideration 约因Inducement/incentives 诱因Detriment 损害Impelling influence 强有力的影响因素Bargaining 讨价还价Legal detriment or disadvantage 法律上的损失或不利益Quid pro quo 对价Gift 赠与P112Contract in signed writing 经签署的书面合同Supported by consideration 已受约因支持Contract under seal 盖印合同Forbearance 忍耐/克制P115 Sufficient consideration 充分的约因Gift promise 赠与的允诺P116 Nominal consideration 名义上的约因Shocks the conscience of the court 震惊法庭的良心Adequacy of consideration 约因的适当性P123Sufficiency of consideration 约因的充分性Nominal 有名无实的；名义上的Equity 衡平法P124 Forbearance from suit 容忍不诉Past consideration 过去的约因Moral obligation 道德义务P125 Quantum meruit 所提供服务之实际价值Good consideration 有效的约因P126Moral consideration 道德约因Legal consideration 法律约因P131Pre-existing duty 既存的义务P132Modification of contract 合同的修改P135Sales contract 买卖合同Termination 终止（合同）Rescission 解除（合同）Unforeseen and unanticipated circumstances 无法预料、不曾预见之情况Estoppel 禁反言Waiver 弃权P137Executory contract 待履行合同Compromising an existing claim 既存请求权的妥协Bona fide dispute “真实的”或“善意的争议”P139Accord 新债清偿合同Satisfaction 满足Accord and satisfaction 新债清偿合同与满足P140Illusory promise 虚假允诺Mutuality of obligation 义务相互性P144Output contract 产量合同Requirement contract 需求合同P148Stale claims 逾时失效的请求权The statue of limitations 诉讼时效Discharge in bankruptcy 破产免责New consideration 新约因P150 Forbearance from suit 隐忍不诉Abstention from legal conduct 合法行为的节制Detriment 利益损失P152A bona fide suit 善意诉讼Sufficient consideration 充分的约因P153Aleatory promise 不确定/偶然性的承诺Promissory estoppel 允诺性禁反言P158Injustice 不公正Remedies 救济Unjust enrichment 不当得利P159Parol evidence rule 口头证据法则Terms and conditions 条款和条件Parol 口头的In writing 书面的Extrinsic evidence 外在证据P174Integration 整合Final and complete 最终且完整的Partial integration 部分整合Final but not complete 最终但不完全Prior writings and oral agreement 事前的书面和口头协议Contemporaneous writing 同时书面Subsequent agreements 事后协议No oral modification clause 禁止口头变更条款P175Reliability of writings 书面的可靠性A principle of substance 实体法律原则P176Procedural substantive 程序的实体性Diversity jurisdiction 区分管辖权P177 Final and complete writings 最终且完整的书面The statute of frauds 防止欺诈条例Memorandum 备忘录P197 Partial integrated 部分整合Total integrated 完全整合Additional prior non-contradictory parol terms 协议订立前的非抵触性的其他口头条件Informality 不规范；非正式Completely integrated writing 完全整合的书面Fully integrated/completed 完全整合的Form approach 形式的方法P198 The face of the contract 合同的表面Extrinsic evidence 外来证据Intrinsic evidence 内在证据Merger clause 归并条款Verbal understandings 口头谅解书P199Implied terms （合同的）默示条款Separate consideration 独立的约因Separate agreement 分别的协议P202Substituting or contradicting terms 替代或变更原有条款Express language 明示语言P220 Extra or additional terms 额外或附属条款Side or collateral agreement 额外或附属协议Merger clause 归并条款Separate consideration 独立的约因P221Ambiguity/ambiguities 含混不清之处Latent 隐性的/ 潜在的Patent 显性的P222Terms based on custom 依据惯例确立的合同条款Course of dealing 交易过程Custom and usage of the trade 行业惯例Prior negotiations 订约前协商Antecedent understanding 签约前协商中达成的理解/先行理解Ture intent 真实意图False documents 虚假文书Sham 虚假的Forgery 伪造(物)Final and complete 最终且完整的P223Meeting of minds 合意Public policy 公共政策；公序良俗Burden of proof 举证责任Illegality 违法Fraud 欺诈Duress 胁迫Mistake 错误Undue influence 不当影响Incapacity 缺乏缔约能力Failure of consideration 欠缺约因V oid 合同无效V oidable 可撤销Extrinsic evidence 外在证据Real property 不动产P224 Fraudulent misrepresentation 欺诈性的不当陈述Document with condition subsequent 附停止条件的文书P225 Enforceability 强制执行力Common law/judge-made law 普通法Doctrine of privity 合同相互关系原则In privity 在合同相互关系内The third party beneficiary 第三造受益人Intended beneficiaries 意定受益人Creditor beneficiary 债权人受益人P240Donee beneficiary 受赠人受益人Incidental beneficiary 偶然性受益人In vicinity 在周边P241 Creditor beneficiary contract 债权人受益合同Renovation 合同的更替P242 Statute of frauds 防止欺诈法Discharge from bankruptcy 破产免责Specific performance 强制履行P243Donee beneficiary contract 受赠人受益合同Life insurance policy 人身保险合同/政策P244Have standing 有主体资格；主体适格Joint and mutual will 共同或相互遗嘱Survivor 遗嘱的残存人Inter vivos 在生存者之间P245 Incidental beneficiary 偶然性受益人P247Mortgage assumptions 抵押权的承受Contracts with municipalities 与政府法人签订的合同P249Sales warranty beneficiaries 商品销售保证的受益人P250Surety bonds for performance of construction 建筑履约保证金Performance bond 完工保证金/履约保证金Payment bond 付款保证金P254 Mechanic’s lien 技工留置权Incidental beneficiary 偶然性受益人Intended beneficiary 意定受益人P252Vesting of right 权利的归属/授予Recission 解除（合同）P253 Promisor’s defense against the third party beneficiary 允诺人对第三造受益人的抗辩Fraud 欺诈Illegality 违法Lack of capacity 行为能力受限Mistake 过错Failure of consideration 约因不足Condition precedent 先行条件Condition subsequent 事后条件Alter 改变Terminate 终止Notification 通知P256 Discharge 免除Liability 责任Enforceable liability 可执行的责任P258Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 防止欺诈及伪证法Fraudulent claims 欺诈性主张Perjured testimony 伪证Enforceability 强制执行力Party to be charged 负担合同义务的当事人In writing 以书面形式Surety contract 保证合同An estate debt 遗产债务P269 Annuity 养老年金Interest in realty 不动产利益Bequeath 财产遗赠Testamentary provision 遗嘱条款Requirement of writing 书面要求Surety contract 保证合同Surety provision 担保法则Debt 债务Default （合同）不履行Miscarriage 失权/败/流产Principal debtor 主债务人Creditor 债权人Surety 保证人Evidentiary function 证明作用Cautionary function 警示作用Collateral obligation 附属义务Original obligation 原始义务P270Independent obligation 独立性义务Joint obligation 连带义务Antecedent debt 先前债务New consideration 新约因Tort liability 侵权责任Contract liability 合同责任Doctrine of strctissimi juris 严格解释原则P271Main purpose rule 主要目的法则Further his own interests 实现其自身利益Substantial financial interest 重大财政利益Alimony arrears 拖欠的赡养费Economic advantage 经济利益P277Novation 更新（合同）Substituted contract 替代合同Assignment 权利转让Assignor 让与人Assignee 受让人Executor’s or administrator’s promise to personally satisfy an estate debt 遗嘱执行人或遗产管理人对遗产债务愿意个人偿付的允诺The executor-administrator provision 遗嘱执行人或管理人法则Estate debt 遗产债务Incurred 引致P279The marriage provision 婚姻法则Partial performance 部分履行P280Transfer of interest in real estate 不动产利益的移转The land contract provision 土地合同法则Channeling function 引导功能Mark off 区分出来Lease 租赁Easement 地役Covenant 约定Signed writing 经签名的书面文件。