国际商务管理概论与结算(英文版)15
国际商务英语(英文版)
International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kindof investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonusesbased on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America,European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
国际商务英语写作模板商业计划书
国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书篇一：商业计划书模板---英文版精编资料商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-4567[Your Name][DATE]TABLE OF CONTENTS...商业计划书商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-45671[Your Name][DATE]2TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary ....................................................................................... (1)Management ................................................................................ (2)[Company] History ............................................................................................ . (5)[Product/Service] Description ................................................................................... .. (7)Objectives....................................................................................... . (9)Competitors ................................................................................. .. (10)Competitive Advantages ................................................................................... . (11)Innovation ..................................................................................... . (13)Pricing ............................................................................................ .. (14)Specific Markets .......................................................................................... . (15)Growth Strategy .......................................................................................... . (16)Market Size and Share ............................................................................................... . (17)Targeting New Markets .......................................................................................... .. (18)Location ......................................................................................... (19)Manufacturing Plan .................................................................................................. (20)Research &Development ............................................................................... (21)Historical Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (22)Proforma Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (23)Proforma Balance Sheet ............................................................................................... . (26)Cost Control ........................................................................................... (27)Effects of Loan or Investment .................................................................................... . (28)Attachments ................................................................................. . (29)3Executive Summary [My Company] was formed asa [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions:[Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service].The need for use of efficient distribution (转载于: 小龙文档网:国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书)and financial methods in these overlooked markets.[I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months.Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months. [I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study. The basic components of this plan are:1. Competitive pricing2. Expand the markets3. Increased advertising4. Lower our unit costs,5. Thereby achieving higher profits.1. Sign contracts2. Increased advertising3. Increase office staffTo this end, [I/we] need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation].Financial Goals Sales Net Income Earnings pershareYear 1 $25,000 .01 Year 2 $250,000 .12 Year 3 $375,000 .141Management[Name] [Title]??[Experience]??Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.??Led market in market share - 30%.Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.Pioneered new distribution channels. Established national sales force.Established national repair & service centers.Brought new and innovative products to the market.Designed point-of-purchase materials.[Education}University of BostonBoston, MA- Computer SciencesPresidentJohn Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987.篇二：商务英语写作(商业计划书写作格式)商务英语写作:商业计划书写作格式XX-03-24 13:39:08 来源：爱词霸资讯官网封面(Title page)企业的名称和地址Name and address of business负责人的姓名和地址Name(s) and address(es) of principals企业的性质Nature of business报告机密性的陈述Statement of confidentiality目录(Table of contents)1. 概述/总结(Executive summary)2. 行业及市场分析(Industry analysis)对未来的展望和发展趋势(Future outlook and trends)竞争者分析(Analysis of competitors)市场划分(Market segmentation)行业预测(Industry forecasts)3. 企业的描述(The description of the venture)企业的宗旨和目标（Mission statement and objectives）产品或服务的描述(Description of the product or service)企业的规模(Size of business)产品的进一步开发(Future potential/product development)竞争优势(Competitive advantage)办公设备和人员(Office equipment and personnel)创业者的背景(Backgrounds of entrepreneurs)4. 生产计划(Production plan)制造进程/被分包的数量(Manufacturing process / amount subcontracted)选址(Location)厂房(Physical plant）机械和设备(Machinery and equipment）原材料的供给情况(Sources of raw materials to be supplied)生产能力和提高的可能性(Output limitations，if any，and scale-up possibilities）质量控制计划(Quality control plans)5. 营销计划(The marketing plan)定价(Pricing)分销(Distribution)促销(Promotion)产品预测(Product forecasts)预见的涨价(Anticipated mark-up)竞争对手的反映(Competitors’response)市场份额预测(Market share projection)控制(Controls)6. 组织计划(Organizational plan)所有权的形式(Form of ownership)合作者或主要股权所有人的身份(Identification of partners or principal shareholders)负责人的权利(Authority of principals)管理层成员的背景(Management team background)组织成员的角色和责任(Roles and responsibilities of members of organization)7. 风险与对策分析(Assessment of risks)企业弱点的评价(Evaluate weakness if business)新技术(New technologies)应急计划(Contingency plan)8. 财务计划(Financial plan)各类业绩比率和投资回报(Summary of performance ratios, ROI etc.)销售预测(Sales forecasts)财务预测的假设(Assumptions underpinning financial forecasts)损益表(Income statement / Profit and lossstatement)预测现金流量表(Cash flow projections)资产欠债预估表(Pro forma balance sheet)量本利分析(Break-even analysis)资金来源和运用(Sources and applications of funds)9. 融资需求(Financing requirements)融资前的活动小结(Summary of operations prior to financing)此刻的股东和未付债款(Current shareholders, loans outstanding)资金需要量及时间(Funds required and timing)投资回报(The deal on offer)资本欠债比率和盈利与利息比率(Anticipated gearing and interest cover)投资者退出方式(Exit routes for investors)附录(Appendix)1. 管理人员简历(Management team biographies)2. 职业咨询人员背景(Names and details of professional advisors)3. 技术参数和图纸(Technical data and drawings)4. 专利、版权、设计等(Details of patents,copyright, designs）5. 审计的报表(Audited accounts)6. 信件(Letters)7. 市场调研数据(Market research data)8. 租约或合同(Leaser or contracts)9. 供给商的报价单(Price lists from suppliers)10. 客户的定单(Orders from customers)篇三：英文商业计划书模板英语商业计划书（Business Plan）第一讲：概述第二讲：现状分析第三讲：目标肯定第四讲：组织结构第五讲：产品分析第六讲：市场分析第七讲：市场策略第八讲：生产分析第九讲：财务分析第十讲：附件第一讲：概述(executive summary)概述是整个商业计划的第一部份，相当于整个商业计划的浓缩，使整个商业计划的精华所在。
国际商务英文版
Legal System
The legal system of a country refers to the rules, or laws, that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtained. A country’s laws regulate business practice, define the manner in which business transactions are to be executed, and set down the rights and obligations of those involved in business transactions.
3
Legal System
—— Different Legal System
Common law: common law system is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. Tradition refers to a country’s legal history, precedent to cases that have come before the courts in the past, custom to the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations. Common law system has a degree of flexibility. Judges have the power to interpret the law. It is now found in most of Great Britain’s former colonies. 4fferences in Contract Law
国际商务管理概论与结算(英文版)3
Business Objectives
-Objective of Growth
Possible reasons for a business to regard
growth as an objective:
1. To survive, no growth may mean ‘final death’. 2. To introduce new products in order to meet customer
objective.
Business Objectives
-Definition
• Business objectives are the goals of business –
what the business wants to achieve. All businesses have their own objectives.
changing needs.
3. To reduce risks of business: In fierce competition, if a
business can not become strong enough, it is more likely to be eaten up by other stronger competitors.
Circumstances for a business to consider survival to be
important can be seen in the following table:
Business Objectives -Survival
Table 3-2 Circumstances for a business to consider survival to be an important objective
国际商务管理课件(8个PPT)英文
Where to find the low-cost manufacturers?
(p11, Book 1)
Shelby Cobra
Shelon：
(1) Targeted airplane manufacturers;
(2) Found Poland’s idled manufacturing plants used to produce M-G airplanes for Russia;
(3) Set up a joint venture with Poland’s airplane manufacturer;
(4) Kirkhams brothers had the car taken apart, and shipped to Poland.
After 10 months, new cars were produced with aluminum. The costs were less than 1/10 of costs producing the cars using glass fiber. Now the new company has become the largest private employer in the region.
国际商务管理课件（8个PPT） 英文
Lesson 1 Introduction
Reading: Chap. 1 & 2, Text; Chap. 1, 2, 6 & 16, Ref. Book 1
Overview: Significance of International Business Modes of International Business International Management Models
国际商务管理概论与结算(英文版)18
may be an incentive for individuals
• State 6 methods of job design and redesign
in order to motivate workers
and to improve productivity
© PhotoDisc
Employees’ needs from the work
environment • Chances of promotion • Holidays • Prestige and recognition of achievement • A fair wages for work • A healthy work environment • Remaining enthusiastic about work • Security • Independence • Working with friendly colleagues • Chances to take responsibility
Question for critical thinking
• Job enlargement is simply a method
of horizontal loading or expansion. Could you explain this statement?
© PhotoDiscFra bibliotekMethods of job design and
• Advantages: Preventing or reducing
job dissatisfaction
国际商务决策课件英文版-导论
Module Delivery
https:///course/view.php?id=49202
Module Web page (Moodle)
Drummond, H. (2012) The Economist Guide to Better Decision Making. London. Profile Books.
Today’s Agenda (1)
• Identify and organise credible sources of data and information
• Critically evaluate information to support decision making
• Appraise results of the decision-making process
Module Content (2)
Lectures
One two hour lecture each week of Semester Two Thursdays (11.00 – 1.00 in AB 107) ❖ At least one interactive exercise in each lecture requiring
How reliable are common decision-making techniques? Can they be applied to business and management? Is decision-making in business and management more of a rational process? What are the consequences of sub-optimal decisionmaking? For you? For your business?
国际商务(希尔)英文版PPT
The Direction Of FDI
Figure 7.3: FDI Inflows by Region ($ b i l l i o n ) , 1995-2006
7-11
The Direction Of FDI
·Gross fixed capital formation summarizes the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like ·All else being equal, the greater the capital investment an economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to be ·So, FDI can be seen as an important source of capital investment and a determinant of the future growth rate of
7-14
The Source Of FDI
·Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI ·The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
7-6
Classroom Performance System
The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is
国际商务原书英文版MGH版教学课件geringer_ModC
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
C-2
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
C-9
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Design of Products and Services
Alternative approaches – cross-functional participation in each stage of design, identifying and avoiding many potential sourcing, manufacturing
C-8
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Design of Products and Services
Design of a company’s products and services has a fundamental relationship with the types of inputs a company will reqSupply Chains
Operations in each step of the supply chain must be synchronized Measurement of supply chain performance varies by industry and company, because the way success is defined also tends to vary and performance assessment should be aligned with a company’s strategic objectives and the key factors for success
2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版
20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版本合同目录一览第一条合同主体与范围1.1 主体确认1.2 合同范围第二条合作内容2.1 合作项目2.2 合作方式第三条合同期限3.1 起始日期3.2 结束日期第四条权利与义务4.1 权利分配4.2 义务履行第五条保密条款5.1 保密信息5.2 保密义务第六条知识产权6.1 知识产权归属6.2 知识产权保护第七条违约责任7.1 违约行为7.2 违约责任承担第八条争议解决8.1 争议方式8.2 争议地点第九条法律适用9.1 法律选择9.2 法律适用范围第十条合同的修改与终止10.1 修改方式10.2 终止条件第十一条通知与通讯11.1 通知方式11.2 通讯地址第十二条强制性规定12.1 强制性法律12.2 强制性规范第十三条合同的生效13.1 生效条件13.2 生效时间第十四条其他条款14.1 附加条款14.2 附录文件第一部分：合同如下：第一条合同主体与范围1.1 主体确认1.2 合同范围本合同旨在明确甲方与乙方之间在2024年的国际商务合作事项，包括但不限于产品销售、市场推广、技术交流及双方协商确定的其他合作内容。
第二条合作内容2.1 合作项目2.2 合作方式(1) 甲方负责提供产品或服务，乙方负责市场推广和销售；(2) 甲方提供技术支持和培训，乙方负责应用和推广；(3) 双方共同开展市场调研，制定市场进入策略；(4) 其他双方约定的合作方式。
第三条合同期限3.1 起始日期本合同自双方签字之日起生效。
3.2 结束日期本合同合作期限为[具体年限]，自起始日期起计算。
除非一方提前终止本合同，否则本合同将在合作期限届满时自动终止。
第四条权利与义务4.1 权利分配甲方有权要求乙方按照约定履行合同义务，并享有合作项目所产生的经济利益。
乙方有权根据合同约定使用甲方的产品、技术和服务，并应当按照约定向甲方支付费用。
国际商务谈判英文版
国际商务谈判英文版一、国际商务的概念但是我与此同时我们更需要注意的是,这也是一个关于国际的商务谈判,其中就没有很好的运用我们上文中所提出的观点应该在谈判之前了解对方的文化,并且应该想好一旦迟到的情况下应该如何是好,如何地应对这种文化上的差异.接下来我们来看一下另一个事例,同样是面对这种迟到的情况,日本的谈判代表是如何做的:The Concept of International Business1. What Is Business?Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit. Business includes production, i.e. the creation of products or the offer of services, distribution, sale and profit. One good example is the conversion of iron ore into metal machine tool parts. The machine tools, made up of the various parts, need to be moved from a factory to a market place or a machine dealership, which is known as distribution. The sale means the exchange of goods or services for money. For example, a machine tool is sold to someone in exchange for money or a mechanic offers a service by repairing a machine tool for money, which we call sales.From the above, we can say, business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. The major goal in functioning of any business company is to make profit, the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. So, creating profit or economic surplus is a primary goal of business activities.2. What Is International Business?International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries. These activities may be movements ofgoods, services, capital, or personnel; transfers of technology, information, or data, or even the supervision of employees. International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.Business transactions that extend between different sovereign political units are not new phenomena on the world economic scene. Some business firms have had foreign direct investments and foreign operations for many years, predominantly in (but not limited to) the fields of mining, petroleum, and agriculture. Foreign trade, moreover, has a venerable history dating back to the emergence of the nation-state. But since the end of World War II a dramatic change has occurred in the patterns of international business activities. Thousands of business firms in many nations have developed into multinational enterprises with ownership control or other links that cross national boundaries. These firms take a global view of all aspects of business ---- from markets to resources ---- and they integrate markets and production on a world scale. Traditional international trade in the form of transactions between independent firms in different nations has continued to grow. But the relative importance of trade in the total picture has declined to other forms of cross-border business transactions which have expanded more rapidly.The international business field is concerned with issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of cross border business transactions. The field encompasses international transactions in commodities,international transfers of intangibles such as technology and data, and the performance of international services such as banking and transportation. It gives special attention to the multinational enterprise ---- an enterprise based in one country and operating in one or more other countries ---- and the full range of methods open to such enterprises for doing business internationally.3. The Scope of International Business Activities谈判双方友好沟通;明确谈判目标;确定谈判人员;相关性地全面搜集资料，透彻分析目标关键，周全谈判计划，制定谈判战略;谈判地点选择，行程安排确定，翻译人员的决定，到达谈判地进行谈判;实质性谈判，体现谈判风格，运用谈判策略争取自身利益最大化(或共赢局态);协议的签订;谈判总结，成果汇报。
国际商务管理 Topic 5
2
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1. strategy 2. strategic planning 3. functional strategy 4. business level strategy 5. corporate strategy 6. crisis strategy 7. contingency plans 8. image problems 9. simulation 10. role play
1. functional (operational) strategy: to improve the efficiency of a business operations. Eg: marketing/ HR/ production/ R&D strategy.
2. business level strategy: to gain competitive advantages over competitors in a market. Eg: cost leadership/ differentiation strategy/ focus strategy/ withdrawal/ market penetration / new product development strategy
10
.
Contingency plans for solving the problems
11
.
Simulation and role play (20m)
Group 1: managers’ team Group 2: security and crisis management team Group 3: production group Group 4: HR department Group 5: financial department Group 6: public relations team Group 7: external media team
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relationships with other parts of the business
• Help to find who has authority to make
decisions
Chain of command and span of control
• Complete centralization means
that employees have no
authority to make decisions.
• Complete decentralization
(delegation) means employees have all the authority to make decisions.
Advantages and disadvantages of centralization and decentralization
Centralization
Adv.:
•Tight control •Strong leadership •Improved communication
Disadv.:
Topic 15 : Business organization and organizational
structure
Lecturer: Zhu Wenzhong
LEARNING GOALS
• Explain what is organization chart and why
it is drawn by a business
Chain of command
The way in which authority is organized within an organization or a set of relationships that indicates who directs which activities and who reports to whom
• A narrow span of
control
• A wide span of control
Trend of Flatter organization structure
• Since 1990s, many
businesses have begun to adopt the flatter structures
© PhotoDisc
Centralization and decentralization
Centralization Decentralization
• Centralization and
decentralization refer to the degree to which authority is delegated in a business.
• There are fewer layers of
middle management
Question for critical thinking
• What does a tight span or wide span
of control mean? Explain the advantages of disadvantages of them.
© PhotoDisc
Why do businesses draw an
organization chart?
• Help managers to spot communication
problems
• Help individuals to see their position and
responsibility
• Short chain of command • Long chain of command
Chain of command and span of
control
Chain of command Span of control
The number of people working under a manager or the number of subordinates reporting directly to a manager
•Less participation •incomplete decisions
Decentralization
Adv.:
•Better motivate •Reducin senior managers’ burden •Benefiting the middle managers
Disadv.:
•Risk of losing control •Hard to e
© PhotoDisc
Different forms of business structure
• The entrepreneurship structure: A
structure in which decisions are made centrally by one or two people
• The bureaucratic or pyramid
structure: A structure where decisions are shared throughout
• Define chains of command and span of
control
• Explain the difference between
centralization and decentralization in an organization
• Explain the four major forms of business
structure
Organization chart • A picture of the reporting structure and
the division of labor in an organization
• Most organizations will have an
organization chart to provide people with this information